{ "Introduction": { "Background": { "text": "

Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the remnants of the Ottoman Empire by reformer and national hero Mustafa KEMAL, known as Ataturk or \"Father of the Turks.\" One-party rule ended in 1950, and periods of instability and military coups have since fractured the multiparty democracy, in 1960, 1971, 1980, 1997, and 2016. 

Turkey joined the UN in 1945 and NATO in 1952. In 1963, Turkey became an associate member of the European Community; it began accession talks with the EU in 2005. Turkey intervened militarily on Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island and has since acted as patron state to the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus,\" which only Turkey recognizes. The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), a US-designated terrorist organization, began a separatist insurgency in Turkey in 1984, and the struggle has long dominated the attention of Turkish security forces. In 2013, the Turkish Government and the PKK conducted negotiations aimed at ending the violence, but intense fighting resumed in 2015. 

The Turkish Government conducted a referendum in 2017 in which voters approved constitutional amendments changing Turkey from a parliamentary to a presidential system. 

" } }, "Geography": { "Location": { "text": "Southeastern Europe and Southwestern Asia (that portion of Turkey west of the Bosporus is geographically part of Europe), bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria" }, "Geographic coordinates": { "text": "39 00 N, 35 00 E" }, "Map references": { "text": "Middle East" }, "Area": { "total ": { "text": "783,562 sq km" }, "land": { "text": "769,632 sq km" }, "water": { "text": "13,930 sq km" } }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly larger than Texas" }, "Land boundaries": { "total": { "text": "2,816 km" }, "border countries": { "text": "Armenia 311 km; Azerbaijan 17 km; Bulgaria 223 km; Georgia 273 km; Greece 192 km; Iran 534 km; Iraq 367 km; Syria 899 km" } }, "Coastline": { "text": "7,200 km" }, "Maritime claims": { "territorial sea": { "text": "6 nm in the Aegean Sea" }, "exclusive economic zone": { "text": "in Black Sea only: to the maritime boundary agreed on with the former USSR" }, "note": "note: 12 nm in Black Sea and in Mediterranean Sea" }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior" }, "Terrain": { "text": "high central plateau (Anatolia); narrow coastal plain; several mountain ranges" }, "Elevation": { "highest point": { "text": "Mount Ararat 5,137 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m" }, "mean elevation": { "text": "1,132 m" } }, "Natural resources": { "text": "coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestite (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "50.1% (2023 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 26.3% (2023 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 4.8% (2023 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 19% (2023 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "29.3% (2023 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "20.5% (2023 est.)" } }, "Irrigated land": { "text": "52,150 sq km (2022)" }, "Major lakes (area sq km)": { "fresh water lake(s)": { "text": "Lake Beysehir - 650 sq km; Lake Egridir - 520 sq km" }, "salt water lake(s)": { "text": "Lake Van - 3,740 sq km; Lake Tuz - 1,640 sq km;" } }, "Major rivers (by length in km)": { "text": "Euphrates river source (shared with Syria, Iran, and Iraq [m]) - 3,596 km; Tigris river source (shared with Syria, Iran, and Iraq [m]) - 1,950 km

note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth" }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "Indian Ocean drainage": { "text": "(Persian Gulf) Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)" } }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the most densely populated area is found around the Bosporus in the northwest, where 20% of the population lives in Istanbul; with the exception of Ankara, urban centers remain small and scattered throughout the interior of Anatolia; an overall pattern of peripheral development exists, particularly along the Aegean Sea coast in the west, and the Tigris and Euphrates River systems in the southeast" }, "Natural hazards": { "text": "severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van; landslides; flooding

