As Europe's largest economy and second most populous nation (after Russia), Germany is a key member of the continent's economic, political, and defense organizations. European power struggles immersed Germany in two devastating world wars in the first half of the 20th century and left the country occupied by the victorious Allied powers of the US, UK, France, and the Soviet Union in 1945. With the advent of the Cold War, two German states were formed in 1949: the western Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the eastern German Democratic Republic (GDR). The democratic FRG embedded itself in key western economic and security organizations, the EC (now the EU) and NATO, while the communist GDR was on the front line of the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. The decline of the USSR and the end of the Cold War allowed for German reunification in 1990. Since then, Germany has expended considerable funds to bring eastern productivity and wages up to western standards. In January 1999, Germany and 10 other EU countries introduced a common European exchange currency, the euro.
" } }, "Geography": { "Location": { "text": "Central Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, between the Netherlands and Poland, south of Denmark" }, "Geographic coordinates": { "text": "51 00 N, 9 00 E" }, "Map references": { "text": "Europe" }, "Area": { "total": { "text": "357,022 sq km" }, "land": { "text": "348,672 sq km" }, "water": { "text": "8,350 sq km" } }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "three times the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Montana" }, "Land boundaries": { "total": { "text": "3,714 km" }, "border countries": { "text": "Austria 801 km, Belgium 133 km, Czech Republic 704 km, Denmark 140 km, France 418 km, Luxembourg 128 km, Netherlands 575 km, Poland 467 km, Switzerland 348 km" } }, "Coastline": { "text": "2,389 km" }, "Maritime claims": { "territorial sea": { "text": "12 nm" }, "exclusive economic zone": { "text": "200 nm" }, "continental shelf": { "text": "200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation" } }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind" }, "Terrain": { "text": "lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south" }, "Elevation": { "mean elevation": { "text": "263 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Neuendorf bei Wilster -3.5 m" }, "highest point": { "text": "Zugspitze 2,963 m" } }, "Natural resources": { "text": "coal, lignite, natural gas, iron ore, copper, nickel, uranium, potash, salt, construction materials, timber, arable land" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "48% (2011 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 34.1% (2011 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2011 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 13.3% (2011 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "31.8% (2011 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "20.2% (2011 est.)" } }, "Irrigated land": { "text": "6,500 sq km (2012)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "most populous country in Europe; a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations, particularly in the far western part of the industrial state of North Rhine-Westphalia" }, "Natural hazards": { "text": "flooding" }, "Environment - current issues": { "text": "emissions from coal-burning utilities and industries contribute to air pollution; acid rain, resulting from sulfur dioxide emissions, is damaging forests; pollution in the Baltic Sea from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern Germany; hazardous waste disposal; government established a mechanism for ending the use of nuclear power by 2022; government working to meet EU commitment to identify nature preservation areas in line with the EU's Flora, Fauna, and Habitat directive" }, "Environment - international agreements": { "party to": { "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" }, "signed, but not ratified": { "text": "none of the selected agreements" } }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location on North European Plain and along the entrance to the Baltic Sea; most major rivers in Germany - the Rhine, Weser, Oder, Elbe - flow northward; the Danube, which originates in the Black Forest, flows eastward" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { "text": "79,903,481 (July 2021 est.)" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { "text": "German(s)" }, "adjective": { "text": "German" } }, "Ethnic groups": { "text": "German 87.2%, Turkish 1.8%, Polish 1%, Syrian 1%, other 9% (2017 est.)", "note": "note: Danish, Frisian, Sorbian, and Romani are official minority languages; Low German, Danish, North Frisian, Sater Frisian, Lower Sorbian, Upper Sorbian, and Romani are recognized as regional languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
" }, "Religions": { "text": "Roman Catholic 27.7%, Protestant 25.5%, Muslim 5.1%, Orthodox 1.9%, other Christian 1.1%, other .9%, none 37.8% (2018 est.)" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "12.89% (male 5,302,850/female 5,025,863)" }, "15-24 years": { "text": "9.81% (male 4,012,412/female 3,854,471)" }, "25-54 years": { "text": "38.58% (male 15,553,328/female 15,370,417)" }, "55-64 years": { "text": "15.74% (male 6,297,886/female 6,316,024)" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "22.99% (male 8,148,873/female 10,277,538) (2020 est.)" } }, "Dependency ratios": { "total dependency ratio": { "text": "55.4" }, "youth dependency ratio": { "text": "21.7" }, "elderly dependency ratio": { "text": "33.7" }, "potential support ratio": { "text": "3 (2020 est.)" } }, "Median age": { "total": { "text": "47.8 years" }, "male": { "text": "46.5 years" }, "female": { "text": "49.1 years (2020 est.)" } }, "Population growth rate": { "text": "-0.21% (2021 est.)" }, "Birth rate": { "text": "8.63 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Death rate": { "text": "12.22 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Net migration rate": { "text": "1.