{ "Introduction": { "Background": { "text": "Founded in 963, Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 and an independent state under the Netherlands. It lost more than half of its territory to Belgium in 1839 but gained a larger measure of autonomy. In 1867, Luxembourg attained full independence under the condition that it promise perpetual neutrality. Overrun by Germany in both world wars, it ended its neutrality in 1948 when it entered into the Benelux Customs Union and when it joined NATO the following year. In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the EEC (later the EU), and in 1999 it joined the euro currency zone." } }, "Geography": { "Location": { "text": "Western Europe, between France and Germany" }, "Geographic coordinates": { "text": "49 45 N, 6 10 E" }, "Map references": { "text": "Europe" }, "Area": { "total": { "text": "2,586 sq km" }, "land": { "text": "2,586 sq km" }, "water": { "text": "0 sq km" } }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly smaller than Rhode Island; about half the size of Delaware" }, "Land boundaries": { "total": { "text": "327 km" }, "border countries": { "text": "Belgium 130 km, France 69 km, Germany 128 km" } }, "Coastline": { "text": "0 km (landlocked)" }, "Maritime claims": { "text": "none (landlocked)" }, "Climate": { "text": "modified continental with mild winters, cool summers" }, "Terrain": { "text": "mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle flood plain in the southeast" }, "Elevation": { "mean elevation": { "text": "325 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Moselle River 133 m" }, "highest point": { "text": "Buurgplaatz 559 m" } }, "Natural resources": { "text": "iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "50.7% (2011 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 24% (2011 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2011 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 26.1% (2011 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "33.5% (2011 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "15.8% (2011 est.)" } }, "Irrigated land": { "text": "0 sq km (2012)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "most people live in the south, on or near the border with France" }, "Natural hazards": { "text": "occasional flooding" }, "Environment - current issues": { "text": "air and water pollution in urban areas, soil pollution of farmland; unsustainable patterns of consumption (transport, energy, recreation, space) threaten biodiversity and landscapes" }, "Environment - international agreements": { "party to": { "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands" }, "signed, but not ratified": { "text": "Environmental Modification" } }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; the only grand duchy in the world" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { "text": "639,589 (July 2021 est.)" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { "text": "Luxembourger(s)" }, "adjective": { "text": "Luxembourg" } }, "Ethnic groups": { "text": "Luxembourger 51.1%, Portuguese 15.7%, French 7.5%, Italian 3.6%, Belgian 3.3%, German 2.1%, Spanish 1.1%, British 1%, other 14.6% (2019 est.)", "note": "