volcanism: limited volcanic activity; the three historically active volcanoes (Ararat, Nemrut Dagi, and Tendurek Dagi) have not erupted since the 19th century or earlier" }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location controlling the Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link the Black and Aegean Seas; the 3% of Turkish territory north of the Straits lies in Europe and goes by the names of European Turkey, Eastern Thrace, or Turkish Thrace; the 97% of the country in Asia is referred to as Anatolia; Istanbul, which straddles the Bosporus, is the only metropolis in the world located on two continents; Mount Ararat, reputed to be the landing place of Noah's ark, is in the far-eastern part of the country" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { "total": { "text": "84,625,585 (2025 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "42,489,277" }, "female": { "text": "42,136,308" } }, "Nationality": { "noun": { "text": "Turk(s)" }, "adjective": { "text": "Turkish" } }, "Ethnic groups": { "text": "Turkish 70-75%, Kurdish 19%, other minorities 6-11% (2016 est.)" }, "Languages": { "Languages": { "text": "Turkish (official), Kurdish, other minority languages" }, "major-language sample(s)": { "text": "
The World Factbook, temel bilgi edinmek için vazgeçilmez bir kaynak. (Turkish)

ڕاستییەکانی جیهان، باشترین سەرچاوەیە بۆ زانیارییە بنەڕەتییەکان (Kurdish)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

