{ "Introduction": { "Background": { "text": "

Mexico was the site of several advanced Amerindian civilizations -- including the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec -- until Spain conquered and colonized the area in the early 16th century. Administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain for three centuries, it achieved independence early in the 19th century. Elections held in 2000 marked the first time since Mexican Revolution in 1910 that an opposition candidate -- Vicente FOX of the National Action Party (PAN) -- defeated the party in government, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He was succeeded in 2006 by another PAN candidate Felipe CALDERON, but Enrique PEÑA NIETO regained the presidency for the PRI in 2012. Left-leaning anti-establishment politician and former mayor of Mexico City (2000-05) Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR, from the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), became president in 2018.

The US-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA, or T-MEC by its Spanish acronym) entered into force in 2020 and replaced its predecessor, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Mexico amended its constitution in 2019 to facilitate the implementation of the labor components of USMCA.

Mexico is currently the US's second-largest goods trading partner, after Canada. Ongoing economic and social concerns include low real wages, high underemployment, inequitable income distribution, and few advancement opportunities, particularly for the largely indigenous population in the impoverished southern states. Since 2007, Mexico's powerful transnational criminal organizations have engaged in a struggle to control criminal markets, resulting in tens of thousands of drug-related homicides and forced disappearances.

" } }, "Geography": { "Location": { "text": "North America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of America, between Belize and the United States and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Guatemala and the United States" }, "Geographic coordinates": { "text": "23 00 N, 102 00 W" }, "Map references": { "text": "North America" }, "Area": { "total ": { "text": "1,964,375 sq km" }, "land": { "text": "1,943,945 sq km" }, "water": { "text": "20,430 sq km" } }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly less than three times the size of Texas" }, "Land boundaries": { "total": { "text": "4,389 km" }, "border countries": { "text": "Belize 276 km; Guatemala 958 km; US 3,155 km" } }, "Coastline": { "text": "9,330 km" }, "Maritime claims": { "territorial sea": { "text": "12 nm" }, "contiguous zone": { "text": "24 nm" }, "exclusive economic zone": { "text": "200 nm" }, "continental shelf": { "text": "200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin" } }, "Climate": { "text": "varies from tropical to desert" }, "Terrain": { "text": "high, rugged mountains; low coastal plains; high plateaus; desert" }, "Elevation": { "highest point": { "text": "Volcan Pico de Orizaba 5,636 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Laguna Salada -10 m" }, "mean elevation": { "text": "1,111 m" } }, "Natural resources": { "text": "petroleum, silver, antimony, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "50.7% (2023 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 10.3% (2023 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 2.3% (2023 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 38.1% (2023 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "34.2% (2023 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "15.1% (2023 est.)" } }, "Irrigated land": { "text": "59,910 sq km (2022)" }, "Major lakes (area sq km)": { "fresh water lake(s)": { "text": "Laguna de Chapala - 1,140 sq km" }, "salt water lake(s)": { "text": "Laguna de Terminos - 1,550 sq km" } }, "Major rivers (by length in km)": { "text": "Rio Grande river mouth (shared with US [s]) - 3,057 km; Colorado river mouth (shared with US [s]) - 2,333 km

note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth" }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "Atlantic Ocean drainage": { "text": "(Gulf of America) Rio Grande/Bravo (607,965 sq km)" }, "Pacific Ocean drainage": { "text": "(Gulf of California) Colorado (703,148 sq km)" } }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Aquifer" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "most of the population is found in the middle of the country between the states of Jalisco and Veracruz; approximately a quarter of the population lives in and around Mexico City" }, "Natural hazards": { "text": "tsunamis along the Pacific coast; volcanoes and destructive earthquakes in the center and south; hurricanes on the Pacific, Gulf of America, and Caribbean coasts

volcanism: volcanic activity in the central-southern part of the country; the volcanoes in Baja California are mostly dormant; Colima (3,850 m) is Mexico's most active volcano and is responsible for periodic evacuations of nearby villagers; it has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Popocatepetl (5,426 m) poses a threat to Mexico City; other historically active volcanoes include Barcena, Ceboruco, El Chichon, Michoacan-Guanajuato, Pico de Orizaba, San Martin, Socorro, and Tacana; see note 2 under \"Geography - note\"" }, "Geography - note": { "text": "note 1: strategic location on southern border of the US; Mexico is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, which is a belt bordering the Pacific Ocean that contains about 75% of the world's volcanoes and up to 90% of the world's earthquakes

