The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great civilizations. A unified kingdom arose circa 3200 B.C., and a series of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last native dynasty fell to the Persians in 341 B.C., who in turn were replaced by the Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines. It was the Arabs who introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the 7th century and who ruled for the next six centuries. A local military caste, the Mamluks took control about 1250 and continued to govern after the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517. Completion of the Suez Canal in 1869 elevated Egypt as an important world transportation hub. Ostensibly to protect its investments, Britain seized control of Egypt's government in 1882, but nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914. Partially independent from the UK in 1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty from Britain in 1952. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have reaffirmed the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society. The government has struggled to meet the demands of Egypt's fast-growing population as it implements far-reaching economic reforms, including the reduction of select subsidies, large-scale infrastructure projects, energy cooperation, and foreign direct investment appeals.
Inspired by the 2010 Tunisian revolution, Egyptian opposition groups led demonstrations and labor strikes countrywide, culminating in President Hosni MUBARAK's ouster in 2011. Egypt's military assumed national leadership until a new legislature was in place in early 2012; later that same year, Muhammad MURSI won the presidential election. Following protests throughout the spring of 2013 against MURSI's government and the Muslim Brotherhood, the Egyptian Armed Forces intervened and removed MURSI from power in July 2013 and replaced him with interim president Adly MANSOUR. Simultaneously, the government began enacting laws to limit freedoms of assembly and expression. In January 2014, voters approved a new constitution by referendum and in May 2014 elected former defense minister Abdelfattah ELSISI president. Egypt elected a new legislature in December 2015, its first Hose of Representatives since 2012. ELSISI was reelected to a second four-year term in March 2018. In April 2019, Egypt approved via national referendum a set of constitutional amendments extending ELSISI’s term in office through 2024 and possibly through 2030 if re-elected for a third term. The amendments would also allow future presidents up to two consecutive six-year terms in office, re-establish an upper legislative house, allow for one or more vice presidents, establish a 25% quota for female legislators, reaffirm the military’s role as guardian of Egypt, and expand presidential authority to appoint the heads of judicial councils.
" } }, "Geography": { "Location": { "text": "Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula" }, "Geographic coordinates": { "text": "27 00 N, 30 00 E" }, "Map references": { "text": "Africa" }, "Area": { "total": { "text": "1,001,450 sq km" }, "land": { "text": "995,450 sq km" }, "water": { "text": "6,000 sq km" } }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "more than eight times the size of Ohio; slightly more than three times the size of New Mexico" }, "Land boundaries": { "total": { "text": "2,612 km" }, "border countries": { "text": "Gaza Strip 13 km, Israel 208 km, Libya 1115 km, Sudan 1276 km" } }, "Coastline": { "text": "2,450 km" }, "Maritime claims": { "territorial sea": { "text": "12 nm" }, "contiguous zone": { "text": "24 nm" }, "exclusive economic zone": { "text": "200 nm or the equidistant median line with Cyprus" }, "continental shelf": { "text": "200 nm" } }, "Climate": { "text": "desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters" }, "Terrain": { "text": "vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta" }, "Elevation": { "mean elevation": { "text": "321 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Qattara Depression -133 m" }, "highest point": { "text": "Mount Catherine 2,629 m" } }, "Natural resources": { "text": "petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, rare earth elements, zinc" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "3.6% (2011 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 2.8% (2011 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 0.8% (2011 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2011 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "0.1% (2011 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "96.3% (2011 est.)" } }, "Irrigated land": { "text": "36,500 sq km (2012)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "approximately 95% of the population lives within 20 km of the Nile River and its delta; vast areas of the country remain sparsely populated or uninhabited as shown in this population distribution map" }, "Natural hazards": { "text": "periodic droughts; frequent earthquakes; flash floods; landslides; hot, driving windstorms called khamsin occur in spring; dust storms; sandstorms" }, "Environment - current issues": { "text": "agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown sands; increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam; desertification; oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and marine habitats; other water