" } }, "Religions": { "text": "Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (mostly Christians and Jews)" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "21.7% (male 9,358,711/female 8,933,673)" }, "15-64 years": { "text": "68.6% (male 29,219,389/female 28,494,315)" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "9.6% (2024 est.) (male 3,669,330/female 4,444,113)" } }, "Dependency ratios": { "total dependency ratio": { "text": "45.7 (2025 est.)" }, "youth dependency ratio": { "text": "31.2 (2025 est.)" }, "elderly dependency ratio": { "text": "14.6 (2025 est.)" }, "potential support ratio": { "text": "6.9 (2025 est.)" } }, "Median age": { "total": { "text": "34.4 years (2025 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "33.4 years" }, "female": { "text": "34.6 years" } }, "Population growth rate": { "text": "0.59% (2025 est.)" }, "Birth rate": { "text": "13.56 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)" }, "Death rate": { "text": "6.19 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)" }, "Net migration rate": { "text": "-1.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the most densely populated area is found around the Bosporus in the northwest, where 20% of the population lives in Istanbul; with the exception of Ankara, urban centers remain small and scattered throughout the interior of Anatolia; an overall pattern of peripheral development exists, particularly along the Aegean Sea coast in the west, and the Tigris and Euphrates River systems in the southeast" }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "77.5% of total population (2023)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "1.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "15.848 million Istanbul, 5.397 million ANKARA (capital), 3.088 million Izmir, 2.086 million Bursa, 1.836 million Adana, 1.805 million Gaziantep (2023)" }, "Sex ratio": { "at birth": { "text": "1.05 male(s)/female" }, "0-14 years": { "text": "1.05 male(s)/female" }, "15-64 years": { "text": "1.03 male(s)/female" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "0.83 male(s)/female" }, "total population": { "text": "1.01 male(s)/female (2024 est.)" } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { "text": "26.6 years (2020 est.)" }, "Maternal mortality ratio": { "text": "15 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)" }, "Infant mortality rate": { "total": { "text": "17.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "19.9 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "female": { "text": "16.7 deaths/1,000 live births" } }, "Life expectancy at birth": { "total population": { "text": "76.7 years (2024 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "74.4 years" }, "female": { "text": "79.2 years" } }, "Total fertility rate": { "text": "1.88 children born/woman (2025 est.)" }, "Gross reproduction rate": { "text": "0.92 (2025 est.)" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 97.3% of population (2022 est.)" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 96% of population (2022 est.)" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 97% of population (2022 est.)" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 2.7% of population (2022 est.)" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 4% of population (2022 est.)" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 3% of population (2022 est.)" } }, "Health expenditure": { "Health expenditure (as % of GDP)": { "text": "4.6% of GDP (2021)" }, "Health expenditure (as % of national budget)": { "text": "10% of national budget (2022 est.)" } }, "Physician density": { "text": "2.24 physicians/1,000 population (2022)" }, "Hospital bed density": { "text": "3 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)" }, "Sanitation facility access": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 99.8% of population (2022 est.)" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 98.7% of population (2022 est.)" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 99.6% of population (2022 est.)" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 0.2% of population (2022 est.)" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 1.3% of population (2022 est.)" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 0.4% of population (2022 est.)" } }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "32.1% (2016)" }, "Alcohol consumption per capita": { "total": { "text": "1.18 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "beer": { "text": "0.67 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "wine": { "text": "0.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "spirits": { "text": "0.35 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "other alcohols": { "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" } }, "Tobacco use": { "total": { "text": "30.1% (2025 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "40.1% (2025 est.)" }, "female": { "text": "20.1% (2025 est.)" } }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { "text": "1.5% (2018 est.)" }, "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": { "text": "59.6% (2021 est.)" }, "Child marriage": { "women married by age 15": { "text": "2% (2018)" }, "women married by age 18": { "text": "14.7% (2018)" } }, "Education expenditure": { "Education expenditure (% GDP)": { "text": "3.1% of GDP (2022 est.)" }, "Education expenditure (% national budget)": { "text": "11.3% national budget (2022 est.)" } }, "Literacy": { "total population": { "text": "97.3% (2021 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "99.3% (2021 est.)" }, "female": { "text": "95.3% (2021 est.)" } }, "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": { "total": { "text": "20 years (2022 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "20 years (2022 est.)" }, "female": { "text": "20 years (2022 est.)" } } }, "Environment": { "Environmental issues": { "text": "water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; land degradation; conservation of biodiversity" }, "International environmental agreements": { "party to": { "text": "Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" }, "signed, but not ratified": { "text": "Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Environmental Modification" } }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "50.1% (2023 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 26.3% (2023 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 4.8% (2023 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 19% (2023 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "29.3% (2023 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "20.5% (2023 est.)" } }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "77.5% of total population (2023)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "1.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Carbon dioxide emissions": { "total emissions": { "text": "399.173 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)" }, "from coal and metallurgical coke": { "text": "155.26 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)" }, "from petroleum and other liquids": { "text": "147.211 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)" }, "from consumed natural gas": { "text": "96.703 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)" } }, "Particulate matter emissions": { "text": "23.1 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "35.374 million tons (2024 est.)" }, "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "32% (2022 est.)" } }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { "text": "7.144 billion cubic meters (2022)" }, "industrial": { "text": "1.297 billion cubic meters (2022)" }, "agricultural": { "text": "56.127 billion cubic meters (2022)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { "text": "211.6 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)" }, "Geoparks": { "total global geoparks and regional networks": { "text": "1" }, "global geoparks and regional networks": { "text": "Kula-Salihli (2023)" } } }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { "text": "Republic of Turkey" }, "conventional short form": { "text": "Turkey" }, "local long form": { "text": "Turkey Cumhuriyeti" }, "local short form": { "text": "Turkey" }, "etymology": { "text": "the name means \"Land of the Turks\"" }, "note": "note: Turkiye is an approved English short-form name for Turkey" }, "Government type": { "text": "presidential republic" }, "Capital": { "name": { "text": "Ankara" }, "geographic coordinates": { "text": "39 56 N, 32 52 E" }, "time difference": { "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, "etymology": { "text": "the name probably derives from the Indo-European root word ang, meaning \"bend\" and relating to the settlement's original location in a winding gorge; the city was referred to as Angora by the 13th century; the name was officially modified to Ankara in 1923 when the Republic of Turkey was founded" } }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "81 provinces (iller, singular - ili); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyonkarahisar, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Duzce, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Igdir, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir (Smyrna), Kahramanmaras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mersin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanliurfa, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon (Trebizond), Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak" }, "Legal system": { "text": "civil law system based on various European systems, notably the Swiss civil code" }, "Constitution": { "history": { "text": "several previous; latest ratified 9 November 1982" }, "amendment process": { "text": "proposed by written consent of at least one third of Grand National Assembly (GNA) of Turkey (TBMM) members; adoption of draft amendments requires two debates in plenary TBMM session and three-fifths majority vote of all GNA members; the president of the republic can request TBMM reconsideration of the amendment and, if readopted by two-thirds majority TBMM vote, the president may submit the amendment to a referendum; passage by referendum requires absolute majority vote" } }, "International law organization participation": { "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt" }, "Citizenship": { "citizenship by birth": { "text": "no" }, "citizenship by descent only": { "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Turkey" }, "dual citizenship recognized": { "text": "yes, but requires prior permission from the government" }, "residency requirement for naturalization": { "text": "5 years" } }, "Suffrage": { "text": "18 years of age; universal" }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { "text": "President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 28 August 2014)" }, "head of government": { "text": "President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 9 July 2018)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president" }, "election/appointment process": { "text": "president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term)" }, "most recent election date": { "text": "14 May 2023, with a runoff on 28 May 2023" }, "election results": { "text": "
2023: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in second round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.2%, Kemal KILICDAROGLU (CHP) 47.8%

