{ "Introduction": { "Background": { "text": "Much of the area of present-day Cameroon was ruled by powerful chiefdoms before becoming a German colony in 1884 known as Kamerun. After World War I, the territory was divided between France and the UK as League of Nations mandates. French Cameroon became independent in 1960 as the Republic of Cameroon. The following year the southern portion of neighboring British Cameroon voted to merge with the new country to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. In 1972, a new constitution replaced the federation with a unitary state, the United Republic of Cameroon. The country has generally enjoyed stability, which has enabled the development of agriculture, roads, and railways, as well as a petroleum industry. Despite slow movement toward democratic reform, political power remains firmly in the hands of President Paul BIYA." } }, "Geography": { "Location": { "text": "Central Africa, bordering the Bight of Biafra, between Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria" }, "Geographic coordinates": { "text": "6 00 N, 12 00 E" }, "Map references": { "text": "Africa" }, "Area": { "total": { "text": "475,440 sq km" }, "land": { "text": "472,710 sq km" }, "water": { "text": "2,730 sq km" } }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly larger than California; about four times the size of Pennsylvania" }, "Land boundaries": { "total": { "text": "5,018 km" }, "border countries": { "text": "Central African Republic 901 km, Chad 1116 km, Republic of the Congo 494 km, Equatorial Guinea 183 km, Gabon 349 km, Nigeria 1975 km" } }, "Coastline": { "text": "402 km" }, "Maritime claims": { "territorial sea": { "text": "12 nm" }, "contiguous zone": { "text": "24 nm" } }, "Climate": { "text": "varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north" }, "Terrain": { "text": "diverse, with coastal plain in southwest, dissected plateau in center, mountains in west, plains in north" }, "Elevation": { "mean elevation": { "text": "667 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" }, "highest point": { "text": "Fako on Mont Cameroun 4,045 m" } }, "Natural resources": { "text": "petroleum, bauxite, iron ore, timber, hydropower" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "20.6% (2011 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 13.1% (2011 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 3.3% (2011 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 4.2% (2011 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "41.7% (2011 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "37.7% (2011 est.)" } }, "Irrigated land": { "text": "290 sq km (2012)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "population concentrated in the west and north, with the interior of the country sparsely populated as shown in this population distribution map" }, "Natural hazards": { "text": "

volcanic activity with periodic releases of poisonous gases from Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun volcanoes

volcanism: Mt. Cameroon (4,095 m), which last erupted in 2000, is the most frequently active volcano in West Africa; lakes in Oku volcanic field have released fatal levels of gas on occasion, killing some 1,700 people in 1986

" }, "Environment - current issues": { "text": "waterborne diseases are prevalent; deforestation and overgrazing result in erosion, desertification, and reduced quality of pastureland; poaching; overfishing; overhunting" }, "Environment - international agreements": { "party to": { "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" }, "signed, but not ratified": { "text": "none of the selected agreements" } }, "Geography - note": { "text": "sometimes referred to as the hinge of Africa because of its central location on the continent and its position at the west-south juncture of the Gulf of Guinea; throughout the country there are areas of thermal springs and indications of current or prior volcanic activity; Mount Cameroon, the highest mountain in Sub-Saharan west Africa, is an active volcano" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { "text": "28,524,175 (July 2021 est.)", "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { "text": "Cameroonian(s)" }, "adjective": { "text": "Cameroonian" } }, "Ethnic groups": { "text": "Bamileke-Bamu 24.3%, Beti/Bassa, Mbam 21.6%, Biu-Mandara 14.6%, Arab-Choa/Hausa/Kanuri 11%, Adamawa-Ubangi, 9.8%, Grassfields 7.7%, Kako, Meka/Pygmy 3.3%, Cotier/Ngoe/Oroko 2.7%, Southwestern Bantu 0.7%, foreign/other ethnic group 4.5% (2018 est.)" }, "Languages": { "text": "24 major African language groups, English (official), French (official)" }, "Religions": { "text": "Roman Catholic 38.3%, Protestant 25.5%, other Christian 6.9%, Muslim 24.4%, animist 2.2%, other 0.5%, none 2.2% (2018 est.)" }, "Demographic profile": { "text": "