pollution from agricultural pesticides, raw sewage, and industrial effluents; limited natural freshwater resources away from the Nile, which is the only perennial water source; rapid growth in population overstraining the Nile and natural resources" }, "Environment - international agreements": { "party to": { "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands" }, "signed, but not ratified": { "text": "none of the selected agreements" } }, "Geography - note": { "text": "controls Sinai Peninsula, the only land bridge between Africa and remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, a sea link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea; size, and juxtaposition to Israel, establish its major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics; dependence on upstream neighbors; dominance of Nile basin issues; prone to influxes of refugees from Sudan and the Palestinian territories" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { "text": "106,437,241 (July 2021 est.)" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { "text": "Egyptian(s)" }, "adjective": { "text": "Egyptian" } }, "Ethnic groups": { "text": "Egyptian 99.7%, other 0.3% (2006 est.)", "note": "
note: data represent respondents by nationality
" }, "Languages": { "text": "Arabic (official), Arabic, English, and French widely understood by educated classes" }, "Religions": { "text": "Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 90%, Christian (majority Coptic Orthodox, other Christians include Armenian Apostolic, Catholic, Maronite, Orthodox, and Anglican) 10% (2015 est.)" }, "Demographic profile": { "text": "Egypt is the most populous country in the Arab world and the third most populous country in Africa, behind Nigeria and Ethiopia. Most of the country is desert, so about 95% of the population is concentrated in a narrow strip of fertile land along the Nile River, which represents only about 5% of Egypt’s land area. Egypt’s rapid population growth – 46% between 1994 and 2014 – stresses limited natural resources, jobs, housing, sanitation, education, and health care.
Although the country’s total fertility rate (TFR) fell from roughly 5.5 children per woman in 1980 to just over 3 in the late 1990s, largely as a result of state-sponsored family planning programs, the population growth rate dropped more modestly because of decreased mortality rates and longer life expectancies. During the last decade, Egypt’s TFR decline stalled for several years and then reversed, reaching 3.6 in 2011, and has plateaued the last few years. Contraceptive use has held steady at about 60%, while preferences for larger families and early marriage may have strengthened in the wake of the recent 2011 revolution. The large cohort of women of or nearing childbearing age will sustain high population growth for the foreseeable future (an effect called population momentum).
Nevertheless, post-MUBARAK governments have not made curbing population growth a priority. To increase contraceptive use and to prevent further overpopulation will require greater government commitment and substantial social change, including encouraging smaller families and better educating and empowering women. Currently, literacy, educational attainment, and labor force participation rates are much lower for women than men. In addition, the prevalence of violence against women, the lack of female political representation, and the perpetuation of the nearly universal practice of female genital cutting continue to keep women from playing a more significant role in Egypt’s public sphere.
Population pressure, poverty, high unemployment, and the fragmentation of inherited land holdings have historically motivated Egyptians, primarily young men, to migrate internally from rural and smaller urban areas in the Nile Delta region and the poorer rural south to Cairo, Alexandria, and other urban centers in the north, while a much smaller number migrated to the Red Sea and Sinai areas. Waves of forced internal migration also resulted from the 1967 Arab-Israeli War and the floods caused by the completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1970. Limited numbers of students and professionals emigrated temporarily prior to the early 1970s, when economic problems and high unemployment pushed the Egyptian Government to lift restrictions on labor migration. At the same time, high oil revenues enabled Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and other Gulf states, as well as Libya and Jordan, to fund development projects, creating a demand for unskilled labor (mainly in construction), which attracted tens of thousands of young Egyptian men.
Between 1970 and 1974 alone, Egyptian migrants in the Gulf countries increased from approximately 70,000 to 370,000. Egyptian officials encouraged legal labor migration both to alleviate unemployment and to generate remittance income (remittances continue to be one of Egypt’s largest sources of foreign currency and GDP). During the mid-1980s, however, depressed oil prices resulting from the Iran-Iraq War, decreased demand for low-skilled labor, competition from less costly South Asian workers, and efforts to replace foreign workers with locals significantly reduced Egyptian migration to the Gulf States. The number of Egyptian migrants dropped from a peak of almost 3.3 million in 1983 to about 2.2 million at the start of the 1990s, but numbers gradually recovered.