note 2: the Sac Actun cave system at 348 km (216 mi) is the longest underwater cave in the world and the second longest cave worldwide, after Mammoth Cave in the United States (see \"Geography - note\" under United States)

note 3: the prominent Yucatán Peninsula that divides the Gulf of America from the Caribbean Sea is shared by Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize; on the northern coast of Yucatan near the town of Chicxulub lie the remnants of a massive asteroid or comet crater about 150 km (93 mi) in diameter and extending into the Gulf of America; the impact is believed to have initiated a worldwide climate disruption that caused a mass extinction of 75% of the earth's plant and animal species, including the non-avian dinosaurs" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { "total": { "text": "130,739,927 (2024 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "63,899,138" }, "female": { "text": "66,840,789" } }, "Nationality": { "noun": { "text": "Mexican(s)" }, "adjective": { "text": "Mexican" } }, "Ethnic groups": { "text": "Mestizo (Indigenous-Spanish) 62%, predominantly Indigenous 21%, Indigenous 7%, other 10% (mostly European) (2012 est.)", "note": "note: Mexico does not collect census data on ethnicity" }, "Languages": { "Languages": { "text": "Spanish only 93.8%, Spanish and indigenous languages (including Mayan, Nahuatl, and others) 5.4%, indigenous only 0.6%, unspecified 0.2% (2020 est.)" }, "major-language sample(s)": { "text": "
La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information." } }, "Religions": { "text": "Catholic 77.7%, no religion 10.6%, other Evangelical Churches 7.5%, Jehovah Witness 1.2%; less than 1 percent: Pentecostal, Seventh Day Adventist, Historics, not specified, Latter Day Saints, other religions  (2020 est.)" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "23.3% (male 15,647,805/female 14,754,004)" }, "15-64 years": { "text": "68.6% (male 43,651,105/female 45,983,174)" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "8.2% (2024 est.) (male 4,600,228/female 6,103,611)" } }, "Dependency ratios": { "total dependency ratio": { "text": "45.9 (2024 est.)" }, "youth dependency ratio": { "text": "33.9 (2024 est.)" }, "elderly dependency ratio": { "text": "11.9 (2024 est.)" }, "potential support ratio": { "text": "8.4 (2024 est.)" } }, "Median age": { "total": { "text": "31 years (2025 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "28.8 years" }, "female": { "text": "32.7 years" } }, "Population growth rate": { "text": "0.81% (2025 est.)" }, "Birth rate": { "text": "14.73 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)" }, "Death rate": { "text": "6.04 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)" }, "Net migration rate": { "text": "-0.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "most of the population is found in the middle of the country between the states of Jalisco and Veracruz; approximately a quarter of the population lives in and around Mexico City" }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "81.6% of total population (2023)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "22.281 million MEXICO CITY (capital), 5.420 million Guadalajara, 5.117 million Monterrey, 3.345 million Puebla, 2.626 million Toluca de Lerdo, 2.260 million Tijuana (2023)" }, "Sex ratio": { "at birth": { "text": "1.05 male(s)/female" }, "0-14 years": { "text": "1.06 male(s)/female" }, "15-64 years": { "text": "0.95 male(s)/female" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "0.75 male(s)/female" }, "total population": { "text": "0.96 male(s)/female (2024 est.)" } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { "text": "21.3 years (2008 est.)" }, "Maternal mortality ratio": { "text": "42 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)" }, "Infant mortality rate": { "total": { "text": "12.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "13.4 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "female": { "text": "10.9 deaths/1,000 live births" } }, "Life expectancy at birth": { "total population": { "text": "74.6 years (2024 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "71.6 years" }, "female": { "text": "77.7 years" } }, "Total fertility rate": { "text": "1.85 children born/woman (2025 est.)" }, "Gross reproduction rate": { "text": "0.9 (2025 est.)" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 98.4% of population (2022 est.)" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 99.7% of population (2022 est.)" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 1.6% of population (2022 est.)" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 0.3% of population (2022 est.)" } }, "Health expenditure": { "Health expenditure (as % of GDP)": { "text": "6.1% of GDP (2021)" }, "Health expenditure (as % of national budget)": { "text": "10.4% of national budget (2022 est.)" } }, "Physician density": { "text": "2.59 physicians/1,000 population (2022)" }, "Hospital bed density": { "text": "1 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Sanitation facility access": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 98.2% of population (2022 est.)" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 99.7% of population (2022 est.)" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 1.8% of population (2022 est.)" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 0.3% of population (2022 est.)" } }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "28.9% (2016)" }, "Alcohol consumption per capita": { "total": { "text": "4.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "beer": { "text": "3.72 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "wine": { "text": "0.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "spirits": { "text": "0.