From fe8db89190801a4fab441d821cbedd82853c14af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Gerald Bauer Date: Sat, 12 Jul 2014 20:26:45 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] add europe --- europe/ad-andorra.json | 414 +++++++++++++++++ europe/al-albania.json | 622 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/am-armenia.json | 602 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/az-azerbaijan.json | 626 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/ba-bosnia-n-herzegovina.json | 606 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/bg-bulgaria.json | 618 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/by-belarus.json | 614 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/ch-switzerland.json | 617 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/cy-cyprus.json | 640 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/cz-czech-republic.json | 616 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/de-germany.json | 629 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/dk-denmark.json | 613 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/ee-estonia.json | 618 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/es-spain.json | 626 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/eu-european-union.json | 441 ++++++++++++++++++ europe/fi-finland.json | 612 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/fr-france.json | 675 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/gb-great-britain.json | 634 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/ge-georgia.json | 625 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/gr-greece.json | 624 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/hr-croatia.json | 615 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/hu-hungary.json | 618 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/ie-ireland.json | 617 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/is-iceland.json | 588 ++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/it-italy.json | 627 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/lt-lithuania.json | 617 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/lu-luxembourg.json | 598 ++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/lv-latvia.json | 624 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/md-moldova.json | 617 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/me-montenegro.json | 541 ++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/mk-macedonia.json | 602 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/mt-malta.json | 600 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/nl-netherlands.json | 624 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/no-norway.json | 617 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/pl-poland.json | 625 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/pt-portugal.json | 628 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/ro-romania.json | 627 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/rs-serbia.json | 589 ++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/ru-russia.json | 649 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/se-sweden.json | 613 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/si-slovenia.json | 611 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/sk-slovakia.json | 620 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/tr-turkey.json | 636 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ europe/ua-ukraine.json | 634 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ world.json | 432 ++++++++++++++++++ 45 files changed, 27241 insertions(+) create mode 100644 europe/ad-andorra.json create mode 100644 europe/al-albania.json create mode 100644 europe/am-armenia.json create mode 100644 europe/az-azerbaijan.json create mode 100644 europe/ba-bosnia-n-herzegovina.json create mode 100644 europe/bg-bulgaria.json create mode 100644 europe/by-belarus.json create mode 100644 europe/ch-switzerland.json create mode 100644 europe/cy-cyprus.json create mode 100644 europe/cz-czech-republic.json create mode 100644 europe/de-germany.json create mode 100644 europe/dk-denmark.json create mode 100644 europe/ee-estonia.json create mode 100644 europe/es-spain.json create mode 100644 europe/eu-european-union.json create mode 100644 europe/fi-finland.json create mode 100644 europe/fr-france.json create mode 100644 europe/gb-great-britain.json create mode 100644 europe/ge-georgia.json create mode 100644 europe/gr-greece.json create mode 100644 europe/hr-croatia.json create mode 100644 europe/hu-hungary.json create mode 100644 europe/ie-ireland.json create mode 100644 europe/is-iceland.json create mode 100644 europe/it-italy.json create mode 100644 europe/lt-lithuania.json create mode 100644 europe/lu-luxembourg.json create mode 100644 europe/lv-latvia.json create mode 100644 europe/md-moldova.json create mode 100644 europe/me-montenegro.json create mode 100644 europe/mk-macedonia.json create mode 100644 europe/mt-malta.json create mode 100644 europe/nl-netherlands.json create mode 100644 europe/no-norway.json create mode 100644 europe/pl-poland.json create mode 100644 europe/pt-portugal.json create mode 100644 europe/ro-romania.json create mode 100644 europe/rs-serbia.json create mode 100644 europe/ru-russia.json create mode 100644 europe/se-sweden.json create mode 100644 europe/si-slovenia.json create mode 100644 europe/sk-slovakia.json create mode 100644 europe/tr-turkey.json create mode 100644 europe/ua-ukraine.json create mode 100644 world.json diff --git a/europe/ad-andorra.json b/europe/ad-andorra.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..14f343d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/ad-andorra.json @@ -0,0 +1,414 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "The landlocked Principality of Andorra is one of the smallest states in Europe, nestled high in the Pyrenees Mountains between the French and Spanish borders. For 715 years, from 1278 to 1993, Andorrans lived under a unique co-principality, ruled by French and Spanish leaders (from 1607 onward, the French chief of state and the Spanish bishop of Seu d'Urgell). In 1993, this feudal system was modified, with the titular heads of state retained, but the government transformed into a parliamentary democracy. In the late 20th century, Andorra became a popular tourist destination. An estimated 10 million people visit each year drawn by the winter sports, summer climate, and duty free goods. Andorra has also become a wealthy international commercial center because of its banking facilities, low taxes, and lack of customs duties. However, recent economic hardships have required Andorra to start taxing foreign investments and to implement stricter economic policies. Andorra is not a member of the European Union, but enjoys a special relationship with it and uses the Euro as its national currency." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Southwestern Europe, Pyrenees mountains, on the border between France and Spain" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "42 30 N, 1 30 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "468 sq km", + "land": "468 sq km", + "water": "0 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "2.5 times the size of Washington, DC" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "120.3 km", + "border_countries": "France 56.6 km, Spain 63.7 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "0 km (landlocked)" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "text": "none (landlocked)" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "rugged mountains dissected by narrow valleys" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Riu Runer 840 m", + "highest_point": "Pic de Coma Pedrosa 2,946 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "hydropower, mineral water, timber, iron ore, lead" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "5.32%", + "permanent_crops": "0%", + "other": "94.68% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "avalanches" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "deforestation; overgrazing of mountain meadows contributes to soil erosion; air pollution; wastewater treatment and solid waste disposal" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Biodiversity, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "landlocked; straddles a number of important crossroads in the Pyrenees" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Andorran(s)", + "adjective": "Andorran" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Spanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other 6% (1998)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Catalan (official), French, Castilian, Portuguese" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Roman Catholic (predominant)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "85,293 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "15.5% (male 6,779/female 6,471)", + "15_24_years": "9.1% (male 4,021/female 3,702)", + "25_54_years": "49.5% (male 21,744/female 20,492)", + "55_64_years": "12.1% (male 5,566/female 4,755)", + "65_years_and_over": "13.8% (male 5,918/female 5,845) (2013 est.)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "41.8 years", + "male": "42 years", + "female": "41.5 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.22% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "8.88 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "6.67 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "88% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "1.1% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "ANDORRA LA VELLA (capital) 23,000 (2011)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.07 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.09 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.07 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "1.18 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "1 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "1.07 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "3.73 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "3.71 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "3.75 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "82.58 years", + "male": "80.46 years", + "female": "84.83 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.37 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "7.5% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "3.72 physicians/1,000 population (2007)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "2.5 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "25.2% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "2.9% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "100%", + "male": "100%", + "female": "100%" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "12 years", + "male": "11 years", + "female": "12 years (2008)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Principality of Andorra", + "conventional_short_form": "Andorra", + "local_long_form": "Principat d'Andorra", + "local_short_form": "Andorra" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "parliamentary democracy (since March 1993) that retains as its chiefs of state a coprincipality; the two princes are the president of France and bishop of Seu d'Urgell, Spain, who are represented in Andorra by the coprinces' representatives" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Andorra la Vella", + "geographic_coordinates": "42 30 N, 1 31 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "7 parishes (parroquies, singular - parroquia); Andorra la Vella, Canillo, Encamp, Escaldes-Engordany, La Massana, Ordino, Sant Julia de Loria" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "1278 (formed under the joint sovereignty of the French Count of Foix and the Spanish Bishop of Seu d'Urgell)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Our Lady of Meritxell Day, 8 September (1278)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991; approved by referendum 14 March 1993; effective 28 April 1993" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "mixed legal system of civil and customary law with canon (religious) law influences" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "French Coprince Francois HOLLANDE (since 15 May 2012); represented by Christian FREMONT (since September 2008) and Spanish Coprince Archbishop Joan-Enric VIVES i Sicilia (since 12 May 2003); represented by Nemesi MARQUES i Oste (since 30 July 2003)", + "head_of_government": "Head of Government (or Cap de Govern) Antoni MARTI PETIT (since 12 May 2011)", + "cabinet": "Executive Council of nine ministers designated by the Head of Government", + "elections": "Head of Government elected by the General Council (Andorran Parliament) and formally appointed by the coprinces for a four-year term; election last held on 3 April 2011 (next to be held in April 2015)", + "election_results": "Antoni MARTI PETIT was elected Head of Government; percent of General Council vote - 79%; note - the leader of the party which wins a majority of seats in the General Council is usually elected Head of Government" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral General Council of the Valleys or Consell General de las Valls (a minimum of 28 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote, 14 from a single national constituency and 14 to represent each of the seven parishes; to serve four-year terms); note - each voter casts two separate ballots - one for the national list, one for the parish list", + "elections": "last held on 3 April 2011 (next to be held in April 2015)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - DA 55%, PS 35%, Andorra for Change 7%, VA 3%; seats by party - DA 22, PS 6; note - numbers of votes and percentages are for the respective national list; number of seats include seats won by the parish lists" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Justice of Andorra or Tribunal Superior de la Justicia d'Andorra (consists of the court president and 8 judges organized into civil, criminal, and administrative chambers); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional (consists of 4 magistrates)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court president and judges appointed by the Supreme Council of Justice, a 5-member judicial policy and administrative body appointed 1 each by the Coprinces, 1 by the General Council, 1 by the executive council president, and 1 by the courts; judges serve 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional magistrates appointed 2 by the Coprinces and 2 by the General Council; magistrates' appointments limited to two consecutive 8-year terms", + "subordinate_courts": "Tribunal of Judges or Tribunal de Batlles; Tribunal of the Courts or Tribunal de Corts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "there are four political parties at the national level:; Andorra for Change or ApC [Eusebio NOMEN CALVET]; Democrats for Andorra or DA [Antoni MARTI PETIT], coalition including Liberal Party (PRA) and Reformist Coalition; Greens of Andorra or VA [Isabel LOZANO MUNOZ]; Social Democratic Party or PS [Jaume BARTUMEU CASSANY]", + "note": "there are also several smaller parties at the Parish level (one is Lauredian Union)" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "CE, FAO, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IFRCS, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ITU, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, Union Latina, UNWTO, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WTO (observer)" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Narcis CASAL de Fonsdeviela", + "chancery": "2 United Nations Plaza, 25th Floor, New York, NY 10017", + "telephone": "[1] (212) 750-8064", + "fax": "[1] (212) 750-6630" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "text": "the US does not have an embassy in Andorra; the US Ambassador to Spain is accredited to Andorra; US interests in Andorra are represented by the US Consulate General's office in Barcelona (Spain); mailing address: Paseo Reina Elisenda de Montcada, 23, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; telephone: [34] (93) 280-2227; FAX: [34] (93) 280-6175" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red, with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the latter band is slightly wider than the other two so that the ratio of band widths is 8:9:8; the coat of arms features a quartered shield with the emblems of (starting in the upper left and proceeding clockwise): Urgell, Foix, Bearn, and Catalonia; the motto reads VIRTUS UNITA FORTIOR (Strength United is Stronger); the flag combines the blue and red French colors with the red and yellow of Spain to show Franco-Spanish protection", + "note": "similar to the flags of Chad and Romania, which do not have a national coat of arms in the center, and the flag of Moldova, which does bear a national emblem" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"El Gran Carlemany\" (The Great Charlemagne)", + "lyrics_music": "Joan BENLLOCH i VIVO/Enric MARFANY BONS", + "note": "adopted 1921; the anthem provides a brief history of Andorra in a first person narrative" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Tourism, retail sales, and finance are the mainstays of Andorra's tiny, well-to-do economy, accounting for more than three-quarters of GDP. Andorra's duty-free status for some products and its summer and winter resorts attract millions of visitors annually, although the economic downturn in neighboring countries has curtailed tourism activity. The banking sector also contributes substantially to the economy. Andorra's comparative advantage as a tax haven eroded when the borders of neighboring France and Spain opened; its bank secrecy laws have been relaxed under pressure from the EU and OECD. Agricultural production is limited - only 2% of the land is arable - and most food has to be imported, making the economy vulnerable to changes in fuel and food prices. The principal livestock activity is sheep raising. Manufacturing output and exports consist mainly of perfumes and cosmetic products, products of the printing industry, electrical machinery and equipment, clothing, tobacco products, and furniture. Andorra is a member of the EU Customs Union and is treated as an EU member for trade in manufactured goods (no tariffs) and as a non-EU member for agricultural products. Andorra uses the euro and is effectively subject to the monetary policy of the European Central Bank. Slower growth in Spain and France has dimmed Andorra's economic prospects. Since 2010, a drop in tourism contributed to a contraction in GDP and a sharp deterioration of public finances, prompting the government to begin implementing several austerity measures to reduce the budget deficit, including levying a special corporate tax. To bring in new revenue and diversify future sources of economic growth, the government approved in July 2012 a new foreign investment law opening investment to foreign capital." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$3.163 billion (2012 est.); $3.214 billion (2011 est.); $3.227 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$4.8 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "-1.6% (2012 est.); -0.4% (2011 est.); -1.9% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$37,200 (2011 est.); $37,700 (2010 est.); $37,900 (2009 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "14%", + "industry": "79%", + "services": "6% (2011 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "small quantities of rye, wheat, barley, oats, vegetables; sheep" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "tourism (particularly skiing), banking, tobacco, cattle raising, timber, furniture" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "NA%" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "36,060 (2012)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "0.4%", + "industry": "4.7%", + "services": "94.9% (2010)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "2.9% (2012 est.); 1.9% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "NA% (2008)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "NA%", + "highest_10%": "NA%" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$403 million", + "expenditures": "$470 million (2011)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "8.4% of GDP (2011)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-1.4% of GDP (2011)" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "1.1% (2012 est.); -2.5% (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$70 million (2012 est.); $72 million (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "tobacco products, furniture" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$1.43 billion (2012 est.); $1.501 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "consumer goods, food, electricity" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$NA" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -; 0.7778 (2012 est.); 0.7185 (2011 est.); 0.755 (2010 est.); 0.7198 (2009 est.); 0.6827 (2008 est.)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "91.24 million kWh (2011)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "562.4 million kWh (2012)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "1 million kWh (2011)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "587 million kWh (2011)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "38,400 (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "65,000 (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "modern automatic telephone system", + "domestic": "modern system with microwave radio relay connections between exchanges", + "international": "country code - 376; landline circuits to France and Spain (2012)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "1 public TV station and 2 public radio stations; about 10 commercial radio stations; good reception of radio and TV broadcasts from stations in France and Spain; upgraded to terrestrial digital TV broadcasting in 2007; roughly 25 international TV channels available (2012)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".ad" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "28,383 (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "67,100 (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "roadways": { + "total": "320 km (2008)" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "no regular military forces, Police Service of Andorra (2011)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "22,390 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "17,977", + "females_age_16_49": "17,069 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "397", + "female": "347 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_note": { + "text": "defense is the responsibility of France and Spain" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "none" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/al-albania.json b/europe/al-albania.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9919201c --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/al-albania.json @@ -0,0 +1,622 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Albania declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1912, but was conquered by Italy in 1939. Communist partisans took over the country in 1944. Albania allied itself first with the USSR (until 1960), and then with China (to 1978). In the early 1990s, Albania ended 46 years of xenophobic communist rule and established a multiparty democracy. The transition has proven challenging as successive governments have tried to deal with high unemployment, widespread corruption, dilapidated infrastructure, powerful organized crime networks, and combative political opponents. Albania has made progress in its democratic development since first holding multiparty elections in 1991, but deficiencies remain. International observers judged elections to be largely free and fair since the restoration of political stability following the collapse of pyramid schemes in 1997; however, each of Albania's post-communist elections have been marred by claims of electoral fraud. The 2009 general elections resulted in a coalition government, the first such in the country's history. Albania joined NATO in April 2009 and is a potential candidate for EU accession. Although Albania's economy continues to grow, the country is still one of the poorest in Europe, hampered by a large informal economy and an inadequate energy and transportation infrastructure." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Ionian Sea, between Greece in the south and Montenegro and Kosovo to the north" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "41 00 N, 20 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "28,748 sq km", + "land": "27,398 sq km", + "water": "1,350 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly smaller than Maryland" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "717 km", + "border_countries": "Greece 282 km, Macedonia 151 km, Montenegro 172 km, Kosovo 112 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "362 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "continental_shelf": "200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coast" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Adriatic Sea 0 m", + "highest_point": "Maja e Korabit (Golem Korab) 2,764 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "petroleum, natural gas, coal, bauxite, chromite, copper, iron ore, nickel, salt, timber, hydropower" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "21.63%", + "permanent_crops": "2.57%", + "other": "75.79% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "1,884 sq km (2006)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "41.7 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "1.31 cu km/yr (43%/18%/39%)", + "per_capita": "413.6 cu m/yr (2006)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "destructive earthquakes; tsunamis occur along southwestern coast; floods; drought" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution from industrial and domestic effluents" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "strategic location along Strait of Otranto (links Adriatic Sea to Ionian Sea and Mediterranean Sea)" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Albanian(s)", + "adjective": "Albanian" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Albanian 95%, Greek 3%, other 2% (Vlach, Roma (Gypsy), Serb, Macedonian, Bulgarian) (1989 est.)", + "note": "in 1989, other estimates of the Greek population ranged from 1% (official Albanian statistics) to 12% (from a Greek organization)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Albanian (official - derived from Tosk dialect), Greek, Vlach, Romani, Slavic dialects" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Muslim 70%, Albanian Orthodox 20%, Roman Catholic 10%", + "note": "percentages are estimates; there are no available current statistics on religious affiliation; all mosques and churches were closed in 1967 and religious observances prohibited; in November 1990, Albania began allowing private religious practice" + }, + "population": { + "text": "3,011,405 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "19.9% (male 316,240/female 282,958)", + "15_24_years": "19.6% (male 300,977/female 287,976)", + "25_54_years": "39.7% (male 568,330/female 626,949)", + "55_64_years": "10% (male 150,665/female 151,068)", + "65_years_and_over": "10.8% (male 153,818/female 172,424) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "45.7 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "30.1 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "15.6 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "6.4 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "31.2 years", + "male": "29.9 years", + "female": "32.4 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.29% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "12.57 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "6.36 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "-3.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "52% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "2.3% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "TIRANA (capital) 419,000 (2011)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.11 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.12 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "0.91 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "1.01 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.89 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.98 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "23.9", + "note": "Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2009 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "27 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "13.65 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "15.18 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "11.94 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "77.77 years", + "male": "75.16 years", + "female": "80.67 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.49 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "69.3% (2008/09)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "6.6% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "1.15 physicians/1,000 population (2007)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "2.8 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 96% of population; rural: 94% of population; total: 95% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 4% of population; rural: 6% of population; total: 5% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 95% of population; rural: 93% of population; total: 94% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 5% of population; rural: 7% of population; total: 6% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "21.3% (2008)" + }, + "children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": { + "text": "6.3% (2009)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 9 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "96.8%", + "male": "98%", + "female": "95.7% (2011 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "11 years", + "male": "11 years", + "female": "11 years (2003)" + }, + "child_labor_children_ages_5_14": { + "total_number": "72,818", + "percentage": "12 % (2005 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "27.2%", + "male": "26.2%", + "female": "28.3% (2009)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Albania", + "conventional_short_form": "Albania", + "local_long_form": "Republika e Shqiperise", + "local_short_form": "Shqiperia", + "former": "People's Socialist Republic of Albania" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "parliamentary democracy" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Tirana (Tirane)", + "geographic_coordinates": "41 19 N, 19 49 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "12 counties (qarqe, singular - qark); Berat, Diber, Durres, Elbasan, Fier, Gjirokaster, Korce, Kukes, Lezhe, Shkoder, Tirane, Vlore" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "28 November 1912 (from the Ottoman Empire)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Independence Day, 28 November (1912) also known as Flag Day" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "approved by parliament 21 October 1998; adopted by popular referendum 22 November 1998; promulgated 28 November 1998" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system except in the northern rural areas where customary law known as the \"Code of Leke\" prevails" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President of the Republic Bujar NISHANI (since 24 July 2012)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Edi Rama (since 10 September 2013)", + "cabinet": "Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, nominated by the president, and approved by parliament", + "elections": "president is elected by the Assembly for a five-year term and is eligible for a second term (a candidate needs a three-fifths majority of the Assembly's 140 votes (84 votes) in one of the first three rounds of voting or a simple majority in round four or five to become president; up to five rounds of voting are held, if necessary); four election rounds held between 30 May and 11 June 2012 (next election to be held in 2017); prime minister appointed by the president on the proposal of the party or coalition of parties that has the majority of seats in the Assembly", + "election_results": "Bujar NISHANI elected president on fourth round of voting; Assembly vote (for first three rounds three-fifths majority, 84 votes, required; fourth round, a simple majority of votes is required): Bujar NISHANI 73 votes; note - NISHANI took office 24 July 2012" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral Assembly or Kuvendi (140 deputies; 100 deputies elected directly in single member electoral zones with an approximate number of voters; 40 deputies elected from multi-name lists of parties or party coalitions according to their respective order; elected for a four-year term)", + "elections": "last held on 23 June 2013 (next to be held in 2017)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party- PS 41.12%, PD 30.41%, LSI 10.44%, PR 3.04%, PDIU 2.59%, other 12.4%; seats by party- PS 66, PD 49, LSI 16, PDIU 4, PR 3, other 2" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges, including a chairman); Court of Cassation (consists of 14 judges, including the chief justice)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president with the consent of the Assembly to serve single 9-year terms; chairman elected by the People's Assembly for single 3-year term; Court of Cassation judges, including the chairman, appointed by the president with the consent of the Assembly to serve single, 9-year terms)", + "subordinate_courts": "Courts of Appeal; Courts of First Instance" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "alliance_for_employment_prosperity_and_integration_or_apmi_coalition_of_25_centrist_and_center_right_parties_[sali_berisha]": "Democratic Party or PD [Sali BERISHA]; New Democracy Party or PDR [Genc POLLO]; Party for Justice, Integration and Unity or PDIU [Shpetim IDRIZI]; Republican Party or PR [Fatmir MEDIU]; ", + "alliance_for_a_european_albania_or_ashe_coalition_of_37_opposition_parties_from_far_left_to_right_wing_[edi_rama]": "Social Democracy Party or PDS [Paskel MILO]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Skender GJINUSHI]; Socialist Movement for Integration or LSI [Ilir META]; Socialist Party or PS [Edi RAMA]; Unity for Human Rights Party or PBDNJ [Vangjel DULE]; ", + "other_parties": "New Democratic Spirit or FRD [Bamir TOPI]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "Red and Black Alliance [Kreshnik SPAHIU]; Front for Albanian National Unification or FBKSH [Gafur ADILI]; Mjaft Movement [Elton KACIDHJA]; Omonia [Vasil BOLLANO]; Union of Independent Trade Unions of Albania or BSPSH [Gezim KALAJA]" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EITI (candidate country), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Gilbert GALANXHI", + "chancery": "1312 18th Street NW, 4th Floor, Washington, DC 20036", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 223-4942", + "fax": "[1] (202) 628-7342", + "consulates_general": "New York" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Alexander ARVIZU", + "embassy": "Rruga e Elbasanit, Labinoti #103, Tirana", + "mailing_address": "US Department of State, 9510 Tirana Place, Dulles, VA 20189-9510", + "telephone": "[355] (4) 2247285", + "fax": "[355] (4) 2232222" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "red with a black two-headed eagle in the center; the design is claimed to be that of 15th-century hero George Castriota SKANDERBEG, who led a successful uprising against the Turks that resulted in a short-lived independence for some Albanian regions (1443-78); an unsubstantiated explanation for the eagle symbol is the tradition that Albanians see themselves as descendants of the eagle; they refer to themselves as \"Shkypetars,\" which translates as \"sons of the eagle\"" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "double-headed eagle" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Hymni i Flamurit\" (Hymn to the Flag)", + "lyrics_music": "Aleksander Stavre DRENOVA/Ciprian PORUMBESCU", + "note": "adopted 1912" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Albania, a formerly closed, centrally-planned state, is making the difficult transition to a more modern open-market economy. Macroeconomic growth averaged around 6% between 2004-08, but declined to about 3% in 2009-11, and 0.5% in 2012. Inflation is low and stable. The government has taken measures to curb violent crime, and recently adopted a fiscal reform package aimed at reducing the large gray economy and attracting foreign investment. Remittances, a significant catalyst for economic growth declined from 12-15% of GDP before the 2008 financial crisis to 8% of GDP in 2010, mostly from Albanians residing in Greece and Italy. The agricultural sector, which accounts for almost half of employment but only about one-fifth of GDP, is limited primarily to small family operations and subsistence farming because of lack of modern equipment, unclear property rights, and the prevalence of small, inefficient plots of land. Energy shortages because of a reliance on hydropower - 98% of the electrical power produced in Albania - and antiquated and inadequate infrastructure contribute to Albania's poor business environment and lack of success in attracting new foreign investment needed to expand the country's export base. FDI is among the lowest in the region, but the government has embarked on an ambitious program to improve the business climate through fiscal and legislative reforms. The completion of a new thermal power plant near Vlore has helped diversify generation capacity, and plans to upgrade transmission lines between Albania and Montenegro and Kosovo would help relieve the energy shortages. Also, with help from EU funds, the government is taking steps to improve the poor national road and rail network, a long-standing barrier to sustained economic growth. The country will continue to face challenges from increasing public debt, having slightly exceeded its former statutory limit of 60% of GDP in 2012. Strong trade, remittance, and banking sector ties with Greece and Italy make Albania vulnerable to spillover effects of the global financial crisis." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$26.54 billion (2012 est.); $26.2 billion (2011 est.); $25.44 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars Albania has an informal, and unreported, sector that may be as large as 50% of official GDP" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$12.69 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "1.3% (2012 est.); 3% (2011 est.); 3.5% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$8,200 (2012 est.); $8,100 (2011 est.); $7,900 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "15.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 13.1% of GDP (2011 est.); 14.5% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "88.1%", + "government_consumption": "7.5%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "26%", + "investment_in_inventories": "4.1%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "31.6%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-57.3% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "20%", + "industry": "18.7%", + "services": "61.3% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "wheat, corn, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, sugar beets, grapes; meat, dairy products; sheep" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "perfumes and cosmetic products, food and tobacco products; textiles and clothing; lumber, oil, cement, chemicals, mining, basic metals, hydropower" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "-1.2% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "1.088 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "47.8%", + "industry": "23%", + "services": "29.2% (September 2010 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "13.3% (2012 est.); 13.3% (2011 est.)", + "note": "these are official rates, but actual rates may exceed 30% due to preponderance of near-subsistence farming" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "12.5% (2008 est.)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "3.5%", + "highest_10%": "29% (2008)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "34.5 (2008); 26.7 (2005)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$3.054 billion", + "expenditures": "$3.477 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "24.1% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-3.3% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "59.3% of GDP (2012 est.); 58.2% of GDP (2011 est.)" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "2% (2012 est.); 3.5% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "5% (31 December 2010 est.); 5.25% (31 December 2009 est.)" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "10.88% (31 December 2012 est.); 12.43% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$2.657 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $2.575 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$9.951 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $9.426 billion (31 December 2010 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$8.591 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $8.408 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$NA" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$1.45 billion (2012 est.); -$1.695 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$921 million (2012 est.); $962.1 million (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "textiles and footwear; asphalt, metals and metallic ores, crude oil; vegetables, fruits, tobacco" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Italy 44.2%, Spain 9%, China 6.8%, Greece 4.9%, Turkey 4.7% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$4.234 billion (2012 est.); $4.461 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, textiles, chemicals" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Italy 34.9%, Greece 11.7%, China 7.5%, Turkey 5.6%, Germany 4.3% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$2.6 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $2.473 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$5.917 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $5.938 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "leke (ALL) per US dollar -; 108.19 (2012 est.); 100.9 (2011 est.); 103.94 (2010 est.); 94.98 (2009); 79.546 (2008)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "5.209 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "4.521 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "1.906 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "1.005 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "1.61 million kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "9.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "90.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "15,520 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "6,920 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "199.1 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "6,377 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "38,390 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "914.5 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "24,610 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "30 million cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "30 million cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "849.5 million cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "4.893 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "338,800 (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "3.1 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "despite new investment in fixed lines, teledensity remains low with roughly 10 fixed lines per 100 people; mobile-cellular telephone use is widespread and generally effective", + "domestic": "offsetting the shortage of fixed line capacity, mobile-cellular phone service has been available since 1996; by 2011 multiple companies were providing mobile services and mobile teledensity had reached 100 per 100 persons; Internet broadband services initiated in 2005 but growth has been slow; Internet cafes are popular in Tirana and have started to spread outside the capital", + "international": "country code - 355; submarine cable provides connectivity to Italy, Croatia, and Greece; the Trans-Balkan Line, a combination submarine cable and land fiber-optic system, provides additional connectivity to Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Turkey; international traffic carried by fiber-optic cable and, when necessary, by microwave radio relay from the Tirana exchange to Italy and Greece (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "3 public TV networks, one of which transmits by satellite to Albanian-language communities in neighboring countries; more than 60 private TV stations; many viewers can pick up Italian and Greek TV broadcasts via terrestrial reception; cable TV service is available; 2 public radio networks and roughly 25 private radio stations; several international broadcasters are available (2010)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".al" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "15,528 (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "1.3 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "4 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "4", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "3", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "1 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "1", + "914_to_1_523_m": "1 (2012)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "1 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 331 km; oil 249 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "339 km", + "standard_gauge": "339 km 1.435-m gauge (2009)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "18,000 km", + "paved": "7,020 km", + "unpaved": "10,980 km (2002)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "41 km (on the Bojana River) (2011)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "17", + "by_type": "cargo 16, roll on/roll off 1", + "foreign_owned": "1 (Turkey 1)", + "registered_in_other_countries": "5 (Antigua and Barbuda 1, Panama 4) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "major_seaports": "Durres, Sarande, Shengjin, Vlore" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Land Forces Command, Navy Force Command, Air Forces Command (2013)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "19 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; 18 is the legal minimum age in case of general/partial compulsory mobilization (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "731,111", + "females_age_16_49": "780,216 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "622,379", + "females_age_16_49": "660,715 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "31,986", + "female": "29,533 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "1.49% of GDP (2005 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "none" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "stateless_persons": "7,443 (2012)" + }, + "trafficking_in_persons": { + "current_situation": "Albania is a source country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; Albanian victims of sexual exploitation are trafficked within Albania and in Greece, Italy, Macedonia, Kosovo, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Ireland, and the UK; some Albanian women become sex trafficking victims after accepting offers of legitimate jobs; Albanian children are forced to beg or perform other forms of forced labor; Filipino victims of labor trafficking were identified in Albania during 2012", + "tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List - Albania does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government decreased its trafficking investigations, prosecutions, and convictions over the last year and, because of inconsistent implementation of operating procedures, continues to punish victims for unlawful acts that are a direct result of being subjected to sex trafficking; the high turnover rate of law enforcement personnel prevents progress at the local level in identifying and protecting trafficking victims; removal of the national anti-trafficking coordinator hinders efforts to implement the 2011 national action plan against trafficking; the government provides limited funding to NGO shelters (2013)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "increasingly active transshipment point for Southwest Asian opiates, hashish, and cannabis transiting the Balkan route and - to a lesser extent - cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe; limited opium and expanding cannabis production; ethnic Albanian narcotrafficking organizations active and expanding in Europe; vulnerable to money laundering associated with regional trafficking in narcotics, arms, contraband, and illegal aliens" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/am-armenia.json b/europe/am-armenia.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8e8a1517 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/am-armenia.json @@ -0,0 +1,602 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Armenia prides itself on being the first nation to formally adopt Christianity (early 4th century). Despite periods of autonomy, over the centuries Armenia came under the sway of various empires including the Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Persian, and Ottoman. During World War I in the western portion of Armenia, Ottoman Turkey instituted a policy of forced resettlement coupled with other harsh practices that resulted in at least 1 million Armenian deaths. The eastern area of Armenia was ceded by the Ottomans to Russia in 1828; this portion declared its independence in 1918, but was conquered by the Soviet Red Army in 1920. Armenian leaders remain preoccupied by the long conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh, a primarily Armenian-populated region, assigned to Soviet Azerbaijan in the 1920s by Moscow. Armenia and Azerbaijan began fighting over the area in 1988; the struggle escalated after both countries attained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. By May 1994, when a cease-fire took hold, ethnic Armenian forces held not only Nagorno-Karabakh but also a significant portion of Azerbaijan proper. The economies of both sides have been hurt by their inability to make substantial progress toward a peaceful resolution. Turkey closed the common border with Armenia in 1993 in support of Azerbaijan in its conflict with Armenia over control of Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding areas, further hampering Armenian economic growth. In 2009, senior Armenian leaders began pursuing rapprochement with Turkey, aiming to secure an opening of the border, but Turkey has not yet ratified the Protocols normalizing relations between the two countries." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Southwestern Asia, between Turkey (to the west) and Azerbaijan" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "40 00 N, 45 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Middle East" + }, + "area": { + "total": "29,743 sq km", + "land": "28,203 sq km", + "water": "1,540 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly smaller than Maryland" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "1,254 km", + "border_countries": "Azerbaijan-proper 566 km, Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave 221 km, Georgia 164 km, Iran 35 km, Turkey 268 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "0 km (landlocked)" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "text": "none (landlocked)" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "highland continental, hot summers, cold winters" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "Armenian Highland with mountains; little forest land; fast flowing rivers; good soil in Aras River valley" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Debed River 400 m", + "highest_point": "Aragats Lerrnagagat' 4,090 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, bauxite" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "14.47%", + "permanent_crops": "1.8%", + "other": "83.74% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "2,735 sq km (2006)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "7.77 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "2.86 cu km/yr (40%/6%/54%)", + "per_capita": "929.7 cu m/yr (2010)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "occasionally severe earthquakes; droughts" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT; the energy crisis of the 1990s led to deforestation when citizens scavenged for firewood; pollution of Hrazdan (Razdan) and Aras Rivers; the draining of Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan), a result of its use as a source for hydropower, threatens drinking water supplies; restart of Metsamor nuclear power plant in spite of its location in a seismically active zone" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "landlocked in the Lesser Caucasus Mountains; Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan) is the largest lake in this mountain range" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Armenian(s)", + "adjective": "Armenian" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Armenian 97.9%, Yezidi (Kurd) 1.3%, Russian 0.5%, other 0.3% (2001 census)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Armenian (official) 97.7%, Yezidi 1%, Russian 0.9%, other 0.4% (2001 census)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Armenian Apostolic 94.7%, other Christian 4%, Yezidi (monotheist with elements of nature worship) 1.3%" + }, + "population": { + "text": "2,974,184 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "17.3% (male 274,473/female 239,275)", + "15_24_years": "17.7% (male 270,206/female 255,325)", + "25_54_years": "46% (male 643,563/female 725,985)", + "55_64_years": "9.2% (male 106,531/female 167,486)", + "65_years_and_over": "9.8% (male 106,552/female 184,788) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "44.1 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "29.2 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "14.9 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "6.7 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "32.9 years", + "male": "30.3 years", + "female": "35.7 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.14% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "12.86 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "8.51 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "-2.93 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "64.1% of total population (2011)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0.34% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "YEREVAN (capital) 1.116 million (2011)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.11 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.15 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "0.88 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.62 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.59 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.89 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "24.1", + "note": "Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2010 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "30 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "17.59 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "21.9 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "12.83 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "73.75 years", + "male": "70.1 years", + "female": "77.8 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.39 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "54.9% (2010)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "4.4% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "3.7 physicians/1,000 population (2007)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "3.7 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 99% of population; rural: 97% of population; total: 98% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 1% of population; rural: 3% of population; total: 2% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 95% of population; rural: 80% of population; total: 90% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 5% of population; rural: 20% of population; total: 10% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.1% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "1,900 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 100 (2009 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "24% (2008)" + }, + "children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": { + "text": "5.3% (2010)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "3.2% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "99.6%", + "male": "99.7%", + "female": "99.5% (2011 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "12 years", + "male": "12 years", + "female": "13 years (2010)" + }, + "child_labor_children_ages_5_14": { + "total_number": "19,596", + "percentage": "4 %", + "note": "data represents children ages 7-17 (2007 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "45.5%", + "male": "37.4%", + "female": "54.7% (2008)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Armenia", + "conventional_short_form": "Armenia", + "local_long_form": "Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun", + "local_short_form": "Hayastan", + "former": "Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, Armenian Republic" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "republic" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Yerevan", + "geographic_coordinates": "40 10 N, 44 30 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "11 provinces (marzer, singular - marz); Aragatsotn, Ararat, Armavir, Geghark'unik', Kotayk', Lorri, Shirak, Syunik', Tavush, Vayots' Dzor, Yerevan" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "21 September 1991 (from the Soviet Union)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Independence Day, 21 September (1991)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "adopted by nationwide referendum 5 July 1995; amendments adopted through a nationwide referendum 27 November 2005" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Serzh SARGSIAN (since 9 April 2008)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Tigran SARGSIAN (since 9 April 2008)", + "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister", + "elections": "president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 18 February 2013 (next to be held February 2018); prime minister appointed by the president based on majority or plurality support in parliament; the prime minister and Council of Ministers must resign if the National Assembly refuses to accept their program", + "election_results": "Serzh SARGSIAN reelected president; percent of vote - Serzh SARGSIAN 58.6%, Raffi HOVHANNISIAN 36.7%, Hrant BAGRATIAN 2.2%, other 2.5%" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral National Assembly (Parliament) or Azgayin Zhoghov (131 seats; members elected by popular vote, 90 members elected by party list and 41 by direct vote; to serve five-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 6 May 2012 (next to be held in the spring of 2017)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - RPA 44%, Prosperous Armenia 30.1%, ANC 7.1%, Heritage Party 5.8%, ARF (Dashnak) 5.7%, Rule of Law 5.5%, other 1.8%; seats by party - RPA 69, Prosperous Armenia 37, ANC 7, Heritage Party 5, ARF (Dashnak) 5, Rule of Law 6, independent 2" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Court of Cassation (consists of the court chairman and organized into a criminal chamber and a civil and administrative chamber, each with a court chairman and 2 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Court of Cassation judges nominated by the Judicial Council, a 9-member body of selected judges and legal scholars; judges appointed by the president; Constitutional Court judges - 4 appointed by the president, and 5 elected by National Assembly; judges of both courts can serve until retirement at age 65", + "subordinate_courts": "2 Courts of Appeal (for civil cases and for criminal and military cases); district courts; Administrative Court" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Armenian National Congress or ANC (bloc of independent and opposition parties) [Levon TER-PETROSSIAN]; Armenian National Movement or ANM [Ararat ZURABIAN]; Armenian Revolutionary Federation (\"Dashnak\" Party) or ARF [Hrant MARKARIAN]; Heritage Party [Raffi HOVHANNISIAN]; People's Party of Armenia [Stepan DEMIRCHIAN]; Prosperous Armenia [Gagik TSARUKIAN]; Republican Party of Armenia or RPA [Serzh SARGSIAN]; Rule of Law Party (Orinats Yerkir) [Artur BAGHDASARIAN]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "Aylentrank (Impeachment Alliance) [Nikol PASHINIAN]; Yerkrapah Union [Manvel GRIGORIAN]" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "ADB, BSEC, CD, CE, CIS, CSTO, EAEC (observer), EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Tatoul MARKARIAN", + "chancery": "2225 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 319-1976", + "fax": "[1] (202) 319-2982", + "consulates_general": "Glendale (CA), Los Angeles" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador John HEFFERN", + "embassy": "1 American Ave., Yerevan 0082", + "mailing_address": "American Embassy Yerevan, US Department of State, 7020 Yerevan Place, Washington, DC 20521-7020", + "telephone": "[374](10) 464-700", + "fax": "[374](10) 464-742" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and orange; the color red recalls the blood shed for liberty, blue the Armenian skies as well as hope, and orange the land and the courage of the workers who farm it" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "Mount Ararat; eagle; lion" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Mer Hayrenik\"\"(Our Fatherland)", + "lyrics_music": "Mikael NALBANDIAN/Barsegh KANACHYAN", + "note": "adopted 1991; based on the anthem of the Democratic Republic of Armenia (1918-1922) but with different lyrics" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "After several years of double-digit economic growth, Armenia faced a severe economic recession with GDP declining more than 14% in 2009, despite large loans from multilateral institutions. Sharp declines in the construction sector and workers' remittances, particularly from Russia, led the downturn. The economy began to recover in 2010 with 2.1% growth, and picked up to 4.6% growth in 2011, before slowing to 3.8% in 2012. Under the old Soviet central planning system, Armenia developed a modern industrial sector, supplying machine tools, textiles, and other manufactured goods to sister republics, in exchange for raw materials and energy. Armenia has since switched to small-scale agriculture and away from the large agroindustrial complexes of the Soviet era. Since August 2011, Armenia experienced a sharp 15 percent currency depreciation and an increase in the unemployment rate. Armenia's geographic isolation, a narrow export base, and pervasive monopolies in important business sectors have made it particularly vulnerable to the sharp deterioration in the global economy and the economic downturn in Russia. Armenia has only two open trade borders - Iran and Georgia - because its borders with Azerbaijan and Turkey have been closed since 1991 and 1993, respectively, as a result of Armenia's ongoing conflict with Azerbaijan over the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh region. Armenia is particularly dependent on Russian commercial and governmental support and most key Armenian infrastructure is Russian-owned and/or managed, especially in the energy sector. The electricity distribution system was privatized in 2002 and bought by Russia's RAO-UES in 2005. Natural gas is primarily imported from Russia but construction of a pipeline to deliver natural gas from Iran to Armenia was completed in December 2008, and gas deliveries expanded after the April 2010 completion of the Yerevan Thermal Power Plant. Armenia's severe trade imbalance has been offset somewhat by international aid, remittances from Armenians working abroad, and foreign direct investment. Armenia joined the WTO in January 2003. The government made some improvements in tax and customs administration in recent years, but anti-corruption measures have been ineffective and the economic downturn has led to a sharp drop in tax revenue and forced the government to accept large loan packages from Russia, the IMF, and other international financial institutions. Amendments to tax legislation, including the introduction of the first ever \"luxury tax\" in 2011, aim to increase the ratio of budget revenues to GDP, which still remains at low levels. Armenia will need to pursue additional economic reforms and to strengthen the rule of law in order to regain economic growth and improve economic competitiveness and employment opportunities, especially given its economic isolation from two of its nearest neighbors, Turkey and Azerbaijan." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$19.97 billion (2012 est.); $18.63 billion (2011 est.); $17.8 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$10.07 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "7.2% (2012 est.); 4.7% (2011 est.); 2.2% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$5,900 (2012 est.); $5,600 (2011 est.); $5,400 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "20.7% of GDP (2012 est.); 18.9% of GDP (2011 est.); 16.7% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "88.6%", + "government_consumption": "10.7%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "30.6%", + "investment_in_inventories": "0.9%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "21.8%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-53.3% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "21.1%", + "industry": "37.7%", + "services": "41.2% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "fruit (especially grapes), vegetables; livestock" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "diamond-processing, metal-cutting machine tools, forging-pressing machines, electric motors, tires, knitted wear, hosiery, shoes, silk fabric, chemicals, trucks, instruments, microelectronics, jewelry manufacturing, software development, food processing, brandy, mining" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "8.8% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "1.194 million (2011 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "44.2%", + "industry": "16.8%", + "services": "39% (2008 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "7% (2012 est.); 5.9% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "35.8% (2010 est.)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "3.7%", + "highest_10%": "25.4% (2008)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "30.9 (2008); 44.4 (1996)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$2.338 billion", + "expenditures": "$2.492 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "23.2% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-1.5% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "41.8% of GDP (2012 est.); 43.6% of GDP (2011 est.)" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "2.6% (2012 est.); 7.7% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "8% (11 January 2012); 7.25% (2 December 2008)", + "note": "this is the Refinancing Rate, the key monetary policy instrument of the Armenian National Bank" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "17.23% (31 December 2012 est.); 17.76% (31 December 2011 est.)", + "note": "average lending rate on loans up to one year" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$1.352 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.332 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$3.555 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $4.261 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$4.355 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $3.548 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$43.52 million (31 December 2011); $27.99 million (31 December 2010); $140.5 million (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$1.163 billion (2012 est.); -$1.12 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$1.523 billion (2012 est.); $1.456 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "pig iron, unwrought copper, nonferrous metals, diamonds, mineral products, foodstuffs, energy" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Russia 19.9%, Germany 11%, Belgium 9.4%, Bulgaria 8.8%, Iran 7.1%, Canada 6.2%, US 6.1%, Georgia 5.9%, Netherlands 5.2%, Switzerland 5% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$3.603 billion (2012 est.); $3.561 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "natural gas, petroleum, tobacco products, foodstuffs, diamonds" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Russia 24.6%, China 9%, Germany 6.2%, Iran 5.4%, Ukraine 5.4%, Turkey 4.7% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$1.799 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.932 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$7.292 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $7.383 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "drams (AMD) per US dollar -; 401.76 (2012 est.); 372.5 (2011 est.); 373.66 (2010 est.); 363.28 (2009); 303.93 (2008)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "7.432 billion kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "5.8 billion kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "1.36 billion kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "291 million kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "3.173 million kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "53.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "11.8% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "34.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "0.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "45,300 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "9,698 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "0 cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "2.077 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "2.077 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "11.56 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "577,500 (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "3.211 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "telecommunications investments have made major inroads in modernizing and upgrading the outdated telecommunications network inherited from the Soviet era; now 100% privately owned and undergoing modernization and expansion; mobile-cellular services monopoly terminated in late 2004 and a second provider began operations in mid-2005", + "domestic": "reliable modern fixed-line and mobile-cellular services are available across Yerevan in major cities and towns; significant but ever-shrinking gaps remain in mobile-cellular coverage in rural areas", + "international": "country code - 374; Yerevan is connected to the Trans-Asia-Europe fiber-optic cable through Iran; additional international service is available by microwave radio relay and landline connections to the other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, through the Moscow international switch, and by satellite to the rest of the world; satellite earth stations - 3 (2008)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "2 public TV networks operating alongside more than 40 privately owned TV stations that provide local to near nationwide coverage; major Russian broadcast stations are widely available; subscription cable TV services are available in most regions; Public Radio of Armenia is a national, state-run broadcast network that operates alongside about 20 privately owned radio stations; several major international broadcasters are available (2008)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".am" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "194,142 (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "208,200 (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "11 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "10", + "over_3_047_m": "2", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "2", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "4", + "914_to_1_523_m": "2 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "1", + "914_to_1_523_m": "1 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 2,233 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "869 km", + "broad_gauge": "869 km 1.520-m gauge (818 km electrified)", + "note": "some lines are out of service (2009)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "7,705 km (2012)" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Armenian Armed Forces: Ground Forces, Air Force and Air Defense; \"Nagorno-Karabakh Republic\": Nagorno-Karabakh Self-Defense Force (NKSDF) (2011)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "18-27 years of age for voluntary or compulsory military service; 2-year conscript service obligation; 17 year olds are eligible to become cadets at military higher education institutes, where they are classified as military personnel (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "805,847", + "females_age_16_49": "854,296 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "644,372", + "females_age_16_49": "717,272 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "23,470", + "female": "21,417 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "2.8% of GDP (2010)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "the dispute over the break-away Nagorno-Karabakh region and the Armenian military occupation of surrounding lands in Azerbaijan remains the primary focus of regional instability; residents have evacuated the former Soviet-era small ethnic enclaves in Armenia and Azerbaijan; Turkish authorities have complained that blasting from quarries in Armenia might be damaging the medieval ruins of Ani, on the other side of the Arpacay valley; in 2009, Swiss mediators facilitated an accord reestablishing diplomatic ties between Armenia and Turkey, but neither side has ratified the agreement and the rapprochement effort has faltered; local border forces struggle to control the illegal transit of goods and people across the porous, undemarcated Armenian, Azerbaijani, and Georgian borders; ethnic Armenian groups in the Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy from the Georgian Government" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "refugees_country_of_origin": "6,000 (Syria - ethnic Armenians) (2013)", + "idps": "8,400 (conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh) (2009)", + "stateless_persons": "35 (2012)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "illicit cultivation of small amount of cannabis for domestic consumption; minor transit point for illicit drugs - mostly opium and hashish - moving from Southwest Asia to Russia and to a lesser extent the rest of Europe" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/az-azerbaijan.json b/europe/az-azerbaijan.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a1aa7e4e --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/az-azerbaijan.json @@ -0,0 +1,626 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Azerbaijan - a nation with a majority-Turkic and majority-Shia Muslim population - was briefly independent (from 1918 to 1920) following the collapse of the Russian Empire; it was subsequently incorporated into the Soviet Union for seven decades. Azerbaijan has yet to resolve its conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh, a primarily Armenian-populated region that Moscow recognized in 1923 as an autonomous region within Soviet Azerbaijan after Armenia and Azerbaijan disputed the status of the territory. Armenia and Azerbaijan began fighting over the area in 1988; the struggle escalated after both countries attained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. By May 1994, when a cease-fire took hold, ethnic Armenian forces held not only Nagorno-Karabakh but also seven surrounding provinces in the territory of Azerbaijan. The OSCE Minsk Group, co-chaired by the United States, France, and Russia, is the framework established to mediate a peaceful resolution of the conflict. Corruption in the country is widespread, and the government, which eliminated presidential term limits in a 2009 referendum, has been accused of authoritarianism. Although the poverty rate has been reduced and infrastructure investment has increased substantially in recent years due to revenue from oil and gas production, reforms have not adequately addressed weaknesses in most government institutions, particularly in the education and health sectors. In January 2012, Azerbaijan assumed a nonpermanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2012-13 term." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Southwestern Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Russia, with a small European portion north of the Caucasus range" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "40 30 N, 47 30 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Middle East" + }, + "area": { + "total": "86,600 sq km", + "land": "82,629 sq km", + "water": "3,971 sq km", + "note": "includes the exclave of Naxcivan Autonomous Republic and the Nagorno-Karabakh region; the region's autonomy was abolished by Azerbaijani Supreme Soviet on 26 November 1991" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly smaller than Maine" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "2,013 km", + "border_countries": "Armenia (with Azerbaijan-proper) 566 km, Armenia (with Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave) 221 km, Georgia 322 km, Iran (with Azerbaijan-proper) 432 km, Iran (with Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave) 179 km, Russia 284 km, Turkey 9 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "0 km (landlocked); note - Azerbaijan borders the Caspian Sea (713 km)" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "text": "none (landlocked)" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "dry, semiarid steppe" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "large, flat Kur-Araz Ovaligi (Kura-Araks Lowland, much of it below sea level) with Great Caucasus Mountains to the north, Qarabag Yaylasi (Karabakh Upland) in west; Baku lies on Abseron Yasaqligi (Apsheron Peninsula) that juts into Caspian Sea" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Caspian Sea -28 m", + "highest_point": "Bazarduzu Dagi 4,485 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, nonferrous metals, bauxite" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "21.78%", + "permanent_crops": "2.62%", + "other": "75.6% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "14,250 sq km (2010)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "34.68 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "12.21 cu km/yr (4%/18%/78%)", + "per_capita": "1,384 cu m/yr (2010)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "droughts" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "local scientists consider the Abseron Yasaqligi (Apsheron Peninsula) (including Baku and Sumqayit) and the Caspian Sea to be the ecologically most devastated area in the world because of severe air, soil, and water pollution; soil pollution results from oil spills, from the use of DDT pesticide, and from toxic defoliants used in the production of cotton" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "both the main area of the country and the Naxcivan exclave are landlocked" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Azerbaijani(s)", + "adjective": "Azerbaijani" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Azeri 90.6%, Dagestani 2.2%, Russian 1.8%, Armenian 1.5%, other 3.9% (1999 census)", + "note": "almost all Armenians live in the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh region" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Azerbaijani (Azeri) (official) 90.3%, Lezgi 2.2%, Russian 1.8%, Armenian 1.5%, other 3.3%, unspecified 1% (1999 census)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Muslim 93.4%, Russian Orthodox 2.5%, Armenian Orthodox 2.3%, other 1.8% (1995 est.)", + "note": "religious affiliation is still nominal in Azerbaijan; percentages for actual practicing adherents are much lower" + }, + "population": { + "text": "9,590,159 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "22.6% (male 1,164,189/female 1,006,483)", + "15_24_years": "18.3% (male 905,277/female 849,642)", + "25_54_years": "44.9% (male 2,092,945/female 2,209,623)", + "55_64_years": "7.9% (male 350,068/female 410,765)", + "65_years_and_over": "6.3% (male 229,244/female 371,923) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "38.5 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "30.8 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "7.8 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "12.9 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "29.8 years", + "male": "28.2 years", + "female": "31.6 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "1.01% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "17.17 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "7.11 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "53.6% of total population (2011)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "1.64% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "BAKU (capital) 2.123 million (2011)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.13 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.16 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "0.94 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.85 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.62 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.98 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "24.4 (2010 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "43 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "27.69 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "28.46 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "26.82 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "71.61 years", + "male": "68.65 years", + "female": "74.97 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.92 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "51.1% (2006)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "5.9% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "3.79 physicians/1,000 population (2007)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "7.5 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 88% of population; rural: 71% of population; total: 80% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 12% of population; rural: 29% of population; total: 20% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 86% of population; rural: 78% of population; total: 82% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 14% of population; rural: 22% of population; total: 18% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.1% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "3,600 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 200 (2009 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "23.8% (2008)" + }, + "children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": { + "text": "8.4% (2006)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "2.8% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "99.8%", + "male": "99.9%", + "female": "99.7% (2010 census)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "12 years", + "male": "12 years", + "female": "12 years (2011)" + }, + "child_labor_children_ages_5_14": { + "total_number": "106,626", + "percentage": "7 % (2005 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "14.7%", + "male": "14.2%", + "female": "15.2% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Azerbaijan", + "conventional_short_form": "Azerbaijan", + "local_long_form": "Azarbaycan Respublikasi", + "local_short_form": "Azarbaycan", + "former": "Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "republic" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Baku (Baki, Baky)", + "geographic_coordinates": "40 23 N, 49 52 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "66 rayons (rayonlar; rayon - singular), 11 cities (saharlar; sahar - singular);", + "rayons": "Abseron, Agcabadi, Agdam, Agdas, Agstafa, Agsu, Astara, Babak, Balakan, Barda, Beylaqan, Bilasuvar, Cabrayil, Calilabad, Culfa, Daskasan, Fuzuli, Gadabay, Goranboy, Goycay, Goygol, Haciqabul, Imisli, Ismayilli, Kalbacar, Kangarli, Kurdamir, Lacin, Lankaran, Lerik, Masalli, Neftcala, Oguz, Ordubad, Qabala, Qax, Qazax, Qobustan, Quba, Qubadli, Qusar, Saatli, Sabirabad, Sabran, Sadarak, Sahbuz, Saki, Salyan, Samaxi, Samkir, Samux, Sarur, Siyazan, Susa, Tartar, Tovuz, Ucar, Xacmaz, Xizi, Xocali, Xocavand, Yardimli, Yevlax, Zangilan, Zaqatala, Zardab", + "cities": "Baku, Ganca, Lankaran, Mingacevir, Naftalan, Naxcivan (Nakhichevan), Saki, Sirvan, Sumqayit, Xankandi, Yevlax" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "30 August 1991 (declared from the Soviet Union); 18 October 1991 (adopted by the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Founding of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan, 28 May (1918)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "adopted 12 November 1995; modified by referendum 24 August 2002" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Ilham ALIYEV (since 31 October 2003)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Artur RASIZADE (since 4 November 2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Yaqub EYYUBOV (since June 2006)", + "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly", + "elections": "president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for unlimited terms); election last held on 15 October 2008 (next to be held in October 2013); prime minister and first deputy prime minister appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly", + "election_results": "Ilham ALIYEV reelected president; percent of vote - Ilham ALIYEV 89%, Igbal AGAZADE 2.9%, other 8.1%", + "note": "several political parties boycotted the election due to perceived unfair conditions; OSCE observers concluded that the election did not meet international standards" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral National Assembly or Milli Mejlis (125 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 7 November 2010 (next to be held in November 2015)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - YAP 45.8%, CSP 1.6%, Motherland 1.4%, independents 48.2%, other 3.1%; seats by party - YAP 71, CSP 3, Motherland 2, Democratic Reforms 1, Great Creation 1, Hope Party 1, Social Welfare 1, Civil Unity 1, Whole Azerbaijan Popular Front 1, Justice 1, independents 42" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of the chairman, deputy chairman, and at least 24 judges in plenum sessions); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges nominated by the president and appointed by the Milli Majlis; judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court chairman and deputy chairman appointed by the president; other court judges nominated by the president and appointed by the Milli Majlis to serve single 15-year terms", + "subordinate_courts": "Courts of Appeal (replaced the Economic Court in 2002); district and municipal courts;" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Azerbaijan Democratic Party or ADP [Sardar JALALOGLU]; Civil Solidarity Party or CSP [Sabir RUSTAMKHANLI]; Civil Unity Party [Sabir HACIYEV]; Classic People's Front of Azerbaijan [Mirmahmud MIRALI-OGLU]; Democratic Reforms Party or PDR [Asim MOLLAZADE]; Great Creation Party [Fazil Gazanfaroglu MUSTAFAYEV]; Hope (Umid) Party [Iqbal AGAZADE]; Justice Party [Ilyas ISMAYILOV]; Liberal Party of Azerbaijan [Lala Shovkat HACIYEVA, Avaz TEMIRKHAN]; Motherland Party [Fazail AGAMALI]; Musavat (Equality) [Isa GAMBAR, chairman]; Open Society Party [Sulhaddin AKBAR, Rasul GULIYEV (in exile in the US)]; Social Democratic Party of Azerbaijan or SDP [Araz ALIZADE and Ayaz MUTALIBOV (in exile)]; Social Welfare Party [Hussein KAZIMLI]; United Popular Azerbaijan Front Party or AXCP [Ali KARIMLI]; Whole Azerbaijan Popular Front Party [Gudrat HASANGULIYEV]; Yeni (New) Azerbaijan Party or YAP [President Ilham ALIYEV]", + "note": "opposition parties regularly factionalize and form new parties" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "Azerbaijan Public Forum [Eldar NAMAZOV]; Karabakh Liberation Organization; Forum of Intelligentsia [Rustam IBRAHIMBEYOV]; Public Chamber; Republican Alternative (REAL) [Ilgar MAMMADOV]; NIDA Youth Movement [Turgut GAMBAR, Zaur GURBANLI]; Positive Change Youth Movement [Bakhtiyar HAJIYEV]; Ireli Youth Movement [Rauf MERDIYEV]; Ol! Youth Movement [Vugar SALAMLI]" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "ADB, BSEC, CD, CE, CICA, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EITI (compliant country), FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SELEC (observer), UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Elin SULEYMANOV", + "chancery": "2741 34th Street NW, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 337-3500", + "fax": "[1] (202) 337-5911", + "consulates_general": "Los Angeles" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Richard L. MORNINGSTAR", + "embassy": "83 Azadlig Prospecti, Baku AZ1007", + "mailing_address": "American Embassy Baku, US Department of State, 7050 Baku Place, Washington, DC 20521-7050", + "telephone": "[994] (12) 4980-335 through 337", + "fax": "[994] (12) 4656-671" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), red, and green; a crescent and eight-pointed star in white are centered in the red band; the blue band recalls Azerbaijan's Turkic heritage, red stands for modernization and progress, and green refers to Islam; the crescent moon is an Islamic symbol, while the eight-pointed star represents the eight Turkic peoples of the world" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "flames of fire" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Azerbaijan Marsi\" (March of Azerbaijan)", + "lyrics_music": "Ahmed JAVAD/Uzeyir HAJIBEYOV", + "note": "adopted 1992; although originally written in 1919 during a brief period of independence, \"Azerbaijan Marsi\" did not become the official anthem until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Azerbaijan's high economic growth during 2006-10 was attributable to large and growing oil and gas exports, but some non-export sectors also featured double-digit growth, including construction, banking, and real estate. In 2012, economic growth picked up to 3.8%. Continued production declines in the oil sector were offset by strong growth in the non-oil sector. However, the non-oil sector growth may be driven primarily by government investment, which may not be sustainable if oil production continues to decline. Oil exports through the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline, the Baku-Novorossiysk, and the Baku-Supsa pipelines remain the main economic driver, but efforts to boost Azerbaijan's gas production are underway. The eventual completion of the geopolitically important Southern Gas Corridor between Azerbaijan and Europe will open up another, albeit, smaller source of revenue from gas exports. Azerbaijan has made only limited progress on instituting market-based economic reforms. Pervasive public and private sector corruption and structural economic inefficiencies remain a drag on long-term growth, particularly in non-energy sectors. Several other obstacles impede Azerbaijan's economic progress, including the need for stepped up foreign investment in the non-energy sector and the continuing conflict with Armenia over the Nagorno-Karabakh region. Trade with Russia and the other former Soviet republics is declining in importance, while trade is building with Turkey and the nations of Europe. Long-term prospects depend on world oil prices, Azerbaijan's ability to negotiate export routes for its growing gas production, and its ability to use its energy wealth to promote growth and spur employment in non-energy sectors of the economy." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$98.36 billion (2012 est.); $96.28 billion (2011 est.); $96.19 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$68.8 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "2.2% (2012 est.); 0.1% (2011 est.); 5% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$10,700 (2012 est.); $10,600 (2011 est.); $10,700 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "41.5% of GDP (2012 est.); 45.1% of GDP (2011 est.); 46.5% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "39.6%", + "government_consumption": "10.3%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "22.5%", + "investment_in_inventories": "0.1%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "50.9%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-23.5% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "6%", + "industry": "63.8%", + "services": "30.2% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "cotton, grain, rice, grapes, fruit, vegetables, tea, tobacco; cattle, pigs, sheep, goats" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "petroleum and natural gas, petroleum products, oilfield equipment; steel, iron ore; cement; chemicals and petrochemicals; textiles" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "-2.3% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "6.206 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "38.3%", + "industry": "12.1%", + "services": "49.6% (2008)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "1% (2012 est.); 6% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "11% (2009 est.)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "3.4%", + "highest_10%": "27.4% (2008)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "33.7 (2008); 36.5 (2001)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$22 billion", + "expenditures": "$21.77 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "32% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "0.3% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "5.9% of GDP (2012 est.); 7.5% of GDP (2011 est.)" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "1.8% (2012 est.); 8.1% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "5% (31 December 2012 est.); 5.25% (31 December 2011 est.)", + "note": "this is the Refinancing Rate, the key policy rate for the National Bank of Azerbaijan" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "18.5% (31 December 2012 est.); 19% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$14.15 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $11.22 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$17.68 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $13.19 billion (31 December 2010 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$17.01 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $12.72 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$NA" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "$12.3 billion (2012 est.); $17.15 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$30.96 billion (2012 est.); $34.49 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "oil and gas 90%, machinery, cotton, foodstuffs" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Italy 25.9%, France 7.7%, India 6.7%, Indonesia 6.6%, Germany 5.6%, Israel 5.1% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$10.06 billion (2012 est.); $10.17 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and equipment, oil products, foodstuffs, metals, chemicals" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Turkey 18.6%, Russia 14.3%, China 7.8%, Germany 7.2%, UK 7.1%, US 5.1%, Ukraine 5% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$11.28 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $10.27 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$7.608 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $7.492 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$11.85 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $10.35 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$6.923 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $6.323 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "Azerbaijani manats (AZN) per US dollar -; 0.7857 (2012 est.); 0.7897 (2011 est.); 0.8027 (2010 est.); 0.8038 (2009); 0.8219 (2008)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "20 billion kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "13.48 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "380 million kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "110 million kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "5.798 million kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "82.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "17.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "987,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "821,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "7 billion bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "161,100 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "168,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "63,950 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "1,426 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "16.68 billion cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "9.921 billion cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "6.755 billion cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "849.5 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "35.12 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "1.684 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "10.12 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "requires considerable expansion and modernization; fixed-line telephone and a broad range of other telecom services are controlled by a state-owned telecommunications monopoly and growth has been stagnant; more competition exists in the mobile-cellular market with four providers in 2009", + "domestic": "teledensity of 17 fixed lines per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity has increased and now exceeds 100 telephones per 100 persons; satellite service connects Baku to a modern switch in its exclave of Naxcivan (Nakhichevan)", + "international": "country code - 994; the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic link transits Azerbaijan providing international connectivity to neighboring countries; the old Soviet system of cable and microwave is still serviceable; satellite earth stations - 2 (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "3 state-run and 1 public TV channels; 4 domestic commercial TV stations and about 15 regional TV stations; cable TV services are available in Baku; 1 state-run and 1 public radio network operating; a small number of private commercial radio stations broadcasting; local FM relays of Baku commercial stations are available in many localities; local relays of several international broadcasters had been available until late 2008 when their broadcasts were banned from FM frequencies (2010)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".az" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "46,856 (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "2.42 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "37 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "30", + "over_3_047_m": "5", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "5", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "13", + "914_to_1_523_m": "4", + "under_914_m": "3 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "7", + "under_914_m": "7 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "1 (2012)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "condensate 89 km; gas 3,890 km; oil 2,446 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "2,918 km", + "broad_gauge": "2,918 km 1.520-m gauge (1,278 km electrified) (2009)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "52,942 km", + "paved": "26,789 km", + "unpaved": "26,153 km (2006)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "90", + "by_type": "cargo 27, chemical tanker 1, passenger 2, passenger/cargo 8, petroleum tanker 47, roll on/roll off 3, specialized tanker 2", + "foreign_owned": "1 (Turkey 1)", + "registered_in_other_countries": "2 (Malta 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "major_seaports": "Baku (Baki) located on the Caspian Sea" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Army, Navy, Air, and Air Defense Forces (2010)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "men between 18 and 35 are liable for military service; length of service is 18 months and 12 months for university graduates; 17 years of age for voluntary service; 17 year olds are considered to be on active service at cadet military schools (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "2,354,249", + "females_age_16_49": "2,334,632 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "1,773,993", + "females_age_16_49": "1,964,012 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "76,923", + "female": "71,024 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "2.6% of GDP (2005 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified the Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the sea; the dispute over the break-away Nagorno-Karabakh region and the Armenian military occupation of surrounding lands in Azerbaijan remains the primary focus of regional instability; residents have evacuated the former Soviet-era small ethnic enclaves in Armenia and Azerbaijan; local border forces struggle to control the illegal transit of goods and people across the porous, undemarcated Armenian, Azerbaijani, and Georgian borders; bilateral talks continue with Turkmenistan on dividing the seabed and contested oilfields in the middle of the Caspian" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "idps": "600,000 (conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh) (2013)", + "stateless_persons": "3,585 (2012)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for CIS consumption; small government eradication program; transit point for Southwest Asian opiates bound for Russia and to a lesser extent the rest of Europe" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/ba-bosnia-n-herzegovina.json b/europe/ba-bosnia-n-herzegovina.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6ba5cc4e --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/ba-bosnia-n-herzegovina.json @@ -0,0 +1,606 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Bosnia and Herzegovina's declaration of sovereignty in October 1991 was followed by a declaration of independence from the former Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992 after a referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia and Montenegro - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form a \"Greater Serbia.\" In March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement creating a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed a peace agreement that brought to a halt three years of interethnic civil strife (the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995). The Dayton Peace Accords retained Bosnia and Herzegovina's international boundaries and created a multi-ethnic and democratic government charged with conducting foreign, diplomatic, and fiscal policy. Also recognized was a second tier of government composed of two entities roughly equal in size: the Bosniak/Bosnian Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS). The Federation and RS governments are responsible for overseeing most government functions. Additionally, the Dayton Accords established the Office of the High Representative (OHR) to oversee the implementation of the civilian aspects of the agreement. The Peace Implementation Council (PIC) at its conference in Bonn in 1997 also gave the High Representative the authority to impose legislation and remove officials, the so-called \"Bonn Powers.\" An original NATO-led international peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops assembled in 1995 was succeeded over time by a smaller, NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR). In 2004, European Union peacekeeping troops (EUFOR) replaced SFOR. Currently EUFOR deploys around 600 troops in theater in a policing capacity." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Croatia" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "44 00 N, 18 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "51,197 sq km", + "land": "51,187 sq km", + "water": "10 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly smaller than West Virginia" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "1,538 km", + "border_countries": "Croatia 932 km, Montenegro 249 km, Serbia 357 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "20 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "text": "no data available" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "mountains and valleys" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Adriatic Sea 0 m", + "highest_point": "Maglic 2,386 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "coal, iron ore, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, cobalt, manganese, nickel, clay, gypsum, salt, sand, timber, hydropower" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "19.63%", + "permanent_crops": "1.99%", + "other": "78.38% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "30 sq km (2003)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "37.5 cu km (2011)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "destructive earthquakes" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "air pollution from metallurgical plants; sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; water shortages and destruction of infrastructure because of the 1992-95 civil strife; deforestation" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "within Bosnia and Herzegovina's recognized borders, the country is divided into a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation (about 51% of the territory) and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska or RS (about 49% of the territory); the region called Herzegovina is contiguous to Croatia and Montenegro, and traditionally has been settled by an ethnic Croat majority in the west and an ethnic Serb majority in the east" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)", + "adjective": "Bosnian, Herzegovinian" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Bosniak 48%, Serb 37.1%, Croat 14.3%, other 0.6% (2000)", + "note": "Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Bosnian (official), Croatian (official), Serbian" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Roman Catholic 15%, other 14%" + }, + "population": { + "text": "3,875,723 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "14% (male 279,293/female 262,552)", + "15_24_years": "13% (male 260,430/female 243,589)", + "25_54_years": "46.8% (male 910,266/female 905,184)", + "55_64_years": "13.2% (male 243,936/female 268,614)", + "65_years_and_over": "12.9% (male 194,743/female 307,116) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "45.5 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "22.9 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "22.7 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "4.4 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "40.4 years", + "male": "39 years", + "female": "41.7 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.1% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "8.92 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "9.53 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "-0.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "49% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "1.1% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "SARAJEVO (capital) 389,000 (2011)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.07 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.07 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.07 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.9 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.63 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.95 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "25.9 (2010 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "8 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "5.97 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "6.02 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "5.92 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "76.12 years", + "male": "73.13 years", + "female": "79.34 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.25 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "45.8% (2012)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "11.1% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "1.42 physicians/1,000 population (2005)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "3.4 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 98% of population; total: 99% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 0% of population; rural: 2% of population; total: 1% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 99% of population; rural: 92% of population; total: 95% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 1% of population; rural: 8% of population; total: 5% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "less than 0.1% (2007 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "900 (2007 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "100 (2001 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "26.5% (2008)" + }, + "children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": { + "text": "1.6% (2006)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "98%", + "male": "99.5%", + "female": "96.7% (2011 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "14 years", + "male": "13 years", + "female": "14 years (2011)" + }, + "child_labor_children_ages_5_14": { + "total_number": "24,722", + "percentage": "5 % (2006 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "57.5%", + "male": "56.8%", + "female": "60% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "none", + "conventional_short_form": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", + "local_long_form": "none", + "local_short_form": "Bosna i Hercegovina", + "former": "People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "emerging federal democratic republic" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Sarajevo", + "geographic_coordinates": "43 52 N, 18 25 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "2 first-order administrative divisions and 1 internationally supervised district* - Brcko District (Brcko Distrikt)*, the Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine) and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska; note - Brcko District is in northeastern Bosnia and is a self-governing administrative unit under the sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina and formally held in condominium between the two entities" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "1 March 1992 (from Yugoslavia; referendum for independence completed on 1 March 1992; independence declared on 3 March 1992)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "National Day (Statehood Day), 25 November (1943); note - observed only in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "the Dayton Peace Accords, signed 14 December 1995 in Paris, included a constitution; note - each of the entities and cantons also has its own constitution" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "Chairman of the Presidency Nebojsa RADMANOVIC (chairman since November 2012; presidency member since 6 November 2006 - Serb); other members of the three-member presidency rotate every eight months: Bakir IZETBEGOVIC (presidency member since 10 November 2010 - Bosniak); Zeljko KOMSIC (presidency member since 6 November 2006 - Croat)", + "head_of_government": "Chairman of the Council of Ministers Vjekoslav BEVANDA (since 12 January 2012)", + "cabinet": "Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman; approved by the state-level House of Representatives", + "elections": "the three members of the presidency (one Bosniak, one Croat, one Serb) elected by popular vote for a four-year term (eligible for a second term, but then ineligible for four years) by constituencies referring to the three ethnic groups; the candidate with the most votes in a constituency is elected; the chairmanship rotates every eight months and resumes where it left off following each general election; election last held on 3 October 2010 (next to be held in October 2014); the chairman of the Council of Ministers appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the state-level House of Representatives", + "election_results": "percent of vote - Nebojsa RADMANOVIC with 48.9% of the votes for the Serb seat; Zeljko KOMSIC with 60.6% of the votes for the Croat seat; Bakir IZETBEGOVIC with 34.9% of the votes for the Bosniak seat", + "note": "President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Zivko BUDIMIR (since 17 March 2011); Vice Presidents Spomenka MICIC (since 21 February 2007) and Mirsad KEBO (since 21 February 2007); President of the Republika Srpska: Milorad DODIK (since 15 November 2010)" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "bicameral Parliamentary Assembly or Skupstina consists of the House of Peoples or Dom Naroda (15 seats, 5 Bosniak, 5 Croat, 5 Serb; members designated by the Bosniak/Croat Federation's House of Peoples and the Republika Srpska's National Assembly to serve four-year terms); and the state-level House of Representatives or Predstavnicki Dom (42 seats, 28 seats allocated for the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 14 seats for the Republika Srpska; members elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve four-year terms); note - Bosnia's election law specifies four-year terms for the state and first-order administrative division entity legislatures", + "elections": "House of Peoples - last constituted in 9 June 2011 (next likely to be constituted in 2015); state-level House of Representatives - elections last held on 3 October 2010 (next to be held in October 2014)", + "election_results": "House of Peoples - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by party/coalition - NA; state-level House of Representatives - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by party/coalition - SDP BiH 8, SNSD 8, SDA 7, SDS 4, SBB BiH 4, HDZ-BiH 3, SBiH 2, HDZ-1990/HSP BiH 2, other 4", + "note": "the Bosniak/Croat Federation has a bicameral legislature that consists of a House of Peoples (58 seats - 17 Bosniak, 17 Croat, 17 Serb, 7 other); last constituted May 2011 (next likely to be constituted in 2015); and a House of Representatives (98 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms); elections last held on 3 October 2010 (next to be held in October 2014); percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party/coalition - SDP BiH 28, SDA 23, SBB BiH 13, HDZ-BiH 12, SBiH 9, NSRzB 5, HDZ-1990 3, HSP 3, DNZ 1, PDP, 1; the Republika Srpska has a National Assembly (83 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms); elections last held on 3 October 2010 (next to be held in October 2014); percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party/coalition - SNSD 37, SDS 18, PDP 7, DNS 6, SPRS 4, DP 3, SDP BiH 3, SDA 2, NDS 2 SRS-RS 1; as a result of the 2002 constitutional reform process, a 28-member Republika Srpska Council of Peoples (COP) was established in the Republika Srpska National Assembly including 8 Croats, 8 Bosniaks, 8 Serbs, and 4 members of the smaller communities" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "BiH Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members); Court of BiH (consists of 44 national judges and 7 international judges organized into three divisions - Administrative, Appellate, and Criminal, which includes a War Crimes Chamber)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "BiH Constitutional Court judges - 4 selected by the Bosniak/Croat Federation's House of Representatives, 2 selected by the Republika Srpska's National Assembly, and 3 non-Bosnian judges selected by the president of the European Court of Human Rights; Court of BiH president and national judges appointed by the High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council; Court of BiH president appointed for renewable 6-year term; other national judges appointed to serve until age 70; international judges recommended by the president of the Court of BiH and appointed by the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina; international judges appointed to serve until age 70", + "subordinate_courts": "the Federation has 10 cantonal courts plus a number of municipal courts; the Republika Srpska has a supreme court, 5 district courts, and a number of municipal courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Alliance for a Better Future of BiH or SBB BiH [Fahrudin RADONCIC]; Alliance of Independent Social Democrats or SNSD [Milorad DODIK]; Bosnian Party or BOSS [Mirnes AJANOVIC]; Bosnian Patriotic Party or BPS [Sefer HALILOVIC]; Civic Democratic Party or GDS [Ibrahim SPAHIC]; Croat Peasants' Party-New Croat Initiative or HSS-NHI [Ante COLAK]; Croatian Christian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HKDU [Ivan MUSA]; Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HDZ-BiH [Dragan COVIC]; Croatian Democratic Union 1990 or HDZ-1990 [Bozo LJUBIC]; Croatian Party of Rights of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HSP BiH [Zvonko JURISIC]; Democratic National Union or DNZ [Rifat DOLIC]; Democratic Party or DP [Dragan CAVIC]; Democratic Peoples' Alliance or DNS [Marko PAVIC]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDS [Amir HUSARIC]; Nasa Stranka or NS [Denis GRATZ]; New Socialist Party or NSP [Zdravko KRSMANOVIC]; Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina or SBiH [Amer JERLAGIC]; Party of Democratic Action or SDA [Sulejman TIHIC]; Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [Mladen IVANIC]; 'People's' Party of Work for Progress or NSRzB [Mladen IVANKOVIC-LIJANOVIC]; Serb Democratic Party or SDS [Mladen BOSIC]; Serb Radical Party of the Republika Srpska or SRS-RS [Milanko MIHAJLICA]; Serb Radical Party-Dr. Vojislav Seselj or SRS-VS [Nemanja SAROVIC]; Social Democratic Party of BiH or SDP BiH [Zlatko LAGUMDZIJA]; Social Democratic Union or SDU [Nermin PECANAC]; Socialist Party of Republika Srpska or SPRS [Petar DJOKIC]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "other": "war veterans; displaced persons associations; family associations of missing persons; private media" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "BIS, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Jadranka NEGODIC", + "chancery": "2109 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20037", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 337-1500", + "fax": "[1] (202) 337-1502", + "consulates_general": "Chicago, New York" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Patrick S. MOON", + "embassy": "1 Robert C. Frasure Street, 71000 Sarajevo", + "mailing_address": "use embassy street address", + "telephone": "[387] (33) 704-000", + "fax": "[387] (33) 659-722", + "branch_offices": "Banja Luka, Mostar" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "a wide medium blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag; the remainder of the flag is medium blue with seven full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle; the triangle approximates the shape of the country and its three points stand for the constituent peoples - Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs; the stars represent Europe and are meant to be continuous (thus the half stars at top and bottom); the colors (white, blue, and yellow) are often associated with neutrality and peace, and traditionally are linked with Bosnia" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "golden lily" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Drzavna himna Bosne i Hercegovine\" (The National Anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina)", + "lyrics_music": "Dusan SESTIC and Benjamin ISOVIC/Dusan SESTIC", + "note": "music adopted 1999; lyrics adopted 2009" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Bosnia has a transitional economy with limited market reforms. The economy relies heavily on the export of metals as well as on remittances and foreign aid. A highly decentralized government hampers economic policy coordination and reform, while excessive bureaucracy and a segmented market discourage foreign investment. The interethnic warfare in Bosnia and Herzegovina caused production to plummet by 80% from 1992 to 1995 and unemployment to soar. With an uneasy peace in place, output recovered in 1996-99 but slowed in 2000-02 and picked up again during 2003-08, when GDP growth exceeded 5% per year. However, the country experienced a decline in GDP of nearly 3% in 2009 reflecting local effects of the global economic crisis. GDP has stagnated since then. Foreign banks, primarily from Austria and Italy, now control most of the banking sector. The konvertibilna marka (convertible mark or BAM) - the national currency introduced in 1998 - is pegged to the euro, and confidence in the currency and the banking sector has increased. Bosnia's private sector is growing, but foreign investment has dropped off sharply since 2007. Government spending, at roughly 50% of GDP, remains high because of redundant government offices at the state, entity and municipal level. Privatization of state enterprises has been slow, particularly in the Federation, where political division between ethnically-based political parties makes agreement on economic policy more difficult. High unemployment remains the most serious macroeconomic problem. Successful implementation of a value-added tax in 2006 provided a predictable source of revenue for the government and helped rein in gray-market activity. National-level statistics have also improved over time but a large share of economic activity remains unofficial and unrecorded. Bosnia and Herzegovina became a full member of the Central European Free Trade Agreement in September 2007. Bosnia and Herzegovina's top economic priorities are: acceleration of integration into the EU; strengthening the fiscal system; public administration reform; World Trade Organization (WTO) membership; and securing economic growth by fostering a dynamic, competitive private sector. In 2009, Bosnia and Herzegovina was granted an International Monetary Fund (IMF) stand-by arrangement, necessitated by sharply increased social spending and a fiscal crisis exacerbated by the global economic downturn. Disbursement of IMF aid was suspended in 2011 after a parliamentary deadlock left Bosnia without a state-level government for over a year. The IMF concluded a new stand-by arrangement with Bosnia in October 2012, with the first tranches paid in November and December 2012." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$32.43 billion (2012 est.); $32.66 billion (2011 est.); $32.25 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$17.33 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.7% (2012 est.); 1.3% (2011 est.); 0.7% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$8,400 (2012 est.); $8,400 (2011 est.); $8,300 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "79.8%", + "government_consumption": "22.1%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "20.7%", + "investment_in_inventories": "0%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "42.3%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-64.8% (2011 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "8.2%", + "industry": "26.2%", + "services": "65.6% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "wheat, corn, fruits, vegetables; livestock" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, aluminum, vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, ammunition, domestic appliances, oil refining" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "-4.3% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "2.6 million (2010 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "20.5%", + "industry": "32.6%", + "services": "47% (2008)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "43.3% (2011 est.); 43.1% (2010 est.)", + "note": "official rate; actual rate is lower as many technically unemployed persons work in the gray economy" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "18.6% (2007 est.)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "2.7%", + "highest_10%": "27.3% (2007)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "36.2 (2007)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$7.949 billion", + "expenditures": "$8.535 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "45.9% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-3.4% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "43.8% of GDP (2012 est.); 40.6% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions." + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "2.1% (2012 est.); 3.7% (2011 est.)" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "6.73% (31 December 2012 est.); 7.14% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$4.111 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $4.092 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$9.577 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $9.538 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$10.67 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $10.13 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$NA" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$1.362 billion (2012 est.); -$1.583 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$3.306 billion (2012 est.); $3.653 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "metals, clothing, wood products" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Slovenia 17.3%, Croatia 16.5%, Italy 13.6%, Germany 12.8%, Austria 12.7% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$8.849 billion (2012 est.); $9.591 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Croatia 21.1%, Germany 12.5%, Slovenia 12.4%, Italy 9%, Russia 7.3%, Austria 6.1%, Hungary 4.9%, Greece 4.3% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$4.283 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $4.15 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$10.87 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $10.73 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "konvertibilna markas (BAM) per US dollar -; 1.5213 (2012 est.); 1.4069 (2011 est.); 1.4767 (2010 est.); 1.4079 (2009); 1.3083 (2008)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "15.04 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "10.17 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "5.877 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "2.887 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "4.341 million kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "44.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "55.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "4,274 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "3,304 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "27,540 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "23,950 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "210 million cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "390 million cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "20.14 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "955,900 (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "3.171 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "post-war reconstruction of the telecommunications network, aided by a internationally sponsored program, resulting in sharp increases in the number of fixed telephone lines available", + "domestic": "fixed-line teledensity roughly 25 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership has been increasing rapidly and, stands at roughly 80 telephones per 100 persons", + "international": "country code - 387; no satellite earth stations (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "3 public TV broadcasters: Radio and TV of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Federation TV (operating 2 networks), and Republika Srpska Radio-TV; a local commercial network of 5 TV stations; 3 private, near-national TV stations and dozens of small independent TV stations broadcasting; 3 large public radio broadcasters and many private radio stations (2010)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".ba" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "155,252 (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "1.422 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "24 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "7", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "4", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "1", + "under_914_m": "2 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "17", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "1", + "914_to_1_523_m": "5", + "under_914_m": "11 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "6 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 147 km; oil 9 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "601 km", + "standard_gauge": "601 km 1.435-m gauge (392 km electrified) (2009)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "22,926 km", + "paved": "19,426 km (4,652 km of interurban roads)", + "unpaved": "3,500 km (2010)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "(Sava River on northern border; open to shipping but use limited) (2011)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "river_ports": "Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski Samac, Brcko, Orasje (Sava River)" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (AFBiH): Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Air and Air Defense Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Zrakoplovstvo i Protuzracna Obrana, ZPO) (2013)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; mandatory retirement at age 35 or after 15 years of service (2013)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "1,180,829", + "females_age_16_49": "1,143,919 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "968,242", + "females_age_16_49": "937,327 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "26,601", + "female": "24,879 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "1.4% of GDP (2005 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "Serbia delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina, but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "refugees_country_of_origin": "6,733 (Croatia) (2012)", + "idps": "113,000 (Bosnian Croats, Serbs, and Bosniaks displaced in 1992-95 war) (2011)", + "stateless_persons": "4,500 (2012)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "increasingly a transit point for heroin being trafficked to Western Europe; minor transit point for marijuana; remains highly vulnerable to money-laundering activity given a primarily cash-based and unregulated economy, weak law enforcement, and instances of corruption" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/bg-bulgaria.json b/europe/bg-bulgaria.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..27a40898 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/bg-bulgaria.json @@ -0,0 +1,618 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "The Bulgars, a Central Asian Turkic tribe, merged with the local Slavic inhabitants in the late 7th century to form the first Bulgarian state. In succeeding centuries, Bulgaria struggled with the Byzantine Empire to assert its place in the Balkans, but by the end of the 14th century the country was overrun by the Ottoman Turks. Northern Bulgaria attained autonomy in 1878 and all of Bulgaria became independent from the Ottoman Empire in 1908. Having fought on the losing side in both World Wars, Bulgaria fell within the Soviet sphere of influence and became a People's Republic in 1946. Communist domination ended in 1990, when Bulgaria held its first multiparty election since World War II and began the contentious process of moving toward political democracy and a market economy while combating inflation, unemployment, corruption, and crime. The country joined NATO in 2004 and the EU in 2007." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Romania and Turkey" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "43 00 N, 25 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "110,879 sq km", + "land": "108,489 sq km", + "water": "2,390 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly larger than Tennessee" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "1,808 km", + "border_countries": "Greece 494 km, Macedonia 148 km, Romania 608 km, Serbia 318 km, Turkey 240 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "354 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "contiguous_zone": "24 nm", + "exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "mostly mountains with lowlands in north and southeast" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Black Sea 0 m", + "highest_point": "Musala 2,925 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "29.28%", + "permanent_crops": "1.44%", + "other": "69.28% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "1,046 sq km (2007)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "21.3 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "6.12 cu km/yr (16%/68%/16%)", + "per_capita": "821.8 cu m/yr (2009)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "earthquakes; landslides" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "air pollution from industrial emissions; rivers polluted from raw sewage, heavy metals, detergents; deforestation; forest damage from air pollution and resulting acid rain; soil contamination from heavy metals from metallurgical plants and industrial wastes" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key land routes from Europe to Middle East and Asia" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Bulgarian(s)", + "adjective": "Bulgarian" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Bulgarian 76.9%, Turk 8%, Roma 4.4%, other 0.7% (including Macedonian, Armenian, Tatar, Circassian), other (unknown) 10% (2011 census)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Bulgarian (official) 76.8%, Turkish 8.2%, Roma 3.8%, other 0.7%, other (unknown) 10.5% (2011 census)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Eastern Orthodox 59.4%, Muslim (Sunni) 7.4%, Muslim (Shia) 0.4%, other (including Catholic, Protestant, Armenian Apostolic Orthodox, and Judaism) 1.7%, other (unknown) 27.4%, none 3.7% (2011 census)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "6,981,642 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "14.2% (male 506,968/female 481,962)", + "15_24_years": "10.5% (male 377,834/female 357,546)", + "25_54_years": "42.3% (male 1,467,339/female 1,486,062)", + "55_64_years": "14.1% (male 454,728/female 528,650)", + "65_years_and_over": "18.9% (male 532,084/female 788,469) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "49.2 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "20.4 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "28.8 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "3.5 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "42.3 years", + "male": "40 years", + "female": "44.4 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.81% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "9.07 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "14.31 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "-2.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "73.1% of total population (2011)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0.1% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "SOFIA (capital) 1.174 million (2011)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "0.99 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.86 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.68 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.92 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "26.2 (2010 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "11 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "15.6 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "18.67 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "12.34 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "74.08 years", + "male": "70.49 years", + "female": "77.89 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.43 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "69.2%", + "note": "percent of women age 20-49 (2007)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "6.9% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "3.64 physicians/1,000 population (2008)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "6.6 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.1% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "3,800 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 200 (2009 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "23.7% (2008)" + }, + "children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": { + "text": "1.6% (2004)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "4.6% of GDP (2009)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "98.4%", + "male": "98.7%", + "female": "98% (2011 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "14 years", + "male": "14 years", + "female": "14 years (2010)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "26.6%", + "male": "27.6%", + "female": "25.2% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Bulgaria", + "conventional_short_form": "Bulgaria", + "local_long_form": "Republika Balgariya", + "local_short_form": "Balgariya" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "parliamentary democracy" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Sofia", + "geographic_coordinates": "42 41 N, 23 19 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "28 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast); Blagoevgrad, Burgas, Dobrich, Gabrovo, Khaskovo, Kurdzhali, Kyustendil, Lovech, Montana, Pazardzhik, Pernik, Pleven, Plovdiv, Razgrad, Ruse, Shumen, Silistra, Sliven, Smolyan, Sofiya (Sofia), Sofiya-Grad (Sofia City), Stara Zagora, Turgovishte, Varna, Veliko Turnovo, Vidin, Vratsa, Yambol" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "3 March 1878 (as an autonomous principality within the Ottoman Empire); 22 September 1908 (complete independence from the Ottoman Empire)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Liberation Day, 3 March (1878)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "adopted 12 July 1991" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Rosen PLEVNELIEV (since 22 January 2012); Vice President Margarita POPOVA (since 22 January 2012)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Plamen ORESHARSKI (since 29 May 2013) Deputy Prime Minister Zinaida ZLATANOVA (since 29 May 2013)", + "cabinet": "Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and elected by the National Assembly", + "elections": "president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 23 and 30 October 2011 (next to be held in 2016); chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister) elected by the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers nominated by the prime minister and elected by the National Assembly", + "election_results": "Rosen PLEVNELIEV elected president in a runoff election; percent of vote - Rosen PLEVNELIEV 52.6%, Ivailo KALFIN 47.4%; Plamen ORESHARSKI elected prime minister; result of legislative vote - 120 to 97" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral National Assembly or Narodno Sabranie (240 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 12 May 2013 (next to be held spring 2017)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - GERB 30.5%, BSP 26.6%, MRF 11.3%, Ataka 7.3%; seats by party - GERB 98, BSP 86, MRF 33, Ataka 23" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Cassation (consists of a chairman and approximately 72 judges organized in criminal, civil, and commercial colleges); Supreme Administrative Court (organized in 2 colleges with various panels of 5 judges each); Constitutional Court (consists of 12 members); note - Constitutional Court resides outside the Judiciary", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court of Cassation and Supreme Administrative judges elected by the Supreme Judicial Council (consists of 12 members elected by the National Assembly) and appointed by the president; member tenure NA; Constitutional Court members selected by the president, the National Assembly, and the Supreme Courts; judges appointed for 9-year terms", + "subordinate_courts": "appeals courts; regional and district courts; administrative courts; courts martial" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Attack (Ataka) [Volen Nikolov SIDEROV]; Blue Coalition [Ivan KOSTOV and Martin DIMITROV] (a parliamentary coalition of center-right parties dominated by UDF and DSB); Bulgarian Socialist Party or BSP [Sergei STANISHEV]; Bulgaria of the Citizens [Meglena KUNEVA]; Citizens for the European Development of Bulgaria or GERB [Boyko BORISOV]; Coalition for Bulgaria or CfB [Sergei STANISHEV] (coalition of parties dominated by BSP); Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria or DSB [Ivan KOSTOV]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization or IMRO [Krasimir KARAKACHANOV]; Movement for Rights and Freedoms or MRF [Lyutvi MESTAN]; National Movement for Stability and Progress or NDSV [Hristina HRISTOVA] (formerly National Movement Simeon II or NMS2); Order, Law, and Justice or RZS [Yane YANEV]; Union of Democratic Forces or UDF [Emil KABAIVANOV]; United People's Party or ENP [Maria CAPONE]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria or CITUB; Podkrepa Labor Confederation", + "other": "numerous regional, ethnic, and national interest groups with various agendas" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EU, FAO, G- 9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO (pending member), ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Elena POPTODOROVA", + "chancery": "1621 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 387-0174", + "fax": "[1] (202) 234-7973", + "consulates_general": "Chicago, Los Angeles, New York" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Marcie B. RIES", + "embassy": "16 Kozyak Street, Sofia 1408", + "mailing_address": "American Embassy Sofia, US Department of State, 5740 Sofia Place, Washington, DC 20521-5740", + "telephone": "[359] (2) 937-5100", + "fax": "[359] (2) 937-5320" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red; the pan-Slavic white-blue-red colors were modified by substituting a green band (representing freedom) for the blue", + "note": "the national emblem, formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe, has been removed" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "lion" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Mila Rodino\" (Dear Homeland)", + "lyrics_music": "Tsvetan Tsvetkov RADOSLAVOV", + "note": "adopted 1964; the anthem was composed in 1885 by a student en route to fight in the Serbo-Bulgarian War" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Bulgaria, a former Communist country that entered the EU on 1 January 2007, averaged more than 6% annual growth from 2004 to 2008, driven by significant amounts of bank lending, consumption, and foreign direct investment. Successive governments have demonstrated a commitment to economic reforms and responsible fiscal planning, but the global downturn sharply reduced domestic demand, exports, capital inflows, and industrial production. GDP contracted by 5.5% in 2009, stagnated in 2010, despite a significant recovery in exports, grew 1.7% in 2011, and 1% in 2012. Despite having a favorable investment regime, including low, flat corporate income taxes, significant challenges remain. Corruption in public administration, a weak judiciary, and the presence of organized crime continue to hamper the country's investment climate and economic prospects." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$105.5 billion (2012 est.); $104.7 billion (2011 est.); $102.8 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$51.02 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.8% (2012 est.); 1.8% (2011 est.); 0.4% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$14,500 (2012 est.); $14,300 (2011 est.); $13,700 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "22.6% of GDP (2012 est.); 22.9% of GDP (2011 est.); 21.2% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "72.1%", + "government_consumption": "7.8%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "21.4%", + "investment_in_inventories": "2.4%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "66.6%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-70.3% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "6.4%", + "industry": "30.4%", + "services": "63.2% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "vegetables, fruits, tobacco, wine, wheat, barley, sunflowers, sugar beets; livestock" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "electricity, gas, water; food, beverages, tobacco; machinery and equipment, base metals, chemical products, coke, refined petroleum, nuclear fuel" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "1.2% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "2.585 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "7.1%", + "industry": "35.2%", + "services": "57.7% (2009)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "11.1% (2012 est.); 9.6% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "21.8% (2008)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "2%", + "highest_10%": "35.2% (2007)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "45.3 (2007); 26 (2001)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$17.71 billion", + "expenditures": "$17.97 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "34.7% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-0.5% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "16.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 16.3% of GDP (2011 est.); defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "3% (2012 est.); 4.2% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "0.03% (31 December 2012 est.); 0.22% (31 December 2011 est.)", + "note": "Bulgarian National Bank (BNB) has had no independent monetary policy since the introduction of the Currency Board regime in 1997; this is BNB's base interest rate" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "9.72% (31 December 2012 est.); 10.63% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$15.51 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $13.91 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$37.68 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $34.46 billion (31 December 2010 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$37.14 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $35.54 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$8.253 billion (31 December 2011); $7.276 billion (31 December 2010); $7.103 billion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "$542.8 million (2012 est.); $502.2 million (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$26.82 billion (2012 est.); $28.12 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "clothing, footwear, iron and steel, machinery and equipment, fuels" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 10.4%, Turkey 9.1%, Italy 8.7%, Romania 8.2%, Greece 7.3%, France 4% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$31.5 billion (2012 est.); $30.86 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and equipment; metals and ores; chemicals and plastics; fuels, minerals, and raw materials" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Russia 20.9%, Germany 11.3%, Italy 6.7%, Romania 6.6%, Greece 6.1%, Turkey 4.6%, Spain 4.5% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$20.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $17.27 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$50.54 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $47.32 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$52.99 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $51.19 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$1.923 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.823 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "leva (BGN) per US dollar -; 1.5221 (2012 est.); 1.4065 (2011 est.); 1.4774 (2010 est.); 1.404 (2009); 1.3171 (2008)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "41.9 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "28.1 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "12 billion kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "1.166 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "12 million kW (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "46.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "20.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "22.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "1.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "1,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2012 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "123,400 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "15 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "120,000 bbl/day (2010 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "112,700 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "78,180 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "29,940 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "68,000 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "2.17 billion cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "2.48 billion cu m (2010)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "5.663 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "42.17 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "2.356 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "10.475 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "inherited an extensive but antiquated telecommunications network from the Soviet era; quality has improved with a modern digital trunk line now connecting switching centers in most of the regions; remaining areas are connected by digital microwave radio relay", + "domestic": "the Bulgaria Telecommunications Company's fixed-line monopoly terminated in 2005 in an effort to upgrade fixed-line services; mobile-cellular teledensity, fostered by multiple service providers, has reached 150 telephones per 100 persons", + "international": "country code - 359; submarine cable provides connectivity to Ukraine and Russia; a combination submarine cable and land fiber-optic system provides connectivity to Italy, Albania, and Macedonia; satellite earth stations - 3 (1 Intersputnik in the Atlantic Ocean region, 2 Intelsat in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions) (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "4 national terrestrial TV stations with 1 state-owned and 3 privately owned; a vast array of TV stations are available from cable and satellite TV providers; state-owned national radio broadcasts over 3 networks; large number of private radio stations broadcasting, especially in urban areas (2010)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".bg" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "976,277 (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "3.395 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "68 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "57", + "over_3_047_m": "2", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "17", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "12", + "under_914_m": "26 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "11", + "914_to_1_523_m": "2", + "under_914_m": "9 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "1 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 2,887 km; oil 346 km; refined products 378 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "4,152 km", + "standard_gauge": "4,072 km 1.435-m gauge (2,863 km electrified)", + "narrow_gauge": "80 km 0.760-m gauge (2011)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "19,512 km", + "paved": "19,235 km (includes 458 km of expressways)", + "unpaved": "277 km", + "note": "does not include Category IV local roads (2011)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "470 km (2009)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "22", + "by_type": "bulk carrier 9, cargo 8, liquefied gas 2, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 2", + "foreign_owned": "14 (Germany 12, Russia 2)", + "registered_in_other_countries": "30 (Belize 1, Comoros 4, Georgia 1, Malta 8, Moldova 1, Panama 6, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 9) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "major_seaports": "Burgas, Varna (Black Sea)" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Bulgarian Armed Forces: Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Bulgarian Air Forces (Bulgarski Voennovazdyshni Sily, BVVS) (2011)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "18-27 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription ended in January 2008; service obligation 6-9 months (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "1,637,470", + "females_age_16_49": "1,621,352 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "1,320,955", + "females_age_16_49": "1,337,616 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "33,444", + "female": "32,075 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "2.6% of GDP (2005 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "none" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "major European transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and, to a lesser degree, South American cocaine for the European market; limited producer of precursor chemicals; vulnerable to money laundering because of corruption, organized crime; some money laundering of drug-related proceeds through financial institutions (2008)" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/by-belarus.json b/europe/by-belarus.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cd8ffb48 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/by-belarus.json @@ -0,0 +1,614 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "After seven decades as a constituent republic of the USSR, Belarus attained its independence in 1991. It has retained closer political and economic ties to Russia than any of the other former Soviet republics. Belarus and Russia signed a treaty on a two-state union on 8 December 1999 envisioning greater political and economic integration. Although Belarus agreed to a framework to carry out the accord, serious implementation has yet to take place. Since his election in July 1994 as the country's first president, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO has steadily consolidated his power through authoritarian means. Government restrictions on freedom of speech and the press, peaceful assembly, and religion remain in place." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Eastern Europe, east of Poland" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "53 00 N, 28 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "207,600 sq km", + "land": "202,900 sq km", + "water": "4,700 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly smaller than Kansas" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "3,306 km", + "border_countries": "Latvia 171 km, Lithuania 680 km, Poland 605 km, Russia 959 km, Ukraine 891 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "0 km (landlocked)" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "text": "none (landlocked)" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "generally flat and contains much marshland" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Nyoman River 90 m", + "highest_point": "Dzyarzhynskaya Hara 346 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "timber, peat deposits, small quantities of oil and natural gas, granite, dolomitic limestone, marl, chalk, sand, gravel, clay" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "26.63%", + "permanent_crops": "0.59%", + "other": "72.78% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "1,150 sq km (2003)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "58 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "4.34 cu km/yr (32%/65%/3%)", + "per_capita": "435.4 cu m/yr (2009)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "soil pollution from pesticide use; southern part of the country contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear reactor accident at Chornobyl' in northern Ukraine" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "landlocked; glacial scouring accounts for the flatness of Belarusian terrain and for its 11,000 lakes" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Belarusian(s)", + "adjective": "Belarusian" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Belarusian 83.7%, Russian 8.3%, Polish 3.1%, Ukrainian 1.7%, other 3.2% (2009 census)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Belarusian (official) 23.4%, Russian (official) 70.2%, other 6.4% (includes small Polish- and Ukrainian-speaking minorities) (1999 census)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Eastern Orthodox 80%, other (including Roman Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, and Muslim) 20% (1997 est.)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "9,625,888 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "15.2% (male 752,536/female 710,384)", + "15_24_years": "12.3% (male 607,877/female 575,827)", + "25_54_years": "45.5% (male 2,146,332/female 2,238,033)", + "55_64_years": "13% (male 548,170/female 699,780)", + "65_years_and_over": "14% (male 423,287/female 923,662) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "41.1 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "21.6 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "19.5 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "5.1 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "39.2 years", + "male": "36.1 years", + "female": "42.2 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.18% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "10.99 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "13.68 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "0.85 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "75% of total population (2011)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0.21% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "MINSK (capital) 1.861 million (2011)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "0.96 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.78 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.46 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.87 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "24.9 (2010 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "190 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "3.67 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "4.1 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "3.22 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "71.81 years", + "male": "66.14 years", + "female": "77.82 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.46 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "72.6% (2005)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "5.6% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "4.87 physicians/1,000 population (2007)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "11.1 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 99% of population; total: 100% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 0% of population; rural: 1% of population; total: 0% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 91% of population; rural: 97% of population; total: 93% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 9% of population; rural: 3% of population; total: 7% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.3% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "17,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "24.3% (2008)" + }, + "children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": { + "text": "1.3% (2005)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "5.3% of GDP (2011)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "99.6%", + "male": "99.8%", + "female": "99.5% (2009 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "15 years", + "male": "15 years", + "female": "16 years (2011)" + }, + "child_labor_children_ages_5_14": { + "total_number": "54,218", + "percentage": "5 % (2005 est.)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Belarus", + "conventional_short_form": "Belarus", + "local_long_form": "Respublika Byelarus'", + "local_short_form": "Byelarus'", + "former": "Belorussian (Byelorussian) Soviet Socialist Republic" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "republic in name, although in fact a dictatorship" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Minsk", + "geographic_coordinates": "53 54 N, 27 34 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "none scheduled for 2013" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "6 provinces (voblastsi, singular - voblasts') and 1 municipality* (horad); Brest, Homyel' (Gomel), Horad Minsk* (Minsk City), Hrodna (Grodno), Mahilyow (Mogilev), Minsk, Vitsyebsk (Vitebsk)", + "note": "administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers; Russian spelling provided for reference when different from Belarusian" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "25 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Independence Day, 3 July (1944); note - 3 July 1944 was the date Minsk was liberated from German troops, 25 August 1991 was the date of independence from the Soviet Union" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "15 March 1994; revised by national referendum 24 November 1996 giving the presidency greatly expanded powers; became effective 27 November 1996; revised again 17 October 2004 removing presidential term limits" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system; note - nearly all major codes (civil, civil procedure, criminal, criminal procedure, family and labor) have been revised and came into force in 1999 or 2000" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "president Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20 July 1994); note - the US does not recognize the results of the 19 December 2010 elections under which the Central Election Commission of Belarus declared LUKASHENKO president", + "head_of_government": "prime minister Mikhail MYASNIKOVICH (since 28 December 2010); first deputy prime minister Vladimir SEMASHKO (since December 2003)", + "cabinet": "Council of Ministers", + "elections": "president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; first election took place on 23 June and 10 July 1994; according to the 1994 constitution, the next election should have been held in 1999, however, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001 via a November 1996 referendum; subsequent election held on 9 September 2001; an October 2004 referendum ended presidential term limits and allowed the president to run in a third (19 March 2006) and fourth election (19 December 2010); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president", + "election_results": "Aleksandr LUKASHENKO reelected president; percent of vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO 79.7%, Andrey SANNIKOV 2.6%, other candidates 17.7%; note - election marred by electoral fraud" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "bicameral national assembly or natsionalnoye sobraniye consists of the Council of the Republic or Sovet Respubliki (64 seats; 56 members elected by regional and Minsk city councils and 8 members appointed by the president, to serve four-year terms) and the Chamber of Representatives or Palata Predstaviteley (110 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms); note - the US does not recognize the legitimacy of the national assembly", + "elections": "Palata Predstaviteley - last held on 23 September 2012 (next to be held September 2016); OSCE observers determined that the election was neither free nor impartial and that vote counting was problematic in a number of polling stations; pro-LUKASHENKO candidates won every seat with no opposition representation in the chamber; international observers determined that the previous election, on 28 September 2008, despite minor improvements also fell short of democratic standards, with pro-LUKASHENKO candidates winning every seat", + "election_results": "Sovet Respubliki - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; Palata Predstaviteley [2008] - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - KPB 6, AP 1, no affiliation 103; Palata Predstaviteley [2012] - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - KPB 3, AP 1, no affiliation 106" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of the chairman, deputy chairman, and NA judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 12 judges including a chairman and deputy chairman)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the president with the consent of the Council of the Republic; judges initially appointed for 5 years and evaluated for life appointment; Constitutional Court judges - 6 appointed by the president and 6 elected by the Chamber of Representatives; term of judges is 11 years with an age limit of 70", + "subordinate_courts": "regional, district, city, town, and military courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "pro_government_parties": "Belarusian Agrarian Party or AP [Mikhail SHIMANSKY]; Belarusian Patriotic Movement (Belarusian Patriotic Party) or BPR [Nikolay ULAKHOVICH, chairman]; Communist Party of Belarus or KPB [Igor KARPENKO]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Sergey GAYDUKEVICH]; Republican Party of Labor and Justice [Vasiliy ZADNEPRYANYY]", + "opposition_parties": "Belarusian Christian Democracy Party [Pavel SEVERINETS] (unregistered); Belarusian Party of the Left \"Fair World\" [Sergey KALYAKIN]; Belarusian Popular Front or BPF [Aleksey YANUKEVICH]; Belarusian Social-Democratic Hramada [Stanislav SHUSHKEVICH]; Belarusian Social Democratic Party Hramada (\"Assembly\") or BSDPH [Irina VESHTARD]; Belarusian Social Democratic Party People's Assembly (\"Narodnaya Hramada\") [Nikolay STATKEVICH] (unregistered); Christian Conservative Party or BPF [Zyanon PAZNIAK]; European Belarus Campaign [Andrey SANNIKOV]; Party of Freedom and Progress [Vladimir NOVOSYAD] (unregistered); \"Tell the Truth\" Campaign [Vladimir NEKLYAYEV]; United Civic Party or UCP [Anatoliy LEBEDKO]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "Assembly of Pro-Democratic NGOs (unregistered) [Sergey MATSKEVICH]; Belarusian Congress of Democratic Trade Unions [Aleksandr YAROSHUK]; Belarusian Association of Journalists [Zhana LITVINA]; Belarusian Helsinki Committee [Aleh HULAK]; Belarusian Independence Bloc (unregistered) and For Freedom movement [Aleksandr MILINKEVICH]; Belarusian Organization of Working Women [Irina ZHIKHAR]; BPF-Youth [Andrus KRECHKA]; Charter 97 (unregistered) [Andrey SANNIKOV]; Perspektiva small business association [Anatol SHUMCHENKO]; Nasha Vyasna (unregistered) (\"Our Spring\") human rights center [Ales BYALYATSKI]; \"Tell the Truth\" Movement [Vladimir NEKLYAYEV]; Women's Independent Democratic Movement [Ludmila PETINA]; Young Belarus (Malady Belarus) [Zmitser KASPYAROVICH]; Youth Front (Malady Front) [Zmitser DASHKEVICH]" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CEI, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, NSG, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SCO (dialogue member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer), ZC" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Oleg KRAVCHENKO", + "chancery": "1619 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 986-1604", + "fax": "[1] (202) 986-1805", + "consulates_general": "New York" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Ethan GOLDRICH", + "embassy": "46 Starovilenskaya Street, Minsk 220002", + "mailing_address": "PSC 78, Box B Minsk, APO 09723", + "telephone": "[375] (17) 210-12-83", + "fax": "[375] (17) 234-7853" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "red horizontal band (top) and green horizontal band one-half the width of the red band; a white vertical stripe on the hoist side bears Belarusian national ornamentation in red; the red band color recalls past struggles from oppression, the green band represents hope and the many forests of the country" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "mounted knight known as Pahonia (the Chaser)" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"My, Bielarusy\" (We Belarusians)", + "lyrics_music": "Mikhas KLIMKOVICH and Uladzimir KARYZNA/Nester SAKALOUSKI", + "note": "music adopted 1955, lyrics adopted 2002; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Belarus kept the music of its Soviet-era anthem but adopted new lyrics; also known as \"Dziarzauny himn Respubliki Bielarus\" (State Anthem of the Republic of Belarus)" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "As part of the former Soviet Union, Belarus had a relatively well-developed industrial base; it retained this industrial base - which is now outdated, energy inefficient, and dependent on subsidized Russian energy and preferential access to Russian markets - following the breakup of the USSR. The country also has a broad agricultural base which is inefficient and dependent on government subsidies. After an initial burst of capitalist reform from 1991-94, including privatization of state enterprises, creation of institutions of private property, and development of entrepreneurship, Belarus' economic development greatly slowed. About 80% of all industry remains in state hands, and foreign investment has been hindered by a climate hostile to business. A few banks, which had been privatized after independence, were renationalized. State banks account for 75% of the banking sector. Economic output, which had declined for several years following the collapse of the Soviet Union, revived in the mid-2000s thanks to the boom in oil prices. Belarus has only small reserves of crude oil, though it imports most of its crude oil and natural gas from Russia at prices substantially below the world market. Belarus exported refined oil products at market prices produced from Russian crude oil purchased at a steep discount. In late 2006, Russia began a process of rolling back its subsidies on oil and gas to Belarus. Tensions over Russian energy reached a peak in 2010, when Russia stopped the export of all subsidized oil to Belarus save for domestic needs. In December 2010, Russia and Belarus reached a deal to restart the export of discounted oil to Belarus. Little new foreign investment has occurred in recent years. In 2011, a financial crisis began, triggered by government directed salary hikes unsupported by commensurate productivity increases. The crisis was compounded by an increased cost in Russian energy inputs and an overvalued Belarusian ruble, and eventually led to a near three-fold devaluation of the Belarusian ruble in 2011. In November 2011, Belarus agreed to sell to Russia its remaining shares in Beltransgaz, the Belarusian natural gas pipeline operator, in exchange for reduced prices for Russian natural gas. Receiving more than half of a $3 billion loan from the Russian-dominated Eurasian Economic Community Bail-out Fund, a $1 billion loan from the Russian state-owned bank Sberbank, and the $2.5 billion sale of Beltranzgas to Russian state-owned Gazprom helped stabilize the situation in 2012; nevertheless, the Belarusian currency lost more than 60% of its value, as the rate of inflation reached 53% in 2011 and 59% in 2012." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$149.2 billion (2012 est.); $147 billion (2011 est.); $139.2 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$63.26 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "1.5% (2012 est.); 5.5% (2011 est.); 7.7% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$15,900 (2012 est.); $15,600 (2011 est.); $14,700 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "31.6% of GDP (2012 est.); 29.2% of GDP (2011 est.); 26.2% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "46.7%", + "government_consumption": "14.6%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "32.8%", + "investment_in_inventories": "1.6%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "81.6%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-77.1% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "9.1%", + "industry": "47.2%", + "services": "43.7% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "grain, potatoes, vegetables, sugar beets, flax; beef, milk" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "metal-cutting machine tools, tractors, trucks, earthmovers, motorcycles, televisions, synthetic fibers, fertilizer, textiles, radios, refrigerators" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "4% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "5 million (2009)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "9.4%", + "industry": "45.9%", + "services": "44.7% (2005 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "1% (2009 est.); 1.6% (2005)", + "note": "official registered unemployed; large number of underemployed workers" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "27.1% (2003 est.)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "3.8%", + "highest_10%": "21.9% (2008)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "27.2 (2008); 21.7 (1998)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$22.38 billion", + "expenditures": "$21.96 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "35.4% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "0.7% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "31.5% of GDP (2012 est.); 48.5% of GDP (2011 est.)" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "59.1% (2012 est.); 53.3% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "10.5% (31 December 2010 est.); 13.5% (31 December 2009 est.)" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "19.49% (31 December 2012 est.); 13.58% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$4.018 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $2.436 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$13.32 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $16.75 billion (31 December 2010 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$19.82 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $13.29 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$NA" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$3.067 billion (2012 est.); -$5.775 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$45.51 billion (2012 est.); $40.93 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and equipment, mineral products, chemicals, metals, textiles, foodstuffs" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Russia 35.4%, Netherlands 16.5%, Ukraine 12.1%, Latvia 7.1% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$45.01 billion (2012 est.); $44.39 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "mineral products, machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, metals" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Russia 59.3%, Germany 5.9%, China 5.1%, Ukraine 5% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$5.809 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $6.011 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$34.12 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $34.02 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "Belarusian rubles (BYB/BYR) per US dollar -; 8,336.9 (2012 est.); 4,974.6 (2011 est.); 2,978.5 (2010 est.); 2,789.49 (2009); 2,130 (2008)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "28.55 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "29.54 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "3.933 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "8.404 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "8.032 million kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "99.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "0.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "0.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "30,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "34,320 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "431,300 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "198 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "427,800 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "188,800 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "302,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "39,660 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "220 million cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "21.82 billion cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "21.6 billion cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "2.832 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "68.24 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "4.208 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "10.695 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "Belarus lags behind its neighbors in upgrading telecommunications infrastructure; modernization of the network progressing with roughly two-thirds of switching equipment now digital", + "domestic": "state-owned Beltelcom is the sole provider of fixed-line local and long distance service; fixed-line teledensity is improving although rural areas continue to be underserved; multiple GSM mobile-cellular networks are experiencing rapid growth; mobile-cellular teledensity now exceeds 100 telephones per 100 persons", + "international": "country code - 375; Belarus is a member of the Trans-European Line (TEL), Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line, and has access to the Trans-Siberia Line (TSL); 3 fiber-optic segments provide connectivity to Latvia, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine; worldwide service is available to Belarus through this infrastructure; additional analog lines to Russia; Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik earth stations (2008)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "4 state-controlled national TV channels; Polish and Russian TV broadcasts are available in some areas; state-run Belarusian Radio operates 3 national networks and an external service; Russian and Polish radio broadcasts are available (2007)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".by" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "295,217 (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "2.643 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "65 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "33", + "over_3_047_m": "1", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "20", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "4", + "914_to_1_523_m": "1", + "under_914_m": "7 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "32", + "over_3_047_m": "1", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "1", + "914_to_1_523_m": "2", + "under_914_m": "28 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "1 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 5,386 km; oil 1,589 km; refined products 1,730 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "5,537 km", + "broad_gauge": "5,512 km 1.520-m gauge (874 km electrified)", + "standard_gauge": "25 km 1.435-m gauge (2008)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "86,392 km", + "paved": "74,651 km", + "unpaved": "11,741 km (2010)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "2,500 km (use limited by its location on the perimeter of the country and by its shallowness) (2011)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "river_ports": "Mazyr (Prypyats')" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Belarus Armed Forces: Land Force, Air and Air Defense Force, Special Operations Force (2013)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation is 12-18 months, depending on academic qualifications; 17 year olds are eligible to become cadets at military higher education institutes, where they are classified as military personnel (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "2,401,785", + "females_age_16_49": "2,429,653 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "1,693,626", + "females_age_16_49": "2,012,401 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "51,855", + "female": "48,760 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "1.4% of GDP (2005 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "boundary demarcated with Latvia and Lithuania; Poland seeks enhanced demarcation and security along this Schengen hard border with financial assistance from the EU" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "stateless_persons": "6,969 (2012)" + }, + "trafficking_in_persons": { + "current_situation": "Belarus is a source, transit, and destination country for women, men, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; women and children are trafficked to European and Middle Eastern countries and within Belarus for sexual exploitation; Belarusian men, women, and children are found in forced labor in the construction industry and other sectors in Russia and Belarus; Belarusian men seeking work abroad are increasingly subjected to forced labor", + "tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List - Belarus does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government demonstrates decreased law enforcement efforts, conducting fewer trafficking investigations and convicting only one trafficking offender; while two new anti-trafficking laws were passed, they have not been fully implemented and government services to victims remain very limited; the government continues its efforts to prevent trafficking through public awareness campaigns and NGO-operated anti-trafficking hotlines (2013)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for the domestic market; transshipment point for illicit drugs to and via Russia, and to the Baltics and Western Europe; a small and lightly regulated financial center; anti-money-laundering legislation does not meet international standards and was weakened further when know-your-customer requirements were curtailed in 2008; few investigations or prosecutions of money-laundering activities (2008)" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/ch-switzerland.json b/europe/ch-switzerland.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ba69119e --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/ch-switzerland.json @@ -0,0 +1,617 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "The Swiss Confederation was founded in 1291 as a defensive alliance among three cantons. In succeeding years, other localities joined the original three. The Swiss Confederation secured its independence from the Holy Roman Empire in 1499. A constitution of 1848, subsequently modified in 1874, replaced the confederation with a centralized federal government. Switzerland's sovereignty and neutrality have long been honored by the major European powers, and the country was not involved in either of the two world wars. The political and economic integration of Europe over the past half century, as well as Switzerland's role in many UN and international organizations, has strengthened Switzerland's ties with its neighbors. However, the country did not officially become a UN member until 2002. Switzerland remains active in many UN and international organizations but retains a strong commitment to neutrality." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Central Europe, east of France, north of Italy" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "47 00 N, 8 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "41,277 sq km", + "land": "39,997 sq km", + "water": "1,280 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "1,852 km", + "border_countries": "Austria 164 km, France 573 km, Italy 740 km, Liechtenstein 41 km, Germany 334 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "0 km (landlocked)" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "text": "none (landlocked)" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "mostly mountains (Alps in south, Jura in northwest) with a central plateau of rolling hills, plains, and large lakes" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Lake Maggiore 195 m", + "highest_point": "Dufourspitze 4,634 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "hydropower potential, timber, salt" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "9.8%", + "permanent_crops": "0.57%", + "other": "89.63% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "550 sq km (2007)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "53.5 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "2.61 cu km/yr (39%/58%/3%)", + "per_capita": "360.3 cu m/yr (2010)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "avalanches, landslides; flash floods" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "air pollution from vehicle emissions and open-air burning; acid rain; water pollution from increased use of agricultural fertilizers; loss of biodiversity" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "Law of the Sea" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "landlocked; crossroads of northern and southern Europe; along with southeastern France, northern Italy, and southwestern Austria, has the highest elevations in the Alps" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Swiss (singular and plural)", + "adjective": "Swiss" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "German 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other 6%" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "German (official) 63.7%, French (official) 20.4%, Italian (official) 6.5%, Serbo-Croatian 1.5%, Albanian 1.3%, Portuguese 1.2%, Spanish 1.1%, English 1%, Romansch (official) 0.5%, other 2.8% (2000 census)", + "note": "German, French, Italian, and Romansch are all national and official languages" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Roman Catholic 41.8%, Protestant 35.3%, Muslim 4.3%, Orthodox 1.8%, other Christian 0.4%, other 1%, unspecified 4.3%, none 11.1% (2000 census)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "7,996,026 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "15.2% (male 624,601/female 588,725)", + "15_24_years": "11.6% (male 471,401/female 453,568)", + "25_54_years": "44% (male 1,766,228/female 1,749,672)", + "55_64_years": "12% (male 476,495/female 479,642)", + "65_years_and_over": "17.3% (male 600,754/female 784,940) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "48.1 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "21.9 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "26.2 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "3.8 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "41.8 years", + "male": "40.8 years", + "female": "42.7 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.85% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "10.45 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "8.08 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "6.