Mainland Tanzania fell under German rule during the late 19th century as part of German East Africa. After World War I, Britain governed the mainland as Tanganyika; the Zanzibar Archipelago remained a separate colonial jurisdiction. Shortly after achieving independence from Britain in the early 1960s, Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form the United Republic of Tanzania in 1964. In 1995, the country held its first democratic elections since the 1970s. Zanzibar maintains semi-autonomy and participates in national elections; popular political opposition on the isles led to four contentious elections since 1995, in which the ruling party claimed victory despite international observers' claims of voting irregularities.
" } }, "Geography": { "Location": { "text": "Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Kenya and Mozambique" }, "Geographic coordinates": { "text": "6 00 S, 35 00 E" }, "Map references": { "text": "Africa" }, "Area": { "total": { "text": "947,300 sq km" }, "land": { "text": "885,800 sq km" }, "water": { "text": "61,500 sq km" }, "note": "note: includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar
" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "more than six times the size of Georgia; slightly larger than twice the size of California" }, "Land boundaries": { "total": { "text": "4,161 km" }, "border countries": { "text": "Burundi 589 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 479 km, Kenya 775 km, Malawi 512 km, Mozambique 840 km, Rwanda 222 km, Uganda 391 km, Zambia 353 km" } }, "Coastline": { "text": "1,424 km" }, "Maritime claims": { "territorial sea": { "text": "12 nm" }, "exclusive economic zone": { "text": "200 nm" } }, "Climate": { "text": "varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands" }, "Terrain": { "text": "plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south" }, "Elevation": { "mean elevation": { "text": "1,018 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" }, "highest point": { "text": "Kilimanjaro (highest point in Africa) 5,895 m" } }, "Natural resources": { "text": "hydropower, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "43.7% (2011 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 14.3% (2011 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 2.3% (2011 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 27.1% (2011 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "37.3% (2011 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "19% (2011 est.)" } }, "Irrigated land": { "text": "1,840 sq km (2012)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the largest and most populous East African country; population distribution is extremely uneven, but greater population clusters occur in the northern half of country and along the east coast as shown in this population distribution map" }, "Natural hazards": { "text": "flooding on the central plateau during the rainy season; drought
volcanism: limited volcanic activity; Ol Doinyo Lengai (2,962 m) has emitted lava in recent years; other historically active volcanoes include Kieyo and Meru
" }, "Environment - current issues": { "text": "water polution; improper management of liquid waste; indoor air pollution caused by the burning of fuel wood or charcoal for cooking and heating is a large environmental health issue; soil degradation; deforestation; desertification; destruction of coral reefs threatens marine habitats; wildlife threatened by illegal hunting and trade, especially for ivory; loss of biodiversity; solid waste disposal" }, "Environment - international agreements": { "party to": { "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" }, "signed, but not ratified": { "text": "none of the selected agreements" } }, "Geography - note": { "text": "Kilimanjaro is the highest point in Africa and one of only three mountain ranges on the continent that has glaciers (the others are Mount Kenya [in Kenya] and the Ruwenzori Mountains [on the Uganda-Democratic Republic of the Congo border]); Tanzania is bordered by three of the largest lakes on the continent: Lake Victoria (the world's second-largest freshwater lake) in the north, Lake Tanganyika (the world's second deepest) in the west, and Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) in the southwest" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { "text": "62,092,761 (July 2021 est.)", "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected
" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { "text": "Tanzanian(s)" }, "adjective": { "text": "Tanzanian" } }, "Ethnic groups": { "text": "mainland - African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu consisting of more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian, European, and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, African, mixed Arab and African" }, "Languages": { "text": "Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguja (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), many local languages", "note": "note: Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people living in Zanzibar and nearby coastal Tanzania; although Kiswahili is Bantu in structure and origin, its vocabulary draws on a variety of sources including Arabic and English; it has become the lingua franca of central and eastern Africa; the first language of most people is one of the local languages