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "other alcohols": { "text": "0.15 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" } }, "Tobacco use": { "total": { "text": "13.8% (2025 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "21.8% (2025 est.)" }, "female": { "text": "6.3% (2025 est.)" } }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { "text": "4.2% (2022 est.)" }, "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": { "text": "53% (2023 est.)" }, "Child marriage": { "women married by age 15": { "text": "3.6% (2018)" }, "women married by age 18": { "text": "20.7% (2018)" } }, "Education expenditure": { "Education expenditure (% GDP)": { "text": "4.1% of GDP (2022 est.)" }, "Education expenditure (% national budget)": { "text": "14.2% national budget (2022 est.)" } }, "Literacy": { "total population": { "text": "95% (2020 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "96% (2020 est.)" }, "female": { "text": "94% (2020 est.)" } }, "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": { "total": { "text": "15 years (2022 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "14 years (2022 est.)" }, "female": { "text": "15 years (2022 est.)" } } }, "Environment": { "Environmental issues": { "text": "scarcity of hazardous waste disposal facilities; natural freshwater resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; urban river pollution from raw sewage and industrial effluents; deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification; serious air and water pollution in urban areas; land subsidence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater depletion", "note": "note: the government considers the lack of clean water and deforestation as national security issues" }, "International environmental agreements": { "party to": { "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" }, "signed, but not ratified": { "text": "none of the selected agreements" } }, "Climate": { "text": "varies from tropical to desert" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "50.7% (2023 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 10.3% (2023 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 2.3% (2023 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 38.1% (2023 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "34.2% (2023 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "15.1% (2023 est.)" } }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "81.6% of total population (2023)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Carbon dioxide emissions": { "total emissions": { "text": "441.049 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)" }, "from coal and metallurgical coke": { "text": "32.087 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)" }, "from petroleum and other liquids": { "text": "228.279 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)" }, "from consumed natural gas": { "text": "180.684 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)" } }, "Particulate matter emissions": { "text": "17.8 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "Methane emissions": { "energy": { "text": "1,389 kt (2022-2024 est.)" }, "agriculture": { "text": "2,372.1 kt (2019-2021 est.)" }, "waste": { "text": "1,832.6 kt (2019-2021 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "49.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)" } }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "53.1 million tons (2024 est.)" }, "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "9.6% (2022 est.)" } }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { "text": "13.33 billion cubic meters (2022)" }, "industrial": { "text": "7.953 billion cubic meters (2022)" }, "agricultural": { "text": "68.523 billion cubic meters (2022)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { "text": "461.888 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)" }, "Geoparks": { "total global geoparks and regional networks": { "text": "2" }, "global geoparks and regional networks": { "text": "Comarca Minera, Hidalgo; Mixteca Alta, Oaxaca (2023)" } } }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { "text": "United Mexican States" }, "conventional short form": { "text": "Mexico" }, "local long form": { "text": "Estados Unidos Mexicanos" }, "local short form": { "text": "Mexico" }, "former": { "text": "Mexican Republic, Mexican Empire" }, "etymology": { "text": "name may derive from one of the Nahuatl (Aztec) names for the capital city, Metztlixihtlico, which probably meant \"the center of the moon;\" alternatively, it may come from Mexica, the original name of the Aztec people" } }, "Government type": { "text": "federal presidential republic" }, "Capital": { "name": { "text": "Mexico City (Ciudad de Mexico)" }, "geographic coordinates": { "text": "19 26 N, 99 08 W" }, "time difference": { "text": "UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, "daylight saving time": { "text": "DST was permanently removed in October 2022" }, "time zone note": { "text": "Mexico has four time zones" }, "etymology": { "text": "name may derive from one of the Nahuatl (Aztec) names for the capital city, Metztlixihtlico, which probably meant \"the center of the moon;\" alternatively, it may come from Mexica, the original name of the Aztec people" } }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "32 states (estados, singular - estado); Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Cuidad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas" }, "Legal system": { "text": "civil law system with US constitutional law influence; judicial review of legislative acts" }, "Constitution": { "history": { "text": "several previous; latest approved 5 February 1917" }, "amendment process": { "text": "proposed by the Congress of the Union; passage requires approval by at least two thirds of the members present and approval by a majority of the state legislatures" } }, "International law organization participation": { "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" }, "Citizenship": { "citizenship by birth": { "text": "yes" }, "citizenship by descent only": { "text": "yes" }, "dual citizenship recognized": { "text": "not specified" }, "residency requirement for naturalization": { "text": "5 years" } }, "Suffrage": { "text": "18 years of age; universal and compulsory" }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { "text": "President Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo (since 1 October 2024)" }, "head of government": { "text": "President Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo (since 1 October 2024)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Cabinet appointed by the president" }, "election/appointment process": { "text": "president directly elected by simple-majority popular vote for a single 6-year term" }, "most recent election date": { "text": "2 June 2024" }, "election results": { "text": "
2024: Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo elected president; percent of vote - Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo (MORENA) 59.4%, Xóchitl GÁLVEZ Ruiz (PAN) 27.9%, Jorge Álvarez MÁYNEZ (MC) 10.4%, other 2.3%