2018: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in first round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.6%, Muharrem INCE (CHP) 30.6%, Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 8.4%, Meral AKSENER (IYI) 7.3%, other 1.1%" }, "expected date of next election": { "text": "2028" } }, "Legislative branch": { "legislature name": { "text": "Grand National Assembly of Türkiye (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi (T.B.M.M))" }, "legislative structure": { "text": "unicameral" }, "number of seats": { "text": "600 (all directly elected)" }, "electoral system": { "text": "proportional representation" }, "scope of elections": { "text": "full renewal" }, "term in office": { "text": "5 years" }, "most recent election date": { "text": "5/14/2023" }, "parties elected and seats per party": { "text": "Justice and Development Party (Ak Party) (267); Republican People's Party (CHP) (130); Green and the Left Party of the Future (YSGP) (57); Nationalist Action Party (MHP) (50); Good Party (İyi Party) (44); Other (52)" }, "percentage of women in chamber": { "text": "19.9%" }, "expected date of next election": { "text": "May 2028" } }, "Judicial branch": { "highest court(s)": { "text": "Constitutional Court or Anayasa Mahkemesi (consists of the president, 2 vice presidents, and 12 judges); Court of Cassation (consists of about 390 judges and is organized into civil and penal chambers); Council of State (organized into 15 divisions -- 14 judicial and 1 consultative -- each with a division head and at least 5 members)" }, "judge selection and term of office": { "text": "Constitutional Court members - 3 appointed by the Grand National Assembly and 12 by the president of the republic; court president and 2 deputy court presidents appointed from among its members for 4-year terms; judges serve 12-year, nonrenewable terms with mandatory retirement at age 65; Court of Cassation judges appointed by the Board of Judges and Prosecutors, a 13-member body of judicial officials; Court of Cassation judges serve until retirement at age 65; Council of State members appointed by the Board and by the president of the republic; members serve renewable, 4-year terms" }, "subordinate courts": { "text": "regional appeals courts; basic (first instance) courts; peace courts; aggravated crime courts; specialized courts, including administrative and audit" } }, "Political parties": { "text": "Democracy and Progress Party or DEVA
Democrat Party or DP
Democratic Regions Party or DBP
Felicity Party (Saadet Party) or SP
Free Cause Party or HUDA PAR
Future Party (Gelecek Partisi) or GP
Good Party or IYI
Grand Unity Party or BBP 
Justice and Development Party or AKP 
Labor and Freedom Alliance (electoral alliance includes YSGP, HDP, TIP)
Nationalist Movement Party or MHP 
New Welfare Party or YRP 
Party of Greens and the Left Future or YSGP 
People's Alliance (electoral alliance includes AKP, BBP, MHP, YRP)
Peoples' Democratic Party or HDP
Republican People's Party or CHP 
Workers' Party of Turkey or TIP" }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador Sedat ÖNAL (since 17 June 2024)" }, "chancery": { "text": "2525 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008" }, "telephone": { "text": "[1] (202) 612-6700" }, "FAX": { "text": "[1] (202) 612-6744" }, "email address and website": { "text": "
embassy.washingtondc@mfa.gov.tr

