{ "Introduction": { "Background": { "text": "In the late 19th century, the British and French agreed to partition the middle regions of the Niger River into British Nigeria and French Niger. In subsequent decades French administration spread until in 1922 Niger officially became a colony. Following independence from France in 1960, the country experienced single-party and military rule until 1991, when Gen. Ali SAIBOU was forced by public pressure to allow multiparty elections, which resulted in a democratic government in 1993. Political infighting brought the government to a standstill and in 1996 led to a coup by Col. Ibrahim BARE. In 1999, BARE was killed in a counter coup by military officers who restored democratic rule and held elections that brought Mamadou TANDJA to power in December of that year. TANDJA was reelected in 2004 and in 2009 spearheaded a constitutional amendment allowing him to extend his term as president. In February 2010, military officers led a coup that deposed TANDJA and suspended the constitution. ISSOUFOU Mahamadou was elected in April 2011 following the coup and reelected to a second term in early 2016. Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world with minimal government services and insufficient funds to develop its resource base, and is ranked last in the world on the United Nations Development Programme’s Human Development Index. The largely agrarian and subsistence-based economy is frequently disrupted by extended droughts common to the Sahel region of Africa. The Nigerien Government continues its attempts to diversify the economy through increased oil production and mining projects. A Tuareg rebellion emerged in 2007 and ended in 2009. Niger is facing increased security concerns on its borders from various external threats including insecurity in Libya, spillover from the conflict in Mali, and violent extremism in northeastern Nigeria." } }, "Geography": { "Location": { "text": "Western Africa, southeast of Algeria" }, "Geographic coordinates": { "text": "16 00 N, 8 00 E" }, "Map references": { "text": "Africa" }, "Area": { "total": { "text": "1.267 million sq km" }, "land": { "text": "1,266,700 sq km" }, "water": { "text": "300 sq km" } }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly less than twice the size of Texas" }, "Land boundaries": { "total": { "text": "5,834 km" }, "border countries": { "text": "Algeria 951 km, Benin 277 km, Burkina Faso 622 km, Chad 1196 km, Libya 342 km, Mali 838 km, Nigeria 1608 km" } }, "Coastline": { "text": "0 km (landlocked)" }, "Maritime claims": { "text": "none (landlocked)" }, "Climate": { "text": "desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south" }, "Terrain": { "text": "predominately desert plains and sand dunes; flat to rolling plains in south; hills in north" }, "Elevation": { "mean elevation": { "text": "474 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Niger River 200 m" }, "highest point": { "text": "Idoukal-n-Taghes 2,022 m" } }, "Natural resources": { "text": "uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates, gold, molybdenum, gypsum, salt, petroleum" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "35.1% (2011 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 12.3% (2011 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2011 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 22.7% (2011 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "1% (2011 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "63.9% (2011 est.)" } }, "Irrigated land": { "text": "1,000 sq km (2012)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "majority of the populace is located in the southernmost extreme of the country along the border with Nigeria and Benin as shown in this population distribution map" }, "Natural hazards": { "text": "recurring droughts" }, "Environment - current issues": { "text": "overgrazing; soil erosion; deforestation; desertification; contaminated water; inadequate potable water; wildlife populations (such as elephant, hippopotamus, giraffe, and lion) threatened because of poaching and habitat destruction" }, "Environment - international agreements": { "party to": { "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" }, "signed, but not ratified": { "text": "Law of the Sea" } }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; one of the hottest countries in the world; northern four-fifths is desert, southern one-fifth is savanna, suitable for livestock and limited agriculture" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { "text": "23,605,767 (July 2021 est.)" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { "text": "Nigerien(s)" }, "adjective": { "text": "Nigerien" } }, "Ethnic groups": { "text": "Hausa 53.1%, Zarma/Songhai 21.2%, Tuareg 11%, Fulani (Peuhl) 6.5%, Kanuri 5.9%, Gurma 0.8%, Arab 0.4%, Tubu 0.4%, other/unavailable 0.9% (2006 est.)" }, "Languages": { "text": "French (official), Hausa, Djerma" }, "Religions": { "text": "Muslim 99.3%, Christian 0.3%, animist 0.2%, none 0.1% (2012 est.)" }, "Demographic profile": { "text": "

Niger has the highest total fertility rate (TFR) of any country in the world, averaging close to 7 children per woman in 2016. A slight decline in fertility over the last few decades has stalled. This leveling off of the high fertility rate is in large part a product of the continued desire for large families. In Niger, the TFR is lower than the desired fertility rate, which makes it unlikely that contraceptive use will increase. The high TFR sustains rapid population growth and a large youth population – almost 70% of the populace is under the age of 25. Gender inequality, including a lack of educational opportunities for women and early marriage and childbirth, also contributes to high population growth.