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "most populous country in Europe; a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations, particularly in the far western part of the industrial state of North Rhine-Westphalia" }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "77.5% of total population (2020)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "0.27% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "3.562 million BERLIN (capital), 1.790 million Hamburg, 1.538 million Munich, 1.119 million Cologne (2020)" }, "Sex ratio": { "at birth": { "text": "1.05 male(s)/female" }, "0-14 years": { "text": "1.06 male(s)/female" }, "15-24 years": { "text": "1.04 male(s)/female" }, "25-54 years": { "text": "1.01 male(s)/female" }, "55-64 years": { "text": "1 male(s)/female" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "0.79 male(s)/female" }, "total population": { "text": "0.96 male(s)/female (2020 est.)" } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { "text": "29.6 years (2017 est.)" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "7 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" }, "Infant mortality rate": { "total": { "text": "3.24 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "male": { "text": "3.61 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "female": { "text": "2.84 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)" } }, "Life expectancy at birth": { "total population": { "text": "81.3 years" }, "male": { "text": "78.93 years" }, "female": { "text": "83.8 years (2021 est.)" } }, "Total fertility rate": { "text": "1.48 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { "text": "80.3% (2011)", "note": "note: percent of women aged 18-49
" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 100% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 100% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 100% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 0% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 0% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 0% of population (2017 est.)" } }, "Current Health Expenditure": { "text": "11.2% (2017)" }, "Physicians density": { "text": "4.25 physicians/1,000 population (2017)" }, "Hospital bed density": { "text": "8 beds/1,000 population (2017)" }, "Sanitation facility access": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 100% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 100% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 100% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 0% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 0% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 0% of population (2017 est.)" } }, "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "0.1% (2018 est.)" }, "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": { "text": "87,000 (2018 est.)" }, "HIV/AIDS - deaths": { "text": "<500 (2018 est.)" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "22.3% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { "text": "0.5% (2014/17)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "4.9% of GDP (2017)" }, "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": { "total": { "text": "17 years" }, "male": { "text": "17 years" }, "female": { "text": "17 years (2018)" } }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { "text": "6.2%" }, "male": { "text": "7.1%" }, "female": { "text": "5.1% (2018 est.)" } } }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { "text": "Federal Republic of Germany" }, "conventional short form": { "text": "Germany" }, "local long form": { "text": "Bundesrepublik Deutschland" }, "local short form": { "text": "Deutschland" }, "former": { "text": "German Reich" }, "etymology": { "text": "the Gauls (Celts) of Western Europe may have referred to the newly arriving Germanic tribes who settled in neighboring areas east of the Rhine during the first centuries B.C. as \"Germani,\" a term the Romans adopted as \"Germania\"; the native designation \"Deutsch\" comes from the Old High German \"diutisc\" meaning \"of the people\"" } }, "Government type": { "text": "federal parliamentary republic" }, "Capital": { "name": { "text": "Berlin" }, "geographic coordinates": { "text": "52 31 N, 13 24 E" }, "time difference": { "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, "note": "note: adopted 1922; the anthem, also known as \"Deutschlandlied\" (Song of Germany), was originally adopted for its connection to the March 1848 liberal revolution; following appropriation by the Nazis of the first verse, specifically the phrase, \"Deutschland, Deutschland ueber alles\" (Germany, Germany above all) to promote nationalism, it was banned after 1945; in 1952, its third verse was adopted by West Germany as its national anthem; in 1990, it became the national anthem for the reunited Germany
" } }, "Economy": { "Economic overview": { "text": "The German economy - the fifth largest economy in the world in PPP terms and Europe's largest - is a leading exporter of machinery, vehicles, chemicals, and household equipment. Germany benefits from a highly skilled labor force, but, like its Western European neighbors, faces significant demographic challenges to sustained long-term growth. Low fertility rates and a large increase in net immigration are increasing pressure on the country's social welfare system and necessitate structural reforms.
Reforms launched by the government of Chancellor Gerhard SCHROEDER (1998-2005), deemed necessary to address chronically high unemployment and low average growth, contributed to strong economic growth and falling unemployment. These advances, as well as a government subsidized, reduced working hour scheme, help explain the relatively modest increase in unemployment during the 2008-09 recession - the deepest since World War II. The German Government introduced a minimum wage in 2015 that increased to $9.79 (8.84 euros) in January 2017.
Stimulus and stabilization efforts initiated in 2008 and 2009 and tax cuts introduced in Chancellor Angela MERKEL's second term increased Germany's total budget deficit - including federal, state, and municipal - to 4.1% in 2010, but slower spending and higher tax revenues reduced the deficit to 0.8% in 2011 and in 2017 Germany reached a budget surplus of 0.7%. A constitutional amendment approved in 2009 limits the federal government to structural deficits of no more than 0.35% of GDP per annum as of 2016, though the target was already reached in 2012.