T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı - Turkish Embassy In Washington, D.C. (mfa.gov.tr)" }, "consulate(s) general": { "text": "Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco" } }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador Thomas J. BARRACK (since 14 May 2025)" }, "embassy": { "text": "1480 Sokak No. 1, Cukurambar Mahallesi, 06530 Cankaya, Ankara" }, "mailing address": { "text": "7000 Ankara Place, Washington, DC 20512-7000" }, "telephone": { "text": "[90] (312) 294-0000" }, "FAX": { "text": "[90] (312) 467-0019" }, "email address and website": { "text": "
Ankara-ACS@state.gov

https://tr.usembassy.gov/" }, "consulate(s) general": { "text": "Istanbul" }, "consulate(s)": { "text": "Adana" } }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CPLP (associate observer), D-8, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EU (candidate country), FAO, FATF, G-20, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club (associate), PCA, PIF (partner), SCO (dialogue member), SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC", "note": "note: Turkey is an EU candidate country and must complete accession criteria before being granted full membership" }, "Independence": { "text": "29 October 1923 (republic proclaimed, succeeding the Ottoman Empire)" }, "National holiday": { "text": "Republic Day, 29 October (1923)" }, "Flag": { "text": "description: red with a vertical white crescent moon and five-pointed white star centered just outside the crescent's opening

meaning: the flag colors and designs closely resemble the Ottoman Empire's flag; the crescent moon and star serve as insignia for Turkic peoples; according to one interpretation, the flag represents the reflection of the moon and a star in a pool of blood of Turkish warriors" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "vertical crescent moon with adjacent five-pointed star" }, "National color(s)": { "text": "red, white" }, "National anthem(s)": { "title": { "text": "\"Istiklal Marsi\" (The March of Independence)" }, "lyrics/music": { "text": "Mehmet Akif ERSOY/Zeki UNGOR" }, "history": { "text": "lyrics adopted 1921, music adopted 1932; the anthem's original music was adopted in 1924" } }, "National heritage": { "total World Heritage Sites": { "text": "22 (20 cultural, 2 mixed)" }, "selected World Heritage Site locales": { "text": "Archaeological Site of Troy (c); Ephesus (c); Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape (c); Hierapolis-Pamukkale (m); Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia (m); Göbekli Tepe (c); Historic Areas of Istanbul (c); Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex (c); Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük (c); Bursa and Cumalıkızık: the Birth of the Ottoman Empire (c); Gordion (c); Great Mosque and Hospital of Divriği (c); Hattusha: the Hittite Capital (c); Nemrut Dağ (c);  Xanthos-Letoon (c); City of Safranbolu (c); Pergamon and its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape (c); Archaeological Site of Ani (c); Aphrodisias (c); Arslantepe Mound (c); Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia (c); Turkmenistan (c); Sardis and the Lydian Tumuli of Bin Tepe (c)" } } }, "Economy": { "Economic overview": { "text": "

upper-middle-income, diversified Middle Eastern economy; industrializing economy that maintains large agricultural base; key energy, tourism, and construction sectors; high inflation, interest rates, and foreign debt pose risk to financial stability