note: data represent population by nationality

" }, "Languages": { "text": "Luxembourgish (official administrative and judicial language and national language (spoken vernacular)) 55.8%, Portuguese 15.7%, French (official administrative, judicial, and legislative language) 12.1%, German (official administrative and judicial language) 3.1%, Italian 2.9%, English 2.1%, other 8.4% (2011 est.)" }, "Religions": { "text": "Christian (predominantly Roman Catholic) 70.4%, Muslim 2.3%, other (includes Buddhist, folk religions, Hindu, Jewish) 0.5%, none 26.8% (2010 est.)" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "16.73% (male 54,099/female 51,004)" }, "15-24 years": { "text": "11.78% (male 37,946/female 36,061)" }, "25-54 years": { "text": "43.93% (male 141,535/female 134,531)" }, "55-64 years": { "text": "12.19% (male 39,289/female 37,337)" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "15.37% (male 43,595/female 52,984) (2020 est.)" } }, "Dependency ratios": { "total dependency ratio": { "text": "42.8" }, "youth dependency ratio": { "text": "22.2" }, "elderly dependency ratio": { "text": "20.5" }, "potential support ratio": { "text": "4.9 (2020 est.)" } }, "Median age": { "total": { "text": "39.5 years" }, "male": { "text": "38.9 years" }, "female": { "text": "40 years (2020 est.)" } }, "Population growth rate": { "text": "1.7% (2021 est.)" }, "Birth rate": { "text": "11.62 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Death rate": { "text": "7.26 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Net migration rate": { "text": "12.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "most people live in the south, on or near the border with France" }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "91.5% of total population (2020)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "1.55% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "120,000 LUXEMBOURG (capital) (2018)" }, "Sex ratio": { "at birth": { "text": "1.06 male(s)/female" }, "0-14 years": { "text": "1.06 male(s)/female" }, "15-24 years": { "text": "1.05 male(s)/female" }, "25-54 years": { "text": "1.05 male(s)/female" }, "55-64 years": { "text": "1.05 male(s)/female" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "0.82 male(s)/female" }, "total population": { "text": "1.02 male(s)/female (2020 est.)" } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { "text": "30.7 years (2017 est.)" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "5 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" }, "Infant mortality rate": { "total": { "text": "3.3 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "male": { "text": "3.7 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "female": { "text": "2.87 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)" } }, "Life expectancy at birth": { "total population": { "text": "82.78 years" }, "male": { "text": "80.31 years" }, "female": { "text": "85.39 years (2021 est.)" } }, "Total fertility rate": { "text": "1.63 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 100% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 98.8% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 99% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 0% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 1.2% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 1% of population (2017 est.)" } }, "Current Health Expenditure": { "text": "5.5% (2017)" }, "Physicians density": { "text": "3.01 physicians/1,000 population (2017)" }, "Hospital bed density": { "text": "4.7 beds/1,000 population (2017)" }, "Sanitation facility access": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 100% of population (2015 est.)" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 99.9% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 100% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 0% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 0.1% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 0% of population (2017 est.)" } }, "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "0.3% (2018 est.)" }, "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": { "text": "1,200 (2018 est.)" }, "HIV/AIDS - deaths": { "text": "<100 (2018 est.)" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "22.6% (2016)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "3.6% of GDP (2017)" }, "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": { "total": { "text": "14 years" }, "male": { "text": "14 years" }, "female": { "text": "14 years (2018)" } }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { "text": "14.2%" }, "male": { "text": "16.3%" }, "female": { "text": "11.9% (2018 est.)" } } }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { "text": "Grand Duchy of Luxembourg" }, "conventional short form": { "text": "Luxembourg" }, "local long form": { "text": "Grand Duche de Luxembourg" }, "local short form": { "text": "Luxembourg" }, "etymology": { "text": "the name derives from the Celtic \"lucilem\" (little) and the German \"burg\" (castle or fortress) to produce the meaning of the \"little castle\"; the name is actually ironic, since for centuries the Fortress of Luxembourg was one of Europe's most formidable fortifications; the name passed to the surrounding city and then to the country itself" } }, "Government type": { "text": "constitutional monarchy" }, "Capital": { "name": { "text": "Luxembourg" }, "geographic coordinates": { "text": "49 36 N, 6 07 E" }, "time difference": { "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, "note": "