" }, "Religions": { "text": "Christian 61.4%, Muslim 35.2%, folk religion 1.8%, other 0.2%, unaffiliated 1.4% (2010 est.)", "note": "note: Zanzibar is almost entirely Muslim
" }, "Demographic profile": { "text": "Tanzania has the largest population in East Africa and the lowest population density; almost a third of the population is urban. Tanzania’s youthful population – about two-thirds of the population is under 25 – is growing rapidly because of the high total fertility rate of 4.8 children per woman. Progress in reducing the birth rate has stalled, sustaining the country’s nearly 3% annual growth. The maternal mortality rate has improved since 2000, yet it remains very high because of early and frequent pregnancies, inadequate maternal health services, and a lack of skilled birth attendants – problems that are worse among poor and rural women. Tanzania has made strides in reducing under-5 and infant mortality rates, but a recent drop in immunization threatens to undermine gains in child health. Malaria is a leading killer of children under 5, while HIV is the main source of adult mortality
For Tanzania, most migration is internal, rural to urban movement, while some temporary labor migration from towns to plantations takes place seasonally for harvests. Tanzania was Africa’s largest refugee-hosting country for decades, hosting hundreds of thousands of refugees from the Great Lakes region, primarily Burundi, over the last fifty years. However, the assisted repatriation and naturalization of tens of thousands of Burundian refugees between 2002 and 2014 dramatically reduced the refugee population. Tanzania is increasingly a transit country for illegal migrants from the Horn of Africa and the Great Lakes region who are heading to southern Africa for security reasons and/or economic opportunities. Some of these migrants choose to settle in Tanzania.
" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "42.7% (male 12,632,772/female 12,369,115)" }, "15-24 years": { "text": "20.39% (male 5,988,208/female 5,948,134)" }, "25-54 years": { "text": "30.31% (male 8,903,629/female 8,844,180)" }, "55-64 years": { "text": "3.52% (male 954,251/female 1,107,717)" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "3.08% (male 747,934/female 1,056,905) (2020 est.)" } }, "Dependency ratios": { "total dependency ratio": { "text": "85.9" }, "youth dependency ratio": { "text": "81" }, "elderly dependency ratio": { "text": "4.9" }, "potential support ratio": { "text": "20.4 (2020 est.)" } }, "Median age": { "total": { "text": "18.2 years" }, "male": { "text": "17.9 years" }, "female": { "text": "18.4 years (2020 est.)" } }, "Population growth rate": { "text": "2.81% (2021 est.)" }, "Birth rate": { "text": "33.71 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Death rate": { "text": "5.17 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Net migration rate": { "text": "-0.44 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the largest and most populous East African country; population distribution is extremely uneven, but greater population clusters occur in the northern half of country and along the east coast as shown in this population distribution map" }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "35.2% of total population (2020)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "5.22% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "262,000 Dodoma (legislative capital) (2018), 6.702 million DAR ES SALAAM (administrative capital), 1.120 million Mwanza (2020)" }, "Sex ratio": { "at birth": { "text": "1.03 male(s)/female" }, "0-14 years": { "text": "1.02 male(s)/female" }, "15-24 years": { "text": "1.01 male(s)/female" }, "25-54 years": { "text": "1.01 male(s)/female" }, "55-64 years": { "text": "0.86 male(s)/female" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "0.71 male(s)/female" }, "total population": { "text": "1 male(s)/female (2020 est.)" } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { "text": "19.8 years (2015/16 est.)", "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29
" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "524 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" }, "Infant mortality rate": { "total": { "text": "31.51 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "male": { "text": "34.36 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "female": { "text": "28.57 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)" } }, "Life expectancy at birth": { "total population": { "text": "69.9 years" }, "male": { "text": "68.12 years" }, "female": { "text": "71.74 years (2021 est.)" } }, "Total fertility rate": { "text": "4.45 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { "text": "38.4% (2015/16)" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 92.3% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 56.2% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 