2018: Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR elected president; percent of vote - Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR (MORENA) 53.2%, Ricardo ANAYA Cortés (PAN) 22.3%, José Antonio MEADE Kuribreña (PRI) 16.4%, Jaime RODRÍGUEZ Calderón (independent) 5.2%, other 2.9%

2012: Enrique PEÑA NIETO elected president; percent of vote - Enrique PEÑA NIETO (PRI) 38.2%, Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR (PRD) 31.6%, Josefina Eugenia VÁZQUEZ Mota (PAN) 25.4%, other 4.8%" }, "expected date of next election": { "text": "2030" }, "note": "note: the president is both chief of state and head of government" }, "Legislative branch": { "legislature name": { "text": "Congress of the Union (Congreso de la Unión)" }, "legislative structure": { "text": "bicameral" }, "note": "note: as of the 2018 election, senators will be eligible for a second term and deputies up to 4 consecutive terms" }, "Legislative branch - lower chamber": { "chamber name": { "text": "Chamber of Deputies (Cámara de Diputados)" }, "number of seats": { "text": "500 (all directly elected)" }, "electoral system": { "text": "mixed system" }, "scope of elections": { "text": "full renewal" }, "term in office": { "text": "3 years" }, "most recent election date": { "text": "6/2/2024" }, "parties elected and seats per party": { "text": "National Regeneration Movement (MORENA) (236); Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM) (77); National Action Party (PAN) (72); Labour Party (PT) (51); Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) (35); Citizens' Movement (MC) (27); Other (2)" }, "percentage of women in chamber": { "text": "50.2%" }, "expected date of next election": { "text": "June 2027" } }, "Legislative branch - upper chamber": { "chamber name": { "text": "Senate (Cámara de Senadores)" }, "number of seats": { "text": "128 (all directly elected)" }, "electoral system": { "text": "mixed system" }, "scope of elections": { "text": "full renewal" }, "term in office": { "text": "6 years" }, "most recent election date": { "text": "6/2/2024" }, "parties elected and seats per party": { "text": "National Regeneration Movement (MORENA) (60); National Action Party (PAN) (22); Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) (16); Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM) (14); Labour Party (PT) (9); Other (7)" }, "percentage of women in chamber": { "text": "50%" }, "expected date of next election": { "text": "June 2030" } }, "Judicial branch": { "highest court(s)": { "text": "Supreme Court of Justice or Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación (consists of the chief justice and 11 justices and organized into civil, criminal, administrative, and labor panels) and the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary (organized into the superior court, with 7 judges including the court president, and 5 regional courts, each with 3 judges)" }, "judge selection and term of office": { "text": "Supreme Court justices nominated by the president of the republic and approved by two-thirds vote of the members present in the Senate; justices serve 15-year terms; Electoral Tribunal superior and regional court judges nominated by the Supreme Court and elected by two-thirds vote of members present in the Senate; superior court president elected from among its members to hold office for a 4-year term; other judges of the superior and regional courts serve staggered, 9-year terms" }, "subordinate courts": { "text": "federal level includes circuit, collegiate, and unitary courts; state and district level courts" }, "note": "note: in April 2021, the Mexican congress passed a judicial reform which changed 7 articles of the constitution and preceded a new Organic Law on the Judicial Branch of the Federation" }, "Political parties": { "text": "Citizen's Movement (Movimiento Ciudadano) or MC
Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) or PRI
Labor Party (Partido del Trabajo) or PT
Mexican Green Ecological Party (Partido Verde Ecologista de México) or PVEM
Movement for National Regeneration (Movimiento Regeneración Nacional) or MORENA
National Action Party (Partido Acción Nacional) or PAN
Party of the Democratic Revolution (Partido de la Revolución Democrática) or PRD" }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador Esteban MOCTEZUMA Barragán (since 20 April 2021)" }, "chancery": { "text": "1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006" }, "telephone": { "text": "[1] (202) 728-1600" }, "FAX": { "text": "[1] (202) 728-1698" }, "email address and website": { "text": "
mexembusa@sre.gob.mx

