{ "Introduction": { "Background": { "text": "A former British colony, Cyprus became independent in 1960 following years of resistance to British rule. Tensions between the Greek Cypriot majority and Turkish Cypriot minority communities came to a head in December 1963, when violence broke out in the capital of Nicosia. Despite the deployment of UN peacekeepers in 1964, sporadic intercommunal violence continued, forcing most Turkish Cypriots into enclaves throughout the island. In 1974, a Greek Government-sponsored attempt to overthrow the elected president of Cyprus was met by military intervention from Turkey, which soon controlled more than a third of the island. In 1983, the Turkish Cypriot administered area declared itself the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" (\"TRNC\"), but it is recognized only by Turkey. An UN-mediated agreement, the Annan Plan, failed to win approval by both communities in 2004. In February 2014, after a hiatus of nearly two years, the leaders of the two communities resumed formal discussions under UN auspices aimed at reuniting the divided island. The most recent round of negotiations to reunify the island were suspended in July 2017 after failure to achieve a breakthrough. The entire island entered the EU on 1 May 2004, although the EU acquis - the body of common rights and obligations - applies only to the areas under the internationally recognized government, and is suspended in the \"TRNC.\" However, individual Turkish Cypriots able to document their eligibility for Republic of Cyprus citizenship legally enjoy the same rights accorded to other citizens of EU states." } }, "Geography": { "Location": { "text": "Middle East, island in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Turkey; note - Cyprus views itself as part of Europe; geopolitically, it can be classified as falling within Europe, the Middle East, or both" }, "Geographic coordinates": { "text": "35 00 N, 33 00 E" }, "Map references": { "text": "Middle East" }, "Area": { "total": { "text": "9,251 sq km (of which 3,355 sq km are in north Cyprus)" }, "land": { "text": "9,241 sq km" }, "water": { "text": "10 sq km" } }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "about 0.6 times the size of Connecticut" }, "Land boundaries": { "total": { "text": "156 km" }, "border sovereign base areas": { "text": "Akrotiri 48 km, Dhekelia 108 km" } }, "Coastline": { "text": "648 km" }, "Maritime claims": { "territorial sea": { "text": "12 nm" }, "contiguous zone": { "text": "24 nm" }, "continental shelf": { "text": "200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation" } }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters" }, "Terrain": { "text": "central plain with mountains to north and south; scattered but significant plains along southern coast" }, "Elevation": { "mean elevation": { "text": "91 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m" }, "highest point": { "text": "Mount Olympus 1,951 m" } }, "Natural resources": { "text": "copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth pigment" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "13.4% (2011 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 9.8% (2011 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 3.2% (2011 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 0.4% (2011 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "18.8% (2011 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "67.8% (2011 est.)" } }, "Irrigated land": { "text": "460 sq km (2012)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "population concentrated in central Nicosia and in the major cities of the south: Paphos, Limassol, and Larnaca" }, "Natural hazards": { "text": "moderate earthquake activity; droughts" }, "Environment - current issues": { "text": "water resource problems (no natural reservoir catchments, seasonal disparity in rainfall, sea water intrusion to island's largest aquifer, increased salination in the north); water pollution from sewage, industrial wastes, and pesticides; coastal degradation; erosion; loss of wildlife habitats from urbanization" }, "Environment - international agreements": { "party to": { "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" }, "signed, but not ratified": { "text": "none of the selected agreements" } }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily and Sardinia); several small Cypriot enclaves exist within the Dhekelia Sovereign Base Area" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { "text": "1,281,506 (July 2021 est.)" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { "text": "Cypriot(s)" }, "adjective": { "text": "Cypriot" } }, "Ethnic groups": { "text": "Greek 98.8%, other 1% (includes Maronite, Armenian, Turkish-Cypriot), unspecified 0.2% (2011 est.)", "note": "

note: data represent only the Greek-Cypriot citizens in the Republic of Cyprus

" }, "Languages": { "text": "Greek (official) 80.9%, Turkish (official) 0.2%, English 4.1%, Romanian 2.9%, Russian 2.5%, Bulgarian 2.2%, Arabic 1.2%, Filipino 1.1%, other 4.3%, unspecified 0.6% (2011 est.)", "note": "

note: data represent only the Republic of Cyprus

" }, "Religions": { "text": "Orthodox Christian 89.1%, Roman Catholic 2.9%, Protestant/Anglican 2%, Muslim 1.8%, Buddhist 1%, other (includes Maronite, Armenian Church, Hindu) 1.4%, unknown 1.1%, none/atheist 0.6% (2011 est.)", "note": "