etymology: the name derives from the Celtic \"lucilem\" (little) and the German \"burg\" (castle or fortress) to produce the meaning of the \"little castle\"; the name is actually ironic, since for centuries the Fortress of Luxembourg was one of Europe's most formidable fortifications; the name passed to the city that grew around the fortress" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "12 cantons (cantons, singular - canton); Capellen, Clervaux, Diekirch, Echternach, Esch-sur-Alzette, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg, Mersch, Redange, Remich, Vianden, Wiltz" }, "Independence": { "text": "1839 (from the Netherlands)" }, "National holiday": { "text": "National Day (birthday of Grand Duke HENRI), 23 June; note - this date of birth is not the true date of birth for any of the Royals, but the national festivities were shifted in 1962 to allow observance during a more favorable time of year" }, "Constitution": { "history": { "text": "previous 1842 (heavily amended 1848, 1856); latest effective 17 October 1868" }, "amendments": { "text": "proposed by the Chamber of Deputies or by the monarch to the Chamber; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Chamber in two successive readings three months apart; a referendum can be substituted for the second reading if approved by more than a quarter of the Chamber members or by 25,000 valid voters; adoption by referendum requires a majority of all valid voters; amended many times, last in 2009" } }, "Legal system": { "text": "civil law system" }, "International law organization participation": { "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" }, "Citizenship": { "citizenship by birth": { "text": "limited to situations where the parents are either unknown, stateless, or when the nationality law of the parents' state of origin does not permit acquisition of citizenship by descent when the birth occurs outside of national territory" }, "citizenship by descent only": { "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Luxembourg" }, "dual citizenship recognized": { "text": "yes" }, "residency requirement for naturalization": { "text": "7 years" } }, "Suffrage": { "text": "18 years of age; universal and compulsory" }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { "text": "Grand Duke HENRI (since 7 October 2000); Heir Apparent Prince GUILLAUME (son of the monarch, born 11 November 1981)" }, "head of government": { "text": "Prime Minister Xavier BETTEL (since 4 December 2013); Deputy Prime Minister Etienne SCHNEIDER (since 4 December 2013); Deputy Prime Minister Felix BRAZ (since 5 December 2018)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister, appointed by the monarch" }, "elections/appointments": { "text": "the monarchy is hereditary; following elections to the Chamber of Deputies, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the monarch; deputy prime minister appointed by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime minister are responsible to the Chamber of Deputies" } }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { "text": "unicameral Chamber of Deputies or Chambre des Deputes (60 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by party-list proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms); note - a 21-member Council of State appointed by the Grand Duke on the advice of the prime minister serves as an advisory body to the Chamber of Deputies" }, "elections": { "text": "last held on 14 October 2018 (next to be held by October 2023)" }, "election results": { "text": "percent of vote by party - CSV 28.3%, LSAP 17.6%, DP 16.9%, Green Party 15.1%, ADR 8.3%, Pirate Party 6.4%, The Left 5.5%, other 1.9%; seats by party - CSV 21, DP 12, LSAP 10, Green Party 9, ADR 4, Pirate Party 2, The Left 2; composition - men 46, women 14, percent of women 23.3%" } }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { "text": "Supreme Court of Justice includes Court of Appeal and Court of Cassation (consists of 27 judges on 9 benches); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)" }, "judge selection and term of office": { "text": "judges of both courts appointed by the monarch for life" }, "subordinate courts": { "text": "Court of Accounts; district and local tribunals and courts" } }, "Political parties and leaders": { "text": "Alternative Democratic Reform Party or ADR [Jean SCHOOS]
Christian Social People's Party or CSV [Marc SPAUTZ]
Democratic Party or DP [Corinne CAHEN]
Green Party [Francoise FOLMER, Christian KMIOTEK]
Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP [Claude HAAGEN]
The Left (dei Lenk/la Gauche) [collective leadership, Central Committee]
other minor parties" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador Sylvie LUCAS (since 16 September 2016)" }, "chancery": { "text": "2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008" }, "telephone": { "text": "[1] (202) 265-4171" }, "FAX": { "text": "[1] (202) 328-8270" }, "consulate(s) general": { "text": "New York, San Francisco" } }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador James Randolph \"Randy\" EVANS (since 19 June 2018)" }, "telephone": { "text": "[352] 46-01-23 00" }, "embassy": { "text": "22 Boulevard Emmanuel Servais, L-2535 Luxembourg City" }, "mailing address": { "text": "Unit 3560, APO AE 09126-3560 (official mail)" }, "FAX": { "text": "[352] 46-14-01" } }, "Flag description": { "text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue; similar to the flag of the Netherlands, which uses a darker blue and is shorter; the coloring is derived from the Grand Duke's coat of arms (a red lion on a white and blue striped field)" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "red, rampant lion; national colors: red, white, light blue" }, "National anthem": { "name": { "text": "\"Ons Heemecht\" (Our Motherland); \"De Wilhelmus\" (The William)" }, "lyrics/music": { "text": "Michel LENTZ/Jean-Antoine ZINNEN; Nikolaus WELTER/unknown" }, "note": "

note: \"Ons Heemecht,\" adopted 1864, is the national anthem, while \"De Wilhelmus,\" adopted 1919, serves as a royal anthem for use when members of the grand ducal family enter or exit a ceremony in Luxembourg

" } }, "Economy": { "Economic overview": { "text": "

This small, stable, high-income economy has historically featured solid growth, low inflation, and low unemployment. Luxembourg, the only Grand Duchy in the world, is a landlocked country in northwestern Europe surrounded by Belgium, France, and Germany. Despite its small landmass and small population, Luxembourg is the fifth-wealthiest country in the world when measured on a gross domestic product (PPP) per capita basis. Luxembourg has one of the highest current account surpluses as a share of GDP in the euro zone, and it maintains a healthy budgetary position, with a 2017 surplus of 0.5% of GDP, and the lowest public debt level in the region.

Since 2002, Luxembourg’s government has proactively implemented policies and programs to support economic diversification and to attract foreign direct investment. The government focused on key innovative industries that showed promise for supporting economic growth: logistics, information and communications technology (ICT); health technologies, including biotechnology and biomedical research; clean energy technologies, and more recently, space technology and financial services technologies. The economy has evolved and flourished, posting strong GDP growth of 3.4% in 2017, far outpacing the European average of 1.8%.

Luxembourg remains a financial powerhouse – the financial sector accounts for more than 35% of GDP - because of the exponential growth of the investment fund sector through the launch and development of cross-border funds (UCITS) in the 1990s. Luxembourg is the world’s second-largest investment fund asset domicile, after the US, with $4 trillion of assets in custody in financial institutions.