https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/eua/index.php/en/" }, "consulate(s) general": { "text": "Atlanta (GA), Austin (TX), Boston (MA), Chicago (IL), Dallas (TX), Denver (GA), El Paso (TX), Houston (TX), Laredo (TX), Miami (FL), New York (NY), Nogales (AZ), Phoenix (AZ), Raleigh (NC), Sacramento (CA), San Antonio (TX), San Diego (CA), San Francisco (CA), San Jose (CA), San Juan (Puerto Rico)" }, "consulate(s)": { "text": "Albuquerque (NM), Boise (ID), Brownsville (TX), Calexico (CA), Del Rio (TX), Detroit (MI), Douglas (AZ), Eagle Pass (TX), Fresno (CA), Indianapolis (IN), Kansas City (MO), Las Vegas (NV), Little Rock (AR), Los Angeles (CA), McAllen (TX), Milwaukee (WI), New Orleans (LA), Oklahoma City (OK), Omaha (NE), Orlando (FL), Oxnard (CA), Philadelphia (PA), Portland (OR), Presidio (TX), Salt Lake City (UT), San Bernardino (CA), Santa Ana (CA), Seattle (WA), St. Paul (MN), Tucson (AZ), Yuma (AZ)" }, "note": " " }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador Ronald D. JOHNSON (since 19 May 2025)" }, "embassy": { "text": "Paseo de la Reforma 305, Colonia Cuauhtémoc, 06500 Mexico, CDMX" }, "mailing address": { "text": "8700 Mexico City Place, Washington DC  20521-8700" }, "telephone": { "text": "(011) [52]-55-5080-2000" }, "FAX": { "text": "(011) 52-55-5080-2005" }, "email address and website": { "text": "
ACSMexicoCity@state.gov

https://mx.usembassy.gov/" }, "consulate(s) general": { "text": "Ciudad Juárez, Guadalajara, Hermosillo, Matamoros, Mérida, Monterrey, Nogales, Nuevo Laredo, Tijuana" } }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ACS, APEC, Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CABEI, CAN (observer), Caricom (observer), CD, CDB, CE (observer), CELAC, CSN (observer), EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-3, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-5, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, MIGA, NAFTA, NAM (observer), NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, Paris Club (associate), PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina (observer), UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, USMCA, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" }, "Independence": { "text": "16 September 1810 (declared independence from Spain); 27 September 1821 (recognized by Spain)" }, "National holiday": { "text": "Independence Day, 16 September (1810)" }, "Flag": { "text": "description: three equal vertical bands of green (left side), white, and red; Mexico's coat of arms (an eagle with a snake in its beak, perched on a cactus) is centered in the white band

meaning: green stands for hope, joy, and love; white for peace and honesty; red for hardiness, bravery, strength, and valor" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "golden eagle, dahlia" }, "National color(s)": { "text": "green, white, red" }, "National coat of arms": { "text": "

Adopted in 1968, Mexico’s coat of arms is also used as the Seal of the United Mexican States. The Mexican Golden Eagle, a national symbol, is perched on a prickly pear cactus and eats a snake. Beneath the eagle, oak and laurel leaves are joined by a ribbon in the national colors. The image symbolizes the triumph of good over evil.

" }, "National anthem(s)": { "title": { "text": "\"Himno Nacional Mexicano\" (National Anthem of Mexico)" }, "lyrics/music": { "text": "Francisco Gonzalez BOCANEGRA/Jaime Nuno ROCA" }, "history": { "text": "adopted 1943" } }, "National heritage": { "total World Heritage Sites": { "text": "36 (28 cultural, 6 natural, 2 mixed)" }, "selected World Heritage Site locales": { "text": "Historic Mexico City (c); Earliest 16th-Century Monasteries on the Slopes of Popocatepetl (c); Teotihuacan (c); Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino (n); Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve (n); Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley (m); Historic Puebla (c); El Tajin (c); Historic Tlacotalpan (c); Historic Oaxaca and Monte Albán (c); Palenque (c); Chichen-Itza (c); Uxmal (c); Wixárika Route through Sacred Sites to Wirikuta (Tatehuarí Huajuyé) (c)" } } }, "Economy": { "Economic overview": { "text": "

upper-middle-income economy; highly integrated with US via trade and nearshore manufacturing; weak domestic demand, fiscal consolidation, and trade uncertainty contributing to sluggish growth; low unemployment; challenges from income inequality, corruption, and cartel-based violence