note: data represent only the government-controlled area of Cyprus

" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "15.69% (male 102,095/female 96,676)" }, "15-24 years": { "text": "12.29% (male 84,832/female 70,879)" }, "25-54 years": { "text": "47.12% (male 316,710/female 280,167)" }, "55-64 years": { "text": "11.92% (male 72,476/female 78,511)" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "12.97% (male 71,053/female 93,277) (2020 est.)" } }, "Dependency ratios": { "total dependency ratio": { "text": "44.9" }, "youth dependency ratio": { "text": "24" }, "elderly dependency ratio": { "text": "20.9" }, "potential support ratio": { "text": "4.8 (2020 est.)" }, "note": "

note: data represent the whole country

" }, "Median age": { "total": { "text": "37.9 years" }, "male": { "text": "36.7 years" }, "female": { "text": "39.4 years (2020 est.)" } }, "Population growth rate": { "text": "1.11% (2021 est.)" }, "Birth rate": { "text": "10.76 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Death rate": { "text": "6.9 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Net migration rate": { "text": "7.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "population concentrated in central Nicosia and in the major cities of the south: Paphos, Limassol, and Larnaca" }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "66.8% of total population (2020)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "0.75% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "269,000 NICOSIA (capital) (2018)" }, "Sex ratio": { "at birth": { "text": "1.05 male(s)/female" }, "0-14 years": { "text": "1.06 male(s)/female" }, "15-24 years": { "text": "1.2 male(s)/female" }, "25-54 years": { "text": "1.13 male(s)/female" }, "55-64 years": { "text": "0.92 male(s)/female" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "0.76 male(s)/female" }, "total population": { "text": "1.05 male(s)/female (2020 est.)" } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { "text": "29.2 years (2017 est.)", "note": "

note: data represent only government-controlled areas

" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "6 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" }, "Infant mortality rate": { "total": { "text": "8.61 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "male": { "text": "10.45 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "female": { "text": "6.67 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)" } }, "Life expectancy at birth": { "total population": { "text": "79.51 years" }, "male": { "text": "76.7 years" }, "female": { "text": "82.46 years (2021 est.)" } }, "Total fertility rate": { "text": "1.48 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 100% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 100% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 100% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 0% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 0% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 0% of population (2017 est.)" } }, "Current Health Expenditure": { "text": "6.7% (2017)" }, "Physicians density": { "text": "1.95 physicians/1,000 population (2016)" }, "Hospital bed density": { "text": "3.4 beds/1,000 population (2017)" }, "Sanitation facility access": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 100% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 98.4% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 99% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 0% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 1.6% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 1% of population (2017 est.)" } }, "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "0.1% (2017 est.)" }, "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": { "text": "<1000 (2017 est.)" }, "HIV/AIDS - deaths": { "text": "<100 (2017 est.)" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "21.8% (2016)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "5.8% of GDP (2017)" }, "Literacy": { "definition": { "text": "age 15 and over can read and write" }, "total population": { "text": "99.1%" }, "male": { "text": "99.5%" }, "female": { "text": "98.7% (2015)" } }, "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": { "total": { "text": "15 years" }, "male": { "text": "15 years" }, "female": { "text": "15 years (2018)" } }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { "text": "20.2%" }, "male": { "text": "25%" }, "female": { "text": "16.2% (2018 est.)" } }, "People - note": { "text": "demographic data for Cyprus represent the population of the government-controlled area and the area administered by Turkish Cypriots, unless otherwise indicated" } }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { "text": "Republic of Cyprus" }, "conventional short form": { "text": "Cyprus" }, "local long form": { "text": "Kypriaki Dimokratia/Kibris Cumhuriyeti" }, "local short form": { "text": "Kypros/Kibris" }, "etymology": { "text": "the derivation of the name \"Cyprus\" is unknown, but the extensive mining of copper metal on the island in antiquity gave rise to the Latin word \"cuprum\" for copper" }, "note": "

note: the Turkish Cypriot community, which administers the northern part of the island, refers to itself as the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" or \"TRNC\" (\"Kuzey Kibris Turk Cumhuriyeti\" or \"KKTC\")

" }, "Government type": { "text": "Republic of Cyprus - presidential republic; \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" (self-declared) - parliamentary republic with enhanced presidency", "note": "

note: a separation of the two main ethnic communities inhabiting the island began following the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was further solidified when a Greek military-junta-supported coup attempt prompted the Turkish military intervention in July 1974 that gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government on the island; on 15 November 1983, then Turkish Cypriot \"President\" Rauf DENKTAS declared independence and the formation of the \"TRNC,” which is recognized only by Turkey