Cameroon has a large youth population, with more than 60% of the populace under the age of 25. Fertility is falling but remains at a high level, especially among poor, rural, and uneducated women, in part because of inadequate access to contraception. Life expectancy remains low at about 55 years due to the prevalence of HIV and AIDs and an elevated maternal mortality rate, which has remained high since 1990. Cameroon, particularly the northern region, is vulnerable to food insecurity largely because of government mismanagement, corruption, high production costs, inadequate infrastructure, and natural disasters. Despite economic growth in some regions, poverty is on the rise, and is most prevalent in rural areas, which are especially affected by a shortage of jobs, declining incomes, poor school and health care infrastructure, and a lack of clean water and sanitation. Underinvestment in social safety nets and ineffective public financial management also contribute to Cameroon’s high rate of poverty.  The activities of Boko Haram, other armed groups, and counterinsurgency operations have worsened food insecurity in the Far North region.  

International migration has been driven by unemployment (including fewer government jobs), poverty, the search for educational opportunities, and corruption. The US and Europe are preferred destinations, but, with tighter immigration restrictions in these countries, young Cameroonians are increasingly turning to neighboring states, such as Gabon and Nigeria, South Africa, other parts of Africa, and the Near and Far East. Cameroon’s limited resources make it dependent on UN support to host more than 420,000 refugees and asylum seekers as of September 2020. These refugees and asylum seekers are primarily from the Central African Republic and Nigeria.  Internal and external displacement have grown dramatically in recent years.  Boko Haram's attacks and counterattacks by government forces in the Far North since 2014 have increased the number of internally displaced people.  Armed conflict between separatists and Cameroon's military in the the Northwest and Southwest since 2016 have displaced hundreds of thousands of the country's Anglophone minority.

" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "42.34% (male 5,927,640/female 5,820,226)" }, "15-24 years": { "text": "20.04% (male 2,782,376/female 2,776,873)" }, "25-54 years": { "text": "30.64% (male 4,191,151/female 4,309,483)" }, "55-64 years": { "text": "3.87% (male 520,771/female 552,801)" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "3.11% (male 403,420/female 460,248) (2020 est.)" } }, "Dependency ratios": { "total dependency ratio": { "text": "81.1" }, "youth dependency ratio": { "text": "76.2" }, "elderly dependency ratio": { "text": "4.9" }, "potential support ratio": { "text": "20.3 (2020 est.)" } }, "Median age": { "total": { "text": "18.5 years" }, "male": { "text": "18.2 years" }, "female": { "text": "18.8 years (2020 est.)" } }, "Population growth rate": { "text": "2.77% (2021 est.)" }, "Birth rate": { "text": "35.91 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Death rate": { "text": "7.93 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Net migration rate": { "text": "-0.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "population concentrated in the west and north, with the interior of the country sparsely populated as shown in this population distribution map" }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "57.6% of total population (2020)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "3.63% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "3.922 million YAOUNDE (capital), 3.663 million Douala (2020)" }, "Sex ratio": { "at birth": { "text": "1.03 male(s)/female" }, "0-14 years": { "text": "1.02 male(s)/female" }, "15-24 years": { "text": "1 male(s)/female" }, "25-54 years": { "text": "0.97 male(s)/female" }, "55-64 years": { "text": "0.94 male(s)/female" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "0.88 male(s)/female" }, "total population": { "text": "0.99 male(s)/female (2020 est.)" } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { "text": "19.7 years (2011 est.)", "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "529 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" }, "Infant mortality rate": { "total": { "text": "50.09 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "male": { "text": "55.01 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "female": { "text": "45.02 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)" } }, "Life expectancy at birth": { "total population": { "text": "62.79 years" }, "male": { "text": "61.07 years" }, "female": { "text": "64.57 years (2021 est.)" } }, "Total fertility rate": { "text": "4.61 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { "text": "19.3% (2018)" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 94% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 54.6% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 76.5% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 6% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 45.3% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 23.5% of population (2017 est.)" } }, "Current Health Expenditure": { "text": "4.7% (2017)" }, "Physicians density": { "text": "0.09 physicians/1,000 population (2011)" }, "Hospital bed density": { "text": "1.3 beds/1,000 population (2010)" }, "Sanitation facility access": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 83.3% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 25.6% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 57.7% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 16.7% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 74.4% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 42.3% of population (2017 est.)" } }, "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "3.2% (2019 est.)" }, "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": { "text": "510,000 (2019 est.)" }, "HIV/AIDS - deaths": { "text": "14,000 (2019 est.)" }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" }, "food or waterborne diseases": { "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" }, "vectorborne diseases": { "text": "malaria and dengue fever" }, "water contact diseases": { "text": "schistosomiasis" }, "animal contact diseases": { "text": "rabies" }, "respiratory diseases": { "text": "meningococcal meningitis" } }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "11.4% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { "text": "11% (2018)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "3.1% of GDP (2018)" }, "Literacy": { "definition": { "text": "age 15 and over can read and write" }, "total population": { "text": "77.1%" }, "male": { "text": "82.6%" }, "female": { "text": "71.6% (2018)" } }, "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": { "total": { "text": "12 years" }, "male": { "text": "13 years" }, "female": { "text": "11 years (2016)" } }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { "text": "6.3%" }, "male": { "text": "5.8%" }, "female": { "text": "6.8% (2014 est.)" } } }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { "text": "Republic of Cameroon" }, "conventional short form": { "text": "Cameroon" }, "local long form": { "text": "Republique du Cameroun/Republic of Cameroon" }, "local short form": { "text": "Cameroun/Cameroon" }, "former": { "text": "Kamerun, French Cameroon, British Cameroon, Federal Republic of Cameroon, United Republic of Cameroon" }, "etymology": { "text": "in the 15th century, Portuguese explorers named the area near the mouth of the Wouri River the Rio dos Camaroes (River of Prawns) after the abundant shrimp in the water; over time the designation became Cameroon in English; this is the only instance where a country is named after a crustacean" } }, "Government type": { "text": "presidential republic" }, "Capital": { "name": { "text": "Yaounde" }, "geographic coordinates": { "text": "3 52 N, 11 31 E" }, "time difference": { "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, "note": "