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "74% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0.5% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "Zurich 1.143 million; BERN (capital) 346,000 (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.01 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.99 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.76 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.97 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "30.2 (2010 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "8 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "3.8 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "4.21 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "3.36 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "82.28 years", + "male": "79.99 years", + "female": "84.71 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.53 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "82%", + "note": "percent of women aged 20-49 (1994/95)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "11.5% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "4.07 physicians/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "5.2 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.4% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "18,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 100 (2009 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "17.5% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "5.4% of GDP (2009)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "99%", + "male": "99%", + "female": "99% (2003 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "16 years", + "male": "16 years", + "female": "16 years (2011)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "7.7%", + "male": "7.6%", + "female": "7.9% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Swiss Confederation", + "conventional_short_form": "Switzerland", + "local_long_form": "Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft (German); Confederation Suisse (French); Confederazione Svizzera (Italian); Confederaziun Svizra (Romansh)", + "local_short_form": "Schweiz (German); Suisse (French); Svizzera (Italian); Svizra (Romansh)" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "formally a confederation but similar in structure to a federal republic" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Bern", + "geographic_coordinates": "46 55 N, 7 28 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "26 cantons (cantons, singular - canton in French; cantoni, singular - cantone in Italian; Kantone, singular - Kanton in German); Aargau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Bern, Fribourg, Geneve, Glarus, Graubuenden, Jura, Luzern, Neuchatel, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Sankt Gallen, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, Thurgau, Ticino, Uri, Valais, Vaud, Zug, Zuerich", + "note": "6 of the cantons - Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Nidwalden, Obwalden - are referred to as half cantons because they elect only one member to the Council of States and, in popular referendums where a majority of popular votes and a majority of cantonal votes are required, these six cantons only have a half vote" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "1 August 1291 (founding of the Swiss Confederation)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Founding of the Swiss Confederation, 1 August (1291)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "revision of Constitution of 1874 approved by the Federal Parliament 18 December 1998, adopted by referendum 18 April 1999, officially entered into force 1 January 2000" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts, except for federal decrees of a general obligatory character" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President of the Swiss Confederation Ueli MAURER; Vice President Didier BURKHALTER; note - the Federal Council, which is comprised of seven federal councillors, constitutes the federal government of Switzerland; council members rotate in one-year terms as federal president (chief of state and head of government)", + "head_of_government": "President of the Swiss Confederation Ueli MAURER (since 1 January 2013); Vice President Didier BURKHALTER (since 1 January 2013)", + "cabinet": "Federal Council or Bundesrat (in German), Conseil Federal (in French), Consiglio Federale (in Italian) is elected by the Federal Assembly usually from among its members for a four-year term", + "elections": "president and vice president elected by the Federal Assembly from among the members of the Federal Council for a one-year term (they may not serve consecutive terms); election last held on 5 December 2012 (next to be held in early December 2013)", + "election_results": "Ueli MAURER elected president; number of Federal Assembly votes - 148 of 202; Didier BURKHALTER elected vice president" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "bicameral Federal Assembly or Bundesversammlung (in German), Assemblee Federale (in French), Assemblea Federale (in Italian) consists of the Council of States or Staenderat (in German), Conseil des Etats (in French), Consiglio degli Stati (in Italian) (46 seats; membership consists of 2 representatives from each canton and 1 from each half canton; members serve four-year terms) and the National Council or Nationalrat (in German), Conseil National (in French), Consiglio Nazionale (in Italian) (200 seats; members elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "Council of States - last held in most cantons on 23 October 2011 (each canton determines when the next election will be held); National Council - last held on 23 October 2011 (next to be held in October 2015)", + "election_results": "Council of States - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CVP 13, FDP 11, SVP 5, SPS 11, other 6; National Council - percent of vote by party - SVP 26.6%, SPS 18.7%, FDP 15.1%, CVP 12.3%, Green Party 8.4%, GLP 5.4%, BDP 5.4%, other 8.1%; seats by party - SVP 54, SPS 46, FDP 30, CVP 28, Green Party 15, GLP 12, BDP 9, other small parties 6" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Federal Supreme Court (consists of 38 judges and 31 substitutes and organized into 5 sections)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "judges elected by the Federal Assembly for 6-year terms; note - judges are affiliated with political parties and are elected according to linguistic and regional criteria in approximate proportion to the level of party representation in the Federal Assembly", + "subordinate_courts": "Federal Criminal Court (began in 2004); Federal Administrative Court (began in 2007); note - each of Switzerland's 26 cantons has its own courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Christian Democratic People's Party (Christlichdemokratische Volkspartei der Schweiz or CVP, Parti Democrate-Chretien Suisse or PDC, Partito Popolare Democratico Svizzero or PPD, Partida Cristiandemocratica dalla Svizra or PCD) [Christophe DARBELLAY]; Conservative Democratic Party (Buergerlich-Demokratische Partei Schweiz or BDP, Parti Bourgeois Democratique Suisse or PBD, Partito Borghese Democratico Svizzero or PBD, Partido burgais democratica Svizera or PBD) [Martin LANDOLT]; Free Democratic Party or FDP.The Liberals (FDP.Die Liberalen, PLR.Les Liberaux-Radicaux, PLR.I Liberali, Ils Liberals) [Philipp MUELLER]; Green Liberal Party (Grunliberale or GLP, Parti vert liberale or PVL, Partito Verde-Liberale or PVL, Partida Verde Liberale or PVL) [Martin BAEUMLE]; Green Party (Gruene Partei der Schweiz or Gruene, Parti Ecologiste Suisse or Les Verts, Partito Ecologista Svizzero or I Verdi, Partida Ecologica Svizra or La Verda) [Adele THORENS]; Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz or SPS, Parti Socialiste Suisse or PSS, Partito Socialista Svizzero or PSS, Partida Socialdemocratica de la Svizra or PSS) [Christian LEVRAT]; Swiss People's Party (Schweizerische Volkspartei or SVP, Union Democratique du Centre or UDC, Unione Democratica di Centro or UDC, Uniun Democratica dal Center or UDC) [Toni BRUNNER]; and other minor parties" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EFTA, EITI (implementing country), ESA, FAO, FATF, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Manuel SAGER", + "chancery": "2900 Cathedral Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 745-7900", + "fax": "[1] (202) 387-2564", + "consulates_general": "Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco", + "consulates": "Boston" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Donald S. BEYER, Jr.", + "embassy": "Sulgeneckstrasse 19, CH-3007 Bern", + "mailing_address": "use embassy street address", + "telephone": "[41] (031) 357-70-11", + "fax": "[41] (031) 357-73-44" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the center that does not extend to the edges of the flag; various medieval legends purport to describe the origin of the flag; a white cross used as identification for troops of the Swiss Confederation is first attested at the Battle of Laupen (1339)" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "Swiss cross (white cross on red field; arms equal length)" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Schweizerpsalm\" [German] \"Cantique Suisse\" [French] \"Salmo svizzero,\" [Italian] \"Psalm svizzer\" [Romansch] (Swiss Psalm)", + "lyrics_music": "Leonhard WIDMER [German], Charles CHATELANAT [French], Camillo VALSANGIACOMO [Italian], and Flurin CAMATHIAS [Romansch]/Alberik ZWYSSIG", + "note": "unofficially adopted 1961, official adoption 1981; the anthem has been popular in a number of Swiss cantons since its composition (in German) in 1841; translated into the other three official languages of the country (French, Italian, and Romansch), it is official in each of those languages" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Switzerland is a peaceful, prosperous, and modern market economy with low unemployment, a highly skilled labor force, and a per capita GDP among the highest in the world. Switzerland's economy benefits from a highly developed service sector, led by financial services, and a manufacturing industry that specializes in high-technology, knowledge-based production. Its economic and political stability, transparent legal system, exceptional infrastructure, efficient capital markets, and low corporate tax rates also make Switzerland one of the world's most competitive economies. The Swiss have brought their economic practices largely into conformity with the EU's to enhance their international competitiveness, but some trade protectionism remains, particularly for its small agricultural sector. The fate of the Swiss economy is tightly linked to that of its neighbors in the euro zone, which purchases half of all Swiss exports. The global financial crisis of 2008 and resulting economic downturn in 2009 stalled export demand and put Switzerland in a recession. The Swiss National Bank (SNB) during this period effectively implemented a zero-interest rate policy to boost the economy as well as prevent appreciation of the franc, and Switzerland's economy recovered in 2010 with 3.0% growth. The sovereign debt crises currently unfolding in neighboring euro-zone countries pose a significant risk to Switzerland's financial stability and are driving up demand for the Swiss franc by investors seeking a safe-haven currency. The independent SNB has upheld its zero-interest rate policy and conducted major market interventions to prevent further appreciation of the Swiss franc, but parliamentarians have urged it to do more to weaken the currency. The franc's strength has made Swiss exports less competitive and weakened the country's growth outlook; GDP growth fell to 1.9% in 2011 and 0.8% in 2012. Switzerland has also come under increasing pressure from individual neighboring countries, the EU, the US, and international institutions to reform its banking secrecy laws. Consequently, the government agreed to conform to OECD regulations on administrative assistance in tax matters, including tax evasion. The government has renegotiated its double taxation agreements with numerous countries, including the US, to incorporate the OECD standard, and is considering the possibility of imposing taxes on bank deposits held by foreigners. These steps will have a lasting impact on Switzerland's long history of bank secrecy." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$369.4 billion (2012 est.); $365.8 billion (2011 est.); $358.9 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$632.4 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "1% (2012 est.); 1.9% (2011 est.); 3% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$46,200 (2012 est.); $46,000 (2011 est.); $45,600 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "29.4% of GDP (2012 est.); 26.2% of GDP (2011 est.); 33.4% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "58%", + "government_consumption": "11.2%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "20%", + "investment_in_inventories": "1.1%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "51.1%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-41% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "1.4%", + "industry": "28%", + "services": "70.6% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "grains, fruits, vegetables; meat, eggs" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments, tourism, banking, and insurance" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "2% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "4.954 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "3.4%", + "industry": "23.4%", + "services": "73.2% (2010)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "2.9% (2012 est.); 2.8% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "7.9% (2010)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "7.5%", + "highest_10%": "19% (2007)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "29.6 (2010); 33.1 (1992)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$212.6 billion", + "expenditures": "$212.9 billion", + "note": "includes federal, cantonal, and municipal accounts (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "33.6% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "52.4% of GDP (2011 est.); 54.5% of GDP (2010)", + "note": "general government gross debt; gross debt consists of all liabilities that require payment or payments of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the creditor at a date or dates in the future; includes debt liabilities in the form of SDRs, currency and deposits, debt securities, loans, insurance, pensions and standardized guarantee schemes, and other accounts payable; all liabilities in the GFSM 2001 system are debt, except for equity and investment fund shares and financial derivatives and employee stock options" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "-0.7% (2012 est.); 0.2% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "0.5% (31 December 2010 est.); 0.75% (31 December 2009 est.)" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "2.69% (31 December 2012 est.); 2.72% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$534.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $464.8 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$1.166 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.05 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$1.247 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.159 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$932.2 billion (31 December 2011); $1.229 trillion (31 December 2010); $1.071 trillion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "$66.5 billion (2012 est.); $74.06 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$333.4 billion (2012 est.); $345.6 billion (2011 est.)", + "note": "trade data exclude trade with Switzerland" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery, chemicals, metals, watches, agricultural products" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 19.8%, US 11.1%, Italy 7.2%, France 7.1%, UK 5.4% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$287.7 billion (2012 est.); $320.4 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery, chemicals, vehicles, metals; agricultural products, textiles" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 29.7%, Italy 10.2%, France 8.4%, US 5.6%, China 5.6%, Austria 4.2% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$531.1 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $331.9 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$1.563 trillion (31 December 2012); $1.424 trillion (31 December 2011)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$641.6 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $621.9 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$1.041 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $994.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "Swiss francs (CHF) per US dollar -; 0.9374 (2012 est.); 0.8876 (2011 est.); 1.0429 (2010 est.); 1.0881 (2009); 1.0774 (2008)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "62.88 billion kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "60.42 billion kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "80.71 billion kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "83.3 billion kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "17.7 million kW (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "2.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "16.6% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "69.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "2.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "258,200 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "103,500 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "258,200 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "9,851 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "176,500 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "0 cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "3.681 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "3.681 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2011 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "45.55 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "4.613 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "10.122 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "highly developed telecommunications infrastructure with excellent domestic and international services", + "domestic": "ranked among leading countries for fixed-line teledensity and infrastructure; mobile-cellular subscribership roughly 125 per 100 persons; extensive cable and microwave radio relay networks", + "international": "country code - 41; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean) (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "the publicly owned radio and TV broadcaster, Swiss Broadcasting Corporation (SRG/SSR), operates 7 national TV networks, 3 broadcasting in German, 2 in Italian, and 2 in French; private commercial TV stations broadcast regionally and locally; TV broadcasts from stations in Germany, Italy, and France are widely available via multi-channel cable and satellite TV services; SRG/SSR operates 18 radio stations that, along with private broadcasters, provide national to local coverage (2009)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".ch" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "5.301 million (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "6.152 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "63 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "40", + "over_3_047_m": "3", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "2", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "12", + "914_to_1_523_m": "6", + "under_914_m": "17 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "23", + "under_914_m": "23 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "2 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 1,800 km; oil 94 km; refined products 7 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "4,876 km", + "standard_gauge": "3,846 km 1.435-m gauge (3,591 km electrified)", + "narrow_gauge": "1,020 km 1.000-m gauge (1,013 km electrified); 10 km 0.800-m gauge (10 km electrified) (2008)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "71,454 km", + "paved": "71,454 km (includes 1,790 of expressways) (2010)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "1,292 km (there are 1,227 km of waterways on lakes and rivers for public transport and another 65 km on the Rhine River between Basel-Rheinfelden and Schaffhausen-Bodensee used for the transport of commercial goods) (2010)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "38", + "by_type": "bulk carrier 19, cargo 9, chemical tanker 5, container 4, petroleum tanker 1", + "registered_in_other_countries": "127 (Antigua and Barbuda 7, Bahamas 1, Belize 1, Cayman Islands 1, France 5, Germany 2, Hong Kong 5, Italy 13, Liberia 25, Luxembourg 1, Malta 20, Marshall Islands 12, NZ 2, Panama 15, Portugal 3, Russia 3, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7, Singapore 3, Spain 1) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Basel" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Swiss Armed Forces: Land Forces, Swiss Air Force (Schweizer Luftwaffe) (2013)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "19-26 years of age for male compulsory military service; 18 years of age for voluntary male and female military service; every Swiss male has to serve at least 260 days in the armed forces; conscripts receive 18 weeks of mandatory training, followed by seven 3-week intermittent recalls for training during the next 10 years (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "1,828,043", + "females_age_16_49": "1,786,552 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "1,493,509", + "females_age_16_49": "1,459,450 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "46,562", + "female": "42,585 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "1% of GDP (2005 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "none" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "refugees_country_of_origin": "10,981 (Eritrea) (2012)", + "stateless_persons": "69 (2012)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "a major international financial center vulnerable to the layering and integration stages of money laundering; despite significant legislation and reporting requirements, secrecy rules persist and nonresidents are permitted to conduct business through offshore entities and various intermediaries; transit country for and consumer of South American cocaine, Southwest Asian heroin, and Western European synthetics; domestic cannabis cultivation and limited ecstasy production" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/cy-cyprus.json b/europe/cy-cyprus.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..04092939 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/cy-cyprus.json @@ -0,0 +1,640 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "A former British colony, Cyprus became independent in 1960 following years of resistance to British rule. Tensions between the Greek Cypriot majority and Turkish Cypriot minority came to a head in December 1963, when violence broke out in the capital of Nicosia. Despite the deployment of UN peacekeepers in 1964, sporadic intercommunal violence continued forcing most Turkish Cypriots into enclaves throughout the island. In 1974, a Greek Government-sponsored attempt to seize control of Cyprus was met by military intervention from Turkey, which soon controlled more than a third of the island. In 1983, the Turkish Cypriot-occupied area declared itself the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" (\"TRNC\"), but it is recognized only by Turkey. The election of a new Cypriot president in 2008 served as the impetus for the UN to encourage both the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities to reopen unification negotiations. In September 2008, the leaders of the two communities began discussions under UN auspices aimed at reuniting the divided island. The talks are ongoing. The entire island entered the EU on 1 May 2004, although the EU acquis - the body of common rights and obligations - applies only to the areas under the internationally recognized government, and is suspended in the areas administered by Turkish Cypriots. However, individual Turkish Cypriots able to document their eligibility for Republic of Cyprus citizenship legally enjoy the same rights accorded to other citizens of European Union states." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Middle East, island in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Turkey" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "35 00 N, 33 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "9,251 sq km (of which 3,355 sq km are in north Cyprus)", + "land": "9,241 sq km", + "water": "10 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "about 0.6 times the size of Connecticut" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "150.4 km (approximately)", + "border_sovereign_base_areas": "Akrotiri 47.4 km, Dhekelia 103 km (approximately)" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "648 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "contiguous_zone": "24 nm", + "continental_shelf": "200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "central plain with mountains to north and south; scattered but significant plains along southern coast" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m", + "highest_point": "Mount Olympus 1,951 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth pigment" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "9.06%", + "permanent_crops": "3.54%", + "other": "87.41% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "457.9 sq km (2007)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "0.78 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "0.18 cu km/yr (10%/3%/86%)", + "per_capita": "164.7 cu m/yr (2009)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "moderate earthquake activity; droughts" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "water resource problems (no natural reservoir catchments, seasonal disparity in rainfall, sea water intrusion to island's largest aquifer, increased salination in the north); water pollution from sewage and industrial wastes; coastal degradation; loss of wildlife habitats from urbanization" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily and Sardinia)" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Cypriot(s)", + "adjective": "Cypriot" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Greek 77%, Turkish 18%, other 5% (2001)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Greek (official), Turkish (official), English" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Greek Orthodox 78%, Muslim 18%, other (includes Maronite and Armenian Apostolic) 4%" + }, + "population": { + "text": "1,155,403 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "15.8% (male 93,644/female 88,392)", + "15_24_years": "15.8% (male 99,041/female 83,160)", + "25_54_years": "46.9% (male 283,599/female 258,130)", + "55_64_years": "10.6% (male 58,569/female 64,243)", + "65_years_and_over": "11% (male 55,036/female 71,589) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "41.3 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "24 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "17.3 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "5.8 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "35.4 years", + "male": "34 years", + "female": "37.1 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "1.52% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "11.45 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "6.52 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "10.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "70.5% of total population (2011)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "1.36% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "NICOSIA (capital) 253,000 (2011)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.19 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.09 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.91 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.77 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "1.04 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "27.5 (2005 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "10 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "8.82 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "10.39 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "7.17 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "78.17 years", + "male": "75.38 years", + "female": "81.09 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.46 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "6% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "2.3 physicians/1,000 population (2006)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "3.8 beds/1,000 population (2008)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.1% (2003 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "fewer than 1,000 (2007 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "25.5% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "7.9% of GDP (2009)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "98.7%", + "male": "99.3%", + "female": "98.1% (2011 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "14 years", + "male": "14 years", + "female": "14 years (2010)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "22.3%", + "male": "23.1%", + "female": "21.5% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Cyprus", + "conventional_short_form": "Cyprus", + "local_long_form": "Kypriaki Dimokratia/Kibris Cumhuriyeti", + "local_short_form": "Kypros/Kibris", + "note": "the Turkish Cypriot community, which administers the northern part of the island, refers to itself as the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" or \"TRNC\" (Kuzey Kibris Turk Cumhuriyeti or KKTC)" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "republic", + "note": "a separation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the island began following the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was further solidified after the Turkish intervention in July 1974, following a Greek military-junta-supported coup attempt that gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government; on 15 November 1983 Turkish Cypriot \"President\" Rauf DENKTAS declared independence and the formation of a \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" (\"TRNC\"), which is recognized only by Turkey" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Nicosia (Lefkosia/Lefkosa)", + "geographic_coordinates": "35 10 N, 33 22 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "6 districts; Ammochostos (Famagusta; all but a small part controlled by Turkish Cyprus), Keryneia (Kyrenia; the only district completely controlled by Turkish Cyprus), Larnaka (Larnaca; a small part controlled by Turkish Cyprus), Lemesos (Limassol), Lefkosia (Nicosia; a small part controlled by Turkish Cyprus), Pafos (Paphos); note - the five districts of Turkish Cyprus are Gazimagusa (Famagusta), Girne (Kyrenia), Guzelyurt (Morphou), Lefkosia (Nicosia) and Iskele (Trikomo)" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "16 August 1960 (from the UK); note - Turkish Cypriots proclaimed self-rule on 13 February 1975 and independence in 1983, but these proclamations are only recognized by Turkey" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Independence Day, 1 October (1960); note - Turkish Cypriots celebrate 15 November (1983) as \"Independence Day\"" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "16 August 1960", + "note": "from December 1963, the Turkish Cypriots no longer participated in the government; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised constitution to govern the island and for better relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently since the mid-1960s; in 1975, following the 1974 Turkish intervention, Turkish Cypriots created their own constitution and governing bodies within the \"Turkish Federated State of Cyprus,\" which they then called the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC)\" when the Turkish Cypriots declared independence in 1983; a new constitution for the \"TRNC\" passed by referendum on 5 May 1985, although the \"TRNC\" remains unrecognized by any country other than Turkey" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "mixed legal system of English common law and civil law with Greek Orthodox religious law influence" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Nicos ANASTASIADES (since 28 February 2013); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; post of vice president is currently vacant; under the 1960 constitution, the post is reserved for a Turkish Cypriot", + "head_of_government": "President Nicos ANASTASIADES (since 28 February 2013)", + "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed jointly by the president and vice president", + "elections": "president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held on 17 and 24 February 2013 (next to be held in February 2018)", + "election_results": "Nicos ANASTASIADES elected president; percent of vote (first round) - Nicos ANASTASIADES 45.46%, Stavros MALAS 26.91%, Giorgos LILLIKAS 24.93%, other 2.7%; (second round) Nicos ANASTASIADES 57.48%, Savros MALAS 42.52%", + "note": "Dervis EROGLU became \"president\" of the \"TRNC\" on 23 April 2010 after \"presidential\" elections on 18 April 2010; results - Dervis EROGLU 50.4%, Mehmet Ali TALAT 42.9%; Sibel SIBER is \"TRNC acting prime minister\"" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral - area under government control: House of Representatives or Vouli Antiprosopon (80 seats; 56 assigned to the Greek Cypriots, 24 to Turkish Cypriots; note - only those assigned to Greek Cypriots are filled; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms); area administered by Turkish Cypriots: Assembly of the Republic or Cumhuriyet Meclisi (50 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)", + "elections": "area under government control: last held on 22 May 2011 (next to be held in May 2016); area administered by Turkish Cypriots: last held on 19 April 2009 (next to be held on 28 July 2013)", + "election_results": "area under government control: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - DISY 34.3%, AKEL 32.7%, DIKO 15.8%, EDEK 8.9%, EURO.KO 3.9%, other 4.4%; seats by party - DISY 20, AKEL 19, DIKO 9, EDEK 5, EURO.KO 2, other 1; area administered by Turkish Cypriots: Assembly of the Republic - percent of vote by party - UBP 44.1%, CTP 29.3%, DP 10.6%, other 16%; seats by party - UBP 26, CTP 15, DP 5, other 4" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Cyprus (consists of 13 judges including the court president); note - the highest court in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) is the Supreme Court (consists of 8 judges including the court president)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Republic of Cyprus Supreme Court judges appointed by the president of the republic upon the recommendation of the Supreme Court judges; judges tenure NA; TRNC Supreme Court judges appointed by the Supreme Council of Judicature, a 12-member body of judges, the attorney general, appointees - one each by the president of the TRNC and by the Legislative Assembly, and a member elected by the Bar Association; judge tenure NA", + "subordinate_courts": "Republic of Cyprus district courts; Assize Courts; specialized courts for issues relating to family, industrial disputes, military, and rent control; TRNC Assize Courts; district and family courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "area_under_government_control": "Democratic Party or DIKO [Marios KAROYIAN (Garoyian)]; Democratic Rally or DISY [Nicos ANASTASIADES]; European Party or EURO.KO [Demetris SYLLOURIS]; Fighting Democratic Movement or ADIK [Dinos MIKHAILIDES]; note - now part of Democratic Party or DIKO; Green Party of Cyprus [George PERDIKIS]; Movement for Social Democrats or EDEK [Yiannakis OMIROU]; Progressive Party of the Working People or AKEL (Communist Party) [Andros KYPRIANOU]; United Democrats or EDI [Praxoula ANTONIADOU]", + "area_administered_by_turkish_cypriots": "Communal Democracy Party or TDP [Mehmet CAKICI]; Cyprus Socialist Party or KSP [Yusuf ALKIM]; Democratic Party or DP [Serdar DENKTAS]; Freedom and Reform Party or ORP [Turgay AVCI]; National Unity Party or UBP [Irsen KUCUK]; Nationalist Justice Party or MAP [Ata TEPE]; New Cyprus Party or YKP [Murat KANATLI]; Politics for the People Party or HIS [Ahmet YONLUER]; note - joined the National Unity Party in 2010; Republican Turkish Party or CTP [Ozkam YORGANCIOGLU]; United Cyprus Party or BKP [Izzet IZCAN]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "Confederation of Cypriot Workers or SEK (pro-West); Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions or Dev-Is; Federation of Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions or Turk-Sen; Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation or PEO (Communist controlled)" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "Australia Group, C, CD, CE, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS (observer), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Georgios CHACALLI", + "chancery": "2211 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 462-5772, 462-0873", + "fax": "[1] (202) 483-6710", + "consulates_general": "New York", + "note": "representative of the Turkish Cypriot community in the US is Ahmet ERDENGIZ; office at 1667 K Street NW, Washington, DC; telephone [1] (202) 887-6198" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador John M. KOENIG", + "embassy": "corner of Metochiou and Ploutarchou Streets, 2407 Engomi, Nicosia", + "mailing_address": "P. O. Box 24536, 1385 Nicosia", + "telephone": "[357] (22) 393939", + "fax": "[357] (22) 780944" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the name Cyprus is derived from the Greek word for copper) above two green crossed olive branches in the center of the flag; the branches symbolize the hope for peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities", + "note": "the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" flag retains the white field of the Cyprus national flag but displays narrow horizontal red stripes positioned a small distance from the top and bottom edges between which are centered a red crescent and a red five-pointed star; the banner is modeled after the Turkish national flag but with the colors reversed" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "Cypriot mouflon (wild sheep); white dove" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Ymnos eis tin Eleftherian\" (Hymn to Liberty)", + "lyrics_music": "Dionysios SOLOMOS/Nikolaos MANTZAROS", + "note": "adopted 1960; Cyprus adopted the Greek national anthem as its own; the Turkish community in Cyprus uses the anthem of Turkey" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "The area of the Republic of Cyprus under government control has a market economy dominated by the service sector, which accounts for four-fifths of GDP. Tourism, financial services, and real estate are the most important sectors. Erratic growth rates over the past decade reflect the economy's reliance on tourism, the profitability of which can fluctuate with political instability in the region and economic conditions in Western Europe. Nevertheless, the economy in the area under government control has grown at a rate well above the EU average since 2000. Cyprus joined the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM2) in May 2005 and adopted the euro as its national currency on 1 January 2008. An aggressive austerity program in the preceding years, aimed at paving the way for the euro, helped turn a soaring fiscal deficit (6.3% in 2003) into a surplus of 1.2% in 2008, and reduced inflation to 4.7%. This prosperity came under pressure in 2009, as construction and tourism slowed in the face of reduced foreign demand triggered by the ongoing global financial crisis. Although Cyprus lagged behind its EU peers in showing signs of stress from the global crisis, the economy tipped into recession in 2009, contracting by 1.7%, and has been slow to bounce back since, posting anemic growth in 2010-11 before contracting again by 2.3% in 2012. Serious problems surfaced in the Cypriot financial sector in early 2011 as the Greek fiscal crisis and euro zone debt crisis deepened. Cyprus's borrowing costs have risen steadily because of its exposure to Greek debt. Two of Cyprus's biggest banks are among the largest holders of Greek bonds in Europe and have a substantial presence in Greece through bank branches and subsidiaries. Cyprus experienced numerous downgrades of its credit rating in 2012 and has been cut off from international money markets. The Cypriot economy contracted in 2012 following the writedown of Greek bonds. A liquidity squeeze is choking the financial sector and the real economy as many global investors are uncertain the Cypriot economy can weather the EU crisis. The budget deficit rose to 7.4% of GDP in 2011, a violation of the EU's budget deficit criteria - no more than 3% of GDP. In response to the country's deteriorating finances and serious risk of contagion from the Greek debt crisis, Nicosia implemented measures to cut the cost of the state payroll, curb tax evasion, and revamp social benefits, and trimmed the deficit to 4.2% of GDP in 2012. In July, Nicosia became the fifth euro zone government to request an economic bailout program from the European Commission, the European Central Bank, and the International Monetary Fund - known collectively as the \"Troika\". Negotiations over the final details of the plan are ongoing." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$24 billion (2012 est.); $24.6 billion (2011 est.); $24.47 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$23.01 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "-2.4% (2012 est.); 0.5% (2011 est.); 1.3% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$27,500 (2012 est.); $28,500 (2011 est.); $29,100 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "8.8% of GDP (2012 est.); 12.8% of GDP (2011 est.); 9.8% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "66.8%", + "government_consumption": "20.1%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "12.8%", + "investment_in_inventories": "0.3%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "45.5%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-45.4% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "2.4%", + "industry": "16.7%", + "services": "80.9% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "citrus, vegetables, barley, grapes, olives, vegetables; poultry, pork, lamb; dairy, cheese" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "tourism, food and beverage processing, cement and gypsum production, ship repair and refurbishment, textiles, light chemicals, metal products, wood, paper, stone and clay products" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.5% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "416,900 (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "8.5%", + "industry": "20.5%", + "services": "71% (2006 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "11.9% (2012 est.); 7.9% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "NA%" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "NA%", + "highest_10%": "NA%" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "29 (2005)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$9.831 billion", + "expenditures": "$10.89 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "42.7% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-4.6% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "84.4% of GDP (2012 est.); 71.1% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "2.4% (2012 est.); 3.3% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "1.5% (31 December 2012); 1.75% (31 December 2010)", + "note": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "7% (31 December 2012 est.); 6.83% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$14.73 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $14.6 billion (31 December 2010 est.)", + "note": "see entry for the European Union for money supply in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 17 members of the EMU; individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$56.25 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $52.97 billion (31 December 2010 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$54.19 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $53.74 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$2.853 billion (31 December 2011); $6.834 billion (31 December 2010); $4.993 billion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$1.963 billion (2012 est.); -$2.546 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$2.679 billion (2012 est.); $2.748 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "citrus, potatoes, pharmaceuticals, cement, clothing" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Greece 23.3%, UK 10.1% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$7.093 billion (2012 est.); $7.951 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants, machinery, transport equipment" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Greece 21.5%, Israel 11.9%, Italy 8.3%, UK 7.4%, Germany 7%, Netherlands 6.7%, France 6%, China 4.5% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$1.207 billion (2011 est.); $1.207 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$106.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $113.6 billion (31 December 2010 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$27.26 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $25.06 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$11.13 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $10.13 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -; 0.7778 (2012 est.); 0.7185 (2011 est.); 0.755 (2010 est.); 0.7198 (2009 est.); 0.6827 (2008 est.)" + }, + "economy_of_the_area_administered_by_turkish_cypriots": { + "economy_overview": "The Turkish Cypriot economy has roughly half the per capita GDP of the south, and economic growth tends to be volatile, given the north's relative isolation, bloated public sector, reliance on the Turkish lira, and small market size. The Turkish Cypriots are heavily dependent on transfers from the Turkish Government. Ankara directly finances about one-third of the Turkish Cypriot \"administration's\" budget. Aid from Turkey has exceeded $400 million annually in recent years. The Turkish Cypriot economy experienced a sharp slowdown in 2008-09 due to the global financial crisis and to its reliance on British and Turkish tourism, both of which declined due to the recession. The Turkish Cypriot budget deficit also deteriorated in 2009 due to decreased state revenues and increased government expenditures on public sector salaries and social services. The Turkish Cypriot economy declined about 0.6% in 2010.", + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": "$1.829 billion (2007 est.)", + "gdp_real_growth_rate": "-0.6% (2010 est.)", + "gdp_per_capita": "$11,700 (2007 est.)", + "gdp_composition_by_sector": "agriculture: 8.6%, industry: 22.4%, services: 69.1% (2006 est.)", + "labor_force": "95,030 (2007 est.)", + "labor_force_by_occupation": "agriculture: 14.5%, industry: 29%, services: 56.5% (2004)", + "unemployment_rate": "9.4% (2005 est.)", + "population_below_poverty_line": "%NA", + "inflation_rate": "11.4% (2006)", + "budget": "revenues: $2.5 billion, expenditures: $2.5 billion (2006)", + "agriculture_products": "citrus fruit, dairy, potatoes, grapes, olives, poultry, lamb", + "industries": "foodstuffs, textiles, clothing, ship repair, clay, gypsum, copper, furniture", + "industrial_production_growth_rate": "-0.3% (2007 est.)", + "electricity_production": "998.9 million kWh (2005)", + "electricity_consumption": "797.9 million kWh (2005)", + "exports": "$68.1 million, f.o.b. (2007 est.)", + "export_commodities": "citrus, dairy, potatoes, textiles", + "export_partners": "Turkey 40%; direct trade between the area administered by Turkish Cypriots and the area under government control remains limited", + "imports": "$1.2 billion, f.o.b. (2007 est.)", + "import_commodities": "vehicles, fuel, cigarettes, food, minerals, chemicals, machinery", + "import_partners": "Turkey 60%; direct trade between the area administered by Turkish Cypriots and the area under government control remains limited", + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": "$NA", + "debt_external": "$NA", + "currency_code": "Turkish new lira (YTL)", + "exchange_rates": "Turkish new lira per US dollar: 1.67 (2011) 1.5 (2010) 1.55 (2009) 1.32 (2008) 1.32 (2007)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "4.887 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "4.698 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "1.392 million kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "99.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "0.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "58,430 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "60,310 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "9.257 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "405,000 (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "1.09 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "excellent in both area under government control and area administered by Turkish Cypriots", + "domestic": "open-wire, fiber-optic cable, and microwave radio relay", + "international": "country code - 357 (area administered by Turkish Cypriots uses the country code of Turkey - 90); a number of submarine cables, including the SEA-ME-WE-3, combine to provide connectivity to Western Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; tropospheric scatter; satellite earth stations - 8 (3 Intelsat - 1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean, 2 Eutelsat, 2 Intersputnik, and 1 Arabsat)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "mixture of state and privately run TV and radio services; the public broadcaster operates 2 TV channels and 4 radio stations; 6 private TV broadcasters, satellite and cable TV services including telecasts from Greece and Turkey, and a number of private radio stations are available; in areas administered by Turkish Cypriots, there are 2 public TV stations, 4 public radio stations, and privately owned TV and radio broadcast stations (2007)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".cy" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "252,013 (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "433,900 (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "15 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "13", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "7", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "2", + "914_to_1_523_m": "3", + "under_914_m": "1 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "2", + "under_914_m": "2 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "9 (2013)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "20,006 km", + "government_control": "13,006 km (includes 2,277 km of expressways)", + "paved": "8,564 km", + "unpaved": "4,442 km", + "turkish_cypriot_control": "7,000 km (2011)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "838", + "by_type": "bulk carrier 278, cargo 163, chemical tanker 77, container 201, liquefied gas 11, passenger 3, passenger/cargo 25, petroleum tanker 62, refrigerated cargo 5, roll on/roll off 9, vehicle carrier 4", + "foreign_owned": "622 (Angola 1, Austria 1, Belgium 3, Bermuda 1, Canada 2, China 6, Denmark 6, Estonia 6, France 16, Germany 192, Greece 201, Hong Kong 2, India 4, Iran 10, Ireland 3, Italy 6, Japan 16, Netherlands 23, Norway 14, Philippines 1, Poland 24, Portugal 2, Russia 46, Singapore 1, Slovenia 5, Spain 6, Sweden 5, Turkey 1, UAE 3, UK 7, Ukraine 3, US 5)", + "registered_in_other_countries": "152 (Bahamas 23, Cambodia 4, Comoros 2, Finland 1, Gibraltar 1, Greece 3, Hong Kong 3, Liberia 9, Malta 32, Marshall Islands 40, Norway 1, Panama 5, Russia 13, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3, Sierra Leone 2, Singapore 6, unknown 4) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "major_seaports": "area under government control: Larnaca, Limassol, Vasilikos; area administered by Turkish Cypriots: Famagusta, Kyrenia" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Republic of Cyprus: Greek Cypriot National Guard (Ethniki Froura, EF; includes naval and air elements); Northern Cyprus: Turkish Cypriot Security Force (GKK) (2013)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "Greek Cypriot National Guard (GCNG): 18-50 years of age for compulsory military service for all Greek Cypriot males; 17 years of age for voluntary service; length of service obligation is 25 months; women may volunteer for a 3-year term (2013)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "greek_cypriot_national_guard_gcng": "", + "males_age_16_49": "327,875", + "females_age_16_49": "287,891 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "greek_cypriot_national_guard_gcng": "", + "males_age_16_49": "275,842", + "females_age_16_49": "239,862 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "8,167", + "female": "7,398 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "2% of GDP (2012) (U)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "hostilities in 1974 divided the island into two de facto autonomous entities, the internationally recognized Cypriot Government and a Turkish-Cypriot community (north Cyprus); the 1,000-strong UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) has served in Cyprus since 1964 and maintains the buffer zone between north and south; on 1 May 2004, Cyprus entered the European Union still divided, with the EU's body of legislation and standards (acquis communitaire) suspended in the north; Turkey protests Cypriot Government creating hydrocarbon blocks and maritime boundary with Lebanon in March 2007" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "idps": "208,000 (both Turkish and Greek Cypriots; many displaced since 1974) (2012)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "minor transit point for heroin and hashish via air routes and container traffic to Europe, especially from Lebanon and Turkey; some cocaine transits as well; despite a strengthening of anti-money-laundering legislation, remains vulnerable to money laundering; reporting of suspicious transactions in offshore sector remains weak (2008)" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/cz-czech-republic.json b/europe/cz-czech-republic.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cb15e664 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/cz-czech-republic.json @@ -0,0 +1,616 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "At the close of World War I, the Czechs and Slovaks of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire merged to form Czechoslovakia. During the interwar years, having rejected a federal system, the new country's predominantly Czech leaders were frequently preoccupied with meeting the increasingly strident demands of other ethnic minorities within the republic, most notably the Slovaks, the Sudeten Germans, and the Ruthenians (Ukrainians). On the eve of World War II, Nazi Germany occupied the Czech part of the country and Slovakia became an independent state allied with Germany. After the war, a reunited but truncated Czechoslovakia (less Ruthenia) fell within the Soviet sphere of influence. In 1968, an invasion by Warsaw Pact troops ended the efforts of the country's leaders to liberalize communist rule and create \"socialism with a human face,\" ushering in a period of repression known as \"normalization.\" The peaceful \"Velvet Revolution\" swept the Communist Party from power at the end of 1989 and inaugurated a return to democratic rule and a market economy. On 1 January 1993, the country underwent a nonviolent \"velvet divorce\" into its two national components, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Central Europe, between Germany, Poland, Slovakia, and Austria" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "49 45 N, 15 30 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "78,867 sq km", + "land": "77,247 sq km", + "water": "1,620 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly smaller than South Carolina" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "1,989 km", + "border_countries": "Austria 362 km, Germany 815 km, Poland 615 km, Slovakia 197 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "0 km (landlocked)" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "text": "none (landlocked)" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "Bohemia in the west consists of rolling plains, hills, and plateaus surrounded by low mountains; Moravia in the east consists of very hilly country" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Labe (Elbe) River 115 m", + "highest_point": "Snezka 1,602 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "hard coal, soft coal, kaolin, clay, graphite, timber" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "40.12%", + "permanent_crops": "0.96%", + "other": "58.92% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "385.3 sq km (2007)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "13.15 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "1.7 cu km/yr (41%/56%/2%)", + "per_capita": "164.7 cu m/yr (2009)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "flooding" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "air and water pollution in areas of northwest Bohemia and in northern Moravia around Ostrava present health risks; acid rain damaging forests; efforts to bring industry up to EU code should improve domestic pollution" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "landlocked; strategically located astride some of oldest and most significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional military corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in central Europe" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Czech(s)", + "adjective": "Czech" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Czech 63.7%, Moravian 4.9%, Slovak 1.4%, other 30% (2011 census)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Czech 95.4%, Slovak 1.6%, other 3% (2011 census)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Roman Catholic 10.3%, Protestant (includes Czech Brethren and Hussite) 0.8%, other and unspecified 54.6%, none 34.2% (2011 census)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "10,162,921 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "13.4% (male 701,936/female 663,571)", + "15_24_years": "11.1% (male 575,726/female 548,800)", + "25_54_years": "43.6% (male 2,255,899/female 2,179,195)", + "55_64_years": "14.2% (male 699,149/female 748,529)", + "65_years_and_over": "17.6% (male 723,059/female 1,067,057) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "46.1 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "21.7 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "24.4 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "4.1 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "41.4 years", + "male": "40 years", + "female": "43.1 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.15% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "8.55 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "11.01 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "0.