" }, "Capital": { "name": { "text": "Nicosia (Lefkosia/Lefkosa)" }, "geographic coordinates": { "text": "35 10 N, 33 22 E" }, "time difference": { "text": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, "note": "

etymology: a mispronunciation of the city's Greek name Lefkosia and its Turkish name Lefkosa, both of which mean \"White City\"; the Greek name may derive from the Greek phrase \"leuke ousia\" (\"white estate\")" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "6 districts; Ammochostos (Famagusta); (all but a small part located in the Turkish Cypriot community), Keryneia (Kyrenia; the only district located entirely in the Turkish Cypriot community), Larnaka (Larnaca; with a small part located in the Turkish Cypriot community), Lefkosia (Nicosia; a small part administered by Turkish Cypriots), Lemesos (Limassol), Pafos (Paphos); note - the 5 \"districts\" of the \"TRNC\" are Gazimagusa (Famagusta), Girne (Kyrenia), Guzelyurt (Morphou), Iskele (Trikomo), Lefkosa (Nicosia)" }, "Independence": { "text": "16 August 1960 (from the UK); note - Turkish Cypriots proclaimed self-rule on 13 February 1975 and independence in 1983, but these proclamations are recognized only by Turkey" }, "National holiday": { "text": "Independence Day, 1 October (1960); note - Turkish Cypriots celebrate 15 November (1983) as \"Republic Day\"" }, "Constitution": { "history": { "text": "ratified 16 August 1960; note - in 1963, the constitution was partly suspended as Turkish Cypriots withdrew from the government; Turkish-held territory in 1983 was declared the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" (\"TRNC\"); in 1985, the \"TRNC\" approved its own constitution" }, "amendments": { "text": "constitution of the Republic of Cyprus - proposed by the House of Representatives; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the total membership of the \"Greek Community\" and the \"Turkish Community\"; however, all seats of Turkish Cypriot members have remained vacant since 1964; amended 10 times, last in 2016
constitution of the “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus” - proposed by at least 10 members of the \"Assembly of the Republic\"; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the total Assembly membership and approval by referendum; amended 2014" } }, "Legal system": { "text": "mixed legal system of English common law and civil law with European law supremacy" }, "International law organization participation": { "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICC jurisdiction" }, "Citizenship": { "citizenship by birth": { "text": "no" }, "citizenship by descent only": { "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Cyprus" }, "dual citizenship recognized": { "text": "yes" }, "residency requirement for naturalization": { "text": "7 years" } }, "Suffrage": { "text": "18 years of age; universal" }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { "text": "President Nikos ANASTASIADIS (since 28 February 2013); the president is both chief of state and head of government; note - vice presidency reserved for a Turkish Cypriot, but vacant since 1974 because Turkish Cypriots do not participate in the Republic of Cyprus Government " }, "head of government": { "text": "President Nikos ANASTASIADIS (since 28 February 2013)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - under the 1960 constitution, 3 of the ministerial posts reserved for Turkish Cypriots, appointed by the vice president; positions currently filled by Greek Cypriots" }, "elections/appointments": { "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term; election last held on 28 January 2018 with a runoff on 4 February 2018 (next to be held in February 2023)" }, "election results": { "text": "Nikos ANASTASIADIS reelected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Nikos ANASTASIADIS (DISY) 35.5%, Stavros MALAS (AKEL) 30.2%, Nicolas PAPADOPOULOS (DIKO) 25.7%, other 8.6%; percent of vote in second round - Nikos ANASTASIADIS 56%, Savros MALAS 44%" }, "note": "

note: the first round of the TRNC presidential election, originally scheduled for 26 April 2020, was postponed to 11 October 202 due to the COVID-19 pandemic; results - Ersin TATAR (UBP) 32.4%, Mustafa AKINCI (independent) 29.8%, Tufan ERHURMAN (RTP) 21.7%, Kudret OZERSAY (independent) 5.7%, Erhan ARIKLI (YDP) 5.4%, Serdar DENKTAS (independent) 4.2%, other 0.8%; the second round to be held on 18 October 

" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { "text": "area under government control: unicameral House of Representatives or Vouli Antiprosopon (80 seats; 56 assigned to Greek Cypriots, 24 to Turkish Cypriots, but only those assigned to Greek Cypriots are filled; members directly elected by both proportional representation and preferential vote; members serve 5-year terms); area administered by Turkish Cypriots: unicameral \"Assembly of the Republic\" or Cumhuriyet Meclisi (50 seats; members directly elected to 5-year terms by proportional representation system using a hybrid d'Hondt method with voter preferences for individual candidates" }, "elections": { "text": "area under government control: last held on 22 May 2016 (next to be held in May 2021); area administered by Turkish Cypriots: last held on 7 January 2018 (next to be held in 2023, unless early election called)" }, "election results": { "text": "area under government control: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - DISY 30.7%, AKEL 25.7%, DIKO 14.5%, KS-EDEK 6.2%, SP 6% Solidarity Movement 5.2%, other 11.7%; seats by party - DISY 18, AKEL 16, DIKO 9, KS-EDEK 3, Citizen's Alliance 3 (2 left the party in 2017 and 2018 due to disagreements over the party's policy regarding the presidential election campaign; one joined DIKO and the other became an independent MP), Solidarity Movement 3, other 4; area administered by Turkish Cypriots: \"Assembly of the Republic\" - percent of vote by party - UBP 35.6%, CTP 20.9%, HP 17.1%, TDP 8.6%, DP 7.8%, YDP 7%, 3%; seats by party - UBP 21, CTP 12, HP 9, DP 3, TDP 3, YDP 2" } }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { "text": "Supreme Court of Cyprus (consists of 13 judges, including the court president); note - the highest court in the \"TRNC\" is the \"Supreme Court\" (consists of 8 \"judges,\" including the \"court president\")" }, "judge selection and term of office": { "text": "Republic of Cyprus Supreme Court judges appointed by the president of the republic upon the recommendation of the Supreme Court judges; judges can serve until age 68; \"TRNC Supreme Court\" judges appointed by the \"Supreme Council of Judicature,\" a 12-member body of judges, the attorney general, appointees by the president of the \"TRNC,\" and by the \"Legislative Assembly,\" and members elected by the bar association; judge tenure NA" }, "subordinate courts": { "text": "Republic of Cyprus district courts; Assize Courts; Administrative Court; specialized courts for issues relating to family, industrial disputes, the military, and rent control; \"TRNC Assize Courts\"; \"district and family courts\"" } }, "Political parties and leaders": { "text": "area under government control:
Citizens' Alliance or SP [Giorgos LILLIKAS]
Democratic Party or DIKO [Nicolas PAPADOPOULOS]
Democratic Rally or DISY [Averof NEOPHYTOU]
Movement of Ecologists and Environmentalists or KOP (Green party) [Giorgos PERDIKIS]
I, the Citizen or EOP [Georgios KOUNTOURIS]
Movement of Social Democrats EDEK [Marinos SIZOPOULOS]
National Popular Front or ELAM [Christos CHRISTOU]
Progressive Party of the Working People or AKEL (Communist party) [Andros KYPRIANOU]
Solidarity Movement [Eleni THEOCHAROUS]
United Democrats or EDI [Praxoula ANTONIADOU]
Democratic Front or DIPA [Marios GAROYIAN]
Animal Party Cyprus or APC [Kyriacos KYRIACOU]
area administered by Turkish Cypriots:
Communal Democracy Party or TDP [Cemal OZYIGIT]
Communal Liberation Party-New Forces or TKP-YG [Mehmet CAKICI]
Cyprus Socialist Party or KSP [Mehmet BIRINCI]
Democratic Party or DP [Serdar DENKTAS]
National Democratic Party or NDP [Buray BUSKUVUTCU]
National Unity Party or UBP [Ersin TATAR]
New Cyprus Party or YKP [Murat KANATLI]
People's Party or HP [Kudret OZERSAY]
Rebirth Party or YDP [Erhan ARIKLI]
Republican Turkish Party or CTP [Tufan ERHURMAN]
United Cyprus Party or BKP [Izzet IZCAN]" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "Australia Group, C, CD, CE, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador Marios LYSIOTIS (since 17 September 2018)" }, "chancery": { "text": "2211 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008" }, "telephone": { "text": "[1] (202) 462-5772, 462-0873" }, "FAX": { "text": "[1] (202) 483-6710" }, "consulate(s) general": { "text": "New York" }, "note": "

note: representative of the Turkish Cypriot community in the US is Mustafa LAKADAMYALI; office at 1667 K Street NW, Washington, DC; telephone [1] (202) 887-6198