etymology: founded as a German colonial settlement of Jaunde in 1888 and named after the local Yaunde (Ewondo) people" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "10 regions (regions, singular - region); Adamaoua, Centre, East (Est), Far North (Extreme-Nord), Littoral, North (Nord), North-West (Nord-Ouest), West (Ouest), South (Sud), South-West (Sud-Ouest)" }, "Independence": { "text": "1 January 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)" }, "National holiday": { "text": "State Unification Day (National Day), 20 May (1972)" }, "Constitution": { "history": { "text": "several previous; latest effective 18 January 1996" }, "amendments": { "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by Parliament; amendment drafts require approval of at least one third of the membership in either house of Parliament; passage requires absolute majority vote of the Parliament membership; passage of drafts requested by the president for a second reading in Parliament requires two-thirds majority vote of its membership; the president can opt to submit drafts to a referendum, in which case passage requires a simple majority; constitutional articles on Cameroon’s unity and territorial integrity and its democratic principles cannot be amended; amended 2008" } }, "Legal system": { "text": "mixed legal system of English common law, French civil law, and customary law" }, "International law organization participation": { "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; non-party state to the ICCt" }, "Citizenship": { "citizenship by birth": { "text": "no" }, "citizenship by descent only": { "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Cameroon" }, "dual citizenship recognized": { "text": "no" }, "residency requirement for naturalization": { "text": "5 years" } }, "Suffrage": { "text": "20 years of age; universal" }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { "text": "President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982)" }, "head of government": { "text": "Prime Minister Joseph Dion NGUTE (since 4 January 2019); Deputy Prime Minister Amadou ALI (since 2014)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Cabinet proposed by the prime minister, appointed by the president" }, "elections/appointments": { "text": "president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (no term limits); election last held on 7 October 2018 (next to be held in October 2025); prime minister appointed by the president" }, "election results": { "text": "Paul BIYA reelected president; percent of vote - Paul BIYA (CPDM) 71.3%, Maurice KAMTO (MRC) 14.2%, Cabral LIBII (Univers) 6.3%, other 8.2%" } }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { "text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of:
Senate or Senat (100 seats; 70 members indirectly elected by regional councils and 30 appointed by the president; members serve 5-year terms)
National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (180 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)" }, "elections": { "text": "Senate - last held on 25 March 2018 (next to be held in 2023)
National Assembly - last held on 9 February 2020 (current term extended by President); note - the constitutional court has ordered a partial rerun of elections in the English speaking areas; date to be determined" }, "election results": { "text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - CDPM 81.1%, SDF 8.6%, UNDP 5.8%, UDC 1.16%, other 2.8%; seats by party - CPDM 63, SDF 7
National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CPDM 139, UNDP 7, SDF 5, PCRN 5, UDC 4, FSNC 3, MDR 2, Union of Socialist Movements 2; 13 vacant; composition - NA" } }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { "text": "Supreme Court of Cameroon (consists of 9 titular and 6 surrogate judges and organized into judicial, administrative, and audit chambers); Constitutional Council (consists of 11 members)" }, "judge selection and term of office": { "text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the president with the advice of the Higher Judicial Council of Cameroon, a body chaired by the president and includes the minister of justice, selected magistrates, and representatives of the National Assembly; judge term NA; Constitutional Council members appointed by the president for single 9-year terms" }, "subordinate courts": { "text": "Parliamentary Court of Justice (jurisdiction limited to cases involving the president and prime minister); appellate and first instance courts; circuit and magistrates' courts" } }, "Political parties and leaders": { "text": "Alliance for Democracy and Development
Cameroon People's Democratic Movement or CPDM [Paul BIYA]
Cameroon People's Party or CPP [Edith Kah WALLA]
Cameroon Renaissance Movement or MRC [Maurice KAMTO]
Cameroonian Democratic Union or UDC [Adamou Ndam NJOYA]
Cameroonian Party for National Reconciliation or PCRN [Cabral LIBII]
Front for the National Salvation of Cameroon or FSNC [Issa Tchiroma BAKARY]
Movement for the Defense of the Republic or MDR [Dakole DAISSALA]
Movement for the Liberation and Development of Cameroon or MLDC [Marcel YONDO]
National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP [Maigari BELLO BOUBA]
Progressive Movement or MP [Jean-Jacques EKINDI]
Social Democratic Front or SDF [John FRU NDI]
Union of Peoples of Cameroon or UPC [Provisionary Management Bureau]
Union of Socialist Movements" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, C, CEMAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador Henri ETOUNDI ESSOMBA (since 27 June 2016)" }, "chancery": { "text": "2349 Massachusetts Avenue, Washington, DC 20008" }, "telephone": { "text": "[1] (202) 265-8790" }, "FAX": { "text": "[1] (202) 387-3826" } }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador Peter Henry BARLERIN (since 20 December 2017)" }, "telephone": { "text": "[237] 22220 1500; Consular: [237] 22220 1603" }, "embassy": { "text": "Avenue Rosa Parks, Yaoundé" }, "mailing address": { "text": "P.O. Box 817, Yaounde; pouch: American Embassy, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-2520" }, "FAX": { "text": "[237] 22220 1500 Ext. 4531; Consular FAX: [237] 22220 1752" }, "branch office(s)": { "text": "Douala" } }, "Flag description": { "text": "three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and yellow, with a yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band; the vertical tricolor recalls the flag of France; red symbolizes unity, yellow the sun, happiness, and the savannahs in the north, and green hope and the forests in the south; the star is referred to as the \"star of unity\"", "note": "