Luxembourg has lost some of its advantage as a favorable tax location because of OECD and EU pressure, as well as the \"LuxLeaks\" scandal, which revealed advantageous tax treatments offered to foreign corporations. In 2015, the government’s compliance with EU requirements to implement automatic exchange of tax information on savings accounts - thus ending banking secrecy - has constricted banking activity. Likewise, changes to the way EU members collect taxes from e-commerce has cut Luxembourg’s sales tax revenues, requiring the government to raise additional levies and to reduce some direct social benefits as part of the tax reform package of 2017. The tax reform package also included reductions in the corporate tax rate and increases in deductions for families, both intended to increase purchasing power and increase competitiveness.

" }, "Real GDP growth rate": { "Real GDP growth rate 2019": { "text": "2.31% (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2018": { "text": "3.14% (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2017": { "text": "1.81% (2017 est.)" } }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": { "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": { "text": "1.7% (2019 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": { "text": "1.5% (2018 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": { "text": "1.7% (2017 est.)" } }, "Credit ratings": { "Fitch rating": { "text": "AAA (1994)" }, "Moody's rating": { "text": "Aaa (1989)" }, "Standard & Poors rating": { "text": "AAA (1994)" } }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { "text": "$70.966 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { "text": "$69.373 billion (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$67.28 billion (2017 est.)" }, "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$71.089 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2019": { "text": "$114,482 (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { "text": "$114,110 (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$112,823 (2017 est.)" }, "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { "text": "22.3% of GDP (2017 est.)" }, "Gross national saving 2016": { "text": "23% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, "Gross national saving 2015": { "text": "23.2% of GDP (2015 est.)" } }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { "text": "0.3% (2017 est.)" }, "industry": { "text": "12.8% (2017 est.)" }, "services": { "text": "86.9% (2017 est.)" } }, "GDP - composition, by end use": { "household consumption": { "text": "30.2% (2017 est.)" }, "government consumption": { "text": "16.5% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in fixed capital": { "text": "16.2% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in inventories": { "text": "1.1% (2017 est.)" }, "exports of goods and services": { "text": "230% (2017 est.)" }, "imports of goods and services": { "text": "-194% (2017 est.)" } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { "text": "88.8 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { "text": "milk, wheat, barley, triticale, potatoes, pork, beef, grapes, rapeseed, oats" }, "Industries": { "text": "banking and financial services, construction, real estate services, iron, metals, and steel, information technology, telecommunications, cargo transportation and logistics, chemicals, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum, tourism, biotechnology" }, "Industrial production growth rate": { "text": "1.9% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { "text": "476,000 (2020 est.)", "note": "

note: data exclude foreign workers; in addition to the figure for domestic labor force, about 150,000 workers commute daily from France, Belgium, and Germany

" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { "text": "1.1%" }, "industry": { "text": "20%" }, "services": { "text": "78.9% (2013 est.)" } }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2019": { "text": "5.36% (2019 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate 2018": { "text": "5.46% (2018 est.)" } }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "NA" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { "text": "34.9 (2017 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2005": { "text": "26 (2005 est.)" } }, "Household income or consumption by percentage share": { "lowest 10%": { "text": "3.5%" }, "highest 10%": { "text": "23.8% (2000)" } }, "Budget": { "revenues": { "text": "27.75 billion (2017 est.)" }, "expenditures": { "text": "26.8 billion (2017 est.)" } }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "44.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": { "text": "1.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Public debt": { "Public debt 2017": { "text": "23% of GDP (2017 est.)" }, "Public debt 2016": { "text": "20.8% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, "note": "