Because of large family sizes, children are inheriting smaller and smaller parcels of land. The dependence of most Nigeriens on subsistence farming on increasingly small landholdings, coupled with declining rainfall and the resultant shrinkage of arable land, are all preventing food production from keeping up with population growth.

For more than half a century, Niger's lack of economic development has led to steady net outmigration. In the 1960s, Nigeriens mainly migrated to coastal West African countries to work on a seasonal basis. Some headed to Libya and Algeria in the 1970s to work in the booming oil industry until its decline in the 1980s. Since the 1990s, the principal destinations for Nigerien labor migrants have been West African countries, especially Burkina Faso and Cote d’Ivoire, while emigration to Europe and North America has remained modest. During the same period, Niger’s desert trade route town Agadez became a hub for West African and other Sub-Saharan migrants crossing the Sahara to North Africa and sometimes onward to Europe.

More than 60,000 Malian refugees have fled to Niger since violence between Malian government troops and armed rebels began in early 2012. Ongoing attacks by the Boko Haram Islamist insurgency, dating to 2013 in northern Nigeria and February 2015 in southeastern Niger, have pushed tens of thousands of Nigerian refugees and Nigerien returnees across the border to Niger and to displace thousands of locals in Niger’s already impoverished Diffa region.

" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "50.58% (male 5,805,102/female 5,713,815)" }, "15-24 years": { "text": "19.99% (male 2,246,670/female 2,306,285)" }, "25-54 years": { "text": "23.57% (male 2,582,123/female 2,784,464)" }, "55-64 years": { "text": "3.17% (male 357,832/female 364,774)" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "2.68% (male 293,430/female 317,866) (2020 est.)" } }, "Dependency ratios": { "total dependency ratio": { "text": "109.5" }, "youth dependency ratio": { "text": "104.1" }, "elderly dependency ratio": { "text": "5.4" }, "potential support ratio": { "text": "18.4 (2020 est.)" } }, "Median age": { "total": { "text": "14.8 years" }, "male": { "text": "14.5 years" }, "female": { "text": "15.1 years (2020 est.)" } }, "Population growth rate": { "text": "3.65% (2021 est.)" }, "Birth rate": { "text": "47.28 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Death rate": { "text": "10.09 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Net migration rate": { "text": "-0.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "majority of the populace is located in the southernmost extreme of the country along the border with Nigeria and Benin as shown in this population distribution map" }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "16.6% of total population (2020)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "4.27% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "1.292 million NIAMEY (capital) (2020)" }, "Sex ratio": { "at birth": { "text": "1.03 male(s)/female" }, "0-14 years": { "text": "1.02 male(s)/female" }, "15-24 years": { "text": "0.97 male(s)/female" }, "25-54 years": { "text": "0.93 male(s)/female" }, "55-64 years": { "text": "0.98 male(s)/female" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "0.92 male(s)/female" }, "total population": { "text": "0.98 male(s)/female (2020 est.)" } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { "text": "18.1 years (2012 est.)", "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "509 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" }, "Infant mortality rate": { "total": { "text": "68.12 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "male": { "text": "73.02 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "female": { "text": "63.06 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)" } }, "Life expectancy at birth": { "total population": { "text": "59.7 years" }, "male": { "text": "58.19 years" }, "female": { "text": "61.26 years (2021 est.)" } }, "Total fertility rate": { "text": "6.91 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { "text": "11% (2017/18)" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 95.7% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 59.2% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 65.2% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 4.3% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 40.8% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 34.8% of population (2017 est.)" } }, "Current Health Expenditure": { "text": "7.7% (2017)" }, "Physicians density": { "text": "0.04 physicians/1,000 population (2016)" }, "Hospital bed density": { "text": "0.4 beds/1,000 population (2017)" }, "Sanitation facility access": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 76.6% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 12.9% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 23.3% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 23.4% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 87.1% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 76.7% of population (2017 est.)" } }, "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "0.3% (2019 est.)" }, "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": { "text": "33,000 (2019 est.)" }, "HIV/AIDS - deaths": { "text": "1,100 (2019 est.)" }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" }, "food or waterborne diseases": { "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" }, "vectorborne diseases": { "text": "malaria and dengue fever" }, "water contact diseases": { "text": "schistosomiasis" }, "animal contact diseases": { "text": "rabies" }, "respiratory diseases": { "text": "meningococcal meningitis" } }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "5.5% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { "text": "21.8% (2018)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "3.5% of GDP (2018)" }, "Literacy": { "definition": { "text": "age 15 and over can read and write" }, "total population": { "text": "19.1%" }, "male": { "text": "27.3%" }, "female": { "text": "11% (2015)" } }, "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": { "total": { "text": "6 years" }, "male": { "text": "7 years" }, "female": { "text": "6 years (2017)" } }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { "text": "0.7%" }, "male": { "text": "0.9%" }, "female": { "text": "0.4% (2014 est.)" } } }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { "text": "Republic of Niger" }, "conventional short form": { "text": "Niger" }, "local long form": { "text": "Republique du Niger" }, "local short form": { "text": "Niger" }, "etymology": { "text": "named for the Niger River that passes through the southwest of the country; from a native term \"Ni Gir\" meaning \"River Gir\"" }, "note": "