note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia

" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "lion; national colors: green, red, yellow" }, "National anthem": { "name": { "text": "\"O Cameroun, Berceau de nos Ancetres\" (O Cameroon, Cradle of Our Forefathers)" }, "lyrics/music": { "text": "Rene Djam AFAME, Samuel Minkio BAMBA, Moise Nyatte NKO'O [French], Benard Nsokika FONLON [English]/Rene Djam AFAME" }, "note": "

note: adopted 1957; Cameroon's anthem, also known as \"Chant de Ralliement\" (The Rallying Song), has been used unofficially since 1948 and officially adopted in 1957; the anthem has French and English versions whose lyrics differ

" } }, "Economy": { "Economic overview": { "text": "

Cameroon’s market-based, diversified economy features oil and gas, timber, aluminum, agriculture, mining and the service sector. Oil remains Cameroon’s main export commodity, and despite falling global oil prices, still accounts for nearly 40% of exports. Cameroon’s economy suffers from factors that often impact underdeveloped countries, such as stagnant per capita income, a relatively inequitable distribution of income, a top-heavy civil service, endemic corruption, continuing inefficiencies of a large parastatal system in key sectors, and a generally unfavorable climate for business enterprise.

Since 1990, the government has embarked on various IMF and World Bank programs designed to spur business investment, increase efficiency in agriculture, improve trade, and recapitalize the nation's banks. The IMF continues to press for economic reforms, including increased budget transparency, privatization, and poverty reduction programs. The Government of Cameroon provides subsidies for electricity, food, and fuel that have strained the federal budget and diverted funds from education, healthcare, and infrastructure projects, as low oil prices have led to lower revenues.

Cameroon devotes significant resources to several large infrastructure projects currently under construction, including a deep seaport in Kribi and the Lom Pangar Hydropower Project. Cameroon’s energy sector continues to diversify, recently opening a natural gas-powered electricity generating plant. Cameroon continues to seek foreign investment to improve its inadequate infrastructure, create jobs, and improve its economic footprint, but its unfavorable business environment remains a significant deterrent to foreign investment.