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024": { "text": "$3.018 trillion (2024 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": { "text": "$2.925 trillion (2023 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": { "text": "$2.783 trillion (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: data in 2021 dollars" }, "Real GDP growth rate": { "Real GDP growth rate 2024": { "text": "3.2% (2024 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2023": { "text": "5.1% (2023 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2022": { "text": "5.5% (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency" }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2024": { "text": "$35,300 (2024 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2023": { "text": "$34,300 (2023 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2022": { "text": "$32,700 (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: data in 2021 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$1.323 trillion (2024 est.)", "note": "note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": { "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024": { "text": "58.5% (2024 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": { "text": "53.9% (2023 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": { "text": "72.3% (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: annual % change based on consumer prices" }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { "text": "5.6% (2024 est.)" }, "industry": { "text": "25.9% (2024 est.)" }, "services": { "text": "56.8% (2024 est.)" }, "note": "note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data" }, "GDP - composition, by end use": { "household consumption": { "text": "59.4% (2024 est.)" }, "government consumption": { "text": "14.7% (2024 est.)" }, "investment in fixed capital": { "text": "31% (2024 est.)" }, "investment in inventories": { "text": "-5.5% (2024 est.)" }, "exports of goods and services": { "text": "28% (2024 est.)" }, "imports of goods and services": { "text": "-27.8% (2024 est.)" }, "note": "note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection" }, "Agricultural products": { "text": "sugar beets, wheat, milk, tomatoes, barley, maize, potatoes, apples, grapes, watermelons (2023)", "note": "note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage" }, "Industries": { "text": "textiles, food processing, automobiles, electronics, mining (coal, chromate, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper" }, "Industrial production growth rate": { "text": "2.2% (2024 est.)", "note": "note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency" }, "Labor force": { "text": "36.081 million (2024 est.)", "note": "note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work" }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2024": { "text": "8.5% (2024 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate 2023": { "text": "9.4% (2023 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate 2022": { "text": "10.5% (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: % of labor force seeking employment" }, "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": { "total": { "text": "15.6% (2024 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "12.4% (2024 est.)" }, "female": { "text": "21.2% (2024 est.)" }, "note": "note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment" }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "13.9% (2022 est.)", "note": "note: % of population with income below national poverty line" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022": { "text": "44.5 (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality" }, "Average household expenditures": { "on food": { "text": "22.8% of household expenditures (2023 est.)" }, "on alcohol and tobacco": { "text": "2.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)" } }, "Household income or consumption by percentage share": { "lowest 10%": { "text": "2.1% (2022 est.)" }, "highest 10%": { "text": "35.2% (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population" }, "Remittances": { "Remittances 2024": { "text": "0.1% of GDP (2024 est.)" }, "Remittances 2023": { "text": "0.1% of GDP (2023 est.)" }, "Remittances 2022": { "text": "0.1% of GDP (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities" }, "Budget": { "revenues": { "text": "$330.21 billion (2023 est.)" }, "expenditures": { "text": "$382.998 billion (2023 est.)" }, "note": "note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated" }, "Public debt": { "Public debt 2023": { "text": "33.1% of GDP (2023 est.)" }, "note": "note: central government debt as a % of GDP" }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "18.5% (of GDP) (2023 est.)", "note": "note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP" }, "Current account balance": { "Current account balance 2024": { "text": "-$9.973 billion (2024 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2023": { "text": "-$39.877 billion (2023 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2022": { "text": "-$46.283 billion (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars" }, "Exports": { "Exports 2024": { "text": "$372.756 billion (2024 est.)" }, "Exports 2023": { "text": "$357.588 billion (2023 est.)" }, "Exports 2022": { "text": "$346.602 billion (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars" }, "Exports - partners": { "text": "Germany 9%, USA 6%, UK 6%, UAE 5%, Iraq 5% (2023)", "note": "note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports" }, "Exports - commodities": { "text": "garments, cars, gold, refined petroleum, vehicle parts/accessories (2023)", "note": "note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2024": { "text": "$367.022 billion (2024 est.)" }, "Imports 2023": { "text": "$386.602 billion (2023 est.)" }, "Imports 2022": { "text": "$383.7 billion (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars" }, "Imports - partners": { "text": "China 13%, Russia 9%, Germany 9%, Switzerland 6%, USA 5% (2023)", "note": "note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports" }, "Imports - commodities": { "text": "gold, refined petroleum, cars, plastics, natural gas (2023)", "note": "note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024": { "text": "$154.774 billion (2024 est.)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": { "text": "$140.868 billion (2023 est.)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": { "text": "$128.735 billion (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars" }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 2023": { "text": "$149.654 billion (2023 est.)" }, "note": "note: present value of external debt in current US dollars" }, "Exchange rates": { "Currency": { "text": "Turkish liras (TRY) per US dollar -" }, "Exchange rates 2024": { "text": "32.806 (2024 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2023": { "text": "23.739 (2023 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2022": { "text": "16.549 (2022 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2021": { "text": "8.85 (2021 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2020": { "text": "7.009 (2020 est.)" } } }, "Energy": { "Electricity access": { "electrification - total population": { "text": "100% (2022 est.)" } }, "Electricity": { "installed generating capacity": { "text": "106.281 million kW (2023 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "285.177 billion kWh (2023 est.)" }, "exports": { "text": "1.993 billion kWh (2023 est.)" }, "imports": { "text": "5.892 billion kWh (2023 est.)" }, "transmission/distribution losses": { "text": "28.964 billion kWh (2023 est.)" } }, "Electricity generation sources": { "fossil fuels": { "text": "57.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)" }, "solar": { "text": "6.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)" }, "wind": { "text": "10.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)" }, "hydroelectricity": { "text": "19.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)" }, "geothermal": { "text": "2.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)" }, "biomass and waste": { "text": "2.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)" } }, "Nuclear energy": { "Number of nuclear reactors under construction": { "text": "4 (2025)" } }, "Coal": { "production": { "text": "82.534 million metric tons (2023 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "124.183 million metric tons (2023 est.)" }, "exports": { "text": "685,000 metric tons (2023 est.)" }, "imports": { "text": "41.119 million metric tons (2023 est.)" }, "proven reserves": { "text": "10.975 billion metric tons (2023 est.)" } }, "Petroleum": { "total petroleum production": { "text": "83,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)" }, "refined petroleum consumption": { "text": "1.107 million bbl/day (2024 est.)" }, "crude oil estimated reserves": { "text": "366 million barrels (2021 est.)" } }, "Natural gas": { "production": { "text": "807.281 million cubic meters (2023 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "50.211 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)" }, "exports": { "text": "896.281 million cubic meters (2023 est.)" }, "imports": { "text": "50.484 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)" }, "proven reserves": { "text": "3.794 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)" } }, "Energy consumption per capita": { "Total energy consumption per capita 2023": { "text": "70.521 million Btu/person (2023 est.)" } } }, "Communications": { "Telephones - fixed lines": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "9.926 million (2023 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "11 (2023 est.)" } }, "Telephones - mobile cellular": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "94.3 million (2024 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "108 (2024 est.)" } }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) operates multiple TV and radio networks and stations; multiple privately owned national TV stations and 567 private regional and local TV stations; multi-channel cable TV available; 1,007 private radio stations (2019)" }, "Internet country code": { "text": ".tr" }, "Internet users": { "percent of population": { "text": "87% (2024 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { "total": { "text": "19.6 million (2023 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "22 (2023 est.)" } } }, "Transportation": { "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { "text": "TC" }, "Airports": { "text": "116 (2025)" }, "Heliports": { "text": "240 (2025)" }, "Railways": { "total": { "text": "11,497 km (2018)" }, "standard gauge": { "text": "11,497 km (2018) 1.435-m gauge (1.435 km high speed train)" } }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { "text": "1,170 (2023)" }, "by type": { "text": "bulk carrier 43, container ship 43, general cargo 223, oil tanker 134, other 727" } }, "Ports": { "total ports": { "text": "54 (2024)" }, "large": { "text": "3" }, "medium": { "text": "3" }, "small": { "text": "6" }, "very small": { "text": "42" }, "ports with oil terminals": { "text": "28" }, "key ports": { "text": "Haydarpasa, Istanbul, Izmir, Mersin, Nemrut Limani Bay, Samsun" } } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { "text": "Turkish Armed Forces (TAF; Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri, TSK): Turkish Land Forces (Türk Kara Kuvvetleri), Turkish Naval Forces (Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri; includes naval air and naval infantry), Turkish Air Forces (Türk Hava Kuvvetleri)