note: pronounced nee-zher

" }, "Government type": { "text": "semi-presidential republic" }, "Capital": { "name": { "text": "Niamey" }, "geographic coordinates": { "text": "13 31 N, 2 07 E" }, "time difference": { "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, "note": "

etymology: according to tradition, the site was originally a fishing village named after a prominent local tree referred to as \"nia niam\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "7 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 capital district* (communaute urbaine); Agadez, Diffa, Dosso, Maradi, Niamey*, Tahoua, Tillaberi, Zinder" }, "Independence": { "text": "3 August 1960 (from France)" }, "National holiday": { "text": "Republic Day, 18 December (1958); note - commemorates the founding of the Republic of Niger which predated independence from France in 1960" }, "Constitution": { "history": { "text": "several previous; passed by referendum 31 October 2010, entered into force 25 November 2010" }, "amendments": { "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by the National Assembly; consideration of amendments requires at least three-fourths majority vote by the Assembly; passage requires at least four-fifths majority vote; if disapproved, the proposed amendment is dropped or submitted to a referendum; constitutional articles on the form of government, the multiparty system, the separation of state and religion, disqualification of Assembly members, amendment procedures, and amnesty of participants in the 2010 coup cannot be amended; amended 2011" } }, "Legal system": { "text": "mixed legal system of civil law, based on French civil law, Islamic law, and customary law" }, "International law organization participation": { "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" }, "Citizenship": { "citizenship by birth": { "text": "no" }, "citizenship by descent only": { "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Niger" }, "dual citizenship recognized": { "text": "yes" }, "residency requirement for naturalization": { "text": "unknown" } }, "Suffrage": { "text": "18 years of age; universal" }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { "text": "President ISSOUFOU Mahamadou (since 7 April 2011)" }, "head of government": { "text": "Prime Minister Brigi RAFINI (since 7 April 2011)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Cabinet appointed by the president" }, "elections/appointments": { "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 27 December 2020 with a runoff scheduled for 21 February 2021; prime minister appointed by the president, authorized by the National Assembly" }, "election results": { "text": "percent of vote in 2020 first round - Mohamed BAZOUM (PNDS-Tarrayya) 39.33%, Mahamane OUSMANE (MODEN/FA Lumana Africa) 17%, Seini OUMAROU (MNSD-Nassara) 8.95%, Albade ABOUDA (MPR-Jamhuriya) 7.07%