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024": { "text": "$2.883 trillion (2024 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": { "text": "$2.842 trillion (2023 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": { "text": "$2.751 trillion (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: data in 2021 dollars" }, "Real GDP growth rate": { "Real GDP growth rate 2024": { "text": "1.5% (2024 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2023": { "text": "3.3% (2023 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2022": { "text": "3.7% (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency" }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2024": { "text": "$22,000 (2024 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2023": { "text": "$21,900 (2023 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2022": { "text": "$21,400 (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: data in 2021 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$1.853 trillion (2024 est.)", "note": "note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": { "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024": { "text": "4.7% (2024 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": { "text": "5.5% (2023 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": { "text": "7.9% (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: annual % change based on consumer prices" }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { "text": "3.8% (2024 est.)" }, "industry": { "text": "31.6% (2024 est.)" }, "services": { "text": "58.2% (2024 est.)" }, "note": "note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data" }, "GDP - composition, by end use": { "household consumption": { "text": "70.3% (2024 est.)" }, "government consumption": { "text": "11.2% (2024 est.)" }, "investment in fixed capital": { "text": "24.2% (2024 est.)" }, "investment in inventories": { "text": "0% (2024 est.)" }, "exports of goods and services": { "text": "36.8% (2024 est.)" }, "imports of goods and services": { "text": "-37.9% (2024 est.)" }, "note": "note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection" }, "Agricultural products": { "text": "sugarcane, maize, milk, oranges, sorghum, tomatoes, chicken, chillies/peppers, wheat, lemons/limes (2023)", "note": "note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage" }, "Industries": { "text": "food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourism" }, "Industrial production growth rate": { "text": "0.2% (2024 est.)", "note": "note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency" }, "Labor force": { "text": "60.959 million (2024 est.)", "note": "note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work" }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2024": { "text": "2.8% (2024 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate 2023": { "text": "2.8% (2023 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate 2022": { "text": "3.3% (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: % of labor force seeking employment" }, "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": { "total": { "text": "5.5% (2024 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "5.2% (2024 est.)" }, "female": { "text": "6.1% (2024 est.)" }, "note": "note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment" }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "36.3% (2022 est.)", "note": "note: % of population with income below national poverty line" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022": { "text": "43.5 (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality" }, "Average household expenditures": { "on food": { "text": "25.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)" }, "on alcohol and tobacco": { "text": "2.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)" } }, "Household income or consumption by percentage share": { "lowest 10%": { "text": "2.1% (2022 est.)" }, "highest 10%": { "text": "34.4% (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population" }, "Remittances": { "Remittances 2024": { "text": "3.7% of GDP (2024 est.)" }, "Remittances 2023": { "text": "3.7% of GDP (2023 est.)" }, "Remittances 2022": { "text": "4.2% of GDP (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities" }, "Budget": { "revenues": { "text": "$342.571 billion (2023 est.)" }, "expenditures": { "text": "$417.843 billion (2023 est.)" }, "note": "note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated" }, "Public debt": { "Public debt 2023": { "text": "45.1% of GDP (2023 est.)" }, "note": "note: central government debt as a % of GDP" }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "14.2% (of GDP) (2023 est.)", "note": "note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP" }, "Current account balance": { "Current account balance 2024": { "text": "-$5.986 billion (2024 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2023": { "text": "-$5.611 billion (2023 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2022": { "text": "-$17.701 billion (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars" }, "Exports": { "Exports 2024": { "text": "$680.798 billion (2024 est.)" }, "Exports 2023": { "text": "$649.729 billion (2023 est.)" }, "Exports 2022": { "text": "$630.347 billion (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars" }, "Exports - partners": { "text": "USA 76%, Canada 5%, China 2%, Germany 2%, Spain 1% (2023)", "note": "note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports" }, "Exports - commodities": { "text": "cars, vehicle parts/accessories, crude petroleum, trucks, computers (2023)", "note": "note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2024": { "text": "$697.067 billion (2024 est.)" }, "Imports 2023": { "text": "$674.695 billion (2023 est.)" }, "Imports 2022": { "text": "$672.914 billion (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars" }, "Imports - partners": { "text": "USA 46%, China 20%, Germany 4%, Japan 3%, S. Korea 3% (2023)", "note": "note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports" }, "Imports - commodities": { "text": "vehicle parts/accessories, refined petroleum, integrated circuits, broadcasting equipment, cars (2023)", "note": "note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024": { "text": "$232.035 billion (2024 est.)