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "73.4% of total population (2011)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0.24% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "PRAGUE (capital) 1.276 million (2011)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.03 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.93 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.67 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.95 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "27.6 (2010 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "5 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "3.67 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "4 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "3.33 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "77.56 years", + "male": "74.29 years", + "female": "81.01 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.29 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "86.3%", + "note": "percent of women aged 18-49 (2008)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "7.9% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "3.67 physicians/1,000 population (2010)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "7.1 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 99% of population; rural: 97% of population; total: 98% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 1% of population; rural: 3% of population; total: 2% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "less than 0.1% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "2,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 100 (2009 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "32.7% (2008)" + }, + "children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": { + "text": "2% (2007)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "4.4% of GDP (2009)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "NA", + "total_population": "99%", + "male": "99%", + "female": "99% (2011 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "16 years", + "male": "16 years", + "female": "16 years (2011)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "21.3%", + "male": "21.6%", + "female": "20.9% (2012)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Czech Republic", + "conventional_short_form": "Czech Republic", + "local_long_form": "Ceska republika", + "local_short_form": "Cesko" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "parliamentary democracy" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Prague", + "geographic_coordinates": "50 05 N, 14 28 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "13 regions (kraje, singular - kraj) and 1 capital city* (hlavni mesto); Jihocesky (South Bohemia), Jihomoravsky (South Moravia), Karlovarsky (Karlovy Vary), Kralovehradecky (Hradec Kralove), Liberecky (Liberec), Moravskoslezsky (Moravia-Silesia), Olomoucky (Olomouc), Pardubicky (Pardubice), Plzensky (Pilsen), Praha (Prague)*, Stredocesky (Central Bohemia), Ustecky (Usti), Vysocina (Highlands), Zlinsky (Zlin)" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "1 January 1993 (Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia); note - although 1 January is the day the Czech Republic came into being, the Czechs commemorate 28 October 1918, the day the former Czechoslovakia declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, as their independence day" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Czechoslovak Founding Day, 28 October (1918)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "ratified 16 December 1992, effective 1 January 1993; amended several times" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "in 2014, a new civil code will replace the existing civil law system, which is based on former Austro-Hungarian civil codes and socialist theory and has been amended 40 times since the Communist regime fell in 1989" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Milos ZEMAN (since 8 March 2013)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Jiri RUSNOK (since 10 July 2013); Deputy Prime Ministers Jan FISCHER and Martin PECINA (both since 10 July 2013); note - Jiri RUSNOK appointed head of a caretaker government following the resignation of Petr NECAS", + "cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister", + "elections": "constitutional amendment passed in 2012 introduced presidential election by popular vote instead of by Parliament; president elected for a five-year term (may not serve more than two consecutive terms); elections last held on 11-12 January 2013 with a runoff on 25-26 January 2013 (next to be held in January 2018); prime minister appointed by the president", + "election_results": "Milos ZEMAN elected president; percent of popular vote - Milos ZEMAN 54.8%, Karel SCHWARZENBERG 45.2%" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat (81 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms; one-third elected every two years) and the Chamber of Deputies or Poslanecka Snemovna (200 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "Senate - last held in two rounds on 12-13 and 19-20 October 2012 (next to be held in October 2014); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 28-29 May 2010 (next to be held in 2014)", + "election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CSSD 48, ODS 15, KDU-CSL 4, TOP 09 4, North Bohemians 2, KSCM 2, Green 1, Ostravak 1, Pirate 1, independent 3; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - CSSD 22.1%, ODS 20.2%, TOP 09 16.7%, KSCM 11.3%, VV 10.9%, other 18.8%; seats by party - CSSD 54, ODS 49, TOP 09 41, KSCM 26, VV 11, unaffiliated 19" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (organized into Civil Law and Commercial Division, and Criminal Division each with a court chief justice, vice justice, and several judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 justices); Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 28 judges)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges proposed by the Chamber of Deputies and appointed by the president; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate; judges appointed for 10-year, renewable terms; Supreme Administrative Court judges selected by the president of the Court; judge term NA", + "subordinate_courts": "High Court; superior, regional, and district courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Association of Independent Candidates-European Democrats or SNK-ED [Zdenka MARKOVA]; Christian Democratic Union-Czechoslovak People's Party or KDU-CSL [Pavel BELOBRADEK]; Civic Democratic Party or ODS [Petr NECAS]; Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia or KSCM [Vojtech FILIP]; Czech Pirate Party [Ivan BARTOS]; Czech Social Democratic Party or CSSD [Bohuslav SOBOTKA]; Green Party [Ondrej LISKA]; Liberal Democrats or LIDEM [Karolina PEAKE]; North Bohemians; Ostravak Movement; Public Affairs or VV [Radek JOHN]; Tradice Odpovednost Prosperita 09 or TOP 09 [Karel SCHWARZENBERG]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions or CMKOS [Jaroslav ZAVADIL]" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Petr GANDALOVIC", + "chancery": "3900 Spring of Freedom Street NW, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 274-9100", + "fax": "[1] (202) 966-8540", + "consulates_general": "Chicago, Los Angeles, New York" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Norman EISEN", + "embassy": "Trziste 15, 118 01 Prague 1 - Mala Strana", + "mailing_address": "use embassy street address", + "telephone": "[420] 257 022 000", + "fax": "[420] 257 022 809" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side", + "note": "is identical to the flag of the former Czechoslovakia" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "double-tailed lion" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Kde domov muj?\" (Where is My Home?)", + "lyrics_music": "Josef Kajetan TYL/Frantisek Jan SKROUP", + "note": "adopted 1993; the anthem is a verse from the former Czechoslovak anthem originally written as part of the opera \"Fidlovacka\"" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "The Czech Republic is a stable and prosperous market economy closely integrated with the EU, especially since the country's EU accession in 2004. While the conservative, inward-looking Czech financial system has remained relatively healthy, the small, open, export-driven Czech economy remains sensitive to changes in the economic performance of its main export markets, especially Germany. When Western Europe and Germany fell into recession in late 2008, demand for Czech goods plunged, leading to double digit drops in industrial production and exports. As a result, real GDP fell 4.7% in 2009, with most of the decline occurring during the first quarter. Real GDP, however, slowly recovered with positive quarter-on-quarter growth starting in the second half of 2009 and continuing throughout 2011. In 2012, however, the economy fell into a recession due to a slump in external demand. The auto industry remains the largest single industry, and, together with its upstream suppliers, accounts for nearly 24% of Czech manufacturing. The Czech Republic produced more than a million cars for the first time in 2010, over 80% of which were exported. Foreign and domestic businesses alike voice concerns about corruption especially in public procurement. Other long term challenges include dealing with a rapidly aging population, funding an unsustainable pension and health care system, and diversifying away from manufacturing and toward a more high-tech, services-based, knowledge economy." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$291.7 billion (2012 est.); $295.4 billion (2011 est.); $289.9 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$196.1 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "-1.2% (2012 est.); 1.9% (2011 est.); 2.5% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$27,600 (2012 est.); $28,100 (2011 est.); $27,600 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "21% of GDP (2012 est.); 21.5% of GDP (2011 est.); 20.8% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "49.6%", + "government_consumption": "20.8%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "23.6%", + "investment_in_inventories": "-0.1%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "78%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-72.7% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "2.3%", + "industry": "38%", + "services": "59.7% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "wheat, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit; pigs, poultry" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "motor vehicles, metallurgy, machinery and equipment, glass, armaments" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.2% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "5.404 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "3.1%", + "industry": "38.6%", + "services": "58.3% (2009)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "6.8% (2012 est.); 8.5% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "9% (2010 est.)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "1.5%", + "highest_10%": "NA% (2009)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "31 (2009); 25.4 (1996)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$80.87 billion", + "expenditures": "$89.39 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "41.2% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-4.3% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "45.6% of GDP (2012 est.); 41.1% of GDP (2011 est.)" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "3.3% (2012 est.); 1.9% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "0.75% (31 December 2011 est.); 0.75% (31 December 2010)", + "note": "this is the two-week repo, the main rate CNB uses" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "5.41% (31 December 2012 est.); 5.72% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$122.6 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $107.8 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$151.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $141.4 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$138.1 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $129.9 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$53.2 billion (31 December 2011); $73.1 billion (31 December 2010); $70.26 billion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$3.596 billion (2012 est.); -$6.348 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$131.7 billion (2012 est.); $136.3 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and transport equipment, raw materials and fuel, chemicals" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 31.8%, Slovakia 9.1%, Poland 6.1%, France 5.1%, UK 4.9%, Austria 4.7% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$124.2 billion (2012 est.); $131.2 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and transport equipment, raw materials and fuels, chemicals" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 29.5%, Poland 7.7%, Slovakia 7.4%, China 6.3%, Netherlands 5.8%, Russia 5.3%, Austria 4.3% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$44.88 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $40.29 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$98.95 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $95.05 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$136.2 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $125.2 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$16.67 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $15.47 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "koruny (CZK) per US dollar -; 19.578 (2012 est.); 17.696 (2011 est.); 19.098 (2010 est.); 19.063 (2009); 17.064 (2008)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "80.44 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "58.88 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "21.59 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "6.642 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "18.32 million kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "60% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "20.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "5.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "7.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "9,162 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "420 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "143,700 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "15 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "167,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "199,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "25,060 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "65,560 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "185 million cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "8.944 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "167 million cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "9.319 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "3.964 billion cu m (1 January 2011 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "90.83 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "2.289 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "13 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "privatization and modernization of the Czech telecommunication system got a late start but is advancing steadily; virtually all exchanges now digital; existing copper subscriber systems enhanced with Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) equipment to accommodate Internet and other digital signals; trunk systems include fiber-optic cable and microwave radio relay", + "domestic": "access to the fixed-line telephone network expanded throughout the 1990s but the number of fixed line connections has been dropping since then; mobile telephone usage increased sharply beginning in the mid-1990s and the number of cellular telephone subscriptions now greatly exceeds the population", + "international": "country code - 420; satellite earth stations - 6 (2 Intersputnik - Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions, 1 Intelsat, 1 Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat, 1 Globalstar) (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "roughly 130 TV broadcasters operating some 350 channels with 4 publicly operated and the remainder in private hands; 16 TV stations have national coverage with 4 being publicly operated; cable and satellite TV subscription services are available; 63 radio broadcasters are registered operating roughly 80 radio stations with 15 stations publicly operated; 10 radio stations provide national coverage with the remainder local or regional (2008)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".cz" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "4.148 million (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "6.681 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "128 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "41", + "over_3_047_m": "2", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "9", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "12", + "914_to_1_523_m": "2", + "under_914_m": "16 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "87", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "1", + "914_to_1_523_m": "25", + "under_914_m": "61 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "1 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 7,160 km; oil 536 km; refined products 94 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "9,469 km", + "standard_gauge": "9,449 km 1.435-m gauge (3,165 km electrified)", + "narrow_gauge": "20 km 0.750-m gauge (2008)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "130,671 km (includes urban roads)", + "paved": "130,671 km (includes 730 km of expressways) (2010)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "664 km (principally on Elbe, Vltava, Oder, and other navigable rivers, lakes, and canals) (2010)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "registered_in_other_countries": "1 (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "river_ports": "Prague (Vltava); Decin, Usti nad Labem (Elbe)" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Army of the Czech Republic (Armada Ceske Republiky): Joint Forces Command (Spolocene Sily; includes Land Forces (Pozemni Sily) and Air Forces (Vzdusne Sily)) (2013)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "18-28 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "2,506,826", + "females_age_16_49": "2,407,634 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "2,072,267", + "females_age_16_49": "1,988,839 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "49,999", + "female": "47,501 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "1% of GDP (2011 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "while threats of international legal action never materialized in 2007, 915,220 Austrians, with the support of the popular Freedom Party, signed a petition in January 2008, demanding that Austria block the Czech Republic's accession to the EU unless Prague closes its controversial Soviet-style nuclear plant in Temelin, bordering Austria" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "stateless_persons": "1,502 (2012)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and minor transit point for Latin American cocaine to Western Europe; producer of synthetic drugs for local and regional markets; susceptible to money laundering related to drug trafficking, organized crime; significant consumer of ecstasy (2008)" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/de-germany.json b/europe/de-germany.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..42a16153 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/de-germany.json @@ -0,0 +1,629 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "As Europe's largest economy and second most populous nation (after Russia), Germany is a key member of the continent's economic, political, and defense organizations. European power struggles immersed Germany in two devastating World Wars in the first half of the 20th century and left the country occupied by the victorious Allied powers of the US, UK, France, and the Soviet Union in 1945. With the advent of the Cold War, two German states were formed in 1949: the western Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the eastern German Democratic Republic (GDR). The democratic FRG embedded itself in key Western economic and security organizations, the EC, which became the EU, and NATO, while the communist GDR was on the front line of the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. The decline of the USSR and the end of the Cold War allowed for German unification in 1990. Since then, Germany has expended considerable funds to bring Eastern productivity and wages up to Western standards. In January 1999, Germany and 10 other EU countries introduced a common European exchange currency, the euro." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Central Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, between the Netherlands and Poland, south of Denmark" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "51 00 N, 9 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "357,022 sq km", + "land": "348,672 sq km", + "water": "8,350 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly smaller than Montana" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "3,790 km", + "border_countries": "Austria 784 km, Belgium 167 km, Czech Republic 815 km, Denmark 68 km, France 451 km, Luxembourg 138 km, Netherlands 577 km, Poland 456 km, Switzerland 334 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "2,389 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm", + "continental_shelf": "200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Neuendorf bei Wilster -3.54 m", + "highest_point": "Zugspitze 2,963 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "coal, lignite, natural gas, iron ore, copper, nickel, uranium, potash, salt, construction materials, timber, arable land" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "33.25%", + "permanent_crops": "0.56%", + "other": "66.19% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "5,157 sq km (2006)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "154 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "32.3 cu km/yr (16%/84%/0%)", + "per_capita": "391.4 cu m/yr (2007)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "flooding" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "emissions from coal-burning utilities and industries contribute to air pollution; acid rain, resulting from sulfur dioxide emissions, is damaging forests; pollution in the Baltic Sea from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern Germany; hazardous waste disposal; government established a mechanism for ending the use of nuclear power over the next 15 years; government working to meet EU commitment to identify nature preservation areas in line with the EU's Flora, Fauna, and Habitat directive" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "strategic location on North European Plain and along the entrance to the Baltic Sea" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "German(s)", + "adjective": "German" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of Greek, Italian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "German" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Protestant 34%, Roman Catholic 34%, Muslim 3.7%, unaffiliated or other 28.3%" + }, + "population": { + "text": "81,147,265 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "13.1% (male 5,435,658/female 5,155,065)", + "15_24_years": "10.8% (male 4,457,412/female 4,267,366)", + "25_54_years": "42% (male 17,268,604/female 16,786,146)", + "55_64_years": "13.3% (male 5,354,690/female 5,469,884)", + "65_years_and_over": "20.9% (male 7,360,711/female 9,591,729) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "52 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "19.9 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "32.1 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "3.1 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "45.7 years", + "male": "44.7 years", + "female": "46.8 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.19% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "8.37 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "11.17 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "0.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "74% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "BERLIN (capital) 3.438 million; Hamburg 1.786 million; Munich 1.349 million; Cologne 1.001 million (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.03 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.98 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.76 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.97 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "28.9", + "note": "Data are based on events and not on fertility rates. Data refer to first birth within current marriage. (2010 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "7 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "3.48 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "3.78 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "3.17 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "80.32 years", + "male": "78.04 years", + "female": "82.72 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.42 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "66.2%", + "note": "percent of women aged 18-49 (2005)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "11.6% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "3.53 physicians/1,000 population (2008)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "8.2 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.1% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "67,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "25.1% (2008)" + }, + "children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": { + "text": "1.1% (2006)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "5.1% of GDP (2009)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "99%", + "male": "99%", + "female": "99% (2003 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "16 years", + "male": "16 years", + "female": "16 years (2006)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "8.5%", + "male": "9.1%", + "female": "7.8% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Federal Republic of Germany", + "conventional_short_form": "Germany", + "local_long_form": "Bundesrepublik Deutschland", + "local_short_form": "Deutschland", + "former": "German Empire, German Republic, German Reich" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "federal republic" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Berlin", + "geographic_coordinates": "52 31 N, 13 24 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "16 states (Laender, singular - Land); Baden-Wuerttemberg, Bayern (Bavaria), Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hessen (Hesse), Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania), Niedersachsen (Lower Saxony), Nordrhein-Westfalen (North Rhine-Westphalia), Rheinland-Pfalz (Rhineland-Palatinate), Saarland, Sachsen (Saxony), Sachsen-Anhalt (Saxony-Anhalt), Schleswig-Holstein, Thueringen (Thuringia); note - Bayern, Sachsen, and Thueringen refer to themselves as free states (Freistaaten, singular - Freistaat)" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "18 January 1871 (establishment of the German Empire); divided into four zones of occupation (UK, US, USSR, and France) in 1945 following World War II; Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West Germany) proclaimed on 23 May 1949 and included the former UK, US, and French zones; German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany) proclaimed on 7 October 1949 and included the former USSR zone; West Germany and East Germany unified on 3 October 1990; all four powers formally relinquished rights on 15 March 1991; notable earlier dates: 10 August 843 (Eastern Francia established from the division of the Carolingian Empire); 2 February 962 (crowning of OTTO I, recognized as the first Holy Roman Emperor)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Unity Day, 3 October (1990)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "23 May 1949, known as Basic Law; became constitution of the united Germany 3 October 1990" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Joachim GAUCK (since 23 March 2012)", + "head_of_government": "Chancellor Angela MERKEL (since 22 November 2005)", + "cabinet": "Cabinet or Bundesminister (Federal Ministers) appointed by the president on the recommendation of the chancellor", + "elections": "president elected for a five-year term (eligible for a second term) by a Federal Convention, including all members of the Federal Parliament (Bundestag) and an equal number of delegates elected by the state parliaments; election last held on 19 February 2012 (next to be held by June 2017); chancellor elected by an absolute majority of the Federal Parliament for a four-year term; Federal Parliament vote for Chancellor last held after 27 September 2009 (next to be held 22 September 2013)", + "election_results": "Joachim GAUCK elected president; received 991 votes of the Federal Convention against 126 for Beate KLARSFELD and 3 for Olaf ROSE; Angela MERKEL reelected chancellor; vote by Federal Parliament 323 to 285 with four abstentions" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "bicameral legislature consists of the Federal Council or Bundesrat (69 votes; state governments sit in the Council; each has three to six votes in proportion to population and is required to vote as a block) and the Federal Parliament or Bundestag (622 seats; members elected by popular vote for a four-year term under a system of personalized proportional representation; a party must win 5% of the national vote or three direct mandates to gain proportional representation and caucus recognition)", + "elections": "Bundestag - last held on 27 September 2009 (next to be held no later than autumn 2013); most all postwar German governments have been coalitions; note - there are no elections for the Bundesrat; composition is determined by the composition of the state-level governments; the composition of the Bundesrat has the potential to change any time one of the 16 states holds an election", + "election_results": "Bundestag - percent of vote by party - CDU/CSU 33.8%, SPD 23%, FDP 14.6%, Left 11.9%, Greens 10.7%, other 6%; seats by party - CDU/CSU 239, SPD 146, FDP 93, Left 76, Greens 68" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Federal Court of Justice (court consists of 127 judges including the court president, vice-presidents, presiding judges, and other judges, and organized into 25 Senates subdivided into 12 civil panels, 5 criminal panels, and 8 special panels; Federal Constitutional Court or Bundesverfassungsgericht (consists of 2 Senates each subdivided into 3 chambers, each with a chairman and 8 members)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Federal Court of Justice judges selected by the Judges Election Committee, which consists of the Secretaries of Justice from each of the 16 federated States and 16 members appointed by the Federal Parliament; judges appointed by the president of Germany; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 65; Federal Constitutional Court judges - one-half elected by the House of Representatives and one-half by the Senate; judges appointed for 12-year terms with mandatory retirement at age 68", + "subordinate_courts": "Federal Administrative Court; Federal Finance Court; Federal Labor Court; Federal Social Court; each of the 16 German states or Land has its own constitutional court and a hierarchy of ordinary (civil, criminal, family) and specialized (administrative, finance, labor, social) courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Alliance '90/Greens [Claudia ROTH and Cem OEZDEMIR]; Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Angela MERKEL]; Christian Social Union or CSU [Horst SEEHOFER]; Free Democratic Party or FDP [Philipp ROESLER]; Left Party or Die Linke [Katia KIPPING and Bernd RIEXINGER]; Social Democratic Party or SPD [Sigmar GABRIEL]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "business associations and employers' organizations; trade unions; religious, immigrant, expellee, and veterans groups" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CD, CDB, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-20, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Peter AMMON", + "chancery": "2300 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20037", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 298-4000", + "fax": "[1] (202) 298-4261", + "consulates_general": "Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Philip D. MURPHY", + "embassy": "Clayallee 170, 14191 Berlin", + "mailing_address": "Unit 5090, Box 1000, DPO AE09265", + "telephone": "[49] (30) 48305-0", + "fax": "[49] (30) 8305-1215", + "consulates_general": "Duesseldorf, Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Leipzig, Munich" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and gold; these colors have played an important role in German history and can be traced back to the medieval banner of the Holy Roman Emperor - a black eagle with red claws and beak on a gold field" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "golden eagle" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Das Lied der Deutschen\" (Song of the Germans)", + "lyrics_music": "August Heinrich HOFFMANN VON FALLERSLEBEN/Franz Joseph HAYDN", + "note": "adopted 1922; the anthem, also known as \"Deutschlandlied\" (Song of Germany), was originally adopted for its connection to the March 1848 liberal revolution; following appropriation by the Nazis of the first verse, specifically the phrase, \"Deutschland, Deutschland ueber alles\" (Germany, Germany above all) to promote nationalism, it was banned after 1945; in 1952, its third verse was adopted by West Germany as its national anthem; in 1990, it became the national anthem for the reunited Germany" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "The German economy - the fifth largest economy in the world in PPP terms and Europe's largest - is a leading exporter of machinery, vehicles, chemicals, and household equipment and benefits from a highly skilled labor force. Like its Western European neighbors, Germany faces significant demographic challenges to sustained long-term growth. Low fertility rates and declining net immigration are increasing pressure on the country's social welfare system and necessitate structural reforms. Reforms launched by the government of Chancellor Gerhard SCHROEDER (1998-2005), deemed necessary to address chronically high unemployment and low average growth, contributed to strong growth in 2006 and 2007 and falling unemployment. These advances, as well as a government subsidized, reduced working hour scheme, help explain the relatively modest increase in unemployment during the 2008-09 recession - the deepest since World War II - and its decrease to 6.5% in 2012. GDP contracted 5.1% in 2009 but grew by 4.2% in 2010, and 3.0% in 2011, before dipping to 0.7% in 2012 - a reflection of low investment spending due to crisis-induced uncertainty and the decreased demand for German exports from recession-stricken periphery countries. Stimulus and stabilization efforts initiated in 2008 and 2009 and tax cuts introduced in Chancellor Angela MERKEL's second term increased Germany's total budget deficit - including federal, state, and municipal - to 4.1% in 2010, but slower spending and higher tax revenues reduced the deficit to 0.8% in 2011. In 2012 Germany reached a budget surplus of 0.1%. A constitutional amendment approved in 2009 limits the federal government to structural deficits of no more than 0.35% of GDP per annum as of 2016 though the target was already reached in 2012. By 2014, the federal government wants to balance its budget. Following the March 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, Chancellor Angela Merkel announced in May 2011 that eight of the country's 17 nuclear reactors would be shut down immediately and the remaining plants would close by 2022. Germany hopes to replace nuclear power with renewable energy. Before the shutdown of the eight reactors, Germany relied on nuclear power for 23% of its electricity generating capacity and 46% of its base-load electricity production." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$3.25 trillion (2012 est.); $3.222 trillion (2011 est.); $3.125 trillion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$3.401 trillion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.7% (2012 est.); 3.1% (2011 est.); 4% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$39,700 (2012 est.); $39,400 (2011 est.); $38,200 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "24.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 24.5% of GDP (2011 est.); 23.8% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "57.5%", + "government_consumption": "19.5%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "17.6%", + "investment_in_inventories": "-0.4%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "51.5%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-45.8% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "0.8%", + "industry": "28%", + "services": "71.2% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbages; cattle, pigs, poultry" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "among the world's largest and most technologically advanced producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics, food and beverages, shipbuilding, textiles" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.5% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "43.93 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "1.6%", + "industry": "24.6%", + "services": "73.8% (2011)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "5.5% (2012 est.); 7.1% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "15.5% (2010 est.)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "3.6%", + "highest_10%": "24% (2000)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "27 (2006); 30 (1994)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$1.535 trillion", + "expenditures": "$1.53 trillion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "45.1% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "0.2% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "81.9% of GDP (2012 est.); 80.4% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises the sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government and social security funds; the series are presented as a percentage of GDP and in millions of euro; GDP used as a denominator is the gross domestic product at current market prices; data expressed in national currency are converted into euro using end-of-year exchange rates provided by the European Central Bank" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "2.1% (2012 est.); 2.5% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "1.5% (31 December 2012); 1.75% (31 December 2010)", + "note": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "3.07% (31 December 2012 est.); 3.94% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$2.025 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.777 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)", + "note": "see entry for the European Union for money supply in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 17 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$4.281 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $4.197 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$4.277 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $4.188 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$1.184 trillion (31 December 2011); $1.43 trillion (31 December 2010); $1.298 trillion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "$208.1 billion (2012 est.); $204.3 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$1.46 trillion (2012 est.); $1.516 trillion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "motor vehicles, machinery, chemicals, computer and electronic products, electrical equipment, pharmaceuticals, metals, transport equipment, foodstuffs, textiles, rubber and plastic products" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "France 10.2%, UK 7%, Netherlands 6.9%, US 6.3%, Austria 5.6%, Italy 5.4%, China 5.1%, Switzerland 4.7%, Belgium 4.3%, Poland 4.1% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$1.222 trillion (2012 est.); $1.295 trillion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery, data processing equipment, vehicles, chemicals, oil and gas, metals, electric equipment, pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, agricultural products" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Netherlands 14%, France 7.5%, China 6.7%, Belgium 6.4%, Italy 5.5%, UK 4.9%, Austria 4.4%, Russia 4.4%, Czech Republic 4.1% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$248.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $238.9 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$5.719 trillion (31 December 2012); $5.338 trillion (31 December 2011)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$1.307 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.222 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$1.79 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.651 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -; 0.7778 (2012 est.); 0.7185 (2011 est.); 0.755 (2010 est.); 0.7198 (2009 est.); 0.6827 (2008 est.)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "558 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "549.1 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "57.92 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "42.96 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "153.2 million kW (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "55% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "23% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "3% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "13% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "165,300 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "2,200 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "1.961 million bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "276 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "2.348 million bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "2.4 million bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "467,900 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "696,400 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "11.9 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "78.99 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "19.74 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "87.57 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "175.6 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "793.7 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "51.8 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "108.7 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "Germany has one of the world's most technologically advanced telecommunications systems; as a result of intensive capital expenditures since reunification, the formerly backward system of the eastern part of the country, dating back to World War II, has been modernized and integrated with that of the western part", + "domestic": "Germany is served by an extensive system of automatic telephone exchanges connected by modern networks of fiber-optic cable, coaxial cable, microwave radio relay, and a domestic satellite system; cellular telephone service is widely available, expanding rapidly, and includes roaming service to many foreign countries", + "international": "country code - 49; Germany's international service is excellent worldwide, consisting of extensive land and undersea cable facilities as well as earth stations in the Inmarsat, Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik satellite systems (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "a mixture of publicly operated and privately owned TV and radio stations; national and regional public broadcasters compete with nearly 400 privately owned national and regional TV stations; more than 90% of households have cable or satellite TV; hundreds of radio stations including multiple national radio networks, regional radio networks, and a large number of local radio stations (2008)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".de" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "20.043 million (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "65.125 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "539 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "318", + "over_3_047_m": "14", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "49", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "60", + "914_to_1_523_m": "70", + "under_914_m": "125 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "221", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "1", + "914_to_1_523_m": "35", + "under_914_m": "185 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "23 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "condensate 37 km; gas 26,985 km; oil 2,826 km; refined products 4,479 km; water 8 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "41,981 km", + "standard_gauge": "41,722 km 1.435-m gauge (20,053 km electrified)", + "narrow_gauge": "220 km 1.000-m gauge (75 km electrified); 39 km 0.750-m gauge (24 km electrified) (2008)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "645,000 km", + "paved": "645,000 km (includes 12,800 km of expressways)", + "note": "includes local roads (2010)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "7,467 km (Rhine River carries most goods; Main-Danube Canal links North Sea and Black Sea) (2012)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "427", + "by_type": "barge carrier 2, bulk carrier 6, cargo 51, carrier 1, chemical tanker 15, container 298, liquefied gas 6, passenger 4, passenger/cargo 24, petroleum tanker 10, refrigerated cargo 3, roll on/roll off 6, vehicle carrier 1", + "foreign_owned": "6 (Finland 3, Netherlands 1, Switzerland 2)", + "registered_in_other_countries": "3,420 (Antigua and Barbuda 1094, Australia 2, Bahamas 30, Bermuda 14, Brazil 6, Bulgaria 12, Burma 1, Cayman Islands 3, Cook Islands 1, Curacao 25, Cyprus 192, Denmark 9, Dominica 5, Estonia 1, France 1, Gibraltar 123, Hong Kong 10, Isle of Man 56, Jamaica 10, Liberia 1185, Luxembourg 9, Malta 135, Marshall Islands 248, Morocco 1, Netherlands 86, NZ 2, Panama 24, Papua New Guinea 1, Philippines 2, Portugal 14, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3, Singapore 32, Slovakia 3, Spain 4, Sri Lanka 8, Sweden 3, UK 59, US 5, Venezuela 1) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "major_seaports": "Baltic Sea - Rostock; North Sea - Wilhemshaven", + "river_ports": "Bremen (Weser); Bremerhaven (Geeste); Duisburg, Karlsruhe, Neuss-Dusseldorf (Rhine); Brunsbuttel, Hamburg (Elbe); Lubeck (Wakenitz)", + "oil_gas_terminals": "Brunsbuttel Canal terminals", + "container_ports": "Bremen/Bremerhaven (5,915,487), Hamburg (9,014,165)(2011)" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Federal Armed Forces (Bundeswehr): Army (Heer), Navy (Deutsche Marine, includes naval air arm), Air Force (Luftwaffe), Joint Support Services (Streitkraeftbasis, SKB), Central Medical Service (Zentraler Sanitaetsdienst, ZSanDstBw) (2013)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "17-23 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription ended 1 July 2011; service obligation 8-23 months or 12 years; women have been eligible for voluntary service in all military branches and positions since 2001 (2013)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "18,529,299", + "females_age_16_49": "17,888,543 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "15,027,886", + "females_age_16_49": "14,510,527 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "405,438", + "female": "384,930 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "1.5% of GDP (2005 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "none" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "refugees_country_of_origin": "113,809 (Serbia); 90,773 (Turkey); 49,829 (Iraq); 40,204 (Russia); 31,746 (Afghanistan); 23,799 (Vietnam); 23,460 (Bosnia and Herzegovina); 21,629 (Iran); 20,059 (Ukraine); 18,165 (Syria); 11,819 (Lebanon); 11,672 (Sri Lanka); 6,575 (Azerbaijan); 6,175 (Macedonia); 5,206 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (2012)", + "stateless_persons": "5,683 (2012)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine processors; transshipment point for and consumer of Southwest Asian heroin, Latin American cocaine, and European-produced synthetic drugs; major financial center" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/dk-denmark.json b/europe/dk-denmark.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a0214f54 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/dk-denmark.json @@ -0,0 +1,613 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Once the seat of Viking raiders and later a major north European power, Denmark has evolved into a modern, prosperous nation that is participating in the general political and economic integration of Europe. It joined NATO in 1949 and the EEC (now the EU) in 1973. However, the country has opted out of certain elements of the European Union's Maastricht Treaty, including the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), European defense cooperation, and issues concerning certain justice and home affairs." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, on a peninsula north of Germany (Jutland); also includes several major islands (Sjaelland, Fyn, and Bornholm)" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "56 00 N, 10 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "43,094 sq km", + "land": "42,434 sq km", + "water": "660 sq km", + "note": "includes the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea and the rest of metropolitan Denmark (the Jutland Peninsula, and the major islands of Sjaelland and Fyn), but excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly less than twice the size of Massachusetts" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "68 km", + "border_countries": "Germany 68 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "7,314 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "contiguous_zone": "24 nm", + "exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm", + "continental_shelf": "200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "low and flat to gently rolling plains" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Lammefjord -7 m", + "highest_point": "Mollehoj/Ejer Bavnehoj 171 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "petroleum, natural gas, fish, salt, limestone, chalk, stone, gravel and sand" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "57.99%", + "permanent_crops": "0.09%", + "other": "41.91% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "4,354 sq km (2007)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "6 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "0.66 cu km/yr (58%/5%/36%)", + "per_capita": "118.4 cu m/yr (2009)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "flooding is a threat in some areas of the country (e.g., parts of Jutland, along the southern coast of the island of Lolland) that are protected from the sea by a system of dikes" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "air pollution, principally from vehicle and power plant emissions; nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of the North Sea; drinking and surface water becoming polluted from animal wastes and pesticides" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "controls Danish Straits (Skagerrak and Kattegat) linking Baltic and North Seas; about one-quarter of the population lives in greater Copenhagen" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Dane(s)", + "adjective": "Danish" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Scandinavian, Inuit, Faroese, German, Turkish, Iranian, Somali" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect), German (small minority)", + "note": "English is the predominant second language" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Evangelical Lutheran (official) 95%, other Christian (includes Protestant and Roman Catholic) 3%, Muslim 2%" + }, + "population": { + "text": "5,556,452 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "17.2% (male 489,845/female 465,189)", + "15_24_years": "13% (male 367,927/female 352,872)", + "25_54_years": "39.3% (male 1,091,525/female 1,094,584)", + "55_64_years": "12.5% (male 344,484/female 348,596)", + "65_years_and_over": "18% (male 446,476/female 554,954) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "55 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "27.2 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "27.7 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "3.6 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "41.4 years", + "male": "40.5 years", + "female": "42.3 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.23% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "10.2 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "10.21 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "2.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "86.9% of total population (2011)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0.5% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "COPENHAGEN (capital) 1.206 million (2011)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.99 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.8 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.97 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "29.1 (2010 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "12 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "4.14 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "4.21 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "4.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "78.94 years", + "male": "76.54 years", + "female": "81.47 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.73 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "11.4% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "3.42 physicians/1,000 population (2007)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "3.5 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.2% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "5,300 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 100 (2009 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "18.2% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "8.7% of GDP (2009)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "99%", + "male": "99%", + "female": "99% (2003 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "17 years", + "male": "16 years", + "female": "18 years (2010)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "14.2%", + "male": "15.7%", + "female": "12.7% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Kingdom of Denmark", + "conventional_short_form": "Denmark", + "local_long_form": "Kongeriget Danmark", + "local_short_form": "Danmark" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "constitutional monarchy" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Copenhagen", + "geographic_coordinates": "55 40 N, 12 35 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October", + "note": "applies to continental Denmark only, not to its North Atlantic components" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "metropolitan Denmark - 5 regions (regioner, singular - region); Hovedstaden, Midtjylland, Nordjylland, Sjaelland, Syddanmark", + "note": "an extensive local government reform merged 271 municipalities into 98 and 13 counties into five regions, effective 1 January 2007" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "ca. 965 (unified and Christianized under HARALD I Gormson); 5 June 1849 (became a constitutional monarchy)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "none designated; Constitution Day, 5 June (1849) is generally viewed as the National Day" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "5 June 1953; note - constitution allowed for a unicameral legislature and a female chief of state" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law; judicial review of legislative acts" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972); Heir Apparent Crown Prince FREDERIK, elder son of the monarch (born on 26 May 1968)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Helle THORNING-SCHMIDT (since 3 October 2011)", + "cabinet": "Council of State appointed by the monarch", + "elections": "the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the monarch" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral People's Assembly or Folketing (179 seats, including 2 from Greenland and 2 from the Faroe Islands; members elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve four-year terms unless the Folketing is dissolved earlier)", + "elections": "last held on 15 September 2011 (next to be held by September 2015)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - V 26.7%, SDP 24.9%, DF 12.3%, SLP 9.5%, SF 9.2%, O 6.7%, LA 5%, C 4.9%, other 0.8%; seats by party - V 47, SDP 44, DF 22, SLP 17, SF 16, O 12, LA 9, C 8; note - does not include the two seats from Greenland and the two seats from the Faroe Islands" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of the court president and 18 judges)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "judges appointed by the monarch upon the recommendation of the Minister of Justice with the advice of the Judicial Appointments Council, a 6-member independent body of judges and lawyers; judges appointed for life with retirement at age 70", + "subordinate_courts": "Special Court of Indictment and Revision; 2 High Courts; Maritime and Commercial Court; county courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Conservative People's Party or C [Lars BARFOED]; Danish People's Party or DF [Kristian THULESEN DAHL]; Liberal Alliance or LA [Anders SAMUELSEN]; Liberal Party or V [Lars LOKKE RAMUSSEN]; Red-Green Alliance (Unity List) or O [collective leadership, spokesperson Johanne SCHMIDT-NIELSEN]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Helle THORNING-SCHMIDT]; Social Liberal Party or SLP [Margrethe VESTAGER]; Socialist People's Party or SF [Annette VILHELMSEN]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "Confederation of Danish Employers or DA [President Jorn Neergaard LARSEN]; Confederation of Danish Industries [CEO Karsten DYBVAD]; Confederation of Danish Labor Unions (Landsorganisationen) or LO [President Harald BORSTING]; Danish Bankers Association [CEO Joergen HORWITZ]; DaneAge Association [President Bjarne HASTRUP]; Danish Society for Nature Conservation [President Ella Maria BISSCHOP-LARSEN]", + "other": "environmental groups; humanitarian relief; development assistance; human rights NGOs" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EITI (implementing country), ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Peter TAKSOE-JENSEN", + "chancery": "3200 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 234-4300", + "fax": "[1] (202) 328-1470", + "consulates_general": "Chicago, New York" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Laurie S. FULTON", + "embassy": "Dag Hammarskjolds Alle 24, 2100 Copenhagen 0", + "mailing_address": "Unit 5280, DPO, AE 09716", + "telephone": "[45] 33 41 71 00", + "fax": "[45] 35 43 02 23" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side; the banner is referred to as the Dannebrog (Danish flag) and is one of the oldest national flags in the world; traditions as to the origin of the flag design vary, but the best known is a legend that the banner fell from the sky during an early-13th century battle; caught up by the Danish king before it ever touched the earth, this heavenly talisman inspired the royal army to victory; in actuality, the flag may derive from a crusade banner or ensign", + "note": "the shifted design element was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic countries of Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "lion; mute swan" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Der er et yndigt land\" (There is a Lovely Land); \"Kong Christian\" (King Christian)", + "lyrics_music": "Adam Gottlob OEHLENSCHLAGER/Hans Ernst KROYER; Johannes EWALD/unknown", + "note": "Denmark has two national anthems with equal status; \"Der er et yndigt land,\" adopted 1844, is a national anthem, while \"Kong Christian,\" adopted 1780, serves as both a national and royal anthem; \"Kong Christian\" is also known as \"Kong Christian stod ved hojen mast\" (King Christian Stood by the Lofty Mast) and \"Kongesangen\" (The King's Anthem); within Denmark, the royal anthem is played only when royalty is present and is usually followed by the national anthem; when royalty is not present, only the national anthem is performed; outside Denmark, the royal anthem is played, unless the national anthem is requested" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "This thoroughly modern market economy features a high-tech agricultural sector, state-of-the-art industry with world-leading firms in pharmaceuticals, maritime shipping and renewable energy, and a high dependence on foreign trade. Denmark is a member of the European Union (EU); Danish legislation and regulations conform to EU standards on almost all issues. Danes enjoy a high standard of living and the Danish economy is characterized by extensive government welfare measures and an equitable distribution of income. Denmark is a net exporter of food and energy and enjoys a comfortable balance of payments surplus but depends on imports of raw materials for the manufacturing sector. Within the EU, Denmark is among the strongest supporters of trade liberalization. After a long consumption-driven upswing, Denmark's economy began slowing in 2007 with the end of a housing boom. Housing prices dropped markedly in 2008-09 and, following a short respite in 2010, has since continued to decline. The global financial crisis has exacerbated this cyclical slowdown through increased borrowing costs and lower export demand, consumer confidence, and investment. The global financial crisis cut Danish real GDP in 2008-09. Denmark made a modest recovery in 2010 with real GDP growth of 1.3%, in part because of increased government spending; however, the country experienced a technical recession in late 2010-early 2011. Historically low levels of unemployment rose sharply with the recession and have remained at about 6% in 2010-12, based on the national measure, about two-thirds average EU unemployment. An impending decline in the ratio of workers to retirees will be a major long-term issue. Denmark maintained a healthy budget surplus for many years up to 2008, but the budget balance swung into deficit in 2009. In spite of the deficits, the new coalition government delivered a modest stimulus to the economy in 2012. Nonetheless, Denmark's fiscal position remains among the strongest in the EU with public debt at about 45% of GDP in 2012. Despite previously meeting the criteria to join the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), so far Denmark has decided not to join, although the Danish krone remains pegged to the euro." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$213.6 billion (2012 est.); $214.8 billion (2011 est.); $212.5 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$313.6 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.6% (2012 est.); 1.1% (2011 est.); 1.6% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$38,300 (2012 est.); $38,600 (2011 est.); $38,400 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "23.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 23.3% of GDP (2011 est.); 22.6% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "49.5%", + "government_consumption": "28.6%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "17.8%", + "investment_in_inventories": "-0.2%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "54.5%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-50.1% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "1.3%", + "industry": "22.1%", + "services": "76.6% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "barley, wheat, potatoes, sugar beets; pork, dairy products; fish" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "iron, steel, nonferrous metals, chemicals, food processing, machinery and transportation equipment, textiles and clothing, electronics, construction, furniture and other wood products, shipbuilding and refurbishment, windmills, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "-1.2% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "2.785 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "2.6%", + "industry": "20.3%", + "services": "77.1% (2011 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "6% (2012 est.); 6.1% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "13.4% (2011)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "1.9%", + "highest_10%": "28.7% (2007)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "24.8 (2011 est.); 24.7 (1992)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$175.5 billion", + "expenditures": "$188.1 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "55.9% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-4% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "46.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 46.4% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "2.4% (2012 est.); 2.8% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "0.75% (31 December 2011 est.); 0.75% (31 December 2010 est.)" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "4.6% (31 December 2012 est.); 4.5% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$150.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $134.9 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$230.8 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $266.8 billion (31 December 2010 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$664.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $640.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$179.5 billion (31 December 2011); $231.7 billion (31 December 2010); $186.9 billion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "$18.6 billion (2012 est.); $22.08 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$105.1 billion (2012 est.); $110.6 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and instruments, meat and meat products, dairy products, fish, pharmaceuticals, furniture, windmills" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 15.9%, Sweden 13.5%, UK 9.6%, US 6.6%, Norway 6.3%, Netherlands 4.6% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$96.99 billion (2012 est.); $100.3 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and equipment, raw materials and semimanufactures for industry, chemicals, grain and foodstuffs, consumer goods" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 20.8%, Sweden 13.3%, Netherlands 7.4%, China 6.3%, Norway 6.2%, UK 5.6% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$89.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $85.05 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$587.6 billion (31 December 2012); $571.4 billion (31 December 2011)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$144.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $140.3 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$241.8 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $229 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "Danish kroner (DKK) per US dollar -; 5.7925 (2012 est.); 5.3687 (2011 est.); 5.6241 (2010 est.); 5.361 (2009); 5.0236 (2008)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "36.39 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "32.42 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "11.73 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "10.6 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "13.42 million kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "65.8% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "0.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "34.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "221,100 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "171,100 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "70,220 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "900 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "158,500 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "160,200 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "93,890 bbl/day (2010 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "177,700 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "7.069 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "4.179 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "3.126 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "369 million cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "51.99 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "45.96 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "2.515 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "7.159 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "excellent telephone and telegraph services", + "domestic": "buried and submarine cables and microwave radio relay form trunk network, multiple cellular mobile communications systems", + "international": "country code - 45; a series of fiber-optic submarine cables link Denmark with Canada, Faroe Islands, Germany, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and UK; satellite earth stations - 18 (6 Intelsat, 10 Eutelsat, 1 Orion, 1 Inmarsat (Blaavand-Atlantic-East)); note - the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) share the Danish earth station and the Eik, Norway, station for worldwide Inmarsat access (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "strong public-sector TV presence with state-owned Danmarks Radio (DR) operating 4 channels and publicly owned TV2 operating roughly a half dozen channels; broadcasts of privately owned stations are available via satellite and cable feed; DR operates 4 nationwide FM radio stations, 15 digital audio broadcasting stations, and about 15 web-based radio stations; approximately 250 commercial and community radio stations (2007)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".dk" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "4.297 million (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "4.75 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "80 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "28", + "over_3_047_m": "2", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "7", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "5", + "914_to_1_523_m": "12", + "under_914_m": "2 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "52", + "914_to_1_523_m": "5", + "under_914_m": "47 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "condensate 11 km; gas 4,377 km; oil 647 km; oil/gas/water 2 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "2,667 km", + "standard_gauge": "2,667 km 1.435-m gauge (640 km electrified) (2008)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "73,929 km", + "paved": "73,929 km (includes 1,143 km of expressways) (2012)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "400 km (2010)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "367", + "by_type": "bulk carrier 4, cargo 48, carrier 1, chemical tanker 125, container 94, liquefied gas 4, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 40, petroleum tanker 36, refrigerated cargo 3, roll on/roll off 8, specialized tanker 3", + "foreign_owned": "27 (Germany 9, Greenland 1, Norway 2, Sweden 15)", + "registered_in_other_countries": "582 (Antigua and Barbuda 20, Bahamas 69, Belgium 4, Brazil 3, Curacao 1, Cyprus 6, Egypt 1, France 11, Gibraltar 7, Hong Kong 42, Isle of Man 30, Italy 4, Jamaica 1, Liberia 8, Lithuania 8, Luxembourg 1, Malaysia 1, Malta 34, Marshall Islands 7, Moldova 1, Netherlands 27, Norway 7, Panama 41, Philippines 2, Portugal 4, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 9, Singapore 149, Sweden 4, UK 43, Uruguay 1, US 31, Venezuela 1, unknown 4) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "major_seaports": "Baltic Sea - Aarhus, Copenhagen, Fredericia, Kalundborg; North Sea - Esbjerg,", + "river_ports": "Aalborg (Langerak)", + "dry_bulk_cargo_ports": "Ensted (coal)", + "cruise_ports": "Copenhagen" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Defense Command: Army Operational Command, Admiral Danish Fleet, Arctic Command, Tactical Air Command, Home Guard (2010)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscripts serve an initial training period that varies from 4 to 12 months according to specialization; reservists are assigned to mobilization units following completion of their conscript service; women eligible to volunteer for military service (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "1,236,337", + "females_age_16_49": "1,224,182 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "1,014,560", + "females_age_16_49": "1,003,921 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "37,913", + "female": "35,865 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "1.3% of GDP (2007 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm; Faroese continue to study proposals for full independence; sovereignty dispute with Canada over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland; Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "stateless_persons": "3,623 (2012)" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/ee-estonia.json b/europe/ee-estonia.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c3e5a853 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/ee-estonia.json @@ -0,0 +1,618 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "After centuries of Danish, Swedish, German, and Russian rule, Estonia attained independence in 1918. Forcibly incorporated into the USSR in 1940 - an action never recognized by the US - it regained its freedom in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union. Since the last Russian troops left in 1994, Estonia has been free to promote economic and political ties with the West. It joined both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004, formally joined the OECD in late 2010, and adopted the euro as its official currency on 1 January 2011." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland, between Latvia and Russia" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "59 00 N, 26 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "45,228 sq km", + "land": "42,388 sq km", + "water": "2,840 sq km", + "note": "includes 1,520 islands in the Baltic Sea" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly smaller than New Hampshire and Vermont combined" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "633 km", + "border_countries": "Latvia 343 km, Russia 290 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "3,794 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "exclusive_economic_zone": "limits fixed in coordination with neighboring states" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "maritime; wet, moderate winters, cool summers" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "marshy, lowlands; flat in the north, hilly in the south" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Baltic Sea 0 m", + "highest_point": "Suur Munamagi 318 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "oil shale, peat, rare earth elements, phosphorite, clay, limestone, sand, dolomite, arable land, sea mud" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "13.97%", + "permanent_crops": "0.13%", + "other": "85.89% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "4.58 sq km (2010)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "12.81 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "1.8 cu km/yr (3%/97%/0%)", + "per_capita": "1,337 cu m/yr (2009)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "sometimes flooding occurs in the spring" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "air polluted with sulfur dioxide from oil-shale burning power plants in northeast; however, the amount of pollutants emitted to the air have fallen steadily, the emissions of 2000 were 80% less than in 1980; the amount of unpurified wastewater discharged to water bodies in 2000 was 1/20 the level of 1980; in connection with the start-up of new water purification plants, the pollution load of wastewater decreased; Estonia has more than 1,400 natural and manmade lakes, the smaller of which in agricultural areas need to be monitored; coastal seawater is polluted in certain locations" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "the mainland terrain is flat, boggy, and partly wooded; offshore lie more than 1,500 islands" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Estonian(s)", + "adjective": "Estonian" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Estonian 68.7%, Russian 25.6%, Ukrainian 2.1%, Belarusian 1.2%, Finn 0.8%, other 1.6% (2008 census)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Estonian (official) 67.3%, Russian 29.7%, other 2.3%, unknown 0.7% (2000 census)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Evangelical Lutheran 13.6%, Orthodox 12.8%, other Christian (including Methodist, Seventh-Day Adventist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal) 1.4%, unaffiliated 34.1%, other and unspecified 32%, none 6.1% (2000 census)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "1,266,375 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "15.4% (male 100,605/female 94,831)", + "15_24_years": "11.9% (male 77,302/female 73,446)", + "25_54_years": "41.3% (male 250,997/female 272,460)", + "55_64_years": "13.1% (male 71,442/female 94,278)", + "65_years_and_over": "18.2% (male 76,356/female 154,658) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "51.2 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "23.9 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "27.3 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "3.7 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "41 years", + "male": "37.4 years", + "female": "44.3 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.66% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "10.38 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "13.65 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "-3.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "69.5% of total population (2011)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0.02% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "TALLINN (capital) 399,000 (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "0.92 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.76 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.49 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.84 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "26.3 (2010 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "2 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "6.82 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "7.94 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "5.63 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "73.82 years", + "male": "68.58 years", + "female": "79.4 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.45 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "63.4%", + "note": "percent of women aged 18-49 (2005)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "6% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "3.41 physicians/1,000 population (2008)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "5.4 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 99% of population; rural: 97% of population; total: 98% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 1% of population; rural: 3% of population; total: 2% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 96% of population; rural: 94% of population; total: 95% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 4% of population; rural: 6% of population; total: 5% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "1.2% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "9,900 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 500 (2009 est.)" + }, + "major_infectious_diseases": { + "degree_of_risk": "intermediate", + "vectorborne_disease": "tickborne encephalitis (2013)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "20.6% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "6.1% of GDP (2009)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "99.8%", + "male": "99.8%", + "female": "99.8% (2011 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "16 years", + "male": "15 years", + "female": "17 years (2010)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "22.4%", + "male": "23.8%", + "female": "20.7% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Estonia", + "conventional_short_form": "Estonia", + "local_long_form": "Eesti Vabariik", + "local_short_form": "Eesti", + "former": "Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "parliamentary republic" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Tallinn", + "geographic_coordinates": "59 26 N, 24 43 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "15 counties (maakonnad, singular - maakond); Harjumaa (Tallinn), Hiiumaa (Kardla), Ida-Virumaa (Johvi), Jarvamaa (Paide), Jogevamaa (Jogeva), Laanemaa (Haapsalu), Laane-Virumaa (Rakvere), Parnumaa (Parnu), Polvamaa (Polva), Raplamaa (Rapla), Saaremaa (Kuressaare), Tartumaa (Tartu), Valgamaa (Valga), Viljandimaa (Viljandi), Vorumaa (Voru)", + "note": "counties have the administrative center name following in parentheses" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "20 August 1991 (declared); 6 September 1991 (recognized by the Soviet Union)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Independence Day, 24 February (1918); note - 24 February 1918 was the date Estonia declared its independence from Soviet Russia and established its statehood; 20 August 1991 was the date it declared its independence from the Soviet Union" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "adopted 28 June 1992" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal for all Estonian citizens" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Toomas Hendrik ILVES (since 9 October 2006)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Andrus ANSIP (since 12 April 2005)", + "cabinet": "Ministers appointed by the prime minister, approved by Parliament", + "elections": "president elected by Parliament for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); if a candidate does not secure two-thirds of the votes after three rounds of balloting in the Parliament, then an electoral assembly (made up of Parliament plus members of local councils) elects the president, choosing between the two candidates with the largest number of votes; election last held on 29 August 2011 (next to be held in the fall of 2016); prime minister nominated by the president and approved by Parliament", + "election_results": "Toomas Hendrik ILVES reelected president; parliamentary vote - Toomas Hendrik ILVES 73, Indrek TARAND 25" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral Parliament or Riigikogu (101 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 6 March 2011 (next to be held in March 2015)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - Estonian Reform Party 28.6%, Center Party of Estonia 23.3%, IRL 20.5%, SDE 17.1%, Estonian Greens 3.8%, Estonian People's Union 2.1%, other 4.6%; seats by party - Estonian Reform Party 33, Center Party 21, IRL 23, SDE 19, unaffiliated 5" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and organized into the Civil Chamber with a chamber chairman and 6 justices, the Criminal Chamber with a chamber chairman and 5 justices, the Administrative Law Chamber with a chamber chairman and 4 justices, and the Constitutional Review Chamber with 9 members - the chief justice and 2 justices from the Civil Chamber, 3 from the Criminal Chamber and 3 from the Administrative chamber)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "the chief justice is proposed by the president and appointed by the Riigikogu; other justices proposed by the chief justice and appointed by the Riigikogu; justices appointed for life", + "subordinate_courts": "circuit (appellate) courts; administrative, county, city, and specialized courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Center Party of Estonia (Keskerakond) [Edgar SAVISAAR]; Estonian Greens (Rohelised) [Aleksander LAANE]; Estonian Conservative People's Party (Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond) or EKRE [Margo MILJAND]; Estonian Reform Party (Reformierakond) [Andrus ANSIP]; Social Democratic Party or SDE [Sven MIKSER]; Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica (Isamaa je Res Publica Liit) or IRL [Urmas REINSALU]" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "Australia Group, BA, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Marina KALJURAND", + "chancery": "2131 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 588-0101", + "fax": "[1] (202) 588-0108", + "consulates_general": "New York" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Jeffrey LEVINE", + "embassy": "Kentmanni 20, 15099 Tallinn", + "mailing_address": "use embassy street address", + "telephone": "[372] 668-8100", + "fax": "[372] 668-8134" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), black, and white; various interpretations are linked to the flag colors; blue represents faith, loyalty, and devotion, while also reminiscent of the sky, sea, and lakes of the country; black symbolizes the soil of the country and the dark past and suffering endured by the Estonian people; white refers to the striving towards enlightenment and virtue, and is the color of birch bark and snow, as well as summer nights illuminated by the midnight sun" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "barn swallow, cornflower" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Mu isamaa, mu onn ja room\" (My Native Land, My Pride and Joy)", + "lyrics_music": "Johann Voldemar JANNSEN/Fredrik PACIUS", + "note": "adopted 1920, though banned between 1940 and 1990 under Soviet occupation; the anthem, used in Estonia since 1869, shares the same melody with that of Finland but has different lyrics" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Estonia, a member of the European Union and the eurozone since 2004, has a modern market-based economy and one of the higher per capita income levels in Central Europe and the Baltic region. Estonia's successive governments have pursued a free market, pro-business economic agenda and have wavered little in their commitment to pro-market reforms. The current government has followed sound fiscal policies that have resulted in balanced budgets and low public debt. The economy benefits from strong electronics and telecommunications sectors and strong trade ties with Finland, Sweden, Russia, and Germany. Tallinn's priority has been to sustain high growth rates - on average 8% per year from 2003 to 2007. Estonia's economy fell into recession in mid-2008 with GDP contracting 14.3% in 2009, as a result of an investment and consumption slump following the bursting of the real estate market bubble and a decrease in export demand as result of economic slowdown in the rest of Europe. Estonia rebounded nearly 8% in 2011 and the Estonian economy now has one of the higher GDP growth rates in Europe. Estonia adopted the euro on 1 January 2011." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$29.57 billion (2012 est.); $28.64 billion (2011 est.); $26.45 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$21.86 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "3.2% (2012 est.); 8.3% (2011 est.); 3.3% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$22,100 (2012 est.); $21,400 (2011 est.); $19,700 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "24.1% of GDP (2012 est.); 26.9% of GDP (2011 est.); 23.1% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "50.1%", + "government_consumption": "18.8%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "24.5%", + "investment_in_inventories": "5.8%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "89.1%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-88.3% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "3.9%", + "industry": "29.7%", + "services": "66.4% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "grain, potatoes, vegetables; livestock and dairy products; fish" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "engineering, electronics, wood and wood products, textiles; information technology, telecommunications" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "2.2% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "695,000 (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "4.2%", + "industry": "20.2%", + "services": "75.6% (2010)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "10.2% (2012 est.); 12.5% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "17.5% (2010)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "2.7%", + "highest_10%": "27.7% (2004)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "31.3 (2010); 37 (1999)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$8.144 billion", + "expenditures": "$8.201 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "37.2% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-0.3% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "5.7% of GDP (2012 est.); 5.9% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social security funds" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "3.9% (2012 est.); 5% (2011 est.)" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "8% (31 December 2012 est.); 6.12% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$8.104 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $6.744 billion (31 December 2011 est.)", + "note": "this figure represents the US dollar value of Estonian kroon in circulation prior to Estonia's joining the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); see entry for the European Union for money supply in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 17 members of the EMU; individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$12.11 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $11.73 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$19.04 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $19.14 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$1.611 billion (31 December 2011); $2.26 billion (31 December 2010); $2.654 billion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "$498 million (2012 est.); $477 million (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$16.16 billion (2012 est.); $16.78 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and electrical equipment 21%, wood and wood products 9%, metals 9%, furniture 7%, vehicles and parts 5%, food products and beverages 4%, textiles 4%, plastics 3%" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Sweden 16.8%, Finland 15.3%, Russia 12.7%, Latvia 9.2%, Lithuania 5.7%, Germany 4.8% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$17.05 billion (2012 est.); $17.09 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and electrical equipment, mineral fuels, chemical products, foodstuffs, plastics, textiles" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Finland 15.1%, Germany 10.7%, Sweden 10.7%, Latvia 10%, Lithuania 9%, Poland 6.6%, China 4.4%, Russia 4.1% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$246.4 million (31 December 2012 est.); $207.5 million (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$25.55 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $25.01 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$17.45 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $16.65 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$6.609 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $7.359 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "kroon (EEK) per US dollar -; 0.778 (2012 est.); 0.72 (2011 est.); 11.81 (2010 est.); 11.23 (2009); 10.7 (2008)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "12.89 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "7.755 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "4.354 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "1.1 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "2.661 million kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "94.6% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "0.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "5.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "7,700 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "26,340 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "23,270 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "701 million cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "701 million cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "20.56 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "471,900 (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "1.863 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "foreign investment in the form of joint business ventures greatly improved telephone service with a wide range of high quality voice, data, and Internet services available", + "domestic": "substantial fiber-optic cable systems carry telephone, TV, and radio traffic in the digital mode; Internet services are widely available; schools and libraries are connected to the Internet, a large percentage of the population files income-tax returns online, and online voting was used for the first time in the 2005 local elections", + "international": "country code - 372; fiber-optic cables to Finland, Sweden, Latvia, and Russia provide worldwide packet-switched service; 2 international switches are located in Tallinn (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "the publicly owned broadcaster, Eesti Rahvusringhaaling (ERR), operates 2 TV channels and 5 radio networks; growing number of private commercial radio stations broadcasting nationally, regionally, and locally; fully transitioned to digital television in 2010; national private TV channels expanding service; a range of channels are aimed at Russian-speaking viewers; high penetration rate for cable TV services with more than half of Estonian households connected (2008)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".ee" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "865,494 (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "971,700 (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "18 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "13", + "over_3_047_m": "2", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "8", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "2", + "914_to_1_523_m": "1 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "5", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "1", + "914_to_1_523_m": "1", + "under_914_m": "3 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "1 (2012)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 868 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "1,196 km", + "broad_gauge": "1,196 km 1.520-m and 1.524-m gauge (133 km electrified) (2011)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "58,412 km (includes urban roads)", + "paved": "10,427 km (includes 115 km of expressways)", + "unpaved": "47,985 km (2011)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "335 km (320 km are navigable year round) (2011)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "25", + "by_type": "cargo 4, chemical tanker 1, passenger/cargo 18, petroleum tanker 2", + "foreign_owned": "3 (Germany 1, Norway 2)", + "registered_in_other_countries": "63 (Antigua and Barbuda 10, Belize 1, Cambodia 1, Canada 1, Cook Islands 1, Cyprus 6, Dominica 6, Finland 2, Latvia 3, Malta 16, Russia 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 8, Sierra Leone 2, Sweden 3, Venezuela 1, unknown 1) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "major_seaports": "Kuivastu, Kunda, Muuga, Parnu Reid, Sillamae, Tallinn" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Estonian Defense Forces (Eesti Kaitsevagi): Land Force (Maavagi), Navy (Merevagi), Air Force (Ohuvagi), Defense League (Kaitseliit) (2012)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "18-27 for compulsory military or governmental service, conscript service requirement 8-11 months depending on education; NCOs, reserve officers, and specialists serve 11 months (2013)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "291,801", + "females_age_16_49": "302,696 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "210,854", + "females_age_16_49": "251,185 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "6,668", + "female": "6,309 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "2% of GDP (2005 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "Russia and Estonia in May 2005 signed a technical border agreement, but Russia in June 2005 recalled its signature after the Estonian parliament added to its domestic ratification act a historical preamble referencing the Soviet occupation and Estonia's pre-war borders under the 1920 Treaty of Tartu; Russia contends that the preamble allows Estonia to make territorial claims on Russia in the future, while Estonian officials deny that the preamble has any legal impact on the treaty text; Russia demands better treatment of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Estonia implements strict Schengen border rules with Russia" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "stateless_persons": "94,235 (2012); note - after becoming independent in 1991, automatic citizenship was restricted to those who were Estonian citizens prior to the 1990 Soviet occupation and their descendants; thousands of ethnic Russians remained stateless when forced to choose between passing Estonian language and citizenship tests or applying for Russian citizenship; one reason for demurring on Estonian citizenship was to retain the right of visa-free travel to Russia; stateless residents can vote in local elections but not general elections; stateless parents who have been lawful residents of Estonia for at least five years can apply for citizenship for their children before they turn 15" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "growing producer of synthetic drugs; increasingly important transshipment zone for cannabis, cocaine, opiates, and synthetic drugs since joining the European Union and the Schengen Accord; potential money laundering related to organized crime and drug trafficking is a concern, as is possible use of the gambling sector to launder funds; major use of opiates and ecstasy" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/es-spain.json b/europe/es-spain.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..862c45b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/es-spain.json @@ -0,0 +1,626 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Spain's powerful world empire of the 16th and 17th centuries ultimately yielded command of the seas to England. Subsequent failure to embrace the mercantile and industrial revolutions caused the country to fall behind Britain, France, and Germany in economic and political power. Spain remained neutral in World Wars I and II but suffered through a devastating civil war (1936-39). A peaceful transition to democracy following the death of dictator Francisco FRANCO in 1975, and rapid economic modernization (Spain joined the EU in 1986) gave Spain a dynamic and rapidly growing economy and made it a global champion of freedom and human rights. More recently the government has had to focus on measures to reverse a severe economic recession that began in mid-2008. Austerity measures implemented to reduce a large budget deficit and reassure foreign investors have led to one of the highest unemployment rates in Europe." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Southwestern Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Bay of Biscay, and Pyrenees Mountains; southwest of France" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "40 00 N, 4 00 W" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "505,370 sq km", + "land": "498,980 sq km", + "water": "6,390 sq km", + "note": "there are two autonomous cities - Ceuta and Melilla - and 17 autonomous communities including Balearic Islands and Canary Islands, and three small Spanish possessions off the coast of Morocco - Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly more than twice the size of Oregon" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "1,917.8 km", + "border_countries": "Andorra 63.7 km, France 623 km, Gibraltar 1.2 km, Portugal 1,214 km, Morocco (Ceuta) 6.3 km, Morocco (Melilla) 9.6 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "4,964 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "contiguous_zone": "24 nm", + "exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm (applies only to the Atlantic Ocean)" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees Mountains in north" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m", + "highest_point": "Pico de Teide (Tenerife) on Canary Islands 3,718 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "coal, lignite, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, uranium, tungsten, mercury, pyrites, magnesite, fluorspar, gypsum, sepiolite, kaolin, potash, hydropower, arable land" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "24.75%", + "permanent_crops": "9.29%", + "other": "65.96% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "34,700 sq km (2011)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "111.5 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "32.46 cu km/yr (18%/22%/61%)", + "per_capita": "698.7 cu m/yr (2008)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "periodic droughts, occasional flooding", + "volcanism": "volcanic activity in the Canary Islands, located off Africa's northwest coast; Teide (elev. 3,715 m) has been deemed a \"Decade Volcano\" by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; La Palma (elev. 2,426 m), which last erupted in 1971, is the most active of the Canary Islands volcanoes; Lanzarote is the only other historically active volcano" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from raw sewage and effluents from the offshore production of oil and gas; water quality and quantity nationwide; air pollution; deforestation; desertification" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar; Spain controls a number of territories in northern Morocco including the enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, and the islands of Penon de Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Alhucemas, and Islas Chafarinas" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Spaniard(s)", + "adjective": "Spanish" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Castilian Spanish (official) 74%, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, and Basque 2%", + "note": "Catalan is official in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and the Valencian Community (where it is known as Valencian); in the northwest corner of Catalonia (Vall d'Aran), Aranese is official along with Catalan; Galician is official in Galicia; Basque is official in the Basque Country" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Roman Catholic 94%, other 6%" + }, + "population": { + "text": "47,370,542 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "15.4% (male 3,747,028/female 3,531,247)", + "15_24_years": "9.7% (male 2,377,992/female 2,215,742)", + "25_54_years": "46.2% (male 11,141,726/female 10,749,877)", + "55_64_years": "11.3% (male 2,600,682/female 2,738,559)", + "65_years_and_over": "17.5% (male 3,514,051/female 4,753,638) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "49.5 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "23 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "26.6 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "3.8 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "41.3 years", + "male": "40 years", + "female": "42.6 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.73% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "10.14 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "8.94 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "6.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "77% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "1% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "MADRID (capital) 5.762 million; Barcelona 5.029 million; Valencia 812,000 (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.07 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.08 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.95 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.74 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.97 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "29.3 (2006 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "6 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "3.35 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "3.68 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "2.99 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "81.37 years", + "male": "78.37 years", + "female": "84.57 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.48 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "65.7% (2006)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "9.5% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "3.71 physicians/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "3.2 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.4% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "130,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "1,600 (2009 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "26.6% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "5% of GDP (2009)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "97.7%", + "male": "98.5%", + "female": "97% (2010 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "17 years", + "male": "17 years", + "female": "18 years (2011)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "46.4%", + "male": "48.2%", + "female": "44.4% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Kingdom of Spain", + "conventional_short_form": "Spain", + "local_long_form": "Reino de Espana", + "local_short_form": "Espana" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "parliamentary monarchy" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Madrid", + "geographic_coordinates": "40 24 N, 3 41 W", + "time_difference": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October", + "note": "Spain is divided into two time zones including the Canary Islands" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "17 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular - comunidad autonoma) and 2 autonomous cities* (ciudades autonomas, singular - ciudad autonoma); Andalucia, Aragon, Asturias, Baleares (Balearic Islands), Ceuta*, Canarias (Canary Islands), Cantabria, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y Leon, Cataluna (Catalonia), Comunidad Valenciana (Valencian Community), Extremadura, Galicia, La Rioja, Madrid, Melilla*, Murcia, Navarra, Pais Vasco (Basque Country)", + "note": "the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla plus three small islands of Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, administered directly by the Spanish central government, are all along the coast of Morocco and are collectively referred to as Places of Sovereignty (Plazas de Soberania)" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "1492; the Iberian peninsula was characterized by a variety of independent kingdoms prior to the Muslim occupation that began in the early 8th century A.D. and lasted nearly seven centuries; the small Christian redoubts of the north began the reconquest almost immediately, culminating in the seizure of Granada in 1492; this event completed the unification of several kingdoms and is traditionally considered the forging of present-day Spain" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "National Day, 12 October (1492); year when Columbus first set foot in the Americas" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "approved by legislature 31 October 1978; passed by referendum 6 December 1978; signed by the king 27 December 1978" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system with regional variations" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975); Heir Apparent Prince FELIPE, son of the monarch, born 30 January 1968", + "head_of_government": "President of the Government (Prime Minister equivalent) Mariano RAJOY (since 20 December 2011); Vice President (and Minister of the President's Office) Soraya Saenz de SANTAMARIA (since 22 December 2011)", + "cabinet": "Council of Ministers designated by the president", + "note": "there is also a Council of State that is the supreme consultative organ of the government, but its recommendations are non-binding", + "elections": "the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition usually proposed president by the monarch and elected by the National Assembly; election last held on 20 November 2011 (next to be held in November 2015); vice president and Council of Ministers are appointed by the president", + "election_results": "Mariano RAJOY elected President of the Government; percent of vote - 44.62%" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "bicameral; General Courts or Las Cortes Generales (National Assembly) consists of the Senate or Senado (257 seats as of 2013; 208 members directly elected by popular vote and the other 49 - as of 2013 - appointed by the regional legislatures; members to serve four-year terms) and the Congress of Deputies or Congreso de los Diputados (350 seats; each of the 50 electoral provinces fills a minimum of two seats and the North African enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla fill one seat each with members serving a four-year term; the other 248 members are determined by proportional representation based on popular vote on block lists who serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "Senate - last held on 20 November 2011 (next to be held by November 2015); Congress of Deputies - last held on 20 November 2011 (next to be held by November 2015)", + "election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PP 136, PSOE 48, CiU 9, Entesa (PSC-PSOE) 7, EAJ/PNV 4, other 4, members appointed by regional legislatures 49; Congress of Deputies - percent of vote by party - PP 44.6%, PSOE 28.8%, CiU 4.2%, IU 6.9%, Amaiur 1.4%, UPyD 4.7%, EAJ/PNV 1.3%, other 8.1%; seats by party - PP 186, PSOE 110, CiU 16, IU 11, Amaiur 7, UPyD 5, EAJ/PNV 5, other 10" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo (consists of the court president and organized into the Civil Room with a president and 9 magistrates, the Penal Room with a president and 14 magistrates, the Administrative Room with a president and 32 magistrates, the Social Room with a president and 12 magistrates, and the Military Room with a president and 7 magistrates); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional de Espana (consists of 12 judges)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the monarch from candidates proposed by the General Council of the Judicial Power, a 20-member body chaired by the monarch and includes presidential appointees, and lawyers and jurists elected by the National Assembly; judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the monarch for 9-year terms", + "subordinate_courts": "National Court; High Courts of Justice (in each of the autonomous communities); provincial courts; courts of first instance" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Amaiur [collective leadership] (a coalition of parties advocating the peaceful Basque independence from Spain); Basque Nationalist Party or PNV or EAJ [Inigo URKULLU Renteria]; Canarian Coalition or CC [Claudina MORALES Rodriquez] (a coalition of five parties); Convergence and Union or CiU [Artur MAS i Gavarro] (a coalition of the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia or CDC [Artur MAS i Gavarro] and the Democratic Union of Catalonia or UDC [Josep Antoni DURAN i LLEIDA]); Entesa Catalonia de Progress (a Senate coalition grouping four Catalan parties - PSC, ERC, ICV, EUA); Galician Nationalist Bloc or BNG [Guillerme VAZQUEZ Vazquez]; Initiative for Catalonia Greens or ICV [Joan HERRERA i Torres]; Yes to the Future or Geroa Bai [collective leadership] (a coalition of four Navarran parties); Popular Party or PP [Mariano RAJOY Brey]; Republican Left of Catalonia or ERC [Oriol JUNQUERAS i Vies]; Spanish Socialist Workers Party or PSOE [Alfredo PEREZ Rubalcaba]; Union of People of Navarra or UPN [Yolanda BARCINA Angulo]; Union, Progress and Democracy or UPyD [Rosa DIEZ Gonzalez]; United Left or IU [Cayo LARA Moya] (a coalition of parties including the Communist Party of Spain or PCE and other small parties)" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "Association for Victims of Terrorism or AVT (grassroots organization devoted primarily to supporting victims of the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) terrorist organization); 15-M or 15 May protest movement, which is also known as the Indignados, Spanish for the \"indignant ones\" (a loose association of grassroots organizations that advocate for greater accountability and transparency in Spanish politics, increased social justice and job creation); Socialist General Union of Workers or UGT and the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union or USO; Trade Union Confederation of Workers' Commissions or CC.OO.; the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union or USO; ", + "other": "business and landowning interests; Catholic Church; free labor unions (authorized in April 1977); university students" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CAN (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Ramon Gil-Casares SATRUSTEGUI", + "chancery": "2375 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 452-0100, 728-2340", + "fax": "[1] (202) 833-5670", + "consulates_general": "Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico)" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Alan D. SOLOMONT", + "embassy": "Serrano 75, 28006 Madrid", + "mailing_address": "PSC 61, APO AE 09642", + "telephone": "[34] (91) 587-2200", + "fax": "[34] (91) 587-2303", + "consulates_general": "Barcelona" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms is quartered to display the emblems of the traditional kingdoms of Spain (clockwise from upper left, Castile, Leon, Navarre, and Aragon) while Granada is represented by the stylized pomegranate at the bottom of the shield; the arms are framed by two columns representing the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar; the red scroll across the two columns bears the imperial motto of \"Plus Ultra\" (further beyond) referring to Spanish lands beyond Europe; the triband arrangement with the center stripe twice the width of the outer dates to the 18th century", + "note": "the red and yellow colors are related to those of the oldest Spanish kingdoms: Aragon, Castile, Leon, and Navarre" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "Pillars of Hercules" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Himno Nacional Espanol\" (National Anthem of Spain)", + "lyrics_music": "none/unknown", + "note": "officially in use between 1770 and 1931, restored in 1939; the Spanish anthem has no lyrics; in the years prior to 1931 it became known as \"Marcha Real\" (The Royal March); it first appeared in a 1761 military bugle call book and was replaced by \"Himno de Riego\" in the years between 1931 and 1939; the long version of the anthem is used for the king, while the short version is used for the prince, prime minister, and occasions such as sporting events" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "After almost 15 years of above average GDP growth, the Spanish economy began to slow in late 2007 and entered into a recession in the second quarter of 2008. GDP contracted by 3.7% in 2009, ending a 16-year growth trend, and by another 0.3% in 2010; GDP expanded 0.4% in 2011, before contracting 1.4% in 2012. The economy has once again fallen into recession as deleveraging in the private sector, fiscal consolidation, and continued high unemployment weigh on domestic demand and investment, even as exports have shown signs of resiliency. The unemployment rate rose from a low of about 8% in 2007 to 26.0% in 2012. The economic downturn has also hurt Spain's public finances. The government budget deficit peaked at 11.2% of GDP in 2010 and the process to reduce this imbalance has been slow despite the central government's efforts to raise new tax revenue and cut spending. Spain reduced its budget deficit to 9.4% of GDP in 2011, and roughly 7.4% of GDP in 2012, above the 6.3% target negotiated between Spain and the EU. Although Spain''s large budget deficit and poor economic growth prospects remain a source of concern for foreign investors, the government''s ongoing efforts to cut spending and introduce flexibility into the labor markets are intended to assuage these concerns. The government is also taking steps to shore up the banking system, namely by using up to $130 billion in EU funds to recapitalize struggling banks exposed to the collapsed domestic construction and real estate sectors." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$1.434 trillion (2012 est.); $1.454 trillion (2011 est.); $1.448 trillion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$1.352 trillion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "-1.4% (2012 est.); 0.4% (2011 est.); -0.3% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$31,100 (2012 est.); $31,500 (2011 est.); $31,400 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "18.5% of GDP (2012 est.); 17.8% of GDP (2011 est.); 18.3% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "59.2%", + "government_consumption": "20.1%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "19.1%", + "investment_in_inventories": "0.5%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "32.2%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-31.1% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "3.3%", + "industry": "26.4%", + "services": "70.3% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "grain, vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus; beef, pork, poultry, dairy products; fish" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools, tourism, clay and refractory products, footwear, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "-4.5% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "23.05 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "4.2%", + "industry": "24%", + "services": "71.7% (2009 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "25.1% (2012 est.); 21.7% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "21.1% (2012)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "2.6%", + "highest_10%": "26.6% (2000)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "32 (2005); 32.5 (1990)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$491.2 billion", + "expenditures": "$634.6 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "36.3% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-10.6% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "84.1% of GDP (2012 est.); 69.3% of GDP (2011 est.)" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "2.4% (2012 est.); 3% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "1.5% (31 December 2012); 1.75% (31 December 2010)", + "note": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "8.3% (31 December 2012 est.); 8.09% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$784.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $778.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.)", + "note": "see entry for the European Union for money supply in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 17 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$1.969 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $2.211 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$3.029 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $3.152 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$1.031 trillion (31 December 2011); $1.172 trillion (31 December 2010); $1.297 trillion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$18.8 billion (2012 est.); -$52.28 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$291.7 billion (2012 est.); $303.3 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery, motor vehicles; foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, medicines, other consumer goods" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "France 16.8%, Germany 10.8%, Italy 7.7%, Portugal 7.1%, UK 6.5% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$323.7 billion (2012 est.); $361.8 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, measuring and medical control instruments" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 11.8%, France 11.5%, Italy 6.7%, China 5.6%, Netherlands 5.4%, UK 4.1% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$50.59 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $47.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$2.311 trillion (31 December 2012); $2.269 trillion (31 December 2011)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$723.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $700.9 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$716.2 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $721.3 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -; 0.7778 (2012 est.); 0.7185 (2011 est.); 0.755 (2010 est.); 0.7198 (2009 est.); 0.6827 (2008 est.)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "279.6 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "249.7 billion kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "13.52 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "5.169 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "102.5 million kW (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "48.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "7.6% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "13.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "24.