" }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador Judith Gail GARBER (since 18 March 2019)" }, "telephone": { "text": "[357] (22) 393939" }, "embassy": { "text": "corner of Metochiou and Ploutarchou Streets, 2407 Engomi, Nicosia" }, "mailing address": { "text": "P. O. Box 24536, 1385 Nicosia" }, "FAX": { "text": "[357] (22) 393344" } }, "Flag description": { "text": "centered on a white field is a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the island has long been famous for its copper deposits) above two olive-green-colored, crossed olive branches; the branches symbolize the hope for peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities", "note": "

note: one of only two national flags that uses a map as a design element; the flag of Kosovo is the other

note: the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" flag retains the white field of the Cyprus national flag but displays narrow horizontal red stripes positioned a small distance from the top and bottom edges between which are centered a red crescent and a red five-pointed star; the banner is modeled after the Turkish national flag but with the colors reversed

" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "Cypriot mouflon (wild sheep), white dove; national colors: blue, white" }, "National anthem": { "name": { "text": "\"Ymnos eis tin Eleftherian\" (Hymn to Liberty)" }, "lyrics/music": { "text": "Dionysios SOLOMOS/Nikolaos MANTZAROS" }, "note": "

note: adopted 1960; Cyprus adopted the Greek national anthem as its own; the Turkish Cypriot community in Cyprus uses the anthem of Turkey

" } }, "Economy": { "Economic overview": { "text": "

The area of the Republic of Cyprus under government control has a market economy dominated by a services sector that accounts for more than four-fifths of GDP. Tourism, finance, shipping, and real estate have traditionally been the most important services. Cyprus has been a member of the EU since May 2004 and adopted the euro as its national currency in January 2008.

During the first five years of EU membership, the Cyprus economy grew at an average rate of about 4%, with unemployment between 2004 and 2008 averaging about 4%. However, the economy tipped into recession in 2009 as the ongoing global financial crisis and resulting low demand hit the tourism and construction sectors. An overextended banking sector with excessive exposure to Greek debt added to the contraction. Cyprus’ biggest two banks were among the largest holders of Greek bonds in Europe and had a substantial presence in Greece through bank branches and subsidiaries. Following numerous downgrades of its credit rating, Cyprus lost access to international capital markets in May 2011. In July 2012, Cyprus became the fifth euro-zone government to request an economic bailout program from the European Commission, European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund - known collectively as the \"Troika.\"

Shortly after the election of President Nikos ANASTASIADES in February 2013, Cyprus reached an agreement with the Troika on a $13 billion bailout that triggered a two-week bank closure and the imposition of capital controls that remained partially in place until April 2015. Cyprus' two largest banks merged and the combined entity was recapitalized through conversion of some large bank deposits to shares and imposition of losses on bank bondholders. As with other EU countries, the Troika conditioned the bailout on passing financial and structural reforms and privatizing state-owned enterprises. Despite downsizing and restructuring, the Cypriot financial sector remains burdened by the largest stock of non-performing loans in the euro zone, equal to nearly half of all loans. Since the bailout, Cyprus has received positive appraisals by the Troika and outperformed fiscal targets but has struggled to overcome political opposition to bailout-mandated legislation, particularly regarding privatizations. The rate of non-performing loans (NPLs) is still very high at around 49%, and growth would accelerate if Cypriot banks could increase the pace of resolution of the NPLs.

In October 2013, a US-Israeli consortium completed preliminary appraisals of hydrocarbon deposits in Cyprus’ exclusive economic zone (EEZ), which estimated gross mean reserves of about 130 billion cubic meters. Though exploration continues in Cyprus’ EEZ, no additional commercially exploitable reserves have been identified. Developing offshore hydrocarbon resources remains a critical component of the government’s economic recovery efforts, but development has been delayed as a result of regional developments and disagreements about exploitation methods.