2016 results: ISSOUFOU Mahamadou reelected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - ISSOUFOU Mahamadou (PNDS-Tarrayya) 48.6%, Hama AMADOU (MODEN/FA Lumana Africa) 17.8%, Seini OUMAROU (MNSD-Nassara) 11.3%, other 22.3%; percent of vote in second round - ISSOUFOU Mahamadou 92%, Hama AMADOU 8%" } }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { "text": "unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (171 seats; 158 members directly elected from 8 multi-member constituencies in 7 regions and Niamey by party-list proportional representation, 8 reserved for minorities elected in special single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 5 seats reserved for Nigeriens living abroad - l seat per continent - elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote; members serve 5-year terms)" }, "elections": { "text": "last held on 21 February 2016 (next to be held on 27 December 2020)" }, "election results": { "text": "percent of vote by party - PNDS-Tarrayya 44.1%, MODEN/FA Lumana 14.7%, MNSD-Nassara 11.8%, MPR-Jamhuriya 7.1%, MNRD Hankuri-PSDN Alheri 3.5%, MPN-Kishin Kassa 2.9%, ANDP-Zaman Lahiya 2.4%, RSD-Gaskiya 2.4%, CDS-Rahama 1.8%, CPR-Inganci 1.8%, RDP-Jama'a 1.8%, AMEN AMIN 1.8%, other 3.9%; seats by party - PNDS-Tarrayya 75, MODEN/FA Lumana 25, MNSD-Nassara 20, MPR-Jamhuriya 12, MNRD Hankuri-PSDN Alheri 6, MPN-Kishin Kassa 5, ANDP-Zaman Lahiya 4, RSD-Gaskiya 4, CDS-Rahama 3, CPR-Inganci 3, RDP-Jama'a 3, RDP-Jama'a 3, AMEN AMIN 3, other 8; composition - men 146, women 24 percent of women 14.6%" } }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { "text": "Constitutional Court (consists of 7 judges); High Court of Justice (consists of 7 members)" }, "judge selection and term of office": { "text": "Constitutional Court judges nominated/elected - 1 by the president of the Republic, 1 by the president of the National Assembly, 2 by peer judges, 2 by peer lawyers, 1 law professor by peers, and 1 from within Nigerien society; all appointed by the president; judges serve 6-year nonrenewable terms with one-third of membership renewed every 2 years; High Judicial Court members selected from among the legislature and judiciary; members serve 5-year terms" }, "subordinate courts": { "text": "Court of Cassation; Council of State; Court of Finances; various specialized tribunals and customary courts" } }, "Political parties and leaders": { "text": "Alliance of Movements for the Emergence of Niger or AMEN AMIN [Omar Hamidou TCHIANA]
Congress for the Republic or CPR-Inganci [Kassoum MOCTAR]
Democratic Alliance for Niger or ADN-Fusaha [Habi Mahamadou SALISSOU]
Democratic and Social Convention-Rahama or CDS-Rahama [Abdou LABO]
National Movement for the Development of Society-Nassara or MNSD-Nassara [Seini OUMAROU]
Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Progress-Zaman Lahiya or ANDP-Zaman Lahiya [Moussa Moumouni DJERMAKOYE]
Nigerien Democratic Movement for an African Federation or MODEN/FA Lumana [Hama AMADOU]
Nigerien Movement for Democratic Renewal or MNRD-Hankuri [Mahamane OUSMANE]
Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism or PNDS-Tarrayya [Mahamadou ISSOUFOU]
Nigerien Patriotic Movement or MPN-Kishin Kassa [Ibrahim YACOUBA]
Party for Socialism and Democracy in Niger or PSDN-Alheri
Patriotic Movement for the Republic or MPR-Jamhuriya [Albade ABOUBA]
Rally for Democracy and Progress-Jama'a or RDP-Jama'a [Hamid ALGABID]
Social and Democratic Rally or RSD-Gaskiyya [Amadou CHEIFFOU]
Social Democratic Party or PSD-Bassira [Mohamed BEN OMAR]
Union for Democracy and the Republic-Tabbat or UDR-Tabbat [Amadou Boubacar CISSE]", "note": "

note: the SPLM and SPLM-DC are banned political parties

" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, CD, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador Hassana ALIDOU (since 23 February 2015)" }, "chancery": { "text": "2204 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008" }, "telephone": { "text": "[1] (202) 483-4224 through 4227" }, "FAX": { "text": "[1] (202) 483-3169" } }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador Eric P. WHITAKER (since 26 January 2018)" }, "telephone": { "text": "[227] 20-72-26-61" }, "embassy": { "text": "BP 11201, Rue Des Ambassades, Niamey" }, "mailing address": { "text": "2420 Niamey Place, Washington DC 20521-2420" }, "FAX": { "text": "[227] 20-73-55-60" } }, "Flag description": { "text": "three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a small orange disk centered in the white band; the orange band denotes the drier northern regions of the Sahara; white stands for purity and innocence; green symbolizes hope and the fertile and productive southern and western areas, as well as the Niger River; the orange disc represents the sun and the sacrifices made by the people", "note": "

note: similar to the flag of India, which has a blue spoked wheel centered in the white band

" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "zebu; national colors: orange, white, green" }, "National anthem": { "name": { "text": "\"La Nigerienne\" (The Nigerien)" }, "lyrics/music": { "text": "Maurice Albert THIRIET/Robert JACQUET and Nicolas Abel Francois FRIONNET" }, "note": "

note: adopted 1961

" } }, "Economy": { "Economic overview": { "text": "

Niger is a landlocked, Sub-Saharan nation, whose economy centers on subsistence crops, livestock, and some of the world's largest uranium deposits. Agriculture contributes approximately 40% of GDP and provides livelihood for over 80% of the population. The UN ranked Niger as the second least developed country in the world in 2016 due to multiple factors such as food insecurity, lack of industry, high population growth, a weak educational sector, and few prospects for work outside of subsistence farming and herding.

Since 2011 public debt has increased due to efforts to scale-up public investment, particularly that related to infrastructure, as well as due to increased security spending. The government relies on foreign donor resources for a large portion of its fiscal budget. The economy in recent years has been hurt by terrorist activity near its uranium mines and by instability in Mali and in the Diffa region of the country; concerns about security have resulted in increased support from regional and international partners on defense. Low uranium prices, demographics, and security expenditures may continue to put pressure on the government’s finances.

The Government of Niger plans to exploit oil, gold, coal, and other mineral resources to sustain future growth. Although Niger has sizable reserves of oil, the prolonged drop in oil prices has reduced profitability. Food insecurity and drought remain perennial problems for Niger, and the government plans to invest more in irrigation. Niger’s three-year $131 million IMF Extended Credit Facility (ECF) agreement for the years 2012-15 was extended until the end of 2016. In February 2017, the IMF approved a new 3-year $134 million ECF. In June 2017, The World Bank’s International Development Association (IDA) granted Niger $1 billion over three years for IDA18, a program to boost the country’s development and alleviate poverty. A $437 million Millennium Challenge Account compact for Niger, commencing in FY18, will focus on large-scale irrigation infrastructure development and community-based, climate-resilient agriculture, while promoting sustainable increases in agricultural productivity and sales.

Formal private sector investment needed for economic diversification and growth remains a challenge, given the country’s limited domestic markets, access to credit, and competitiveness. Although President ISSOUFOU is courting foreign investors, including those from the US, as of April 2017, there were no US firms operating in Niger. In November 2017, the National Assembly passed the 2018 Finance Law that was geared towards raising government revenues and moving away from international support.