Following the March 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, Chancellor Angela MERKEL announced in May 2011 that eight of the country's 17 nuclear reactors would be shut down immediately and the remaining plants would close by 2022. Germany plans to replace nuclear power largely with renewable energy, which accounted for 29.5% of gross electricity consumption in 2016, up from 9% in 2000. Before the shutdown of the eight reactors, Germany relied on nuclear power for 23% of its electricity generating capacity and 46% of its base-load electricity production.
The German economy suffers from low levels of investment, and a government plan to invest 15 billion euros during 2016-18, largely in infrastructure, is intended to spur needed private investment. Domestic consumption, investment, and exports are likely to drive German GDP growth in 2018, and the country’s budget and trade surpluses are likely to remain high.
" }, "Real GDP growth rate": { "Real GDP growth rate 2019": { "text": "0.59% (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2018": { "text": "1.3% (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2017": { "text": "2.91% (2017 est.)" } }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": { "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": { "text": "1.4% (2019 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": { "text": "1.7% (2018 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": { "text": "1.5% (2017 est.)" } }, "Credit ratings": { "Fitch rating": { "text": "AAA (1994)" }, "Moody's rating": { "text": "Aaa (1986)" }, "Standard & Poors rating": { "text": "AAA (1983)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars
" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$3,860,923,000,000 (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$47,439 (2017 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2016": { "text": "$49,800 (2016 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars
" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { "text": "28% of GDP (2017 est.)" }, "Gross national saving 2016": { "text": "28.2% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, "Gross national saving 2015": { "text": "28.1% of GDP (2015 est.)" } }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { "text": "0.7% (2017 est.)" }, "industry": { "text": "30.7% (2017 est.)" }, "services": { "text": "68.6% (2017 est.)" } }, "GDP - composition, by end use": { "household consumption": { "text": "53.1% (2017 est.)" }, "government consumption": { "text": "19.5% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in fixed capital": { "text": "20.4% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in inventories": { "text": "-0.5% (2017 est.)" }, "exports of goods and services": { "text": "47.3% (2017 est.)" }, "imports of goods and services": { "text": "-39.7% (2017 est.)" } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { "text": "79.7 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { "text": "milk, sugar beet, wheat, barley, potatoes, pork, maize, rye, rapeseed, triticale" }, "Industries": { "text": "among the world's largest and most technologically advanced producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics, automobiles, food and beverages, shipbuilding, textiles" }, "Industrial production growth rate": { "text": "3.3% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { "text": "44.585 million (2020 est.)" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { "text": "1.4%" }, "industry": { "text": "24.2%" }, "services": { "text": "74.3% (2016)" } }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2019": { "text": "4.98% (2019 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate 2018": { "text": "5.19% (2018 est.)" } }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "16.7% (2015 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": { "text": "31.9 (2016 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 1994": { "text": "30 (1994)" } }, "Household income or consumption by percentage share": { "lowest 10%": { "text": "3.6%" }, "highest 10%": { "text": "24% (2000)" } }, "Budget": { "revenues": { "text": "1.665 trillion (2017 est.)" }, "expenditures": { "text": "1.619 trillion (2017 est.)" } }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "45% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": { "text": "1.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Public debt": { "Public debt 2017": { "text": "63.9% of GDP (2017 est.)" }, "Public debt 2016": { "text": "67.9% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, "note": "note: general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises the sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government and social security funds; the series are presented as a percentage of GDP and in millions of euros; GDP used as a denominator is the gross domestic product at current market prices; data expressed in national currency are converted into euro using end-of-year exchange rates provided by the European Central Bank
" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" }, "Current account balance": { "Current account balance 2019": { "text": "$280.238 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2018": { "text": "$297.434 billion (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports": { "Exports 2019": { "text": "$2,004,158,000,000 (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { "text": "$1,984,745,000,000 (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2017": { "text": "$1,937,273,000,000 (2017 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { "text": "US 8.8%, France 8.2%, China 6.8%, Netherlands 6.7%, UK 6.6%, Italy 5.1%, Austria 4.9%, Poland 4.7%, Switzerland 4.2% (2017)" }, "Exports - commodities": { "text": "motor vehicles, machinery, chemicals, computer and electronic products, electrical equipment, pharmaceuticals, metals, transport equipment, foodstuffs, textiles, rubber and plastic products" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { "text": "$1,804,453,000,000 (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { "text": "$1,759,299,000,000 (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2017": { "text": "$1,695,300,000,000 (2017 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { "text": "Netherlands 13.8%, China 7%, France 6.6%, Belgium 5.9%, Italy 5.4%, Poland 5.4%, Czechia 4.8%, US 4.5%, Austria 4.3%, Switzerland 4.2% (2017)" }, "Imports - commodities": { "text": "machinery, data processing equipment, vehicles, chemicals, oil and gas, metals, electric equipment, pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, agricultural products" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { "text": "$200.1 billion (31 December 2017 est.)