68.2% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 7.7% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 43.8% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 31.8% of population (2017 est.)" } }, "Current Health Expenditure": { "text": "3.6% (2017)" }, "Physicians density": { "text": "0.01 physicians/1,000 population (2016)" }, "Hospital bed density": { "text": "0.7 beds/1,000 population (2010)" }, "Sanitation facility access": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 82.1% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 29.5% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 46.9% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 17.9% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 70.5% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 53.1% of population (2017 est.)" } }, "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "5.1% (2019 est.)" }, "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": { "text": "1.7 million (2019 est.)" }, "HIV/AIDS - deaths": { "text": "27,000 (2019 est.)" }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" }, "food or waterborne diseases": { "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" }, "vectorborne diseases": { "text": "malaria, dengue fever, and Rift Valley fever" }, "water contact diseases": { "text": "schistosomiasis" }, "animal contact diseases": { "text": "rabies" } }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "8.4% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { "text": "14.6% (2018)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "3.4% of GDP (2014)" }, "Literacy": { "definition": { "text": "age 15 and over can read and write Kiswahili (Swahili), English, or Arabic" }, "total population": { "text": "77.9%" }, "male": { "text": "83.2%" }, "female": { "text": "73.1% (2015)" } }, "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": { "total": { "text": "9 years" }, "male": { "text": "9 years" }, "female": { "text": "9 years (2019)" } }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { "text": "3.9%" }, "male": { "text": "3.1%" }, "female": { "text": "4.6% (2014 est.)" } } }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { "text": "United Republic of Tanzania" }, "conventional short form": { "text": "Tanzania" }, "local long form": { "text": "Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania" }, "local short form": { "text": "Tanzania" }, "former": { "text": "German East Africa, Trust Territory of Tanganyika, United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar" }, "etymology": { "text": "the country's name is a combination of the first letters of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, the two states that merged to form Tanzania in 1964" } }, "Government type": { "text": "presidential republic" }, "Capital": { "name": { "text": "Dar es Salaam (administrative capital), Dodoma (legislative capital); note - Dodoma was designated the national capital in 1996 and serves as the meeting place for the National Assembly; Dar es Salaam remains the de facto capital, the country's largest city and commercial center, and the site of the executive branch offices and diplomatic representation; the government contends that it will complete the transfer of the executive branch to Dodoma by 2020" }, "geographic coordinates": { "text": "6 48 S, 39 17 E" }, "time difference": { "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, "note": "note: Zanzibar elects a president as head of government for internal matters; election held on 25 October 2015 was annulled by the Zanzibar Electoral Commission and rerun on 20 March 2016; President Ali Mohamed SHEIN reelected; percent of vote - Ali Mohamed SHEIN (CCM) 91.4%, Hamad Rashid MOHAMED (ADC) 3%, other 5.6%; the main opposition party in Zanzibar CUF boycotted the 20 March 2016 election rerun
" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { "text": "unicameral National Assembly or Parliament (Bunge) (393 seats; 264 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 113 women indirectly elected by proportional representation vote, 5 indirectly elected by simple majority vote by the Zanzibar House of Representatives, 10 appointed by the president, and 1 seat reserved for the attorney general; members serve a 5-year term); note - in addition to enacting laws that apply to the entire United Republic of Tanzania, the National Assembly enacts laws that apply only to the mainland; Zanzibar has its own House of Representatives or Baraza La Wawakilishi (82 seats; 50 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 20 women directly elected by proportional representation vote, 10 appointed by the Zanzibar president, 1 seat for the House speaker, and 1 ex-officio seat for the attorney general; elected members serve a 5-year term)" }, "elections": { "text": "Tanzania National Assembly and Zanzibar House of Representatives - elections last held on 25 October 2015 (next National Assembly election to be held in October 2020; next Zanzibar election either October 2020 or March 2021); note the Zanzibar Electoral Commission annulled the 2015 election; repoll held on 20 March 2016" }, "election results": { "text": "National Assembly - percent of vote by party - CCM 55%, Chadema 31.8%, CUF 8.6%, other 4.6%; seats by party - CCM 253, Chadema 70, CUF 42, other 2; composition as of September 2018 - men 245, women 145, percent of women 37.2%Alliance for Change and Transparency (Wazalendo) or ACT [Zitto KABWE]