Ministry of Interior: Gendarmerie General Command (aka Gendarmerie of the Turkish Republic), Turkish Coast Guard Command, General Directorate of Security (National Police) (2025)", "note": "note: the Gendarmerie (Jandarma) is responsible for the maintenance of the public order in areas that fall outside the jurisdiction of police forces (generally in rural areas); in wartime, the Gendarmerie and Coast Guard would be placed under the operational control of the Land Forces and Naval Forces, respectively" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2025": { "text": "2.3% of GDP (2025 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2024": { "text": "2.1% of GDP (2024 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2023": { "text": "1.5% of GDP (2023 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2022": { "text": "1.4% of GDP (2022 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2021": { "text": "1.6% of GDP (2021 est.)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { "text": "approximately 495,000 active military personnel; approximately 150,000 Gendarmerie (2025)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the military's inventory is comprised of domestically produced and mostly European (such as Germany, Italy, and Spain) or US armaments; other suppliers have included Russia and South Korea; Türkiye's defense industry produces a range of weapons systems for both export and internal use, including armored vehicles, naval vessels, and unmanned aerial vehicles/drones; some of its domestically produced armaments are produced jointly with foreign partners or based on imported weapons systems and produced under license (2025)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "military service is compulsory for Turkish men 20-41 for a period of 6-12 months; men and women may volunteer (2025)", "note": "note: after completing 1 month of basic training, conscripts have the option to opt out of the last 5 months by paying a fee