" }, "Real GDP growth rate": { "Real GDP growth rate 2017": { "text": "3.5% (2017 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2016": { "text": "4.6% (2016 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2015": { "text": "5.7% (2015 est.)" } }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": { "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": { "text": "2.4% (2019 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": { "text": "1% (2018 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": { "text": "0.6% (2017 est.)" } }, "Credit ratings": { "Fitch rating": { "text": "B (2006)" }, "Moody's rating": { "text": "B2 (2016)" }, "Standard & Poors rating": { "text": "B- (2020)" } }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { "text": "$94.248 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { "text": "$90.868 billion (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$87.32 billion (2017 est.)" }, "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$34.99 billion (2017 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2019": { "text": "$3,642 (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { "text": "$3,604 (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$3,555 (2017 est.)" }, "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { "text": "25.5% of GDP (2017 est.)" }, "Gross national saving 2016": { "text": "25.2% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, "Gross national saving 2015": { "text": "23.9% of GDP (2015 est.)" } }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { "text": "16.7% (2017 est.)" }, "industry": { "text": "26.5% (2017 est.)" }, "services": { "text": "56.8% (2017 est.)" } }, "GDP - composition, by end use": { "household consumption": { "text": "66.3% (2017 est.)" }, "government consumption": { "text": "11.8% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in fixed capital": { "text": "21.6% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in inventories": { "text": "-0.3% (2017 est.)" }, "exports of goods and services": { "text": "21.6% (2017 est.)" }, "imports of goods and services": { "text": "-20.9% (2017 est.)" } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { "text": "46.1 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { "text": "cassava, plantains, maize, oil palm fruit, taro, sugar cane, sorghum, tomatoes, bananas, vegetables" }, "Industries": { "text": "petroleum production and refining, aluminum production, food processing, light consumer goods, textiles, lumber, ship repair" }, "Industrial production growth rate": { "text": "3.3% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { "text": "9.912 million (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { "text": "70%" }, "industry": { "text": "13%" }, "services": { "text": "17% (2001 est.)" } }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2014": { "text": "4.3% (2014 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate 2001": { "text": "30% (2001 est.)" } }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "30% (2001 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": { "text": "46.6 (2014 est.)" } }, "Household income or consumption by percentage share": { "lowest 10%": { "text": "37.5%" }, "highest 10%": { "text": "35.4% (2001)" } }, "Budget": { "revenues": { "text": "5.363 billion (2017 est.)" }, "expenditures": { "text": "6.556 billion (2017 est.)" } }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "15.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": { "text": "-3.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Public debt": { "Public debt 2017": { "text": "36.9% of GDP (2017 est.)" }, "Public debt 2016": { "text": "32.5% of GDP (2016 est.)" } }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "1 July - 30 June" }, "Current account balance": { "Current account balance 2017": { "text": "-$932 million (2017 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2016": { "text": "-$1.034 billion (2016 est.)" } }, "Exports": { "Exports 2017": { "text": "$4.732 billion (2017 est.)" }, "Exports 2016": { "text": "$4.561 billion (2016 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { "text": "Netherlands 15.6%, France 12.6%, China 11.7%, Belgium 6.8%, Italy 6.3%, Algeria 4.8%, Malaysia 4.4% (2017)" }, "Exports - commodities": { "text": "crude oil and petroleum products, lumber, cocoa beans, aluminum, coffee, cotton" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { "text": "$4.812 billion (2017 est.)" }, "Imports 2016": { "text": "$4.827 billion (2016 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { "text": "China 19%, France 10.3%, Thailand 7.9%, Nigeria 4.1% (2017)" }, "Imports - commodities": { "text": "machinery, electrical equipment, transport equipment, fuel, food" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { "text": "$3.235 billion (31 December 2017 est.)