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" }, "Current account balance": { "Current account balance 2019": { "text": "$3.254 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2018": { "text": "$3.296 billion (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports": { "Exports 2019": { "text": "$133.61 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { "text": "$132.487 billion (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2017": { "text": "$131.834 billion (2017 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { "text": "Germany 25.6%, Belgium 17.6%, France 14%, Netherlands 5.1%, Italy 4.1%, UK 4.1% (2017)" }, "Exports - commodities": { "text": "machinery and equipment, steel products, chemicals, rubber products, glass" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { "text": "$111.287 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { "text": "$110.275 billion (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2017": { "text": "$110.656 billion (2017 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { "text": "Belgium 32%, Germany 24.9%, France 11.1%, US 5.7%, Netherlands 4.9% (2017)" }, "Imports - commodities": { "text": "commercial aircraft, minerals, chemicals, metals, foodstuffs, luxury consumer goods" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { "text": "$878 million (31 December 2017 est.)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": { "text": "$974 million (31 December 2016 est.)" } }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 31 March 2016": { "text": "$3.781 trillion (31 March 2016 est.)" }, "Debt - external 31 March 2015": { "text": "$3.806 trillion (31 March 2015 est.)" } }, "Exchange rates": { "currency": { "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -" }, "Exchange rates 2020": { "text": "0.82771 (2020 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2019": { "text": "0.90338 (2019 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2018": { "text": "0.87789 (2018 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2014": { "text": "0.885 (2014 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2013": { "text": "0.7634 (2013 est.)" } } }, "Energy": { "Electricity access": { "electrification - total population": { "text": "100% (2020)" } }, "Electricity - production": { "text": "334.5 million kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - consumption": { "text": "6.475 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - exports": { "text": "1.42 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - imports": { "text": "7.718 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - installed generating capacity": { "text": "1.709 million kW (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - from fossil fuels": { "text": "25% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - from nuclear fuels": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": { "text": "8% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Electricity - from other renewable sources": { "text": "67% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Crude oil - production": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)" }, "Crude oil - exports": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2017 est.)" }, "Crude oil - imports": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2017 est.)" }, "Crude oil - proved reserves": { "text": "0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - production": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2017 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - consumption": { "text": "59,850 bbl/day (2017 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - exports": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2017 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - imports": { "text": "59,020 bbl/day (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - production": { "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - consumption": { "text": "792.8 million cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - exports": { "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - imports": { "text": "792.8 million cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" }, "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { "text": "10.72 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { "Telephones - fixed lines": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "268,043" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "43.43 (2019 est.)" } }, "Telephones - mobile cellular": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "837,890" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "135.76 (2019 est.)" } }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { "text": "highly developed; by 2020 the government is to provide a 1Gb/s service to all citizens, and to make Luxembourg the first fully fibered country in Europe; new law requiring SIM cards be registered has slowed down growth for mobile subscribers; regulator planning a multi-spectrum auction for 5G use by mid-2020 (2020)" }, "domestic": { "text": "fixed-line teledensity about 43 per 100 persons; nationwide mobile-cellular telephone system with market for mobile-cellular phones virtually saturated with 136 per 100 mobile-cellular (2019)" }, "international": { "text": "country code - 352" }, "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "Luxembourg has a long tradition of operating radio and TV services for pan-European audiences and is home to Europe's largest privately owned broadcast media group, the RTL Group, which operates 46 TV stations and 29 radio stations in Europe; also home to Europe's largest satellite operator, Societe Europeenne des Satellites (SES); domestically, the RTL Group operates TV and radio networks; other domestic private radio and TV operators and French and German stations available; satellite and cable TV services available" }, "Internet country code": { "text": ".lu" }, "Internet users": { "total": { "text": "587,955" }, "percent of population": { "text": "97.06% (July 2018 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { "total": { "text": "224,300" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "37 (2018 est.)" } } }, "Transportation": { "National air transport system": { "number of registered air carriers": { "text": "4 (2020)" }, "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": { "text": "66" }, "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": { "text": "2,099,102 (2018)" }, "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": { "text": "7,323,040,000 mt-km (2018)" } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { "text": "LX (2016)" }, "Airports": { "total": { "text": "2 (2013)" } }, "Airports - with paved runways": { "total": { "text": "1 (2019)" }, "over 3,047 m": { "text": "1" } }, "Airports - with unpaved runways": { "total": { "text": "1 (2013)" }, "under 914 m": { "text": "1 (2013)" } }, "Heliports": { "text": "1 (2013)" }, "Pipelines": { "text": "142 km gas, 27 km refined products (2013)" }, "Railways": { "total": { "text": "275 km (2014)" }, "standard gauge": { "text": "275 km 1.435-m gauge (275 km electrified) (2014)" } }, "Roadways": { "total": { "text": "2,875 km (2019)" } }, "Waterways": { "text": "37 km (on Moselle River) (2010)" }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { "text": "150" }, "by type": { "text": "bulk carrier 4, container ship 1, general cargo 21, oil tanker 3, other 121 (2020)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { "river port(s)": { "text": "Mertert (Moselle)" } } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { "text": "Luxembourg Army (l'Armée Luxembourgeoise) (2019)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "0.56% of GDP (2019 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { "text": "0.51% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { "text": "0.52% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "0.4% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { "text": "0.44% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { "text": "the Luxembourg Army has approximately 900 active personnel (2019 est.)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the inventory of Luxembourg's Army is a small mix of European and US equipment; since 2010, it has received small quantities of equipment from Germany, Norway, and Sweden (2019 est.)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18-26 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription; Luxembourg citizen or EU citizen with 3-year residence in Luxembourg (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { "Disputes - international": { "text": "

none

" }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "stateless persons": { "text": "83 (2019)" } } } }