Alliance for Democratic Change or ADC [Miraji ABDALLAH]
Civic United Front (Chama Cha Wananchi) or CUF [Ibrahim LIPUMBA]
National Convention for Construction and Reform-Mageuzi or NCCR-M [James Francis MBATIA]
National League for Democracy
Party of Democracy and Development (Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo) or Chadema [Freeman MBOWE]
Revolutionary Party (Chama Cha Mapinduzi) or CCM [John MAGUFULI]
Tanzania Labor Party or TLP [Augustine MREMA]
United Democratic Party or UDP [John Momose CHEYO]
note: in March 2014, four opposition parties (CUF, CHADEMA, NCCR-Mageuzi, and NLD) united to form Coalition for the People's Constitution (Umoja wa Katiba ya Wananchi) or UKAWA; during local elections held in October, 2014, UKAWA entered one candidate representing the three parties united in the coalition
" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CD, EAC, EADB, EITI, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, SADC, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador Wilson Mutagaywa MASILINGI (since 17 September 2015)" }, "chancery": { "text": "1232 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20037" }, "telephone": { "text": "[1] (202) 939-6125" }, "FAX": { "text": "[1] (202) 797-7408" } }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador Donald J. WRIGHT (since 2 April 2020)" }, "telephone": { "text": "(255) 22-229-4000, dial '1' for an emergency operator" }, "embassy": { "text": "686 Old Bagamoyo Road, Msasani, Dar es Salaam" }, "mailing address": { "text": "P.O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam" }, "FAX": { "text": "[255] (22) 229-4970 or 4971" } }, "Flag description": { "text": "divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is blue; the banner combines colors found on the flags of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; green represents the natural vegetation of the country, gold its rich mineral deposits, black the native Swahili people, and blue the country's many lakes and rivers, as well as the Indian Ocean" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "Uhuru (Freedom) torch, giraffe; national colors: green, yellow, blue, black" }, "National anthem": { "name": { "text": "\"Mungu ibariki Afrika\" (God Bless Africa)" }, "lyrics/music": { "text": "collective/Enoch Mankayi SONTONGA" }, "note": "note: adopted 1961; the anthem, which is also a popular song in Africa, shares the same melody with that of Zambia but has different lyrics; the melody is also incorporated into South Africa's anthem
" } }, "Economy": { "Economic overview": { "text": "Tanzania has achieved high growth rates based on its vast natural resource wealth and tourism with GDP growth in 2009-17 averaging 6%-7% per year. Dar es Salaam used fiscal stimulus measures and easier monetary policies to lessen the impact of the global recession and in general, benefited from low oil prices. Tanzania has largely completed its transition to a market economy, though the government retains a presence in sectors such as telecommunications, banking, energy, and mining.
The economy depends on agriculture, which accounts for slightly less than one-quarter of GDP and employs about 65% of the work force, although gold production in recent years has increased to about 35% of exports. All land in Tanzania is owned by the government, which can lease land for up to 99 years. Proposed reforms to allow for land ownership, particularly foreign land ownership, remain unpopular.
The financial sector in Tanzania has expanded in recent years and foreign-owned banks account for about 48% of the banking industry's total assets. Competition among foreign commercial banks has resulted in significant improvements in the efficiency and quality of financial services, though interest rates are still relatively high, reflecting high fraud risk. Banking reforms have helped increase private-sector growth and investment.
The World Bank, the IMF, and bilateral donors have provided funds to rehabilitate Tanzania's aging infrastructure, including rail and port, which provide important trade links for inland countries. In 2013, Tanzania completed the world's largest Millennium Challenge Compact (MCC) grant, worth $698 million, but in late 2015, the MCC Board of Directors deferred a decision to renew Tanzania’s eligibility because of irregularities in voting in Zanzibar and concerns over the government's use of a controversial cybercrime bill.
The new government elected in 2015 has developed an ambitious development agenda focused on creating a better business environment through improved infrastructure, access to financing, and education progress, but implementing budgets remains challenging for the government. Recent policy moves by President MAGUFULI are aimed at protecting domestic industry and have caused concern among foreign investors.