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": { "text": "$2.26 billion (31 December 2016 est.)" } }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 31 December 2017": { "text": "$9.375 billion (31 December 2017 est.)" }, "Debt - external 31 December 2016": { "text": "$7.364 billion (31 December 2016 est.)" } }, "Exchange rates": { "currency": { "text": "Cooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs (XAF) per US dollar -" }, "Exchange rates 2017": { "text": "605.3 (2017 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2016": { "text": "593.01 (2016 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2015": { "text": "593.01 (2015 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2014": { "text": "591.45 (2014 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2013": { "text": "494.42 (2013 est.)" } } }, "Energy": { "Electricity access": { "electrification - total population": { "text": "70% (2019)" }, "electrification - urban areas": { "text": "98% (2019)" }, "electrification - rural areas": { "text": "32% (2019)" } }, "Electricity - production": { "text": "8.108 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - consumption": { "text": "6.411 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - exports": { "text": "0 kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - imports": { "text": "55 million kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - installed generating capacity": { "text": "1.558 million kW (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - from fossil fuels": { "text": "52% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - from nuclear fuels": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": { "text": "47% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Electricity - from other renewable sources": { "text": "1% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Crude oil - production": { "text": "69,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)" }, "Crude oil - exports": { "text": "96,370 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Crude oil - imports": { "text": "36,480 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Crude oil - proved reserves": { "text": "200 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - production": { "text": "39,080 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - consumption": { "text": "45,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - exports": { "text": "8,545 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - imports": { "text": "14,090 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Natural gas - production": { "text": "910.4 million cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - consumption": { "text": "906.1 million cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - exports": { "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - imports": { "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "135.1 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" }, "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { "text": "7.672 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { "Telephones - fixed lines": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "966,035" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "3.58 (2019 est.)" } }, "Telephones - mobile cellular": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "22,062,303" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "81.76 (2019 est.)" } }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { "text": "3G service and LTE service both developing given growing competition, along with a fast-developing mobile broadband sector; govt. supportive of launching programs who's aim is to improve connections nationally; about 95% of electronic transactions carried out through M-commerce services (2020)" }, "domestic": { "text": "only about 4 per 100 persons for fixed-line subscriptions; mobile-cellular usage has increased sharply, reaching a subscribership base of over 82 per 100 persons (2019)" }, "international": { "text": "country code - 237; landing points for the SAT-3/WASC, SAIL, ACE, NCSCS, Ceiba-2, and WACS fiber-optic submarine cable that provides connectivity to Europe, South America, and West Africa; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "government maintains tight control over broadcast media; state-owned Cameroon Radio Television (CRTV), broadcasting on both a TV and radio network, was the only officially recognized and fully licensed broadcaster until August 2007, when the government finally issued licenses to 2 private TV broadcasters and 1 private radio broadcaster; about 70 privately owned, unlicensed radio stations operating but are subject to closure at any time; foreign news services required to partner with state-owned national station (2019)" }, "Internet country code": { "text": ".cm" }, "Internet users": { "total": { "text": "6,089,200" }, "percent of population": { "text": "23.2% (July 2018 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { "total": { "text": "17,987" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "less than 1 (2018 est.)" } } }, "Transportation": { "National air transport system": { "number of registered air carriers": { "text": "1 (2020)" }, "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": { "text": "3" }, "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": { "text": "265,136 (2018)" }, "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": { "text": "70,000 mt-km (2018)" } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { "text": "TJ (2016)" }, "Airports": { "total": { "text": "33 (2013)" } }, "Airports - with paved runways": { "total": { "text": "11 (2017)" }, "over 3,047 m": { "text": "2 (2017)" }, "2,438 to 3,047 m": { "text": "5 (2017)" }, "1,524 to 2,437 m": { "text": "3 (2017)" }, "914 to 1,523 m": { "text": "1 (2017)" } }, "Airports - with unpaved runways": { "total": { "text": "22 (2013)" }, "1,524 to 2,437 m": { "text": "4 (2013)" }, "914 to 1,523 m": { "text": "10 (2013)" }, "under 914 m": { "text": "8 (2013)" } }, "Pipelines": { "text": "53 km gas, 5 km liquid petroleum gas, 1107 km oil, 35 km water (2013)" }, "Railways": { "total": { "text": "987 km (2014)" }, "narrow gauge": { "text": "987 km 1.000-m gauge (2014)" }, "note": "