" }, "Military deployments": { "text": "approximately 250 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR); approximately 30,000 Cyprus; 730 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR); Turkiye also has several thousand military personnel deployed to other countries under bilateral agreements, including Azerbaijan, Libya, Qatar, and Somalia  (2025)", "note": "note: Turkey estimated to maintain several thousand military forces in both Iraq and Syria" }, "Military - note": { "text": "the responsibilities of the Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) include protecting the country's territory and sovereignty, participating in international peacekeeping operations, fulfilling Türkiye’s military commitments to NATO, providing disaster/humanitarian relief and assistance to domestic law enforcement if requested by civil authorities, and supporting the country's overall national security interests; it also has overall responsibility for the security of Türkiye’s borders

Türkiye is active in international peacekeeping and other military/security operations under NATO and the UN, as well as under bilateral agreements with some countries, such as Azerbaijan, Libya, Somalia, and Qatar; Türkiye has been a member of NATO since 1952 and hosts the headquarters for a NATO Land Command and a Rapid Deployment Corps, multiple airbases for NATO and US aircraft, NATO air/missile defense systems, and training centers; the TAF is the second-largest military in NATO behind the US

the military traces its history back to 200 B.C., although the modern TAF was formed following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the conclusion of the Turkish War of Independence (1919-1923); the TAF traditionally has been viewed as the “guardian” of Turkish politics, but its political role was diminished after the failed 2016 coup attempt; the military has a stake in Türkiye's economy through a holding company that is involved in the automotive, defense, energy, finance, and logistics sectors, as well as iron and steel production (2025)" } }, "Space": { "Space agency/agencies": { "text": "Turkish Space Agency (TUA; established 2018) (2025)" }, "Space launch site(s)": { "text": "rocket test launch site on the Black Sea in Sinop Province; constructing a rocket launch facility in Somalia (2025)" }, "Space program overview": { "text": "has an ambitious national space program with a focus on satellites, satellite components, satellite launch capabilities, software development, ground station technologies, and building up the country’s space industries; manufactures and operates remote sensing and telecommunications satellites; in recent years has initiated a satellite/space launch vehicle (SLV) program with the goal of independently placing satellites into orbit and a probe on the Moon; works with more than 25 foreign space agencies and corporations, including those of Azerbaijan, China, France, India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Russia, South Korea, Ukraine, and the US, as well as the ESA; has state-owned rocket and satellite development companies, including some under the Ministry of Defense; has a growing private space-industry sector, and the Turkish Government has pledged to increase the country's share of the global space market (2025)" }, "Key space-program milestones": { "text": "1994 - first commercial communications satellite built jointly with and launched by France

2003 - first domestically built experimental remote sensing (RS) satellite (BILSAT) launched by Russia

2018 - launched first domestically produced solid-fuel sounding rocket to an altitude of 135 km (84 mi)
 
2024 - first Turkish astronaut in space on the International Space Station; first domestically produced communications satellite launched by US

2025 - successfully launched 2-stage hybrid rocket more than 200 km (124 mi) in altitude" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU); Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)/Qods Force; Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK); al-Qa'ida; Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front (DHKP/C)", "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide" } }, "Transnational Issues": { "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees": { "text": "3,094,818 (2024 est.)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "538,105 (2024 est.)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "420 (2024 est.)" } } } }