" }, "Real GDP growth rate": { "Real GDP growth rate 2019": { "text": "6.98% (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2018": { "text": "6.95% (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2017": { "text": "6.78% (2017 est.)" } }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": { "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": { "text": "3.4% (2019 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": { "text": "3.5% (2018 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": { "text": "5.3% (2017 est.)" } }, "Credit ratings": { "Moody's rating": { "text": "B2 (2020)" } }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { "text": "$149.785 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { "text": "$141.585 billion (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$134.274 billion (2017 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars
" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$60.633 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2019": { "text": "$2,660 (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { "text": "$2,590 (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$2,530 (2017 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars
" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { "text": "25% of GDP (2017 est.)" }, "Gross national saving 2016": { "text": "23.1% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, "Gross national saving 2015": { "text": "24.9% of GDP (2015 est.)" } }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { "text": "23.4% (2017 est.)" }, "industry": { "text": "28.6% (2017 est.)" }, "services": { "text": "47.6% (2017 est.)" } }, "GDP - composition, by end use": { "household consumption": { "text": "62.4% (2017 est.)" }, "government consumption": { "text": "12.5% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in fixed capital": { "text": "36.1% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in inventories": { "text": "-8.7% (2017 est.)" }, "exports of goods and services": { "text": "18.1% (2017 est.)" }, "imports of goods and services": { "text": "-20.5% (2017 est.)" } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { "text": "20.2 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { "text": "cassava, maize, sweet potatoes, sugar cane, rice, bananas, vegetables, milk, beans, sunflower seed" }, "Industries": { "text": "agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine); mining (diamonds, gold, and iron), salt, soda ash; cement, oil refining, shoes, apparel, wood products, fertilizer" }, "Industrial production growth rate": { "text": "12% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { "text": "24.89 million (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { "text": "66.9%" }, "industry": { "text": "6.4%" }, "services": { "text": "26.6% (2014 est.)" } }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2014": { "text": "10.3% (2014 est.)" } }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "22.8% (2015 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { "text": "40.5 (2017 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2000": { "text": "34.6 (2000)" } }, "Household income or consumption by percentage share": { "lowest 10%": { "text": "2.8%" }, "highest 10%": { "text": "29.6% (2007)" } }, "Budget": { "revenues": { "text": "7.873 billion (2017 est.)" }, "expenditures": { "text": "8.818 billion (2017 est.)" } }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "15.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": { "text": "-1.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Public debt": { "Public debt 2017": { "text": "37% of GDP (2017 est.)" }, "Public debt 2016": { "text": "38% of GDP (2016 est.)" } }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "1 July - 30 June" }, "Current account balance": { "Current account balance 2019": { "text": "-$1.313 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2018": { "text": "-$1.898 billion (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports": { "Exports 2017": { "text": "$7.827 billion (2017 est.)" }, "Exports 2016": { "text": "$5.697 billion (2016 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { "text": "India 21.8%, South Africa 17.9%, Kenya 8.8%, Switzerland 6.7%, Belgium 5.9%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 5.8%, China 4.8% (2017)" }, "Exports - commodities": { "text": "gold, coffee, cashew nuts, manufactures, cotton" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { "text": "$9.972 billion (2017 est.)" }, "Imports 2016": { "text": "$8.464 billion (2016 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { "text": "India 16.5%, China 15.8%, UAE 9.2%, Saudi Arabia 7.9%, South Africa 5.1%, Japan 4.9%, Switzerland 4.4% (2017)" }, "Imports - commodities": { "text": "consumer goods, machinery and transportation equipment, industrial raw materials, crude oil" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { "text": "$5.301 billion (31 December 2017 est.)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": { "text": "$4.067 billion (31 December 2016 est.)" }, "note": "note: excludes gold
" }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 31 December 2017": { "text": "$17.66 billion (31 December 2017 est.)" }, "Debt - external 31 December 2016": { "text": "$15.21 billion (31 December 2016 est.)" } }, "Exchange rates": { "currency": { "text": "Tanzanian shillings (TZS) per US dollar -" }, "Exchange rates 2020": { "text": "2,319 (2020 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2019": { "text": "2,300 (2019 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2018": { "text": "2,299.155 (2018 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2014": { "text": "1,989.7 (2014 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2013": { "text": "1,654 (2013 est.)" } } }, "Energy": { "Electricity access": { "electrification - total population": { "text": "40% (2019)" }, "electrification - urban areas": { "text": "71% (2019)" }, "electrification - rural areas": { "text": "23% (2019)" } }, "Electricity - production": { "text": "6.699 