note: railway connections generally efficient but limited; rail lines connect major cities of Douala, Yaounde, Ngaoundere, and Garoua; passenger and freight service provided by CAMRAIL

" }, "Roadways": { "total": { "text": "77,589 km (2016)" }, "paved": { "text": "5,133 km (2016)" }, "unpaved": { "text": "72,456 km (2016)" } }, "Waterways": { "text": "(major rivers in the south, such as the Wouri and the Sanaga, are largely non-navigable; in the north, the Benue, which connects through Nigeria to the Niger River, is navigable in the rainy season only to the port of Garoua) (2010)" }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { "text": "61" }, "by type": { "text": "bulk carrier 1, general cargo 34, oil tanker 2, other 24 (2020)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { "oil terminal(s)": { "text": "Limboh Terminal" }, "river port(s)": { "text": "Douala (Wouri)" }, "note": "

Garoua (Benoue)" } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { "text": "Cameroon Armed Forces (Forces Armees Camerounaises, FAC): Army (L'Armee de Terre), Navy (Marine Nationale Republique, MNR, includes naval infantry), Air Force (Armee de l'Air du Cameroun, AAC), Gendarmerie, Presidential Guard (2019)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "1.1% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { "text": "1.1% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { "text": "1.3% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "1.3% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { "text": "1.3% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { "text": "size assessments for the Cameroon Armed Forces (FAC) vary widely; approximately 40,000 active duty troops; (25,000 Army, including the Presidential Guard; 2,000 Navy; 1,000 Air Force; 12,000 Gendarmerie) (2019 est.)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the FAC inventory includes a mix of mostly older or second-hand Chinese, Russian, and Western equipment, with a limited quantity of more modern weapons; since 2010, the top suppliers to the FAC are China, Russia, Spain, and the US (2019)" }, "Military deployments": { "text": "750 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); MNJTF (approximately 2,000-2,500 troops committed; note - the national MNJTF troop contingents are deployed within their own country territories, although cross‐border operations occur occasionally) (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18-23 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription; high school graduation required; service obligation 4 years; periodic government calls for volunteers (2012)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "the FAC is largely focused on the threat from the terror group Boko Haram along its frontiers with Nigeria and Chad (Far North region) and an insurgency from armed Anglophone separatist groups in the North-West and South-West regions (as of Feb 2020, this internal conflict has left an estimated 3,000 civilians dead and over 500,000 people displaced since fighting started in 2016); in addition, the FAC has occasionally deployed units to the border region with the Central African Republic to counter intrusions from armed militias and bandits (2020)" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { "text": "Boko Haram; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – West Africa (2020)", "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { "Disputes - international": { "text": "

Joint Border Commission with Nigeria reviewed 2002 ICJ ruling on the entire boundary and bilaterally resolved differences, including June 2006 Greentree Agreement that immediately ceded sovereignty of the Bakassi Peninsula to Cameroon with a full phase-out of Nigerian control and patriation of residents in 2008; Cameroon and Nigeria agreed on maritime delimitation in March 2008; sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries

" }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { "text": "316,128 (Central African Republic), 117,422 (Nigeria) (2020)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "1,032,942 (2020) (includes far north, northwest, and southwest)" } } } }