" }, "Real GDP growth rate": { "Real GDP growth rate 2017": { "text": "4.9% (2017 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2016": { "text": "4.9% (2016 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2015": { "text": "4.3% (2015 est.)" } }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": { "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": { "text": "-2.5% (2019 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": { "text": "6.3% (2018 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": { "text": "2.3% (2017 est.)" } }, "Credit ratings": { "Moody's rating": { "text": "B3 (2019)" } }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { "text": "$28.544 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { "text": "$26.953 billion (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$25.138 billion (2017 est.)" }, "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$12.926 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2019": { "text": "$1,225 (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { "text": "$1,201 (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$1,164 (2017 est.)" }, "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { "text": "22.4% of GDP (2017 est.)" }, "Gross national saving 2016": { "text": "20.6% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, "Gross national saving 2015": { "text": "21.2% of GDP (2015 est.)" } }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { "text": "41.6% (2017 est.)" }, "industry": { "text": "19.5% (2017 est.)" }, "services": { "text": "38.7% (2017 est.)" } }, "GDP - composition, by end use": { "household consumption": { "text": "70.2% (2017 est.)" }, "government consumption": { "text": "9.4% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in fixed capital": { "text": "38.6% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in inventories": { "text": "0% (2017 est.)" }, "exports of goods and services": { "text": "16.4% (2017 est.)" }, "imports of goods and services": { "text": "-34.6% (2017 est.)" } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { "text": "91.5 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { "text": "millet, cow peas, sorghum, onions, milk, groundnuts, cassava, cabbages, goat milk, fruit" }, "Industries": { "text": "uranium mining, petroleum, cement, brick, soap, textiles, food processing, chemicals, slaughterhouses" }, "Industrial production growth rate": { "text": "6% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { "text": "6.5 million (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { "text": "79.2%" }, "industry": { "text": "3.3%" }, "services": { "text": "17.5% (2012 est.)" } }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2017": { "text": "0.3% (2017 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate 2016": { "text": "0.3% (2016 est.)" } }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "45.4% (2014 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": { "text": "34.3 (2014 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 1995": { "text": "50.5 (1995)" } }, "Household income or consumption by percentage share": { "lowest 10%": { "text": "3.2%" }, "highest 10%": { "text": "26.8% (2014)" } }, "Budget": { "revenues": { "text": "1.757 billion (2017 est.)" }, "expenditures": { "text": "2.171 billion (2017 est.)" } }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "21.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": { "text": "-5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Public debt": { "Public debt 2017": { "text": "45.3% of GDP (2017 est.)" }, "Public debt 2016": { "text": "45.2% of GDP (2016 est.)" } }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" }, "Current account balance": { "Current account balance 2017": { "text": "-$1.16 billion (2017 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2016": { "text": "-$1.181 billion (2016 est.)" } }, "Exports": { "Exports 2018": { "text": "$1.525 billion (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2017": { "text": "$1.466 billion (2017 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { "text": "France 30.2%, Thailand 18.3%, Malaysia 9.9%, Nigeria 8.3%, Mali 5%, Switzerland 4.9% (2017)" }, "Exports - commodities": { "text": "uranium ore, livestock, cowpeas, onions" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2018": { "text": "$2.999 billion (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2017": { "text": "$2.88 billion (2017 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { "text": "France 28.8%, China 14.4%, Malaysia 5.7%, Nigeria 5.4%, Thailand 5.3%, US 5.1%, India 4.9% (2017)" }, "Imports - commodities": { "text": "foodstuffs, machinery, vehicles and parts, petroleum, cereals" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { "text": "$1.314 billion (31 December 2017 est.)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": { "text": "$1.186 billion (31 December 2016 est.)" } }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 31 December 2017": { "text": "$3.728 billion (31 December 2017 est.)" }, "Debt - external 31 December 2016": { "text": "$2.926 billion (31 December 2016 est.)" } }, "Exchange rates": { "currency": { "text": "Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -" }, "Exchange rates 2017": { "text": "605.3 (2017 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2016": { "text": "593.01 (2016 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2015": { "text": "593.01 (2015 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2014": { "text": "591.45 (2014 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2013": { "text": "494.42 (2013 est.)" } } }, "Energy": { "Electricity access": { "electrification - total population": { "text": "14% (2019)" }, "electrification - urban areas": { "text": "71% (2019)" }, "electrification - rural areas": { "text": "2% (2019)" } }, "Electricity - production": { "text": "494.7 million kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - consumption": { "text": "1.065 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - exports": { "text": "0 kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - imports": { "text": "779 million kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - installed generating capacity": { "text": "184,000 kW (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - from fossil fuels": { "text": "95% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - from nuclear fuels": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Electricity - from other renewable sources": { "text": "5% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Crude oil - production": { "text": "9,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)" }, "Crude oil - exports": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Crude oil - imports": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Crude oil - proved reserves": { "text": "150 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - production": { "text": "15,280 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - consumption": { "text": "14,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - exports": { "text": "5,422 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - imports": { "text": "3,799 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Natural gas - production": { "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - consumption": { "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - exports": { "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - imports": { "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2016 est.)" }, "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { "text": "2.534 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { "Telephones - fixed lines": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "116,352" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "less than 1 (2019 est.)" } }, "Telephones - mobile cellular": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "8,921,769" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "40.64 (2019 est.)" } }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { "text": "mobile services stronger than fixed telecoms; broadband penetration inconsequential; adopts free mobile roaming with other G5 Sahel countries; govt. contributes to Trans-Sahara Backbone network; LTE license awarded; govt. tax of telecom sector (2020)" }, "domestic": { "text": "fixed-line 1 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular teledensity remains 41 per 100 persons despite a rapidly increasing cellular subscribership base; small system of wire, radio telephone communications, and microwave radio relay links concentrated in southwestern Niger; domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations and 1 planned (2019)" }, "international": { "text": "country code - 227; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)" }, "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-run TV station; 3 private TV stations provide a mix of local and foreign programming; state-run radio has only radio station with national coverage; about 30 private radio stations operate locally; as many as 100 community radio stations broadcast; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available" }, "Internet country code": { "text": ".ne" }, "Internet users": { "total": { "text": "1,110,778" }, "percent of population": { "text": "5.25% (July 2018 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { "total": { "text": "8,650" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "less than 1 (2017 est.)" } } }, "Transportation": { "National air transport system": { "number of registered air carriers": { "text": "2 (2020)" }, "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": { "text": "3" } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { "text": "5U (2016)" }, "Airports": { "total": { "text": "30 (2013)" } }, "Airports - with paved runways": { "total": { "text": "10 (2017)" }, "2,438 to 3,047 m": { "text": "3 (2017)" }, "1,524 to 2,437 m": { "text": "6 (2017)" }, "914 to 1,523 m": { "text": "1 (2017)" } }, "Airports - with unpaved runways": { "total": { "text": "20 (2013)" }, "1,524 to 2,437 m": { "text": "3 (2013)" }, "914 to 1,523 m": { "text": "15 (2013)" }, "under 914 m": { "text": "2 (2013)" } }, "Heliports": { "text": "1 (2013)" }, "Pipelines": { "text": "464 km oil" }, "Roadways": { "total": { "text": "18,949 km (2010)" }, "paved": { "text": "3,912 km (2010)" }, "unpaved": { "text": "15,037 km (2010)" } }, "Waterways": { "text": "300 km (the Niger, the only major river, is navigable to Gaya between September and March) (2012)" }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { "text": "1" }, "by type": { "text": "general cargo 1 (2020)" } } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { "text": "Nigerien Armed Forces (Forces Armees Nigeriennes, FAN): Army, Nigerien Air Force, Niger Gendarmerie (GN); Ministry of Interior: Niger National Guard (GNN), National Police (includes the Directorate of Territorial Surveillance, which is charged with border management) (2020)", "note": "