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2015": { "text": "$173.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.)" } }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 31 March 2016": { "text": "$5.326 trillion (31 March 2016 est.)" }, "Debt - external 31 March 2015": { "text": "$5.21 trillion (31 March 2015 est.)" } }, "Exchange rates": { "currency": { "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -" }, "Exchange rates 2020": { "text": "0.82771 (2020 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2019": { "text": "0.90338 (2019 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2018": { "text": "0.87789 (2018 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2014": { "text": "0.885 (2014 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2013": { "text": "0.7634 (2013 est.)" } } }, "Energy": { "Electricity access": { "electrification - total population": { "text": "100% (2020)" } }, "Electricity - production": { "text": "612.8 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - consumption": { "text": "536.5 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - exports": { "text": "78.86 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - imports": { "text": "28.34 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - installed generating capacity": { "text": "208.5 million kW (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - from fossil fuels": { "text": "41% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - from nuclear fuels": { "text": "5% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": { "text": "2% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Electricity - from other renewable sources": { "text": "52% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Crude oil - production": { "text": "41,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)" }, "Crude oil - exports": { "text": "6,569 bbl/day (2017 est.)" }, "Crude oil - imports": { "text": "1.836 million bbl/day (2017 est.)" }, "Crude oil - proved reserves": { "text": "129.6 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - production": { "text": "2.158 million bbl/day (2017 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - consumption": { "text": "2.46 million bbl/day (2017 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - exports": { "text": "494,000 bbl/day (2017 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - imports": { "text": "883,800 bbl/day (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - production": { "text": "7.9 billion cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - consumption": { "text": "93.36 billion cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - exports": { "text": "34.61 billion cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - imports": { "text": "119.5 billion cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "39.5 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" }, "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { "text": "847.6 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { "Telephones - fixed lines": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "38,847,530" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "48.37 (2019 est.)" } }, "Telephones - mobile cellular": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "103,090,116" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "128.36 (2019 est.)" } }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { "text": "one of the world's most technologically advanced telecommunications systems; as a result of intensive capital expenditures since reunification, the formerly backward system of the eastern part of the country, dating back to World War II, has been modernized and integrated with that of the western part; universal 3G infrastructure available and LTE networks; mobile market the largest in Europe 107.5 million as of 2019; available reach of 5G services in 5 cities; 98% LTE coverage; penetration in broadband and mobile sectors average for region; Hamburg develops smart city concept (2020)" }, "domestic": { "text": "extensive system of automatic telephone exchanges connected by modern networks of fiber-optic cable, coaxial cable, microwave radio relay, and a domestic satellite system; cellular telephone service is widely available, expanding rapidly, and includes roaming service to many foreign countries; 48 per 100 for fixed-line and 128 per 100 for mobile-cellular (2019)" }, "international": { "text": "country code - 49; landing points for SeaMeWe-3, TAT-14, AC-1, CONTACT-3, Fehmarn Balt, C-Lion1, GC1, GlobalConnect-KPN, and Germany-Denmark 2 & 3 - submarine cables to Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, Southeast Asia and Australia; as well as earth stations in the Inmarsat, Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik satellite systems (2019)" }, "note": "note: includes local roads
" }, "Waterways": { "text": "7,467 km (Rhine River carries most goods; Main-Danube Canal links North Sea and Black Sea) (2012)" }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { "text": "607" }, "by type": { "text": "bulk carrier 1, container ship 84, general cargo 86, oil tanker 37, other 399 (2020)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { "major seaport(s)": { "text": "Baltic Sea - Rostock" }, "oil terminal(s)": { "text": "Brunsbuttel Canal terminals" }, "container port(s) (TEUs)": { "text": "Bremen/Bremerhaven (5,510,000), Hamburg (8,860,000) (2017)" }, "LNG terminal(s) (import)": { "text": "Hamburg" }, "river port(s)": { "text": "Bremen (Weser)" }, "note": "none
" }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { "text": "572,818 (Syria), 141,650 (Iraq), 140,366 (Afghanistan), 58,569 (Eritrea), 43,244 (Iran), 28,470 (Turkey), 26,015 (Somalia), 8,722 (Russia), 8,639 (Serbia and Kosovo), 8,125 (Pakistan), 7,828 (Nigeria) (2019)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "14,947 (2019)" } }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine processors; transshipment point for and consumer of Southwest Asian heroin, Latin American cocaine, and European-produced synthetic drugs; major financial center" } } }