" }, "Real GDP growth rate": { "Real GDP growth rate 2019": { "text": "3.08% (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2018": { "text": "5.25% (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2017": { "text": "5.16% (2017 est.)" } }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": { "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": { "text": "0.2% (2019 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": { "text": "1.4% (2018 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": { "text": "0.5% (2017 est.)" } }, "Credit ratings": { "Fitch rating": { "text": "BBB- (2018)" }, "Moody's rating": { "text": "Ba2 (2018)" }, "Standard & Poors rating": { "text": "BBB- (2018)" } }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { "text": "$30.918 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { "text": "$29.995 billion (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$28.502 billion (2017 est.)" }, "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$24.946 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2019": { "text": "$23,948 (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { "text": "$23,415 (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$22,430 (2017 est.)" }, "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { "text": "13.7% of GDP (2017 est.)" }, "Gross national saving 2016": { "text": "11.9% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, "Gross national saving 2015": { "text": "12.8% of GDP (2015 est.)" } }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { "text": "2% (2017 est.)" }, "industry": { "text": "12.5% (2017 est.)" }, "services": { "text": "85.5% (2017 est.)" } }, "GDP - composition, by end use": { "household consumption": { "text": "68.7% (2017 est.)" }, "government consumption": { "text": "14.9% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in fixed capital": { "text": "21.1% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in inventories": { "text": "-0.7% (2017 est.)" }, "exports of goods and services": { "text": "63.8% (2017 est.)" }, "imports of goods and services": { "text": "-67.8% (2017 est.)" } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { "text": "73.4 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { "text": "milk, potatoes, pork, sheep milk, goat milk, barley, wheat, poultry, olives, tangerines/mandarins" }, "Industries": { "text": "tourism, food and beverage processing, cement and gypsum, ship repair and refurbishment, textiles, light chemicals, metal products, wood, paper, stone and clay products" }, "Industrial production growth rate": { "text": "13.4% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { "text": "416,000 (2019 est.)" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { "text": "3.8%" }, "industry": { "text": "15.2%" }, "services": { "text": "81% (2014 est.)" } }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2019": { "text": "7.07% (2019 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate 2018": { "text": "8.37% (2018 est.)" } }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "NA" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { "text": "31.4 (2017 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2013": { "text": "32.4 (2013 est.)" } }, "Household income or consumption by percentage share": { "lowest 10%": { "text": "3.3%" }, "highest 10%": { "text": "28.8% (2014)" } }, "Budget": { "revenues": { "text": "8.663 billion (2017 est.)" }, "expenditures": { "text": "8.275 billion (2017 est.)" } }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "39.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": { "text": "1.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Public debt": { "Public debt 2017": { "text": "97.5% of GDP (2017 est.)" }, "Public debt 2016": { "text": "106.6% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, "note": "

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment

" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" }, "Current account balance": { "Current account balance 2019": { "text": "-$1.578 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2018": { "text": "-$958 million (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports": { "Exports 2019": { "text": "$20.65 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { "text": "$20.735 billion (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2017": { "text": "$19.198 billion (2017 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { "text": "Libya 9.4%, Greece 7.7%, Norway 6.7%, UK 5.3%, Germany 4.1% (2017)" }, "Exports - commodities": { "text": "citrus, potatoes, pharmaceuticals, cement, clothing" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { "text": "$21.07 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { "text": "$20.666 billion (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2017": { "text": "$19.782 billion (2017 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { "text": "Greece 19%, Italy 7.5%, China 7.4%, South Korea 7.3%, Germany 7%, Netherlands 5.1%, UK 5%, Israel 4.1% (2017)" }, "Imports - commodities": { "text": "consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants, machinery, transport equipment" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { "text": "$888.2 million (31 December 2017 est.)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": { "text": "$817.7 million (31 December 2016 est.)" } }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 31 December 2013": { "text": "$95.28 billion (31 December 2013 est.)" }, "Debt - external 31 December 2012": { "text": "$103.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.)" } }, "Exchange rates": { "currency": { "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -" }, "Exchange rates 2020": { "text": "0.82771 (2020 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2019": { "text": "0.90338 (2019 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2018": { "text": "0.87789 (2018 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2014": { "text": "0.885 (2014 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2013": { "text": "0.7634 (2013 est.)" } }, "Economy of the area administered by Turkish Cypriots": { "text": "

Economy - overview: Even though the whole of the island is part of the EU, implementation of the EU \"acquis communautaire\" has been suspended in the area administered by Turkish Cypriots, known locally as the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" (\"TRNC\"), until political conditions permit the reunification of the island. The market-based economy of the \"TRNC\" is roughly one-fifth the size of its southern neighbor and is likewise dominated by the service sector with a large portion of the population employed by the government. In 2012 - the latest year for which data are available - the services sector, which includes the public sector, trade, tourism, and education, contributed 58.7% to economic output. In the same year, light manufacturing and agriculture contributed 2.7% and 6.2%, respectively. Manufacturing is limited mainly to food and beverages, furniture and fixtures, construction materials, metal and non-metal products, textiles and clothing. The \"TRNC\" maintains few economic ties with the Republic of Cyprus outside of trade in construction materials. Since its creation, the \"TRNC\" has heavily relied on financial assistance from Turkey, which supports the \"TRNC\" defense, telecommunications, water and postal services. The Turkish Lira is the preferred currency, though foreign currencies are widely accepted in business transactions. The \"TRNC\" remains vulnerable to the Turkish market and monetary policy because of its use of the Turkish Lira. The \"TRNC\" weathered the European financial crisis relatively unscathed - compared to the Republic of Cyprus - because of the lack of financial sector development, the health of the Turkish economy, and its separation from the rest of the island. The \"TRNC\" economy experienced growth estimated at 2.8% in 2013 and 2.3% in 2014 and is projected to grow 3.8% in 2015.;