note: the Gendarmerie is subordinate to the Ministry of Defense and has primary responsibility for rural security; the National Guard is responsible for domestic security and the protection of high-level officials and government buildings" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "1.8% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { "text": "2.5% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { "text": "2.5% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "2.2% of GDP (2016)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { "text": "size estimates for the Nigerien Armed Forces (FAN) vary; approximately 10,000 active troops (est. 6,000 Army; 200 Air Force; 3,500 Gendarmerie); est. 3,000 National Guard (2019)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the FAN's inventory consists of a wide variety of foreign-supplied weapons, including Chinese, French, German, Russian, and US; since 2015, the FAN has received limited amounts of equipment from China, France, Russia, Sweden, and the US, some of which were donations (2019 est.)" }, "Military deployments": { "text": "860 Mali (MINUSMA) (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory or voluntary military service; enlistees must be Nigerien citizens and unmarried; 2-year service term; women may serve in health care (2017)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "as of September 2020, the FAN was conducting counterinsurgency and counter-terrorism operations against Islamic militants on two fronts; in the Diffa region, the Nigeria-based Boko Haram terrorist group has conducted dozens of attacks on security forces, army bases, and civilians; on Niger’s western border with Mali, the Islamic State-West Africa (ISWA) has conducted numerous attacks on security personnel; a series of ISWA attacks on FAN forces near the Malian border in December of 2019 and January of 2020 resulted in the deaths of more than 170 soldiers; terrorist attacks continued throughout 2020 and into 2021

Niger is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, and Chad; it has committed 1,100 troops and 200 gendarmes to the force; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane

Niger also has about 1,000 troops committed to the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) against Boko Haram; national MNJTF troop contingents are deployed within their own country territories, although cross‐border operations are conducted periodically (2021)" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { "text": "Boko Haram; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Greater Sahara; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – West Africa; Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun) (2020)", "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { "Disputes - international": { "text": "

Libya claims about 25,000 sq km in a currently dormant dispute in the Tommo region; location of Benin-Niger-Nigeria tripoint is unresolved; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty that also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries; the dispute with Burkina Faso was referred to the ICJ in 2010

" }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { "text": "168,081 (Nigeria), 58,702 (Mali) (2020)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "257,095 (includes the regions of Diffa, Tillaberi, and Tahoua; unknown how many of the 11,000 people displaced by clashes between government forces and the Tuareg militant group, Niger Movement for Justice, in 2007 are still displaced; inter-communal violence; Boko Haram attacks in southern Niger, 2015) (2020)" } } } }