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - consumption": { "text": "5.682 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - exports": { "text": "0 kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - imports": { "text": "102 million kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - installed generating capacity": { "text": "1.457 million kW (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - from fossil fuels": { "text": "55% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - from nuclear fuels": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": { "text": "40% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Electricity - from other renewable sources": { "text": "6% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Crude oil - production": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)" }, "Crude oil - exports": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Crude oil - imports": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Crude oil - proved reserves": { "text": "0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - production": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - consumption": { "text": "72,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - exports": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - imports": { "text": "67,830 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Natural gas - production": { "text": "3.115 billion cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - consumption": { "text": "3.115 billion cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - exports": { "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - imports": { "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "6.513 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" }, "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { "text": "14.57 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { "Telephones - fixed lines": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "74,081" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "less than 1 (2019 est.)" } }, "Telephones - mobile cellular": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "46,847,405" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "82.21 (2019 est.)" } }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { "text": "telecommunications services are marginal and operating below capacity; 1 fixed-line operator and 8 operational mobile networks; unfortunate high tariffs on telecoms; mobile use is growing at 85% penetration; 3G/LTE services; govt. allocates TZ $17.5 billion to improve rural telecom infrastructure and work on national fiber backbone network connecting population around country (2020)" }, "domestic": { "text": "fixed-line telephone network inadequate with less than 1 connection per 100 persons; mobile-cellular service, aided by multiple providers, is increasing rapidly and exceeds 82 telephones per 100 persons; trunk service provided by open-wire, microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter, and fiber-optic cable; some links being made digital (2019)" }, "international": { "text": "country code - 255; landing points for the EASSy, SEACOM/Tata TGN-Eurasia, and SEAS fiber-optic submarine cable system linking East Africa with the Middle East; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean, 1 Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, "note": "dispute with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River; Malawi contends that the entire lake up to the Tanzanian shoreline is its territory, while Tanzania claims the border is in the center of the lake; the conflict was reignited in 2012 when Malawi awarded a license to a British company for oil exploration in the lake
" }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { "text": "147,748 (Burundi), 77,898 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (2020)" } }, "Trafficking in persons": { "current situation": { "text": "Tanzania is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; the exploitation of young girls in domestic servitude continues to be Tanzania’s largest human trafficking problem; Tanzanian boys are subject to forced labor mainly on farms but also in mines and quarries, in the informal commercial sector, in factories, in the sex trade, and possibly on small fishing boats; Tanzanian children and adults are subjected to domestic servitude, other forms of forced labor, and sex trafficking in other African countries, the Middle East, Europe, and the US; internal trafficking is more prevalent than transnational trafficking and is usually facilitated by friends, family members, or intermediaries with false offers of education or legitimate jobs; trafficking victims from Burundi, Kenya, South Asia, and Yemen are forced to work in Tanzania’s agricultural, mining, and domestic service sectors or may be sex trafficked" }, "tier rating": { "text": "Tier 2 Watch List – Tanzania does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; in 2014, Tanzania was granted a waiver from an otherwise required downgrade to Tier 3 because its government has a written plan that, if implemented, would constitute making significant efforts to bring itself into compliance with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; the government adopted a three-year national action plan and implementing regulations for the 2008 anti-trafficking law; authorities somewhat increased their number of trafficking investigations and prosecutions and convicted one offender, but the penalty was a fine in lieu of prison, which was inadequate given the severity of the crime; the government did not operate any shelters for victims and relied on NGOs to provide protective services (2015)" } }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "targeted by traffickers moving hashish, Afghan heroin, and South American cocaine transported down the East African coastline, through airports, or overland through Central Africa; Zanzibar likely used by traffickers for drug smuggling; traffickers in the past have recruited Tanzanian couriers to move drugs through Iran into East Asia" } } }