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": { "text": "$214.317 billion (2023 est.)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": { "text": "$201.119 billion (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars" }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 2023": { "text": "$306.308 billion (2023 est.)" }, "note": "note: present value of external debt in current US dollars" }, "Exchange rates": { "Currency": { "text": "Mexican pesos (MXN) per US dollar -" }, "Exchange rates 2024": { "text": "18.305 (2024 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2023": { "text": "17.759 (2023 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2022": { "text": "20.127 (2022 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2021": { "text": "20.272 (2021 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2020": { "text": "21.486 (2020 est.)" } } }, "Energy": { "Electricity access": { "electrification - total population": { "text": "100% (2022 est.)" }, "electrification - urban areas": { "text": "99.8%" }, "electrification - rural areas": { "text": "100%" } }, "Electricity": { "installed generating capacity": { "text": "105.586 million kW (2023 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "332.042 billion kWh (2023 est.)" }, "exports": { "text": "1.97 billion kWh (2023 est.)" }, "imports": { "text": "4.863 billion kWh (2023 est.)" }, "transmission/distribution losses": { "text": "45.47 billion kWh (2023 est.)" } }, "Electricity generation sources": { "fossil fuels": { "text": "79.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)" }, "nuclear": { "text": "3.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)" }, "solar": { "text": "4.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)" }, "wind": { "text": "5.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)" }, "hydroelectricity": { "text": "5.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)" }, "geothermal": { "text": "1.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)" }, "biomass and waste": { "text": "1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)" } }, "Nuclear energy": { "Number of operational nuclear reactors": { "text": "2 (2025)" }, "Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors": { "text": "1.55GW (2025 est.)" }, "Percent of total electricity production": { "text": "4.9% (2023 est.)" } }, "Coal": { "production": { "text": "6.296 million metric tons (2023 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "15.132 million metric tons (2023 est.)" }, "exports": { "text": "4,000 metric tons (2023 est.)" }, "imports": { "text": "8.809 million metric tons (2023 est.)" }, "proven reserves": { "text": "1.16 billion metric tons (2023 est.)" } }, "Petroleum": { "total petroleum production": { "text": "2.101 million bbl/day (2023 est.)" }, "refined petroleum consumption": { "text": "1.741 million bbl/day (2024 est.)" }, "crude oil estimated reserves": { "text": "5.786 billion barrels (2021 est.)" } }, "Natural gas": { "production": { "text": "33.118 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "97.118 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)" }, "exports": { "text": "27.92 million cubic meters (2023 est.)" }, "imports": { "text": "64.289 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)" }, "proven reserves": { "text": "180.322 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)" } }, "Energy consumption per capita": { "Total energy consumption per capita 2023": { "text": "57.539 million Btu/person (2023 est.)" } } }, "Communications": { "Telephones - fixed lines": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "25.637 million (2023 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "20 (2023 est.)" } }, "Telephones - mobile cellular": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "140 million (2023 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "100 (2022 est.)" } }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "telecom reform in 2013 ended a quasi-monopoly; now 885 TV stations and 1,841 radio stations, most privately owned; foreign satellite and cable operators are available; completed transition to digital in 2016 (2022)" }, "Internet country code": { "text": ".mx" }, "Internet users": { "percent of population": { "text": "81% (2023 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { "total": { "text": "26.6 million (2023 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "21 (2023 est.)" } } }, "Transportation": { "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { "text": "XA" }, "Airports": { "text": "1,580 (2025)" }, "Heliports": { "text": "488 (2025)" }, "Railways": { "total": { "text": "23,389 km (2017)" }, "standard gauge": { "text": "23,389 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (27 km electrified)" } }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { "text": "674 (2023)" }, "by type": { "text": "bulk carrier 4, general cargo 11, oil tanker 32, other 627" } }, "Ports": { "total ports": { "text": "35 (2024)" }, "large": { "text": "0" }, "medium": { "text": "7" }, "small": { "text": "10" }, "very small": { "text": "14" }, "size unknown": { "text": "4" }, "ports with oil terminals": { "text": "21" }, "key ports": { "text": "Acapulco, Ensenada, Manzanillo, Mazatlan, Tampico, Tuxpan, Veracruz" } } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { "text": "the Mexican Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas de México) are divided between the Secretariat of National Defense and the Secretariat of the Navy:

Secretariat of National Defense (Secretaria de Defensa Nacional, SEDENA): Army (Ejercito), Mexican Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Mexicana, FAM), National Guard (Guardia Nacional); Secretariat of the Navy (Secretaria de Marina, SEMAR): Mexican Navy (Armada de Mexico (ARM), includes Naval Air Force (FAN), Mexican Naval Infantry Corps (Cuerpo de Infanteria de Marina, Mexmar or CIM))

Secretariat of Security and Civilian Protection/SEDENA: National Guard (2025)", "note": "note: the National Guard was formed in 2019 of personnel from the former Federal Police (disbanded in December 2019) and military police units of the Army and Navy" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2024": { "text": "0.9% of GDP (2024 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2023": { "text": "0.7% of GDP (2023 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2022": { "text": "0.7% of GDP (2022 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2021": { "text": "0.7% of GDP (2021 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2020": { "text": "0.6% of GDP (2020 est.)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { "text": "information varies; approximately 260,000 active-duty Armed Forces; approximately 110,000 National Guard personnel (2025)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the Mexican military inventory includes a mix of domestically produced and imported armaments from a variety of mostly Western suppliers, particularly the US; Mexico's defense industry produces light armored vehicles and some naval vessels, as well as small arms and other miscellaneous equipment (2025)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18 years of age (16 with parental consent) for voluntary service for men and women; men at age 18 subject to lottery-based 12-month compulsory military service  (2025)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "the Mexican military is responsible for defending the independence, integrity, and sovereignty of Mexico, as well as providing for internal security, disaster response, humanitarian assistance, and socio-economic development; internal security duties are a key focus, particularly combating narcotics trafficking and organized crime groups, as well as border control and immigration enforcement; the constitution was amended in 2019 to grant the president the authority to use the armed forces to protect internal and national security, and courts have upheld the legality of the armed forces’ role in law enforcement activities in support of civilian authorities through 2028; the military also provides security for strategic facilities, such as oil production infrastructure, and administers most of the country's land and sea ports and customs services, plus a state-owned development bank; in addition, President LÓPEZ OBRADOR placed the military in charge of a growing number of infrastructure projects, such as building and operating a new airport for Mexico City and sections of a train line in the country’s southeast (2025)" } }, "Space": { "Space agency/agencies": { "text": "Mexican Space Agency (Agencia Espacial Mexicana or AEM; established 2010 and began operating in 2013) (2025)" }, "Space program overview": { "text": "has a national space policy with a focus on expanding Mexico's commercial space sector, including acquiring satellites and developing specialists, technologies, and infrastructure; manufactures and operates communications and scientific satellites; conducts research on a range of space-related capabilities and technologies, including astronomy, astrophysics, Earth and weather sciences, remote sensing, robotics, satellite payloads, and telecommunications; works with a variety of foreign space agencies and commercial space industries, including those of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, the ESA, individual ESA member states (particularly France, Germany, and the UK), India, Japan, Peru, Russia, Ukraine, and the US; led effort to establish the Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency and hosts its headquarters (2025)" }, "Key space-program milestones": { "text": "1962-1977 - sounding rocket program

1985 - first Mexican in space on US Space Shuttle; first communications satellite (Morelos-1) built by US and released from the US Space Shuttle

2015 - first successful launch of MEXSAT series of communications satellites by the US

2021 - signed US-led Artemis Accords for space and lunar exploration

2024 - contributed five autonomous micro-robots (Colmena project) on failed US commercial Moon lander mission" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { "text": "Gulf Cartel (CDG); Jalisco Cartel New Generation (CJNG); La Mara Salvatruche (MS-13); Northeast Cartel (CDN); The New Family Michoacana (LNFM); Sinaloa Cartel; United Cartels (CU)", "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide" } }, "Transnational Issues": { "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees": { "text": "417,546 (2024 est.)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "390,250 (2024 est.)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "13 (2024 est.)" } }, "Illicit drugs": { "USG identification": { "text": "
major illicit drug-producing and/or drug-transit country

major precursor-chemical producer (2025)" } } } }