In the 2000s, Egypt began facilitating more labor migration through bilateral agreements, notably with Arab countries and Italy, but illegal migration to Europe through overstayed visas or maritime human smuggling via Libya also rose. The Egyptian Government estimated there were 6.5 million Egyptian migrants in 2009, with roughly 75% being temporary migrants in other Arab countries (Libya, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates) and 25% being predominantly permanent migrants in the West (US, UK, Italy, France, and Canada).
During the 2000s, Egypt became an increasingly important transit and destination country for economic migrants and asylum seekers, including Palestinians, East Africans, and South Asians and, more recently, Iraqis and Syrians. Egypt draws many refugees because of its resettlement programs with the West; Cairo has one of the largest urban refugee populations in the world. Many East African migrants are interned or live in temporary encampments along the Egypt-Israel border, and some have been shot and killed by Egyptian border guards.
" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "33.62% (male 18,112,550/female 16,889,155)" }, "15-24 years": { "text": "18.01% (male 9,684,437/female 9,071,163)" }, "25-54 years": { "text": "37.85% (male 20,032,310/female 19,376,847)" }, "55-64 years": { "text": "6.08% (male 3,160,438/female 3,172,544)" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "4.44% (male 2,213,539/female 2,411,457) (2020 est.)" } }, "Dependency ratios": { "total dependency ratio": { "text": "64.6" }, "youth dependency ratio": { "text": "55.8" }, "elderly dependency ratio": { "text": "8.8" }, "potential support ratio": { "text": "11.4 (2020 est.)" } }, "Median age": { "total": { "text": "24.1 years" }, "male": { "text": "23.8 years" }, "female": { "text": "24.5 years (2020 est.)" } }, "Population growth rate": { "text": "2.17% (2021 est.)" }, "Birth rate": { "text": "26.44 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Death rate": { "text": "4.36 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Net migration rate": { "text": "-0.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "approximately 95% of the population lives within 20 km of the Nile River and its delta; vast areas of the country remain sparsely populated or uninhabited as shown in this population distribution map" }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "42.8% of total population (2020)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "1.86% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "20.901 million CAIRO (capital), 5.281 million Alexandria (2020)" }, "Sex ratio": { "at birth": { "text": "1.06 male(s)/female" }, "0-14 years": { "text": "1.07 male(s)/female" }, "15-24 years": { "text": "1.07 male(s)/female" }, "25-54 years": { "text": "1.03 male(s)/female" }, "55-64 years": { "text": "1 male(s)/female" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "0.92 male(s)/female" }, "total population": { "text": "1.05 male(s)/female (2020 est.)" } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { "text": "22.7 years (2014 est.)", "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29
" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "37 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" }, "Infant mortality rate": { "total": { "text": "18.25 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "male": { "text": "19.74 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "female": { "text": "16.67 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)" } }, "Life expectancy at birth": { "total population": { "text": "74.01 years" }, "male": { "text": "72.54 years" }, "female": { "text": "75.57 years (2021 est.)" } }, "Total fertility rate": { "text": "3.23 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { "text": "58.5% (2014)" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 100% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 98.8% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 100% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 0% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 1.2% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 0.6% of population (2017 est.)" } }, "Current Health Expenditure": { "text": "5.3% (2017)" }, "Physicians density": { "text": "0.8 physicians/1,000 population (2017)" }, "Hospital bed density": { "text": "1.4 beds/1,000 population (2017)" }, "Sanitation facility access": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 99.8% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 97.6% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 98.5% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 0.2% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 2.4% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 1.5% of population (2017 est.)" } }, "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "<.1% (2019 est.)" }, "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": { "text": "26,000 (2019 est.)" }, "HIV/AIDS - deaths": { "text": "<500 (2019 est.)" }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "intermediate (2020)" }, "food or waterborne diseases": { "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" }, "water contact diseases": { "text": "schistosomiasis" }, "note": "note: similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars in the white band, Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band, and Yemen, which has a plain white band
" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "golden eagle, white lotus; national colors: red, white, black" }, "National anthem": { "name": { "text": "\"Bilady, Bilady, Bilady\" (My Homeland, My Homeland, My Homeland)" }, "lyrics/music": { "text": "Younis-al QADI/Sayed DARWISH" }, "note": "note: adopted 1979; the current anthem, less militaristic than the previous one, was created after the signing of the 1979 peace treaty with Israel; Sayed DARWISH, commonly considered the father of modern Egyptian music, composed the anthem
" } }, "Economy": { "Economic overview": { "text": "Occupying the northeast corner of the African continent, Egypt is bisected by the highly fertile Nile valley where most economic activity takes place. Egypt's economy was highly centralized during the rule of former President Gamal Abdel NASSER but opened up considerably under former Presidents Anwar EL-SADAT and Mohamed Hosni MUBARAK. Agriculture, hydrocarbons, manufacturing, tourism, and other service sectors drove the country’s relatively diverse economic activity.
Despite Egypt’s mixed record for attracting foreign investment over the past two decades, poor living conditions and limited job opportunities have contributed to public discontent. These socioeconomic pressures were a major factor leading to the January 2011 revolution that ousted MUBARAK. The uncertain political, security, and policy environment since 2011 has restricted economic growth and failed to alleviate persistent unemployment, especially among the young.
In late 2016, persistent dollar shortages and waning aid from its Gulf allies led Cairo to turn to the IMF for a 3-year, $12 billion loan program. To secure the deal, Cairo floated its currency, introduced new taxes, and cut energy subsidies - all of which pushed inflation above 30% for most of 2017, a high that had not been seen in a generation. Since the currency float, foreign investment in Egypt’s high interest treasury bills has risen exponentially, boosting both dollar availability and central bank reserves. Cairo will be challenged to obtain foreign and local investment in manufacturing and other sectors without a sustained effort to implement a range of business reforms.
" }, "Real GDP growth rate": { "Real GDP growth rate 2017": { "text": "4.2% (2017 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2016": { "text": "4.3% (2016 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2015": { "text": "4.4% (2015 est.)" } }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": { "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": { "text": "9.3% (2019 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": { "text": "14.4% (2018 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": { "text": "29.6% (2017 est.)" } }, "Credit ratings": { "Fitch rating": { "text": "B+ (2019)" }, "Moody's rating": { "text": "B2 (2019)" }, "Standard & Poors rating": { "text": "B (2018)" } }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { "text": "$1,180,890,000,000 (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { "text": "$1,118,715,000,000 (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$1,062,265,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars
" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$323.763 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2019": { "text": "$11,763 (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { "text": "$11,366 (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$11,014 (2017 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars
" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { "text": "9% of GDP (2017 est.)" }, "Gross national saving 2016": { "text": "9.1% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, "Gross national saving 2015": { "text": "10.6% of GDP (2015 est.)" } }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { "text": "11.7% (2017 est.)" }, "industry": { "text": "34.3% (2017 est.)" }, "services": { "text": "54% (2017 est.)" } }, "GDP - composition, by end use": { "household consumption": { "text": "86.8% (2017 est.)" }, "government consumption": { "text": "10.1% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in fixed capital": { "text": "14.8% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in inventories": { "text": "0.5% (2017 est.)" }, "exports of goods and services": { "text": "16.3% (2017 est.)" }, "imports of goods and services": { "text": "-28.5% (2017 est.)" } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { "text": "60.1 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { "text": "sugar cane, sugar beet, wheat, maize, tomatoes, rice, potatoes, oranges, onions, milk" }, "Industries": { "text": "textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, hydrocarbons, construction, cement, metals, light manufactures" }, "Industrial production growth rate": { "text": "3.5% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { "text": "24.113 million (2020 est.)" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { "text": "25.8%" }, "industry": { "text": "25.1%" }, "services": { "text": "49.1% (2015 est.)" } }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2019": { "text": "7.86% (2019 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate 2016": { "text": "12.7% (2016 est.)" } }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "27.8% (2016 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { "text": "31.5 (2017 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2012": { "text": "29.8 (2012)" } }, "Household income or consumption by percentage share": { "lowest 10%": { "text": "4%" }, "highest 10%": { "text": "26.6% (2008)" } }, "Budget": { "revenues": { "text": "42.32 billion (2017 est.)" }, "expenditures": { "text": "62.61 billion (2017 est.)" } }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "17.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": { "text": "-8.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Public debt": { "Public debt 2017": { "text": "103% of GDP (2017 est.)" }, "Public debt 2016": { "text": "96.8% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, "note": "note: data cover central government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions
" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "1 July - 30 June" }, "Current account balance": { "Current account balance 2019": { "text": "-$8.915 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2018": { "text": "-$7.682 billion (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports": { "Exports 2018": { "text": "$87.891 billion (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2017": { "text": "$66.506 billion (2017 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { "text": "UAE 10.9%, Italy 10%, US 7.4%, UK 5.7%, Turkey 4.4%, Germany 4.3%, India 4.3% (2017)" }, "Exports - commodities": { "text": "crude oil and petroleum products, fruits and vegetables, cotton, textiles, metal products, chemicals, processed food" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2018": { "text": "$115.345 billion (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2017": { "text": "$103.636 billion (2017 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { "text": "China 7.9%, UAE 5.2%, Germany 4.8%, Saudi Arabia 4.6%, US 4.4%, Russia 4.3% (2017)" }, "Imports - commodities": { "text": "machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, wood products, fuels" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { "text": "$35.89 billion (31 December 2017 est.)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": { "text": "$23.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.)" } }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 31 December 2017": { "text": "$77.47 billion (31 December 2017 est.)" }, "Debt - external 31 December 2016": { "text": "$62.38 billion (31 December 2016 est.)" } }, "Exchange rates": { "currency": { "text": "Egyptian pounds (EGP) per US dollar -" }, "Exchange rates 2020": { "text": "15.69 (2020 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2019": { "text": "16.14 (2019 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2018": { "text": "17.90999 (2018 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2014": { "text": "7.7133 (2014 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2013": { "text": "7.08 (2013 est.)" } } }, "Energy": { "Electricity access": { "electrification - total population": { "text": "100% (2020)" } }, "Electricity - production": { "text": "183.5 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - consumption": { "text": "159.7 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - exports": { "text": "1.158 billion kWh (2015 est.)" }, "Electricity - imports": { "text": "54 million kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - installed generating capacity": { "text": "45.12 million kW (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - from fossil fuels": { "text": "91% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - from nuclear fuels": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": { "text": "6% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Electricity - from other renewable sources": { "text": "2% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Crude oil - production": { "text": "639,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)" }, "Crude oil - exports": { "text": "246,500 bbl/day (2017 est.)" }, "Crude oil - imports": { "text": "64,760 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Crude oil - proved reserves": { "text": "4.4 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - production": { "text": "547,500 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - consumption": { "text": "878,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - exports": { "text": "47,360 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - imports": { "text": "280,200 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Natural gas - production": { "text": "50.86 billion cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - consumption": { "text": "57.71 billion cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - exports": { "text": "212.4 million cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - imports": { "text": "7.079 billion cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "2.186 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" }, "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { "text": "232.7 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { "Telephones - fixed lines": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "8,885,103" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "8.73 (2019 est.)" } }, "Telephones - mobile cellular": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "96,657,295" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "94.97 (2019 est.)" } }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { "text": "one of the biggest fixed-line systems in Africa and the Arab region; one of the largest mobile telecom markets in North Africa; penetration rate of about 94%; LTE launch in late 2017, which greatly helped the capabilities of mobile broadband services, and the beginning of developing the 5G network; recent govt. efforts to fund next generation networks, develop technology parks and extend broadband availability (2020)" }, "domestic": { "text": "fixed-line 9 per 100, mobile-cellular 95 per 100 (2019)" }, "international": { "text": "country code - 20; landing points for Aletar, Africa-1, FEA, Hawk, IMEWE, and the SEA-ME-WE-3 & 4 submarine cable networks linking to Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Australia ; satellite earth stations - 4 (2 Intelsat - Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean, 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat); tropospheric scatter to Sudan; microwave radio relay to Israel; a participant in Medarabtel (2019)" }, "note": "since 2011, the Egyptian Armed Forces, police, and other security forces have been actively engaged in counterinsurgency and counter-terrorism operations in the North Sinai governorate against several militant groups, particularly the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Sinai Province; as of early 2020, Egypt reportedly had over 40,000 troops plus thousands of police and other security personnel deployed to the Sinai for internal security duties
the military has a large stake in the civilian economy, including running banks, businesses, and shipping lines, producing consumer and industrial goods, importing commodities, and building and managing infrastructure projects, such as bridges, roads, hospitals, and housing
Sudan claims but Egypt de facto administers security and economic development of Halaib region north of the 22nd parallel boundary; Egypt no longer shows its administration of the Bir Tawil trapezoid in Sudan on its maps; Gazan breaches in the security wall with Egypt in January 2008 highlight difficulties in monitoring the Sinai border; Saudi Arabia claims Egyptian-administered islands of Tiran and Sanafir
" }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { "text": "70,010 (West Bank and Gaza Strip) (2019); 130,187 (Syria) (refugees and asylum seekers), 49,290 (Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 19,814 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 19,200 (Eritrea) (refugees and asylum seekers), 16,181 (Ethiopia) (refugees and asylum seekers), 9,259 (Yemen) (refugees and asylum seekers), 6,824 (Iraq) (refugees and asylum seekers), 6,755 (Somalia) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2020)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "97,000 (2019)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "5 (2019)" } }, "Trafficking in persons": { "current situation": { "text": "Egypt is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; Egyptian children, including the large population of street children are vulnerable to forced labor in domestic service, begging and agriculture or may be victims of sex trafficking or child sex tourism, which occurs in Cairo, Alexandria, and Luxor; some Egyptian women and girls are sold into \"temporary\" or \"summer\" marriages with Gulf men, through the complicity of their parents or marriage brokers, and are exploited for prostitution or forced labor; Egyptian men are subject to forced labor in neighboring countries, while adults from South and Southeast Asia and East Africa – and increasingly Syrian refugees – are forced to work in domestic service, construction, cleaning, and begging in Egypt; women and girls, including migrants and refugees, from Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Middle East are sex trafficked in Egypt; the Egyptian military cracked down on criminal group’s smuggling, abducting, trafficking, and extorting African migrants in the Sinai Peninsula, but the practice has reemerged along Egypt’s western border with Libya" }, "tier rating": { "text": "Tier 2 Watch List – Egypt does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government gathered data nationwide on trafficking cases to better allocate and prioritize anti-trafficking efforts, but overall it did not demonstrate increased progress; prosecutions increased in 2014, but no offenders were convicted for the second consecutive year; fewer trafficking victims were identified in 2014, which represents a significant and ongoing decrease from the previous two reporting periods; the government relied on NGOs and international organizations to identify and refer victims to protective services, and focused on Egyptian victims and refused to provide some services to foreign victims, at times including shelter (2015)" } }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "transit point for cannabis, heroin, and opium moving to Europe, Israel, and North Africa; transit stop for Nigerian drug couriers; concern as money laundering site due to lax enforcement of financial regulations" } } }