GDP (purchasing power parity): $1.829 billion (2007 est.);

GDP - real growth rate: 2.3% (2014 est.);

2.8% (2013 est.);

GDP - per capita: $11,700 (2007 est.);

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 6.2%,; industry: 35.1%,; services: 58.7% (2012 est.);

Labor force: 95,030 (2007 est.);

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 14.5%,; industry: 29%,; services: 56.5% (2004);

Unemployment rate: 9.4% (2005 est.);

Population below poverty line: %NA;

Inflation rate: 11.4% (2006);

Budget: revenues: $2.5 billion,; expenditures: $2.5 billion (2006);

Agriculture - products: citrus fruit, dairy, potatoes, grapes, olives, poultry, lamb;

Industries: foodstuffs, textiles, clothing, ship repair, clay, gypsum, copper, furniture;

Industrial production growth rate: -0.3% (2007 est.);

Electricity production: 998.9 million kWh (2005);

Electricity consumption: 797.9 million kWh (2005);

Exports: $68.1 million, f.o.b. (2007 est.);

Export - commodities: citrus, dairy, potatoes, textiles;

Export - partners: Turkey 40%; direct trade between the area administered by Turkish Cypriots and the area under government control remains limited;

Imports: $1.2 billion, f.o.b. (2007 est.);

Import - commodities: vehicles, fuel, cigarettes, food, minerals, chemicals, machinery;

Import - partners: Turkey 60%; direct trade between the area administered by Turkish Cypriots and the area under government control remains limited;

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: NA;

Debt - external: NA;

Currency (code): Turkish new lira (YTL);

Exchange rates: Turkish new lira per US dollar:; 1.9 (2013); 1.8 (2012); 1.668 (2011); 1.5026 (2010); 1.55 (2009);

" } }, "Energy": { "Electricity access": { "electrification - total population": { "text": "100% (2020)" } }, "Electricity - production": { "text": "4.618 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - consumption": { "text": "4.355 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - exports": { "text": "0 kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - imports": { "text": "0 kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - installed generating capacity": { "text": "1.77 million kW (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - from fossil fuels": { "text": "85% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - from nuclear fuels": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Electricity - from other renewable sources": { "text": "15% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Crude oil - production": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)" }, "Crude oil - exports": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Crude oil - imports": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Crude oil - proved reserves": { "text": "0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - production": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - consumption": { "text": "49,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - exports": { "text": "500 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - imports": { "text": "49,240 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Natural gas - production": { "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - consumption": { "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - exports": { "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - imports": { "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "141.6 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" }, "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { "text": "7.72 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { "Telephones - fixed lines": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "469,305" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "37.48 (2019 est.)" } }, "Telephones - mobile cellular": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "1,801,213" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "143.85 (2019 est.)" } }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { "text": "broadband market steadily developing with one of the highest penetrations rates in the region; despite the growth of Cyprus's telecom sector, the market overall continues to be dominated by the incumbent, Cyprus Telecommunications Authority (CyTA), which is still fully-owned by the state, but it is losing ground to its competition annually; improved regulatory circumstances, especially in relation to network interconnection and access, has given competing operators the certainty to invest in network infrastructure, and to launch competing services; fiber infrastructure in the early days and DSL remains the dominate access platform (2020)" }, "domestic": { "text": "fixed-line is 37 per 100, and  144 per 100 for mobile-cellular; open-wire, fiber-optic cable, and microwave radio relay (2019)" }, "international": { "text": "country code - 357 (area administered by Turkish Cypriots uses the country code of Turkey - 90); a number of submarine cables, including the SEA-ME-WE-3, CADMOS, MedNautilus Submarine System, POSEIDON, TE North/TGN-Eurasia/SEACOM/Alexandros/Medes, UGARIT, Aphrodite2, Hawk, Lev Submarine System, and Tamares combine to provide connectivity to Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia, Australia, and Southeast Asia; Turcyos-1 and Turcyos-2 submarine cable in Turkish North Cyprus link to Turkey; tropospheric scatter; satellite earth stations - 8 (3 Intelsat - 1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean, 2 Eutelsat, 2 Intersputnik, and 1 Arabsat) (2019)" }, "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "mixture of state and privately run TV and radio services; the public broadcaster operates 2 TV channels and 4 radio stations; 6 private TV broadcasters, satellite and cable TV services including telecasts from Greece and Turkey, and a number of private radio stations are available; in areas administered by Turkish Cypriots, there are 2 public TV stations, 4 public radio stations, and 7 privately owned TV and 21 radio broadcast stations plus 6 radio and 4 TV channels of local universities, plus 1 radio station of military, security forces and 1 radio station of civil defense cooperation, as well as relay stations from Turkey (2019)" }, "Internet country code": { "text": ".cy" }, "Internet users": { "total": { "text": "1,044,473" }, "percent of population": { "text": "84.43% (July 2018 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { "total": { "text": "313,462" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "25 (2018 est.)" } } }, "Transportation": { "National air transport system": { "number of registered air carriers": { "text": "2 (2020)" }, "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": { "text": "6" }, "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": { "text": "401,408 (2018)" }, "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": { "text": "20,000 mt-km (2018)" } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { "text": "5B (2016)" }, "Airports": { "total": { "text": "15 (2013)" } }, "Airports - with paved runways": { "total": { "text": "13 (2017)" }, "2,438 to 3,047 m": { "text": "7 (2017)" }, "1,524 to 2,437 m": { "text": "2 (2017)" }, "914 to 1,523 m": { "text": "3 (2017)" }, "under 914 m": { "text": "1 (2017)" } }, "Airports - with unpaved runways": { "total": { "text": "2 (2013)" }, "under 914 m": { "text": "2 (2013)" } }, "Heliports": { "text": "9 (2013)" }, "Pipelines": { "text": "0 km oil" }, "Roadways": { "total": { "text": "19,901 km (2016)" }, "government control": { "text": "12,901 km (includes 272 km of expressways) (2016)" }, "paved": { "text": "8,631 km (2016)" }, "unpaved": { "text": "4,270 km (2016)" }, "Turkish Cypriot control": { "text": "7,000 km (2011)" } }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { "text": "1,065" }, "by type": { "text": "bulk carrier 286, container ship 197, general cargo 190, oil tanker 49, other 343 (2020)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { "major seaport(s)": { "text": "area under government control: Larnaca, Limassol, Vasilikos" }, "note": "

area administered by Turkish Cypriots: Famagusta, Kyrenia" } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { "text": "Republic of Cyprus: Cypriot National Guard (Ethniki Froura, EF, includes Army Land Forces, Naval Command, Air Command) (2020)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "1.6% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { "text": "1.8% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { "text": "1.6% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "1.4% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { "text": "1.7% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { "text": "the Cypriot National Guard has approximately 13-15,000 total active duty personnel (2019 est.)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the inventory of the Cypriot National Guard is a mix of Soviet-era and some more modern weapons systems; since 2010, it has received equipment from France, Israel, Italy, Oman, and Russia (2019 est.)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "Cypriot National Guard (CNG): 18-50 years of age for compulsory military service for all Greek Cypriot males; 17 years of age for voluntary service; 12-month service obligation (2019)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNICYP) was set up in 1964 to prevent further fighting between the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities on the island and bring about a return to normal conditions; as of March 2020, the UNICYP mission consisted of about 830 personnel (2020)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { "Disputes - international": { "text": "

hostilities in 1974 divided the island into two de facto autonomous entities, the internationally recognized Cypriot Government and a Turkish-Cypriot community (north Cyprus); the 1,000-strong UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) has served in Cyprus since 1964 and maintains the buffer zone between north and south; on 1 May 2004, Cyprus entered the EU still divided, with the EU's body of legislation and standards (acquis communitaire) suspended in the north; Turkey protests Cypriot Government creating hydrocarbon blocks and maritime boundary with Lebanon in March 2007

" }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { "text": "7,372 (Syria) (2019)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "228,000 (both Turkish and Greek Cypriots; many displaced since 1974) (2019)" }, "note": "

note: 10,690 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-November 2019)" }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "minor transit point for heroin and hashish via air routes and container traffic to Europe, especially from Lebanon and Turkey; some cocaine transits as well; despite a strengthening of anti-money-laundering legislation, remains vulnerable to money laundering; reporting of suspicious transactions in offshore sector remains weak" } } }