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "12,090 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "1.046 million bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "150 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "1.211 million bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "1.384 million bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "240,700 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "528,400 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "52 million cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "33.55 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "1.698 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "35.49 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "2.548 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "316.4 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "19.867 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "52.598 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "well-developed, modern facilities; fixed-line teledensity exceeds 40 per 100 persons", + "domestic": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity exceeds 150 telephones per 100 persons", + "international": "country code - 34; submarine cables provide connectivity to Europe, Middle East, Asia, and US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to adjacent countries (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "a mixture of both publicly operated and privately owned TV and radio stations; overall, hundreds of TV channels are available including national, regional, local, public, and international channels; satellite and cable TV systems available; multiple national radio networks, a large number of regional radio networks, and a larger number of local radio stations; overall, hundreds of radio stations (2008)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".es" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "4.228 million (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "28.119 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "150 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "99", + "over_3_047_m": "18", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "14", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "19", + "914_to_1_523_m": "24", + "under_914_m": "24 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "51", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "2", + "914_to_1_523_m": "13", + "under_914_m": "36 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "10 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 10,481 km; oil 616 km; refined products 3,461 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "15,293 km", + "broad_gauge": "11,919 km 1.668-m gauge (6,950 km electrified)", + "standard_gauge": "1,392 km 1.435-m gauge (1,054 km electrified)", + "narrow_gauge": "1,954 km 1.000-m gauge (815 km electrified); 28 km 0.914-m gauge (2008)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "681,298 km", + "paved": "681,298 km (includes 15,152 km of expressways) (2008)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "1,000 km (2012)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "132", + "by_type": "bulk carrier 7, cargo 19, chemical tanker 8, container 5, liquefied gas 12, passenger/cargo 43, petroleum tanker 18, refrigerated cargo 4, roll on/roll off 9, vehicle carrier 7", + "foreign_owned": "27 (Canada 4, Germany 4, Italy 1, Mexico 1, Norway 10, Russia 6, Switzerland 1)", + "registered_in_other_countries": "103 (Angola 1, Argentina 3, Bahamas 6, Brazil 12, Cape Verde 1, Cyprus 6, Ireland 1, Malta 8, Morocco 9, Panama 30, Peru 1, Portugal 18, Uruguay 5, Venezuela 1, unknown 1) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Algeciras, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cartagena, Huelva, Tarragona, Valencia (Spain); Las Palmas, Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands)" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Spanish Armed Forces: Army (Ejercito de Tierra), Spanish Navy (Armada Espanola, AE; includes Marine Corps), Spanish Air Force (Ejercito del Aire Espanola, EdA) (2013)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service by a Spanish citizen or legal immigrant, 2-3 year obligation; women allowed to serve in all SAF branches, including combat units; no conscription, but Spanish Government retains right to mobilize citizens 19-25 years of age in a national emergency; mandatory retirement of non-NCO enlisted personnel at age 45 or 58, depending on service length (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "11,759,557", + "females_age_16_49": "11,204,688 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "9,603,939", + "females_age_16_49": "9,116,928 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "217,244", + "female": "205,278 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "1.2% of GDP (2005 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "in 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by referendum to reject any \"shared sovereignty\" arrangement; the Government of Gibraltar insists on equal participation in talks between the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant Gibraltar greater autonomy; Morocco protests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and the islands of Penon de Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Alhucemas, and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters; both countries claim Isla Perejil (Leila Island); Morocco serves as the primary launching site of illegal migration into Spain from North Africa; Portugal does not recognize Spanish sovereignty over the territory of Olivenza based on a difference of interpretation of the 1815 Congress of Vienna and the 1801 Treaty of Badajoz" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "stateless_persons": "36 (2012)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "despite rigorous law enforcement efforts, North African, Latin American, Galician, and other European traffickers take advantage of Spain's long coastline to land large shipments of cocaine and hashish for distribution to the European market; consumer for Latin American cocaine and North African hashish; destination and minor transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin; money-laundering site for Colombian narcotics trafficking organizations and organized crime" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/eu-european-union.json b/europe/eu-european-union.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9c6aca3f --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/eu-european-union.json @@ -0,0 +1,441 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "preliminary_statement": { + "text": "The evolution of what is today the European Union (EU) from a regional economic agreement among six neighboring states in 1951 to today's hybrid intergovernmental and supranational organization of 28 countries across the European continent stands as an unprecedented phenomenon in the annals of history. Dynastic unions for territorial consolidation were long the norm in Europe; on a few occasions even country-level unions were arranged - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Austro-Hungarian Empire were examples. But for such a large number of nation-states to cede some of their sovereignty to an overarching entity is unique.; Although the EU is not a federation in the strict sense, it is far more than a free-trade association such as ASEAN, NAFTA, or Mercosur, and it has certain attributes associated with independent nations: its own flag, currency (for some members), and law-making abilities, as well as diplomatic representation and a common foreign and security policy in its dealings with external partners.; Thus, inclusion of basic intelligence on the EU has been deemed appropriate as a new, separate entity in The World Factbook. However, because of the EU's special status, this description is placed after the regular country entries." + }, + "background": { + "text": "Following the two devastating World Wars in the first half of the 20th century, a number of European leaders in the late 1940s became convinced that the only way to establish a lasting peace was to reconcile the two chief belligerent nations - France and Germany - both economically and politically. In 1950, the French Foreign Minister Robert SCHUMAN proposed an eventual union of all Europe, the first step of which would be the integration of the coal and steel industries of Western Europe. The following year, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was set up when six members, Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, signed the Treaty of Paris.; The ECSC was so successful that within a few years the decision was made to integrate other elements of the countries' economies. In 1957, envisioning an \"ever closer union,\" the Treaties of Rome created the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), and the six member states undertook to eliminate trade barriers among themselves by forming a common market. In 1967, the institutions of all three communities were formally merged into the European Community (EC), creating a single Commission, a single Council of Ministers, and the body known today as the European Parliament. Members of the European Parliament were initially selected by national parliaments, but in 1979 the first direct elections were undertaken and have been held every five years since.; In 1973, the first enlargement of the EC took place with the addition of Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. The 1980s saw further membership expansion with Greece joining in 1981 and Spain and Portugal in 1986. The 1992 Treaty of Maastricht laid the basis for further forms of cooperation in foreign and defense policy, in judicial and internal affairs, and in the creation of an economic and monetary union - including a common currency. This further integration created the European Union (EU), at the time standing alongside the European Community. In 1995, Austria, Finland, and Sweden joined the EU/EC, raising the membership total to 15.; A new currency, the euro, was launched in world money markets on 1 January 1999; it became the unit of exchange for all EU member states except Denmark, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. In 2002, citizens of those 12 countries began using euro banknotes and coins. Ten new countries joined the EU in 2004 - Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Bulgaria and Romania joined in 2007 and Croatia in 2013, bringing the current membership to 28.; In an effort to ensure that the EU could function efficiently with an expanded membership, the Treaty of Nice (signed in 2000) set forth rules aimed at streamlining the size and procedures of EU institutions. An effort to establish a \"Constitution for Europe,\" growing out of a Convention held in 2002-2003, foundered when it was rejected in referenda in France and the Netherlands in 2005. A subsequent effort in 2007 incorporated many of the features of the rejected Constitution while also making a number of substantive and symbolic changes. The new treaty, initially known as the Reform Treaty but subsequently referred to as the Treaty of Lisbon, sought to amend existing treaties rather than replace them. The treaty was approved at the EU intergovernmental conference of the 27 member states held in Lisbon in December 2007, after which the process of national ratifications began. In October 2009, an Irish referendum approved the Lisbon Treaty (overturning a previous rejection) and cleared the way for an ultimate unanimous endorsement. Poland and the Czech Republic signed on soon after. The Lisbon Treaty, again invoking the idea of an \"ever closer union,\" came into force on 1 December 2009 and the European Union officially replaced and succeeded the European Community." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Europe between the North Atlantic Ocean in the west and Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine to the east" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "4,324,782 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "less than one-half the size of the US" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "12,440.8 km", + "border_countries": "Albania 282 km, Andorra 120.3 km, Belarus 1,050 km, Croatia 999 km, Holy See 3.2 km, Liechtenstein 34.9 km, Macedonia 394 km, Moldova 450 km, Monaco 4.4 km, Norway 2,348 km, Russia 2,257 km, San Marino 39 km, Serbia 945 km, Switzerland 1,811 km, Turkey 446 km, Ukraine 1,257 km", + "note": "data for European Continent only" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "65,992.9 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "cold temperate; potentially subarctic in the north to temperate; mild wet winters; hot dry summers in the south" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "fairly flat along the Baltic and Atlantic coast; mountainous in the central and southern areas" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Lammefjord, Denmark -7 m; Zuidplaspolder, Netherlands -7 m", + "highest_point": "Mont Blanc 4,807 m; note - situated on the border between France and Italy" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "iron ore, natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, lead, zinc, bauxite, uranium, potash, salt, hydropower, arable land, timber, fish" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "24.91", + "permanent_crops": "2.75", + "other": "72.34 (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "154,539.82 sq km (2011 est.)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "2,057.76 cu km (2011)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "flooding along coasts; avalanches in mountainous area; earthquakes in the south; volcanic eruptions in Italy; periodic droughts in Spain; ice floes in the Baltic" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds" + } + }, + "people": { + "languages": { + "text": "Bulgarian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, Gaelic, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish", + "note": "only official languages are listed; German, the major language of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, is the most widely spoken mother tongue - about 18% of the EU population; English is the most widely spoken foreign language - about 38% of the EU population is conversant with it (2013)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Roman Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox, Muslim, Jewish" + }, + "population": { + "text": "503,890,016 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "15.42% (male 39,926,061/female 37,910,751)", + "15_24_years": "11.39% (male 29,378,846/female 28,105,200)", + "25_54_years": "42.32% (male 107,635,924/female 106,014,871)", + "55_64_years": "12.67% (male 31,027,789/female 32,931,541)", + "65_years_and_over": "18.21% (male 39,037,315/female 52,921,718) (2013 est.)" + }, + "median_age": { + "text": "note - see individual country entries of member states" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.21% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "10.2 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "2.0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.02 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.94 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.74 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.96 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "4.4 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "4.9 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "3.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "79.9 years", + "male": "77 years", + "female": "82.9 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.59 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "5.56 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "note - see individual country entries of member states" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "note - see individual country entries of member states" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "note - see individual country entries of member states" + } + }, + "govt": { + "union_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "European Union", + "abbreviation": "EU" + }, + "political_structure": { + "text": "a hybrid and unique intergovernmental and supranational organization" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Brussels (Belgium), Strasbourg (France), Luxembourg", + "geographic_coordinates": "(Brussels) 50 50 N, 4 20 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October", + "note": "the European Council and the Council of the European Union meet in Brussels, Belgium; the European Parliament meets in Brussels and Strasbourg, France, and has administrative offices in Luxembourg; the Court of Justice of the European Union meets in Luxembourg" + }, + "member_states": { + "text": "28 countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, UK; note - candidate countries: Iceland, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Turkey" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "7 February 1992 (Maastricht Treaty signed establishing the European Union); 1 November 1993 (Maastricht Treaty entered into force)", + "note": "the Treaties of Rome, signed on 25 March 1957 and subsequently entered into force on 1 January 1958, created the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community; a series of subsequent treaties have been adopted to increase efficiency and transparency, to prepare for new member states, and to introduce new areas of cooperation - such as single currency; the Treaty of Lisbon, signed on 13 December 2007 and entered into force on 1 December 2009 is the most recent of these treaties and is intended to make the EU more democratic, more efficient, and better able to address global problems with one voice" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Europe Day 9 May (1950); note - the day in 1950 that Robert SCHUMAN proposed the creation of what became the European Coal and Steel Community, the progenitor of today's European Union, with the aim of achieving a united Europe" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "none", + "note": "the EU legal order, although based on a series of treaties, has often been described as \"constitutional\" in nature; the Treaty on European Union (TEU), as modified by the Lisbon Treaty, states in Article 1 that \"the HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES establish among themselves a EUROPEAN UNION ... on which the Member States confer competences to attain objectives they have in common\"; Article 1 of the TEU states further that the EU is \"founded on the present Treaty and on the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (hereinafter referred to as 'the Treaties'),\" both possessing the same legal value; Article 6 of the TEU provides that a separately adopted Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union \"shall have the same legal value as the Treaties\"" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "unique supranational law system in which, according to an interpretive declaration of member-state governments appended to the Treaty of Lisbon, \"the Treaties and the law adopted by the Union on the basis of the Treaties have primacy over the law of Member States\" under conditions laid down in the case law of the Court of Justice; key principles of EU law include fundamental rights as guaranteed by the Charter of Fundamental Rights and as resulting from constitutional traditions common to the EU's states; EU law is divided into 'primary' and 'secondary' legislation; the treaties (primary legislation) are the basis for all EU action; secondary legislation - which includes regulations, directives and decisions - are derived from the principles and objectives set out in the treaties" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal; voting for the European Parliament is permitted in each member state" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "text": "under the EU treaties there are three distinct institutions, each of which conducts functions that may be regarded as executive in nature:", + "the_european_council": "brings together heads of state and government, along with the president of the European Commission, and meets at least four times a year; its aim is to provide the impetus for the development of the Union and to issue general policy guidelines; leaders of the EU member states appointed former Belgian Prime Minister Herman VAN ROMPUY to be the first full-time president of the European Council in November 2009; he took office on 1 December 2009 for a two-and-one-half-year term, renewable once; EU member state leaders confirmed Herman VAN ROMPUY for a second and final two-and-one-half-year term in March 2012; his core responsibilities include chairing the EU summits and providing policy and organizational continuity", + "the_council_of_the_european_union": "consists of ministers of each EU member state and meets regularly in different configurations depending on the subject matter; it carries out policy-making and coordinating functions (as well as legislative functions); ministers of EU member states chair meetings of the Council of the EU based on a six-month rotating presidency", + "the_european_commission": "is headed by a College of Commissioners comprised of 28 members, one from each member country; each commissioner is responsible for one or more policy areas; the Commission's responsibilities include the sole right to initiate EU legislation (except for foreign and defense policy), promoting the general interest of the EU, acting as \"guardian of the Treaties,\" executing the budget and managing programs, ensuring the Union's external representation, and additional duties; its president is Jose Manuel BARROSO (since 2004); the president of the European Commission is designated by member state governments and confirmed by the European Parliament; working from member state recommendations, the Commission president then assembles the \"college\" of Commission members; the European Parliament confirms the entire Commission for a five-year term; the next confirmation process will likely be held in January 2015", + "note": "for external representation and foreign policy making, leaders of the EU member states appointed Catherine ASHTON of the United Kingdom to be the first High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy; ASHTON took office on 1 December 2009; her concurrent appointment as Vice President of the European Commission endows her position with the policymaking influence of the Council of the EU and the budgetary influence of the European Commission; the High Representative helps develop and implement the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP), chairs the Foreign Affairs Council, represents and acts for the Union in many international contexts, and oversees the European External Action Service (EEAS), the diplomatic corps of the EU, established on 1 December 2010" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "two legislative bodies consisting of the Council of the European Union (28 member-state ministers having 352 votes; the number of votes is roughly proportional to member-states' population, and 255 votes plus a majority of member states forms a \"qualified majority\" to pass a measure) and the European Parliament (766 seats; seats allocated among member states in proportion to population; members elected by direct universal suffrage for a five-year term); note - the European Parliament President is elected by a majority of fellow members of the European Parliament (MEP), and represents the Parliament with the EU and internationally; German MEP Martin SCHULZ from the Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) was elected in January 2012; the Council of the EU is the main decision-making body of the EU, although the European Parliament must also approve almost all EU legislation; the Parliament does not have the right to initiate legislation", + "elections": "last held on 4-7 June 2009 (next to be held in June 2014)", + "election_results": "percent of vote - EPP 36%, S&D 25%, ALDE 11.4%, Greens/EFA 7.5%, ECR 7.3%, GUE/NGL 4.8%, EFD 4.3%, independents 3.7%; seats by party - EPP 265, S&D 184, ALDE 84, Greens/EFA 55, ECR 54, GUE/NGL 35, EFD 32, nonaffiliated 27, plus 18 \"observers\"; note - current seats by party as of December 2012 - EPP 270, S&D 189, ALDE 85, Greens/EFA 59, ECR 53, GUE/NGL 34, EFD 34, nonaffiliated 30" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Court of Justice of the European Union (organized into Court of Justice, General Court, and Civil Service Tribunal; consists of 27 judges, one from each of the member states) note - the Court of Justice ensures that treaties are interpreted and applied uniformly throughout the EU, resolves disputed issues among the EU institutions, issues opinions on questions of EU law referred by member state courts;", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "judges appointed for 6-year terms; note - the court can sit in chambers, in a \"Grand Chamber\" of 13 judges, or as the full court; General Court (a court below the Court of Justice) - 27 judges appointed for six-year terms; Civil Service Tribunal - 7 judges appointed for 3-year terms", + "subordinate_courts": "" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Confederal Group of the European United Left-Nordic Green Left or GUE/NGL [Gabriele ZIMMER]; Europe of Freedom and Democracy Group or EFD [Nigel FARAGE and Francesco SPERONI]; European Conservatives and Reformists Group or ECR [Martin CALLANAN]; Group of Greens/European Free Alliance or Greens/EFA [Rebecca HARMS and Daniel COHN-BENDIT]; Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe or ALDE [Guy VERHOFSTADT]; Group of the European People's Party or EPP [Joseph DAUL]; Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats or S&D [Hannes SWOBODA]" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "ARF (dialogue member), ASEAN (dialogue member), Australian Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CERN, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-8, G-10, G-20, IDA, IEA, IGAD (partners), LAIA (observer), NSG (observer), OAS (observer), OECD, PIF (partner), SAARC (observer), UN (observer), UNRWA (observer), WCO, WTO, ZC (observer)" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Joao VALE DE ALMEIDA", + "chancery": "2175 K Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 862-9500", + "fax": "[1] (202) 429-1766" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador William E. KENNARD", + "embassy": "13 Zinnerstraat/Rue Zinner, B-1000 Brussels", + "mailing_address": "same as above", + "telephone": "[32] (2) 811-4100", + "fax": "[32] (2) 811-5154" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "a blue field with 12 five-pointed gold stars arranged in a circle in the center; blue represents the sky of the Western world, the stars are the peoples of Europe in a circle, a symbol of unity; the number of stars is fixed" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "a circle of 12 stars" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Ode to Joy\"\"", + "lyrics_music": "none/Ludwig VON BEETHOVEN, arranged by Herbert VON KARAJAN", + "note": "adopted 1972, not in use until 1986; according to the European Union, the song is meant to represent all of Europe rather than just the organization; the song also serves as the anthem for the Council of Europe" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Internally, the EU has abolished trade barriers, adopted a common currency, and is striving toward convergence of living standards. Internationally, the EU aims to bolster Europe's trade position and its political and economic weight. Because of the great differences in per capita income among member states (from $13,000 to $82,000) and in national attitudes toward issues like inflation, debt, and foreign trade, the EU faces difficulties in devising and enforcing common policies. Eleven established EU member states, under the auspices of the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), introduced the euro as their common currency on 1 January 1999 (Greece did so two years later). Between 2004 and 2007, 12 states acceded to the EU that are, in general, less advanced economically than the other 15 member states. On 1 July 2013 Croatia became the most recent member of the EU, following a decade long application process. Of the 13 most recent entrants, only Slovenia (1 January 2007), Cyprus and Malta (1 January 2008), Slovakia (1 January 2009), and Estonia (1 January 2011) have adopted the euro; 11 non-Euro member states, other than the UK and Denmark which have formal opt-outs, are required by EU treaties to adopt the common currency upon meeting fiscal and monetary convergence criteria. Following the 2008-09 global economic crisis, the EU economy saw moderate GDP growth in 2010 and 2011, but a sovereign debt crisis in the euro zone intensified in 2011 and became the bloc's top economic and political priority. Despite EU/IMF adjustment programs in Greece, Ireland, and Portugal, and consolidation measures in many other EU member states, significant risks to growth remain, including high public debt loads, aging populations, onerous regulations, and fears of debt crisis contagion. In response, euro-zone leaders in 2011 boosted funding levels for the temporary European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) to almost $600 billion and made loan terms more favorable for crisis-hit countries, and in July 2012 brought the permanent European Stabilization Mechanism (ESM) online, a year earlier than originally planned. In addition, 26 of 28 EU member states (all except the UK and Czech Republic) have indicated their intent to enact a \"fiscal compact\" treaty to boost long-term budgetary discipline and coordination. In September 2012 the European Central Bank committed to a bond-buying program for troubled euro-zone member states that agree to a formal program of fiscal and structural reforms, aiming to reduce their borrowing costs and restore confidence in the euro zone." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$15.97 trillion (2012 est.); $16.02 trillion (2011 est.); $15.77 trillion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$16.36 trillion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.3% (2012 est.); 1.6% (2011 est.); 2.2% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$35,100 (2012 est.); $35,300 (2011 est.); $34,900 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "58.2%", + "government_consumption": "21.8%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "18.3%", + "investment_in_inventories": "0.5%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "42.5%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-41.3% (2011 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "1.8%", + "industry": "24.7%", + "services": "73.4% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "wheat, barley, oilseeds, sugar beets, wine, grapes; dairy products, cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry; fish" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "among the world's largest and most technologically advanced, the EU industrial base includes: ferrous and non-ferrous metal production and processing, metal products, petroleum, coal, cement, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, aerospace, rail transportation equipment, passenger and commercial vehicles, construction equipment, industrial equipment, shipbuilding, electrical power equipment, machine tools and automated manufacturing systems, electronics and telecommunications equipment, fishing, food and beverage processing, furniture, paper, textiles" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "-1.6% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "230 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "5.3%", + "industry": "22.9%", + "services": "71.8% (2011 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "10.3% (2012 est.); 9.7% (2011)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "note - see individual country entries of member states" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "2.9%", + "highest_10%": "24% (2011 est.)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "30.7 (2011 est.); 31.2 (1996 est.)" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "2.6% (2012 est.); 1.8% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "1.5% (31 December 2012); 1.75% (31 December 2011)", + "note": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "5.9% (31 December 2010 est.); 7.52% (31 December 2009 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$6.205 trillion (31 December 2011); $5.542 trillion (31 December 2010)", + "note": "this is the quantity of money, M1, for the euro area, converted into US dollars at the exchange rate for the date indicated; it excludes the stock of money carried by non-euro-area members of the European Union" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$12.27 trillion (31 December 2011 est.); $11.17 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)", + "note": "this is the quantity of broad money for the euro area, converted into US dollars at the exchange rate for the date indicated; it excludes the stock of broad money carried by non-euro-area members of the European Union" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$21.29 trillion (31 December 2011 est.); $21.81 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)", + "note": "this figure refers to the euro area only; it excludes credit data for non-euro-area members of the EU" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$7.565 trillion (31 December 2011 est.); $10.5 trillion (31 December 2010); $9.823 trillion (31 December 2009 est.)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$34.49 billion (2011 est.); -$5.73 billion (2010 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$2.17 trillion (2011 est.); $1.791 trillion (2010 est.)", + "note": "external exports, excluding intra-EU trade" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery, motor vehicles, pharmaceuticals and other chemicals, fuels, aircraft, plastics, iron and steel, wood pulp and paper products, alcoholic beverages, furniture" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$2.397 trillion (2011 est.); $2.028 trillion (2010 est.)", + "note": "external imports, excluding intra-EU trade" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "fuels and crude oil, machinery, vehicles, pharmaceuticals and other chemicals, precious gemstones, textiles, aircraft, plastics, metals, ships" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$812.1 billion (31 December 2011)", + "note": "$863.8 billion (31 December 2011); this includes reserves held by the European Central Bank and euro-zone national central banks; it excludes reserves for non-euro-area members of the EU" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$15.5 trillion (31 December 2012); $14.78 trillion (31 December 2011)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$NA" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "euros per US dollar -; 0.7778 (2012 est.); 0.7185 (2011 est.); 0.755 (2010 est.); 0.7198 (2009 est.); 0.6827 (2008 est.)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "3.255 trillion kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "3.037 trillion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "5.385 billion bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "12.19 million bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "13.25 million bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "2.196 million bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "8.613 million bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "167.1 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "459.8 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "93.75 billion cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "420.6 billion cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "2.008 trillion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "226 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "629 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "text": "note - see individual country entries of member states" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".eu; note - see country entries of member states for individual country codes" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "201,116; note - this sum reflects the number of Internet hosts assigned the .eu Internet country code (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "340 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "3,102 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "1,858", + "over_3_047_m": "118", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "335", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "504", + "914_to_1_523_m": "422", + "under_914_m": "479 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "1,244", + "over_3_047_m": "1", + "2_437_to_3_047_m": "1", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "15", + "914_to_1_523_m": "245", + "under_914_m": "982 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "90 (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "228,710 km (2010)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "5,814,080 km (2010)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "44,103 km (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "major_ports": "Antwerp (Belgium), Barcelona (Spain), Braila (Romania), Bremen (Germany), Burgas (Bulgaria), Constanta (Romania), Copenhagen (Denmark), Galati (Romania), Gdansk (Poland), Hamburg (Germany), Helsinki (Finland), Las Palmas (Canary Islands, Spain), Le Havre (France), Lisbon (Portugal), London (UK), Marseille (France), Naples (Italy), Peiraiefs or Piraeus (Greece), Riga (Latvia), Rotterdam (Netherlands), Stockholm (Sweden), Talinn (Estonia), Tulcea (Romania), Varna (Bulgaria)" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_note": { + "text": "the five-nation Eurocorps - created in 1992 by France, Germany, Belgium, Spain, and Luxembourg - has deployed troops and police on peacekeeping missions to Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo and assumed command of the ISAF in Afghanistan in August 2004; Eurocorps directly commands the 5,000-man Franco-German Brigade, the Multinational Command Support Brigade, and EUFOR in Bosnia and Herzegovina; in November 2004, the EU Council of Ministers formally committed to creating 13 1,500-man battle groups by the end of 2007, to respond to international crises on a rotating basis; 22 of the EU's 27 nations have agreed to supply troops; France, Italy, and the UK formed the first of three battle groups in 2005; Norway, Sweden, Estonia, and Finland established the Nordic Battle Group effective 1 January 2008; nine other groups are to be formed; a rapid-reaction naval EU Maritime Task Group was stood up in March 2007 (2007)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "as a political union, the EU has no border disputes with neighboring countries, but Estonia has no land boundary agreements with Russia, Slovenia disputes its land and maritime boundaries with Croatia, and Spain has territorial and maritime disputes with Morocco and with the UK over Gibraltar; the EU has set up a Schengen area - consisting of 22 EU member states that have signed the convention implementing the Schengen agreements or \"acquis\" (1985 and 1990) on the free movement of persons and the harmonization of border controls in Europe; these agreements became incorporated into EU law with the implementation of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam on 1 May 1999; in addition, non-EU states Iceland and Norway (as part of the Nordic Union) have been included in the Schengen area since 1996 (full members in 2001), Switzerland since 2008, and Liechtenstein since 2011 bringing the total current membership to 26; the UK (since 2000) and Ireland (since 2002) take part in only some aspects of the Schengen area, especially with respect to police and criminal matters; nine of the 12 new member states that joined the EU since 2004 joined Schengen on 21 December 2007; of the three remaining EU states, Romania and Bulgaria may join in 2013 or 2014, while Cyprus' entry is held up by the ongoing Cyprus dispute" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/fi-finland.json b/europe/fi-finland.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4644a179 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/fi-finland.json @@ -0,0 +1,612 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries, and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It won its complete independence in 1917. During World War II, it was able to successfully defend its freedom and resist invasions by the Soviet Union - albeit with some loss of territory. In the subsequent half century, the Finns made a remarkable transformation from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern industrial economy; per capita income is now among the highest in Western Europe. A member of the European Union since 1995, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro system at its initiation in January 1999. In the 21st century, the key features of Finland's modern welfare state are a high standard of education, equality promotion, and national social security system - currently challenged by an aging population and the fluctuations of an export-driven economy." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and Russia" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "64 00 N, 26 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "338,145 sq km", + "land": "303,815 sq km", + "water": "34,330 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly smaller than Montana" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "2,654 km", + "border_countries": "Norway 727 km, Sweden 614 km, Russia 1,313 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "1,250 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm (in the Gulf of Finland - 3 nm)", + "contiguous_zone": "24 nm", + "exclusive_fishing_zone": "12 nm; extends to continental shelf boundary with Sweden", + "continental_shelf": "200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Baltic Sea 0 m", + "highest_point": "Halti (alternatively Haltia, Haltitunturi, Haltiatunturi) 1,328 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "timber, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, limestone" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "6.65%", + "permanent_crops": "0.01%", + "other": "93.34% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "685.8 sq km (2010)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "110 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "1.63 cu km/yr (25%/72%/3%)", + "per_capita": "308.9 cu m/yr (2005)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "air pollution from manufacturing and power plants contributing to acid rain; water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on European continent; population concentrated on small southwestern coastal plain" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Finn(s)", + "adjective": "Finnish" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Finn 93.4%, Swede 5.6%, Russian 0.5%, Estonian 0.3%, Roma (Gypsy) 0.1%, Sami 0.1% (2006)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Finnish (official) 91.2%, Swedish (official) 5.5%, other (small Sami- and Russian-speaking minorities) 3.3% (2007)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Lutheran Church of Finland 82.5%, Orthodox Church 1.1%, other Christian 1.1%, other 0.1%, none 15.1% (2006)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "5,266,114 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "15.8% (male 424,571/female 410,042)", + "15_24_years": "12.3% (male 329,625/female 316,585)", + "25_54_years": "38.3% (male 1,026,525/female 988,772)", + "55_64_years": "14.4% (male 374,685/female 385,933)", + "65_years_and_over": "19.2% (male 421,854/female 587,522) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "55 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "25.5 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "29.5 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "3.4 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "43 years", + "male": "41.2 years", + "female": "44.8 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.06% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "10.36 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "10.42 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "0.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "85% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0.6% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "HELSINKI (capital) 1.107 million (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.97 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.71 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.96 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "27.9 (2005 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "5 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "3.38 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "3.68 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "3.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "79.55 years", + "male": "76.09 years", + "female": "83.15 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.73 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "9% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "2.74 physicians/1,000 population (2008)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "6.2 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.1% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "2,600 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 100 (2009 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "23% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "6.8% of GDP (2009)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "100%", + "male": "100%", + "female": "100% (2000 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "17 years", + "male": "16 years", + "female": "18 years (2011)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "18.9%", + "male": "19.3%", + "female": "18.4% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Finland", + "conventional_short_form": "Finland", + "local_long_form": "Suomen tasavalta/Republiken Finland", + "local_short_form": "Suomi/Finland" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "republic" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Helsinki", + "geographic_coordinates": "60 10 N, 24 56 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "19 regions (maakunnat, singular - maakunta (Finnish); landskapen, singular - landskapet (Swedish)); Aland (Swedish), Ahvenanmaa (Finnish); Etela-Karjala (Finnish), Sodra Karelen (Swedish) [South Karelia]; Etela-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Sodra Osterbotten (Swedish) [South Ostrobothnia]; Etela-Savo (Finnish), Sodra Savolax (Swedish) [South Savo]; Kanta-Hame (Finnish), Egentliga Tavastland (Swedish); Kainuu (Finnish), Kajanaland (Swedish); Keski-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Mellersta Osterbotten (Swedish) [Central Ostrobothnia]; Keski-Suomi (Finnish), Mellersta Finland (Swedish) [Central Finland]; Kymenlaakso (Finnish), Kymmenedalen (Swedish); Lappi (Finnish), Lappland (Swedish); Paijat-Hame (Finnish), Paijanne-Tavastland (Swedish); Pirkanmaa (Finnish), Birkaland (Swedish) [Tampere]; Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Osterbotten (Swedish) [Ostrobothnia]; Pohjois-Karjala (Finnish), Norra Karelen (Swedish) [North Karelia]; Pohjois-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Norra Osterbotten (Swedish) [North Ostrobothnia]; Pohjois-Savo (Finnish), Norra Savolax (Swedish) [North Savo]; Satakunta (Finnish and Swedish); Uusimaa (Finnish), Nyland (Swedish) [Newland]; Varsinais-Suomi (Finnish), Egentliga Finland (Swedish) [Southwest Finland]" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "6 December 1917 (from Russia)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Independence Day, 6 December (1917)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "1 March 2000" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system based on the Swedish model; note - the president may request the Supreme Court to review laws" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Sauli NIINISTO (since 1 March 2012)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Jyrki KATAINEN (since 22 June 2011)", + "cabinet": "Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible to parliament", + "elections": "president elected by popular vote for a six-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 5 February 2012 (next to be held in February 2018); the parliament elects a prime minister who is then appointed to office by the president", + "election_results": "percent of vote - Sauli NIINISTO (Kok) 36.96%, Pekka HAAVISTO (Vihr) 18.76%, Paavo VAYRYNEN (Kesk) 17.53%, Timo SOINI (TF) 9.4%, Paavo LIPPONEN (SDP) 6.7%, Paavo ARHINMÄKI (Vas) 5.48%, Eva BIAUDET (SFP) 2.7%, Sari ESSAYAH (KD) 2.47%; a runoff election between NIINISTO and HAAVISTO was held 5 February 2012 - NIINISTO 62.59%, HAAVISTO 37.41%; Jyrki KATAINEN elected prime minister; election results 118-72", + "note": "government coalition - Kok, SDP, Vihr, SFP, Vas, and KD (2013)" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral Parliament or Eduskunta (200 seats; members elected by popular vote on a proportional basis to serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 17 April 2011 (next to be held in April 2015)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - Kok 20.4%, SDP 19.1%, TF 19.1%, Kesk 15.8%, Vas 8.1%, Vihr 7.3%, SFP 4.3%, KD 4%, other 1.9%; seats by party - Kok 44, SDP 42, TF 39, Kesk 35, Vas 14, Vihr 10, SFP 9, KD 6, other 1 (the constituency of Aland)" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus (consists of the court president and 18 judges); Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 21 judges including the court president and organized into 3 chambers) note - Finland has a dual judicial system - courts with civil and criminal jurisdiction, and administrative courts with jurisdiction for litigation between individuals and administrative organs of the state and communities", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court and Supreme Administrative Court judges appointed by the president of the republic; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 65", + "subordinate_courts": "6 Courts of Appeal; 8 regional administrative courts; 27 district courts; special courts for issues relating to markets, labor, insurance, impeachment, land, tenancy, and water rights" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Center Party or Kesk [Juha SIPILA]; Christian Democrats or KD [Paivi RASANEN]; Green League or Vihr [Ville NIINISTO]; Left Alliance or Vas [Paavo ARHINMAKI]; National Coalition Party or Kok [Jyrki KATAINEN]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Jutta URPILAINEN]; Swedish People's Party or SFP [Carl HAGLUND]; The Finns Party or TF [Timo SOINI]" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Ritva KOUKKU-RONDE", + "chancery": "3301 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 298-5800", + "fax": "[1] (202) 298-6030", + "consulates_general": "Los Angeles, New York" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Bruce J. ORECK", + "embassy": "Itainen Puistotie 14B, 00140 Helsinki", + "mailing_address": "APO AE 09723", + "telephone": "[358] (9) 616250", + "fax": "[358] (9) 6162 5800" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "white with a blue cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the blue represents the thousands of lakes scattered across the country, while the white is for the snow that covers the land in winter" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "lion" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Maamme\" (Our Land)", + "lyrics_music": "Johan Ludvig RUNEBERG/Fredrik PACIUS", + "note": "in use since 1848; although never officially adopted by law, the anthem has been popular since it was first sung by a student group in 1848; Estonia's anthem uses the same melody as that of Finland" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free-market economy with per capita output almost as high as that of Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Trade is important with exports accounting for over one third of GDP in recent years. Finland is strongly competitive in manufacturing - principally the wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and electronics industries. Finland excels in high-tech exports such as mobile phones. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of raw materials, energy, and some components for manufactured goods. Because of the climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an important export earner, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population. Finland had been one of the best performing economies within the EU in recent years and its banks and financial markets avoided the worst of global financial crisis. However, the world slowdown hit exports and domestic demand hard in 2009, with Finland experiencing one of the deepest contractions in the euro zone. A recovery of exports, domestic trade, and household consumption stimulated economic growth in 2010-11. The recession affected general government finances and the debt ratio, turning previously strong budget surpluses into deficits, but Finland has taken action to ensure it will meet EU deficit targets by 2013 and retains its triple-A credit rating. Finland's main challenge in 2013 will be to stimulate growth in the face of weak demand in EU export markets and government austerity measures meant to reduce its budget deficit. Longer-term, Finland must address a rapidly aging population and decreasing productivity that threaten competitiveness, fiscal sustainability, and economic growth." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$200.7 billion (2012 est.); $201.1 billion (2011 est.); $195.7 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$250.1 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.2% (2012 est.); 2.8% (2011 est.); 3.3% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$37,000 (2012 est.); $37,200 (2011 est.); $36,400 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "18.7% of GDP (2012 est.); 20.6% of GDP (2011 est.); 21% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "56.3%", + "government_consumption": "24.8%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "19.4%", + "investment_in_inventories": "1.2%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "39.8%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-40.5% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "2.8%", + "industry": "27.1%", + "services": "70.1% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "barley, wheat, sugar beets, potatoes; dairy cattle; fish" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "metals and metal products, electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "-1.8% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "2.69 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture_and_forestry": "4.4%", + "industry": "15.5%", + "construction": "7.1%", + "commerce": "21.3%", + "finance_insurance_and_business_services": "13.3%", + "transport_and_communications": "9.9%", + "public_services": "28.5% (2011)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "7.8% (2012 est.); 7.8% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "NA%" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "3.6%", + "highest_10%": "24.7% (2007)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "26.8 (2008); 25.6 (1991)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$134.5 billion", + "expenditures": "$139.8 billion", + "note": "Central Government Budget (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "53.8% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-2.1% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "53% of GDP (2012 est.); 49.1% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "3.2% (2012 est.); 3.3% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "1.5% (31 December 2012); 1.75% (31 December 2010)", + "note": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "2.06% (31 December 2012 est.); 2.68% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$126.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $115.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.)", + "note": "see entry for the European Union for money supply in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 17 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$183.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $176.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$265 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $248.9 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$143.1 billion (31 December 2011); $118.2 billion (31 December 2010); $91.02 billion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$3.6 billion (2012 est.); -$1.86 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$73.4 billion (2012 est.); $79.15 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "electrical and optical equipment, machinery, transport equipment, paper and pulp, chemicals, basic metals; timber" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Sweden 11.1%, Russia 9.9%, Germany 9.4%, Netherlands 6.4%, US 6.1%, UK 5.1%, China 4.6% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$73.15 billion (2012 est.); $80.89 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, computers, electronic industry products, textile yarn and fabrics, grains" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Russia 17.8%, Sweden 14.8%, Germany 13.9%, Netherlands 8%, China 4.4% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$11.08 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $10.35 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$599.3 billion (31 December 2012); $478.5 billion (31 December 2011)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$134.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $128.2 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$186.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $173 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -; 0.7778 (2012 est.); 0.7185 (2011 est.); 0.755 (2010 est.); 0.7198 (2009 est.); 0.6827 (2008 est.)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "76.16 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "77.66 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "5.218 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "15.72 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "16.32 million kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "52.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "16.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "19.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "12% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "215,700 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "301,500 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "204,800 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "133,600 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "103,100 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "4.101 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "4.101 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "54.4 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "1.08 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "8.94 million (2009)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "modern system with excellent service", + "domestic": "digital fiber-optic fixed-line network and an extensive mobile-cellular network provide domestic needs", + "international": "country code - 358; submarine cables provide links to Estonia and Sweden; satellite earth stations - access to Intelsat transmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "a mix of publicly operated TV stations and privately owned TV stations; the 2 publicly owned TV stations recently expanded services and the largest private TV station has introduced several special-interest pay-TV channels; cable and satellite multi-channel subscription services are available; all TV signals have been broadcast digitally since September 2007; analog broadcasts via cable networks were terminated in February 2008; public broadcasting maintains a network of 13 national and 25 regional radio stations; a large number of private radio broadcasters (2008)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".fi; note - Aland Islands assigned .ax" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "4.763 million (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "4.393 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "148 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "74", + "over_3_047_m": "3", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "26", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "10", + "914_to_1_523_m": "21", + "under_914_m": "14 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "74", + "914_to_1_523_m": "3", + "under_914_m": "71 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 1,689 km (2010)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "5,944 km", + "broad_gauge": "5,944 km 1.524-m gauge (3,067 km electrified) (2013)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "78,000 km", + "paved": "50,000 km (includes 700 km of expressways)", + "unpaved": "28,000 km", + "note": "there 78,000 km of highways, 350,000 km of private and forest roads, and 26,000 km of urban roads giving Finland a total road network of 450,000 km (2012)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "8,000 km (includes Saimaa Canal system of 3,577 km; southern part leased from Russia; water transport is used frequently in the summer and is widely replaced with sledges on the ice in winter; there are 187,888 lakes in Finland that cover 31,500 km); Finand also maintains 8,200 km of coastal fairways (2013)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "97", + "by_type": "bulk carrier 2, cargo 25, carrier 1, chemical tanker 6, container 3, passenger 5, passenger/cargo 16, petroleum tanker 5, roll on/roll off 31, vehicle carrier 3", + "foreign_owned": "5 (Cyprus 1, Estonia 2, Iceland 1, Sweden 1)", + "registered_in_other_countries": "47 (Bahamas 8, Germany 3, Gibraltar 2, Malta 3, Netherlands 13, Panama 2, Sweden 16) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "major_seaports": "Helsinki, Kotka, Naantali, Porvoo, Raahe, Rauma" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Finnish Defense Forces (FDF): Army (Puolustusvoimat), Navy (Merivoimat; includes Coastal Defense Forces), Air Force (Ilmavoimat) (2013)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "18 years of age for male voluntary and compulsory - and female voluntary - national military and nonmilitary service; service obligation 6-12 months; military obligation to age 60 (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "1,155,368", + "females_age_16_49": "1,106,193 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "955,151", + "females_age_16_49": "912,983 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "32,599", + "female": "31,416 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "2% of GDP (2005 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union, but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "stateless_persons": "2,017 (2012)" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/fr-france.json b/europe/fr-france.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8974b092 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/fr-france.json @@ -0,0 +1,675 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "France today is one of the most modern countries in the world and is a leader among European nations. It plays an influential global role as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, NATO, the G-8, the G-20, the EU and other multilateral organizations. France rejoined NATO's integrated military command structure in 2009, reversing de Gaulle's 1966 decision to take French forces out of NATO. Since 1958, it has constructed a hybrid presidential-parliamentary governing system resistant to the instabilities experienced in earlier, more purely parliamentary administrations. In recent decades, its reconciliation and cooperation with Germany have proved central to the economic integration of Europe, including the introduction of a common currency, the euro, in January 1999. In the early 21st century, five French overseas entities - French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion - became French regions and were made part of France proper." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "metropolitan_france": "Western Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay and English Channel, between Belgium and Spain, southeast of the UK; bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Italy and Spain", + "french_guiana": "Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Brazil and Suriname", + "guadeloupe": "Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, southeast of Puerto Rico", + "martinique": "Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic Ocean, north of Trinidad and Tobago", + "mayotte": "Southern Indian Ocean, island in the Mozambique Channel, about half way between northern Madagascar and northern Mozambique", + "reunion": "Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "metropolitan_france": "46 00 N, 2 00 E", + "french_guiana": "4 00 N, 53 00 W", + "guadeloupe": "16 15 N, 61 35 W", + "martinique": "14 40 N, 61 00 W", + "mayotte": "12 50 S, 45 10 E", + "reunion": "21 06 S, 55 36 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "metropolitan_france": "Europe", + "french_guiana": "South America", + "guadeloupe": "Central America and the Caribbean", + "martinique": "Central America and the Caribbean", + "mayotte": "Africa", + "reunion": "World" + }, + "area": { + "total": "643,801 sq km; 551,500 sq km (metropolitan France)", + "land": "640,427 sq km; 549,970 sq km (metropolitan France)", + "water": "3,374 sq km; 1,530 sq km (metropolitan France)", + "note": "the first numbers include the overseas regions of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly less than the size of Texas" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "metropolitan_france_total": "2,889 km", + "border_countries": "Brazil 673 km, Suriname 510 km", + "french_guiana_total": "1,183 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "total": "4,853 km", + "metropolitan_france": "3,427 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "contiguous_zone": "24 nm", + "exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm (does not apply to the Mediterranean)", + "continental_shelf": "200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation" + }, + "climate": { + "metropolitan_france": "generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral", + "french_guiana": "tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation", + "guadeloupe_and_martinique": "subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high humidity; rainy season (June to October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average", + "mayotte": "tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November)", + "reunion": "tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry (May to November), hot and rainy (November to April)" + }, + "terrain": { + "metropolitan_france": "mostly flat plains or gently rolling hills in north and west; remainder is mountainous, especially Pyrenees in south, Alps in east", + "french_guiana": "low-lying coastal plains rising to hills and small mountains", + "guadeloupe": "Basse-Terre is volcanic in origin with interior mountains; Grande-Terre is low limestone formation; most of the seven other islands are volcanic in origin", + "martinique": "mountainous with indented coastline; dormant volcano", + "mayotte": "generally undulating, with deep ravines and ancient volcanic peaks", + "reunion": "mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Rhone River delta -2 m", + "highest_point": "Mont Blanc 4,807 m", + "note": "in order to assess the possible effects of climate change on the ice and snow cap of Mont Blanc, its surface and peak have been extensively measured in recent years; these new peak measurements have exceeded the traditional height of 4,807 m and have varied between 4,808 m and 4,811 m; the actual rock summit is 4,792 m and is 40 m away from the ice-covered summit" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "metropolitan_france": "coal, iron ore, bauxite, zinc, uranium, antimony, arsenic, potash, feldspar, fluorspar, gypsum, timber, fish", + "french_guiana": "gold deposits, petroleum, kaolin, niobium, tantalum, clay" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "33.45%", + "permanent_crops": "1.86%", + "other": "64.69%", + "note": "French Guiana - arable land 0.13%, permanent crops 0.04%, other 99.83% (90% forest, 10% other); Guadeloupe - arable land 11.70%, permanent crops 2.92%, other 85.38%; Martinique - arable land 9.09%, permanent crops 10.0%, other 80.91%; Reunion - arable land 13.94%, permanent crops 1.59%, other 84.47% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "total": "26,420 sq km 26,950 sq km", + "metropolitan_france": "27,230 sq km (2007)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "211 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "31.62 cu km/yr (19%/71%/10%)", + "per_capita": "512.1 cu m/yr (2009)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "metropolitan_france": "flooding; avalanches; midwinter windstorms; drought; forest fires in south near the Mediterranean", + "overseas_departments": "hurricanes (cyclones); flooding; volcanic activity (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion)" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "some forest damage from acid rain; air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution from urban wastes, agricultural runoff" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "largest West European nation" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women)", + "adjective": "French" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese, Basque minorities", + "overseas_departments": "black, white, mulatto, East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "French (official) 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish)", + "overseas_departments": "French, Creole patois, Mahorian (a Swahili dialect)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Roman Catholic 83%-88%, Protestant 2%, Jewish 1%, Muslim 5%-10%, unaffiliated 4%", + "overseas_departments": "Roman Catholic, Protestant, Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist, pagan" + }, + "population": { + "text": "65,951,611 (July 2013 est.)", + "note": "the above figure is for metropolitan France and five overseas regions; the metropolitan France population is 62,814,233" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "18.7% (male 6,314,779/female 6,029,258)", + "15_24_years": "11.9% (male 4,017,893/female 3,840,268)", + "25_54_years": "38.9% (male 12,877,039/female 12,764,229)", + "55_64_years": "12.6% (male 4,020,974/female 4,287,381)", + "65_years_and_over": "17.9% (male 5,029,801/female 6,769,989) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "56.5 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "28.5 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "27.9 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "3.6 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "40.6 years", + "male": "39.1 years", + "female": "42.1 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.47% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "12.6 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "8.96 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "85% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "1% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "PARIS (capital) 10.41 million; Marseille-Aix-en-Provence 1.457 million; Lyon 1.456 million; Lille 1.028 million; Nice-Cannes 977,000 (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.01 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.94 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.74 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.96 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "28.6 (2006 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "8 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "3.34 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "3.67 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "2.99 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "81.56 years", + "male": "78.45 years", + "female": "84.82 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "2.08 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "76.4%", + "note": "percent of women aged 20-49 (2008)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "11.9% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "3.5 physicians/1,000 population (2008)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "6.9 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.4% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "150,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "1,700 (2009 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "18.2% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "5.9% of GDP (2009)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "99%", + "male": "99%", + "female": "99% (2003 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "16 years", + "male": "16 years", + "female": "17 years (2011)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "22.1%", + "male": "21.2%", + "female": "23.2% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "French Republic", + "conventional_short_form": "France", + "local_long_form": "Republique francaise", + "local_short_form": "France" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "republic" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Paris", + "geographic_coordinates": "48 52 N, 2 20 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October", + "note": "applies to metropolitan France only, not to its overseas departments, collectivities, or territories" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "27 regions (regions, singular - region); Alsace, Aquitaine, Auvergne, Basse-Normandie (Lower Normandy), Bourgogne (Burgundy), Bretagne (Brittany), Centre, Champagne-Ardenne, Corse (Corsica), Franche-Comte, Guadeloupe, Guyane (French Guiana), Haute-Normandie (Upper Normandy), Ile-de-France, Languedoc-Roussillon, Limousin, Lorraine, Martinique, Mayotte, Midi-Pyrenees, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Pays de la Loire, Picardie, Poitou-Charentes, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, Reunion, Rhone-Alpes", + "note": "France is divided into 22 metropolitan regions (including the \"territorial collectivity\" of Corse or Corsica) and 5 overseas regions (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion) and is subdivided into 96 metropolitan departments and 5 overseas departments (which are the same as the overseas regions)" + }, + "dependent_areas": { + "text": "Clipperton Island, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, New Caledonia, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Martin, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Wallis and Futuna", + "note": "the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica; New Caledonia has been considered a \"sui generis\" collectivity of France since 1998, a unique status falling between that of an independent country and a French overseas department" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "no official date of independence: 486 (Frankish tribes unified under Merovingian kingship); 10 August 843 (Western Francia established from the division of the Carolingian Empire); 14 July 1789 (French monarchy overthrown); 22 September 1792 (First French Republic founded); 4 October 1958 (Fifth French Republic established)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Fete de la Federation, 14 July (1790); note - although often incorrectly referred to as Bastille Day, the celebration actually commemorates the holiday held on the first anniversary of the storming of the Bastille (on 14 July 1789) and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy; other names for the holiday are Fete Nationale (National Holiday) and quatorze juillet (14th of July)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "adopted by referendum 28 September 1958; effective 4 October 1958; amended many times", + "note": "amended in 1962 concerning election of president; amended to comply with provisions of 1992 EC Maastricht Treaty, 1997 Amsterdam Treaty, 2003 Treaty of Nice; amended in 1993 to tighten immigration laws; amended in 2000 to change the seven-year presidential term to a five-year term; amended in 2005 to make the EU constitutional treaty compatible with the Constitution of France and to ensure that the decision to ratify EU accession treaties would be made by referendum" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law; review of administrative but not legislative acts" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Francois HOLLANDE (since 15 May 2012)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Jean-Marc AYRAULT (since 16 May 2012)", + "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president at the suggestion of the prime minister", + "elections": "president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 April and 6 May 2012 (next to be held in the spring of 2017); prime minister appointed by the president", + "election_results": "Francois HOLLANDE elected; first round: percent of vote - Francois HOLLANDE 28.6%, Nicolas SARKOZY 27.2%, Marine LE PEN 17.9%, Jean-Luc MELENCHON 11.1%, Francois BAYROU, 9.1%, others 6.1%; second round: HOLLANDE 51.6%, SARKOZY 48.4%" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate or Senat (348 seats; 328 for metropolitan France and overseas departments, 2 for New Caledonia, 2 for French Polynesia, 1 for Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, 1 for Saint-Barthelemy, 1 for Saint-Martin, 1 for Wallis and Futuna, and 12 for French nationals abroad; members indirectly elected by an electoral college to serve six-year terms; one third elected every three years); and the National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (577 seats; 555 for metropolitan France, 15 for overseas departments, 7 for overseas dependencies; members elected by popular vote under a single-member majority system to serve five-year terms)", + "elections": "Senate - last held on 25 September 2011 (next to be held in September 2014); National Assembly - last held on 10 and 17 June 2012 (next to be held in June 2017)", + "election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PS/Greens 140, UMP 132, UDF 31, PCF/MRC 21, PRG 17, other 7; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - PS 48.5%, UMP 33.6%, miscellaneous left wing parties 3.8%, Greens 3.0%, miscellaneous right wing parties 2.6%, NC 2.1%, PRG 2.1%, FDG 1.7%, other 2.6%; seats by party - PS 280, UMP 194, miscellaneous left wing parties 22, Greens 17, miscellaneous right wing parties 15, NC 12, PRG 12, FDG 10, other 15" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Court of Cassation or Cour de Cassation (consists of the court president, 6 divisional presiding judges, 120 trial judges, and 70 deputy judges organized into 6 divisions - 3 civil, 1 commercial, 1 labor, and 1 criminal); Constitutional Council (consists of 9 members)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Court of Cassation judges appointed by the president of the republic from nominations from the High Council of the Judiciary, presided by the Court of Cassation and 15 appointed members; judge term of appointment NA; Constitutional Council members appointed - 3 by the president of the republic and 3 each by the National Assembly and Senate presidents; members serve 9-year, non-renewable terms with one third of the membership renewed every 3 years", + "subordinate_courts": "appellate courts or Cour d'Appel; regional courts or Tribunal de Grande Instance; first instance courts or Tribunal' d'instance" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Centrist and Republican Union or UCR [Francois ZOCCHETTO] (previously Centrist Union; Democratic Movement or MoDem [Francois BAYROU] (previously Union for French Democracy or UDF); Europe Ecology - The Greens or EELV [Pascal DURAND]; French Communist Party or PCF [Pierre LAURENT]; Left Front Coalition or FDG [Jean-Luc MELENCHON]; Left Party or PG [Jean-Luc MELENCHON and Martine BILLARD]; Left Radical Party or PRG [Jean-Michel BAYLET] (previously Radical Socialist Party or PRS and the Left Radical Movement or MRG); Movement for France or MPF [Philippe DE VILLIERS]; National Front or FN [Marine LE PEN]; New Anticapitalist Party or NPA [collective leadership; main spokesperson Christine POUPIN]; New Center or NC [Herve MORIN]; Radical Party [Jean-Louis BORLOO]; Rally for France or RPF [Charles PASQUA]; Republican and Citizen Movement or MRC [Jean-Luc LAURENT]; Socialist Party or PS [Haerlem DESIR]; United Republic or RS [Dominique DE VILLEPIN]; Union for a Popular Movement or UMP [Jean-Francois COPE]; Worker's Struggle (Lutte Ouvriere) or LO [collective leadership; spokespersons Nathalie ARTHAUD and Arlette LAQUILLER]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "Confederation francaise democratique du travail or CFDT, left-leaning labor union with approximately 803,000 members; Confederation francaise de l'encadrement - Confederation generale des cadres or CFE-CGC, independent white-collar union with 196,000 members; Confederation francaise des travailleurs chretiens of CFTC, independent labor union founded by Catholic workers that claims 132,000 members; Confederation generale du travail or CGT, historically communist labor union with approximately 700,000 members; Confederation generale du travail - Force ouvriere or FO, independent labor union with an estimated 300,000 members; Mouvement des entreprises de France or MEDEF, employers' union with 750,000 companies as members (claimed); ", + "french_guiana": "conservationists; gold mining pressure groups; hunting pressure groups; ", + "guadeloupe": "Christian Movement for the Liberation of Guadeloupe or KLPG; General Federation of Guadeloupe Workers or CGT-G; General Union of Guadeloupe Workers or UGTG; Movement for an Independent Guadeloupe or MPGI; The Socialist Renewal Movement; ", + "martinique": "Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance or ARC; Central Union for Martinique Workers or CSTM; Frantz Fanon Circle; League of Workers and Peasants; Proletarian Action Group or GAP; ", + "reunion": "NA" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BDEAC, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, FZ, G-20, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SPC, UN, UN Security Council, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNRWA, UNSC (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Francois M. DELATTRE", + "chancery": "4101 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 944-6000", + "fax": "[1] (202) 944-6166", + "consulates_general": "Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Charles H. RIVKIN", + "embassy": "2 Avenue Gabriel, 75382 Paris Cedex 08", + "mailing_address": "PSC 116, APO AE 09777", + "telephone": "[33] (1) 43-12-22-22", + "fax": "[33] (1) 42 66 97 83", + "consulates_general": "Marseille, Strasbourg" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as the \"Le drapeau tricolore\" (French Tricolor), the origin of the flag dates to 1790 and the French Revolution when the \"ancient French color\" of white was combined with the blue and red colors of the Parisian militia; the official flag for all French dependent areas", + "note": "the design and/or colors are similar to a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Cote d'Ivoire, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, and Netherlands" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "Gallic rooster and Marianne" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"La Marseillaise\" (The Song of Marseille)", + "lyrics_music": "Claude-Joseph ROUGET de Lisle", + "note": "adopted 1795, restored 1870; originally known as \"Chant de Guerre pour l'Armee du Rhin\" (War Song for the Army of the Rhine), the National Guard of Marseille made the song famous by singing it while marching into Paris in 1792 during the French Revolutionary Wars" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "The French economy is diversified across all sectors. The government has partially or fully privatized many large companies, including Air France, France Telecom, Renault, and Thales. However, the government maintains a strong presence in some sectors, particularly power, public transport, and defense industries. With at least 79 million foreign tourists per year, France is the most visited country in the world and maintains the third largest income in the world from tourism. France's leaders remain committed to a capitalism in which they maintain social equity by means of laws, tax policies, and social spending that reduce income disparity and the impact of free markets on public health and welfare. France's real GDP contracted 2.6% in 2009, but recovered somewhat in 2010 and 2011, before stagnating in 2012. The unemployment rate increased from 7.4% in 2008 to 10.3% in 2012. Youth unemployment shot up to 24.2% during the third quarter of 2012 in metropolitan France. Lower-than-expected growth and high unemployment costs have strained France's public finances. The budget deficit rose sharply from 3.4% of GDP in 2008 to 7.5% of GDP in 2009 before improving to 4.8% of GDP in 2012, while France's public debt rose from 68% of GDP to 90% over the same period. Under President SARKOZY, Paris implemented some austerity measures to bring the budget deficit under the 3% euro-zone ceiling by 2013 and to highlight France's commitment to fiscal discipline at a time of intense financial market scrutiny of euro-zone debt. Socialist Party candidate Francois HOLLANDE won the May 2012 presidential election, after advocating pro-growth economic policies, the separation of banks' traditional deposit taking and lending activities from more speculative businesses, increasing the top corporate and personal tax rates, and hiring an additional 60,000 teachers during his five-year term. The government's attempt to introduce a 75% wealth tax on income over one million euros for two years was struck down by the French Constitutional Council in December 2012 because it applied to individuals rather than households. France ratified the EU fiscal stability treaty in October 2012 and HOLLANDE's government has maintained France's commitment to meeting the budget deficit target of 3% of GDP during 2013 even amid signs that economic growth will be lower than the government's forecast of 0.8%. Despite stagnant growth and fiscal challenges, France's borrowing costs declined during the second half of 2012 to euro-era lows." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$2.291 trillion (2012 est.); $2.29 trillion (2011 est.); $2.252 trillion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$2.609 trillion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "0% (2012 est.); 1.7% (2011 est.); 1.7% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$36,100 (2012 est.); $36,300 (2011 est.); $35,900 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "17.5% of GDP (2012 est.); 18.7% of GDP (2011 est.); 17.7% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "57.7%", + "government_consumption": "24.7%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "19.8%", + "investment_in_inventories": "0%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "27.4%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-29.6% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "2%", + "industry": "18.8%", + "services": "79.2% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "wheat, cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes; beef, dairy products; fish" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft, electronics; textiles, food processing; tourism" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "-1% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "29.78 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "3.8%", + "industry": "24.3%", + "services": "71.8% (2005)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "10.3% (2012 est.); 9.2% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "7.8% (2010)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "3%", + "highest_10%": "24.8% (2004)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "32.7 (2008); 32.7 (1995)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$1.353 trillion", + "expenditures": "$1.48 trillion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "51.9% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-4.8% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "90.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 85.8% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "2.2% (2012 est.); 2.3% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "1.5% (31 December 2012); 1.75% (31 December 2010)", + "note": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "3.44% (31 December 2012 est.); 3.43% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$938.3 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $908.2 billion (31 December 2011 est.)", + "note": "see entry for the European Union for money supply in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 17 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$2.571 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $2.499 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$3.627 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $3.448 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$1.569 trillion (31 December 2011); $1.926 trillion (31 December 2010); $1.972 trillion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$58.7 billion (2012 est.); -$54.44 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$567.1 billion (2012 est.); $593.5 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and transportation equipment, aircraft, plastics, chemicals, pharmaceutical products, iron and steel, beverages" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 16.7%, Belgium 7.5%, Italy 7.5%, Spain 6.9%, UK 6.9%, US 5.6%, Netherlands 4.3% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$641.3 billion (2012 est.); $681.6 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and equipment, vehicles, crude oil, aircraft, plastics, chemicals" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 19.5%, Belgium 11.3%, Italy 7.6%, Netherlands 7.4%, Spain 6.6%, UK 5.1%, China 4.9% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$184.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $171.9 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$5.165 trillion (31 December 2012); $5.004 trillion (31 December 2011)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$1.119 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.054 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$1.683 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.619 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -; 0.7778 (2012 est.); 0.7185 (2011 est.); 0.755 (2010 est.); 0.7198 (2009 est.); 0.6827 (2008 est.)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "539 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "451.4 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "66.6 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "37.1 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "119.1 million kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "20.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "53% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "17.6% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "5.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "49,530 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "1.428 million bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "90.01 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "1.694 million bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "1.792 million bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "487,200 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "778,400 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "587 million cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "41.52 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "5.378 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "47.04 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "5.522 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "395.2 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "39.883 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "59.84 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "highly developed", + "domestic": "extensive cable and microwave radio relay; extensive use of fiber-optic cable; domestic satellite system", + "international": "country code - 33; numerous submarine cables provide links throughout Europe, Asia, Australia, the Middle East, and US; satellite earth stations - more than 3 (2 Intelsat (with total of 5 antennas - 2 for Indian Ocean and 3 for Atlantic Ocean), NA Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat - Atlantic Ocean region); HF radiotelephone communications with more than 20 countries", + "overseas_departments": "country codes: French Guiana - 594; Guadeloupe - 590; Martinique - 596; Mayotte - 262; Reunion - 262 (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "a mix of both publicly operated and privately owned TV stations; state-owned France Televisions operates 4 networks, one of which is a network of regional stations, and has part-interest in several thematic cable/satellite channels and international channels; a large number of privately owned regional and local TV stations; multi-channel satellite and cable services provide a large number of channels; public broadcaster Radio France operates 7 national networks, a series of regional networks, and operates services for overseas territories and foreign audiences; Radio France Internationale (RFI), under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is a leading international broadcaster; a large number of commercial FM stations, with many of them consolidating into commercial networks (2008)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": "metropolitan France - .fr; French Guiana - .gf; Guadeloupe - .gp; Martinique - .mq; Mayotte - .yt; Reunion - .re" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "17.266 million (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "45.262 million; 44.625 million (metropolitan France) (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "464 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "294", + "over_3_047_m": "14", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "25", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "97", + "914_to_1_523_m": "83", + "under_914_m": "75 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "170", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "1", + "914_to_1_523_m": "64", + "under_914_m": "105 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "1 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 15,322 km; oil 2,939 km; refined products 5,084 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "29,640 km", + "standard_gauge": "29,473 km 1.435-m gauge (15,361 km electrified)", + "narrow_gauge": "167 km 1.000-m gauge (63 km electrified) (2008)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "1,028,446 km (metropolitan France; includes 11,416 km of expressways)", + "note": "there are another 5,100 km of roadways in overseas departments (2010)" + }, + "waterways": { + "metropolitan_france": "8,501 km (1,621 km accessible to craft of 3,000 metric tons) (2010)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "162", + "by_type": "bulk carrier 3, cargo 7, chemical tanker 34, container 27, liquefied gas 12, passenger 10, passenger/cargo 41, petroleum tanker 16, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 11", + "foreign_owned": "50 (Belgium 7, Bermuda 5, Denmark 11, French Polynesia 11, Germany 1, New Caledonia 3, Singapore 3, Sweden 4, Switzerland 5)", + "registered_in_other_countries": "151 (Bahamas 15, Belgium 7, Bermuda 1, Canada 1, Cyprus 16, Egypt 1, Hong Kong 4, Indonesia 1, Ireland 2, Italy 2, Luxembourg 15, Malta 8, Marshall Islands 7, Mexico 1, Morocco 3, Netherlands 2, Norway 5, Panama 7, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2, Singapore 3, South Korea 2, Taiwan 2, UK 39, US 4, unknown 1) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "major_seaports": "Brest, Calais, Dunkerque, Le Havre, Marseille, Nantes,", + "river_ports": "Paris, Rouen (Seine); Strasbourg (Rhine); Bordeaux (Garronne)", + "container_ports": "Le Havre (2,215,262)(2011)", + "cruise_ferry_ports": "Calais, Cherbourg, Le Havre" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Army (Armee de Terre; includes Marines, Foreign Legion, Army Light Aviation), Navy (Marine Nationale), Air Force (Armee de l'Air (AdlA); includes Air Defense) (2011)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "17-40 years of age for male and female voluntary military service (with parental consent); no conscription; 1-year service obligation; women serve in noncombat posts (2013)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "14,563,662", + "females_age_16_49": "14,238,434 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "12,025,341", + "females_age_16_49": "11,721,827 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "396,050", + "female": "377,839 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "2.6% of GDP (2005 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "Madagascar claims the French territories of Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, and Juan de Nova Island; Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritius claims Tromelin Island; territorial dispute between Suriname and the French overseas department of French Guiana; France asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Adelie Land); France and Vanuatu claim Matthew and Hunter Islands, east of New Caledonia" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "refugees_country_of_origin": "23,225 (Sri Lanka); 12,666 (Cambodia); 12,585 (Democratic Republic of the Congo); 11,767 (Russia); 11,506 (Serbia); 10,887 (Turkey); 8,605 (Vietnam); 7,335 (Laos) (2012)", + "stateless_persons": "1,210 (2012)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "metropolitan_france": "transshipment point for South American cocaine, Southwest Asian heroin, and European synthetics", + "french_guiana": "small amount of marijuana grown for local consumption; minor transshipment point to Europe", + "martinique": "transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for the US and Europe" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/gb-great-britain.json b/europe/gb-great-britain.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fc53d5d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/gb-great-britain.json @@ -0,0 +1,634 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "The United Kingdom has historically played a leading role in developing parliamentary democracy and in advancing literature and science. At its zenith in the 19th century, the British Empire stretched over one-fourth of the earth's surface. The first half of the 20th century saw the UK's strength seriously depleted in two world wars and the Irish Republic's withdrawal from the union. The second half witnessed the dismantling of the Empire and the UK rebuilding itself into a modern and prosperous European nation. As one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council and a founding member of NATO and the Commonwealth, the UK pursues a global approach to foreign policy. The UK is also an active member of the EU, although it chose to remain outside the Economic and Monetary Union. The Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, and the Northern Ireland Assembly were established in 1999. The latter was suspended until May 2007 due to wrangling over the peace process, but devolution was fully completed in March 2010." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Western Europe, islands - including the northern one-sixth of the island of Ireland - between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea; northwest of France" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "54 00 N, 2 00 W" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "243,610 sq km", + "land": "241,930 sq km", + "water": "1,680 sq km", + "note": "includes Rockall and Shetland Islands" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly smaller than Oregon" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "360 km", + "border_countries": "Ireland 360 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "12,429 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "exclusive_fishing_zone": "200 nm", + "continental_shelf": "as defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed upon boundaries" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are overcast" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains in east and southeast" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "The Fens -4 m", + "highest_point": "Ben Nevis 1,343 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "coal, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, lead, zinc, gold, tin, limestone, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, potash, silica sand, slate, arable land" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "24.88%", + "permanent_crops": "0.18%", + "other": "74.93% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "2,280 sq km (2005)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "147 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "13.03 cu km/yr (58%/33%/9%)", + "per_capita": "213.2 cu m/yr (2008)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "winter windstorms; floods" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "continues to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (has met Kyoto Protocol target of a 12.5% reduction from 1990 levels and intends to meet the legally binding target and move toward a domestic goal of a 20% cut in emissions by 2010); by 2005 the government reduced the amount of industrial and commercial waste disposed of in landfill sites to 85% of 1998 levels and recycled or composted at least 25% of household waste, increasing to 33% by 2015" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "lies near vital North Atlantic sea lanes; only 35 km from France and linked by tunnel under the English Channel; because of heavily indented coastline, no location is more than 125 km from tidal waters" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Briton(s), British (collective plural)", + "adjective": "British" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "white (of which English 83.6%, Scottish 8.6%, Welsh 4.9%, Northern Irish 2.9%) 92.1%, black 2%, Indian 1.8%, Pakistani 1.3%, mixed 1.2%, other 1.6% (2001 census)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "English", + "note": "the following are recognized regional languages: Scots (about 30% of the population of Scotland), Scottish Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland), Welsh (about 20% of the population of Wales), Irish (about 10% of the population of Northern Ireland), Cornish (some 2,000 to 3,000 in Cornwall) (2012)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Christian (Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Methodist) 71.6%, Muslim 2.7%, Hindu 1%, other 1.6%, unspecified or none 23.1% (2001 census)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "63,395,574 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "17.3% (male 5,625,040/female 5,346,815)", + "15_24_years": "12.8% (male 4,158,813/female 3,986,831)", + "25_54_years": "41.1% (male 13,250,434/female 12,807,328)", + "55_64_years": "11.5% (male 3,589,345/female 3,680,392)", + "65_years_and_over": "17.3% (male 4,877,079/female 6,073,497) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "54 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "27.1 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "26.9 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "3.7 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "40.3 years", + "male": "39.1 years", + "female": "41.4 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.55% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "12.26 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "9.33 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "2.57 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "80% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0.7% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "LONDON (capital) 8.615 million; Birmingham 2.296 million; Manchester 2.247 million; West Yorkshire 1.541 million; Glasgow 1.166 million (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.03 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.97 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.8 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.99 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "30 (2006 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "12 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "4.5 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "4.93 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "4.05 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "80.29 years", + "male": "78.16 years", + "female": "82.54 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.9 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "84%", + "note": "percent of women aged 16-49 (2008/09)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "9.6% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "2.74 physicians/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "3.3 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.2% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "85,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "26.9% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "5.6% of GDP (2009)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over has completed five or more years of schooling", + "total_population": "99%", + "male": "99%", + "female": "99% (2003 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "17 years", + "male": "16 years", + "female": "17 years (2010)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "20%", + "male": "22%", + "female": "17.7% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; note - Great Britain includes England, Scotland, and Wales", + "conventional_short_form": "United Kingdom", + "abbreviation": "UK" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "constitutional monarchy and Commonwealth realm" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "London", + "geographic_coordinates": "51 30 N, 0 05 W", + "time_difference": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October", + "note": "applies to the United Kingdom proper, not to its overseas dependencies or territories" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "england": "27 two-tier counties, 32 London boroughs and 1 City of London or Greater London, 36 metropolitan districts, 56 unitary authorities (including 4 single-tier counties*)", + "two_tier_counties": "Buckinghamshire, Cambridgeshire, Cumbria, Derbyshire, Devon, Dorset, East Sussex, Essex, Gloucestershire, Hampshire, Hertfordshire, Kent, Lancashire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Norfolk, North Yorkshire, Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire, Oxfordshire, Somerset, Staffordshire, Suffolk, Surrey, Warwickshire, West Sussex, Worcestershire", + "london_boroughs_and_city_of_london_or_greater_london": "Barking and Dagenham, Barnet, Bexley, Brent, Bromley, Camden, Croydon, Ealing, Enfield, Greenwich, Hackney, Hammersmith and Fulham, Haringey, Harrow, Havering, Hillingdon, Hounslow, Islington, Kensington and Chelsea, Kingston upon Thames, Lambeth, Lewisham, City of London, Merton, Newham, Redbridge, Richmond upon Thames, Southwark, Sutton, Tower Hamlets, Waltham Forest, Wandsworth, Westminster", + "metropolitan_districts": "Barnsley, Birmingham, Bolton, Bradford, Bury, Calderdale, Coventry, Doncaster, Dudley, Gateshead, Kirklees, Knowlsey, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne, North Tyneside, Oldham, Rochdale, Rotherham, Salford, Sandwell, Sefton, Sheffield, Solihull, South Tyneside, St. Helens, Stockport, Sunderland, Tameside, Trafford, Wakefield, Walsall, Wigan, Wirral, Wolverhampton", + "unitary_authorities": "Blaenau Gwent; Bridgend; Caerphilly; Cardiff; Carmarthenshire; Ceredigion; Conwy; Denbighshire; Flintshire; Gwynedd; Isle of Anglesey; Merthyr Tydfil; Monmouthshire; Neath Port Talbot; Newport; Pembrokeshire; Powys; Rhondda Cynon Taff; Swansea; The Vale of Glamorgan; Torfaen; Wrexham", + "northern_ireland": "26 district council areas", + "district_council_areas": "Antrim, Ards, Armagh, Ballymena, Ballymoney, Banbridge, Belfast, Carrickfergus, Castlereagh, Coleraine, Cookstown, Craigavon, Derry, Down, Dungannon and South Tyrone, Fermanagh, Larne, Limavady, Lisburn, Magherafelt, Moyle, Newry and Mourne, Newtownabbey, North Down, Omagh, Strabane", + "scotland": "32 council areas", + "council_areas": "Aberdeen City, Aberdeenshire, Angus, Argyll and Bute, Clackmannanshire, Dumfries and Galloway, Dundee City, East Ayrshire, East Dunbartonshire, East Lothian, East Renfrewshire, City of Edinburgh, Eilean Siar (Western Isles), Falkirk, Fife, Glasgow City, Highland, Inverclyde, Midlothian, Moray, North Ayrshire, North Lanarkshire, Orkney Islands, Perth and Kinross, Renfrewshire, Shetland Islands, South Ayrshire, South Lanarkshire, Stirling, The Scottish Borders, West Dunbartonshire, West Lothian", + "wales": "22 unitary authorities" + }, + "dependent_areas": { + "text": "Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "12 April 1927 (Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act establishes current name of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland); notable earlier dates: 927 (minor English kingdoms united); 3 March 1284 (enactment of the Statute of Rhuddlan uniting England and Wales); 1536 (Act of Union formally incorporates England and Wales); 1 May 1707 (Acts of Union formally unite England and Scotland as Great Britain); 1 January 1801 (Acts of Union formally unite Great Britain and Ireland as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland); 6 December 1921 (Anglo-Irish Treaty formalizes partition of Ireland; six counties remain part of the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "the UK does not celebrate one particular national holiday" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "common law system; has nonbinding judicial review of Acts of Parliament under the Human Rights Act of 1998" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES (son of the queen, born 14 November 1948)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister David CAMERON (since 11 May 2010)", + "cabinet": "Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the prime minister", + "elections": "the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition usually becomes the prime minister" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "bicameral Parliament consists of House of Lords; note - membership is not fixed (788 seats; consisting of approximately 670 life peers, 92 hereditary peers, and 26 clergy - as of 1 April 2012) and House of Commons (650 seats since 2010 elections; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms unless the House is dissolved earlier)", + "elections": "House of Lords - no elections (note - in 1999, as provided by the House of Lords Act, elections were held in the House of Lords to determine the 92 hereditary peers who would remain there; elections are held only as vacancies in the hereditary peerage arise); House of Commons - last held on 6 May 2010 (next to be held by June 2015)", + "election_results": "House of Commons - percent of vote by party - Conservative 36.1%, Labor 29%, Liberal Democrats 23%, other 11.9%; seats by party - Conservative 305, Labor 258, Liberal Democrat 57, other 30", + "note": "in 1998 elections were held for a Northern Ireland Assembly (because of unresolved disputes among existing parties, the transfer of power from London to Northern Ireland came only at the end of 1999 and has been suspended four times, the latest occurring in October 2002 and lasting until 8 May 2007); in 1999, the UK held the first elections for a Scottish Parliament and a Welsh Assembly; the most recent elections for the Northern Ireland Assembly, the Scottish Parliament, and the Welsh Assembly took place in May 2011" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of 12 justices including the court president and deputy president) note - the Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 and implemented in October 2009, replacing the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords as the highest court in the United Kingdom", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "judge candidates selected by an independent committee of several judicial commissions, followed by their recommendations to the prime minister, and appointed by Her Majesty The Queen; justices appointed during period of good behavior", + "subordinate_courts": "England and Wales - Court of Appeal (civil and criminal divisions); High Court; Crown Court; County Courts; Magistrates' Courts; Scotland - Court of Sessions; Sherrif Courts; High Court of Justiciary; tribunals; Northern Ireland - Court of Appeal in Northern Ireland; High Court; county courts; magistrates' courts; specialized tribunals" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Conservative [David CAMERON]; Democratic Unionist Party or DUP (Northern Ireland) [Peter ROBINSON]; Labor Party [Ed MILIBAND]; Liberal Democrats (Lib Dems) [Nick CLEGG]; Party of Wales (Plaid Cymru) [Leanne WOOD]; Scottish National Party or SNP [Alex SALMOND]; Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland) [Gerry ADAMS]; Social Democratic and Labor Party or SDLP (Northern Ireland) [Alasdair MCDONNELL]; Ulster Unionist Party (Northern Ireland) [Mike NESBITT]; United Kingdom Independent Party or UKIP [Nigel FARAGE]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament; Confederation of British Industry; National Farmers' Union; Trades Union Congress" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS, C, CBSS (observer), CD, CDB, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EITI (implementing country), ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-20, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNSC (permanent), UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Peter John WESTMACOTT", + "chancery": "3100 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 588-6500", + "fax": "[1] (202) 588-7850", + "consulates_general": "Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Denver, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco", + "consulates": "Dallas, Orlando (FL)" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Louis B. SUSMAN", + "embassy": "24 Grosvenor Square, London, W1K 6AH note - a new embassy is scheduled to open by the end of 2017 in the Nine Elms area of Wandsworth", + "mailing_address": "PSC 801, Box 40, FPO AE 09498-4040", + "telephone": "[44] (0) 20 7499-9000", + "fax": "[44] (0) 20 7629-9124", + "consulates_general": "Belfast, Edinburgh" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "blue field with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) edged in white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland), which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint Andrew (patron saint of Scotland); properly known as the Union Flag, but commonly called the Union Jack; the design and colors (especially the Blue Ensign) have been the basis for a number of other flags including other Commonwealth countries and their constituent states or provinces, and British overseas territories" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "lion (Britain in general); lion (England); lion, unicorn (Scotland); dragon (Wales); harp (Northern Ireland)" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"God Save the Queen\"", + "lyrics_music": "unknown", + "note": "in use since 1745; by tradition, the song serves as both the national and royal anthem of the United Kingdom; it is known as either \"God Save the Queen\" or \"God Save the King,\" depending on the gender of the reigning monarch; it also serves as the royal anthem of many Commonwealth nations" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "The UK, a leading trading power and financial center, is the second largest economy in Europe after Germany. Over the past two decades, the government has greatly reduced public ownership and contained the growth of social welfare programs. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with less than 2% of the labor force. The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil resources, but its oil and natural gas reserves are declining and the UK became a net importer of energy in 2005. Services, particularly banking, insurance, and business services, account by far for the largest proportion of GDP while industry continues to decline in importance. After emerging from recession in 1992, Britain's economy enjoyed the longest period of expansion on record during which time growth outpaced most of Western Europe. In 2008, however, the global financial crisis hit the economy particularly hard, due to the importance of its financial sector. Sharply declining home prices, high consumer debt, and the global economic slowdown compounded Britain's economic problems, pushing the economy into recession in the latter half of 2008 and prompting the then BROWN (Labour) government to implement a number of measures to stimulate the economy and stabilize the financial markets; these include nationalizing parts of the banking system, temporarily cutting taxes, suspending public sector borrowing rules, and moving forward public spending on capital projects. Facing burgeoning public deficits and debt levels, in 2010 the CAMERON-led coalition government (between Conservatives and Liberal Democrats) initiated a five-year austerity program, which aimed to lower London's budget deficit from over 10% of GDP in 2010 to nearly 1% by 2015. In November 2011, Chancellor of the Exchequer George OSBORNE announced additional austerity measures through 2017 because of slower-than-expected economic growth and the impact of the euro-zone debt crisis. The CAMERON government raised the value added tax from 17.5% to 20% in 2011. It has pledged to reduce the corporation tax rate to 21% by 2014. The Bank of England (BoE) implemented an asset purchase program of up to £375 billion (approximately $605 billion) as of December 2012. During times of economic crisis, the BoE coordinates interest rate moves with the European Central Bank, but Britain remains outside the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). In 2012, weak consumer spending and subdued business investment weighed on the economy. GDP fell 0.1%, and the budget deficit remained stubbornly high at 7.7% of GDP. Public debt continued to increase." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$2.375 trillion (2012 est.); $2.371 trillion (2011 est.); $2.349 trillion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$2.441 trillion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.2% (2012 est.); 0.9% (2011 est.); 1.8% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$37,500 (2012 est.); $37,800 (2011 est.); $37,700 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "10.8% of GDP (2012 est.); 13.5% of GDP (2011 est.); 11.8% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "65.8%", + "government_consumption": "22.1%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "14.2%", + "investment_in_inventories": "0.3%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "31.7%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-34% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "0.7%", + "industry": "21%", + "services": "78.3% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "cereals, oilseed, potatoes, vegetables; cattle, sheep, poultry; fish" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "machine tools, electric power equipment, automation equipment, railroad equipment, shipbuilding, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, electronics and communications equipment, metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper and paper products, food processing, textiles, clothing, other consumer goods" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "-2.5% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "32.07 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "1.4%", + "industry": "18.2%", + "services": "80.4% (2006 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "8% (2012 est.); 8.1% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "14% (2006 est.)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "2.1%", + "highest_10%": "28.5% (1999)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "40 (FY08/09); 34 (2005)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$986.1 billion", + "expenditures": "$1.186 trillion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "40.4% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-8.2% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "90% of GDP (2012 est.); 85.5% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "data cover general government debt, and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "6 April - 5 April" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "2.8% (2012 est.); 4.5% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "0.5% (31 December 2012 est.); 0.5% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "4.22% (31 December 2012 est.); 4.08% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$101.8 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $92.77 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$3.884 trillion (31 December 2011 est.); $4.116 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$3.757 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $3.672 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$ NA (31 December 2011); $3.107 trillion (31 December 2010); $2.796 trillion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$57.7 billion (2012 est.); -$46.04 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$474.6 billion (2012 est.); $479.1 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals; food, beverages, tobacco" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 11.5%, US 10.6%, Netherlands 8.9%, France 7.4%, Ireland 6%, Belgium 5.1% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$642.6 billion (2012 est.); $639.9 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "manufactured goods, machinery, fuels; foodstuffs" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 12.5%, China 8.1%, Netherlands 7.3%, US 6.8%, France 5.3%, Belgium 4.4% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$105.1 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $94.54 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$10.09 trillion (31 December 2012); $9.961 trillion (31 December 2011)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$1.321 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.185 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$1.808 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.696 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "British pounds (GBP) per US dollar -; 0.6307 (2012 est.); 0.6236 (2011 est.); 0.6472 (2010 est.); 0.6175 (2009); 0.5302 (2008)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "352.7 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "325.8 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "4.481 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "7.144 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "88.02 million kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "75.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "12.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "1.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "7.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "1.099 million bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "788,900 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "942,100 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "2.827 billion bbl (1 January 2013 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "1.584 million bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "1.608 million bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "535,300 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "493,500 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "47.43 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "82.21 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "16.69 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "53.43 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "253 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "532.4 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "33.23 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "81.612 million (2012)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "technologically advanced domestic and international system", + "domestic": "equal mix of buried cables, microwave radio relay, and fiber-optic systems", + "international": "country code - 44; numerous submarine cables provide links throughout Europe, Asia, Australia, the Middle East, and US; satellite earth stations - 10 Intelsat (7 Atlantic Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region), and 1 Eutelsat; at least 8 large international switching centers (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "public service broadcaster, British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world; BBC operates multiple TV networks with regional and local TV service; a mixed system of public and commercial TV broadcasters along with satellite and cable systems provide access to hundreds of TV stations throughout the world; BBC operates multiple national, regional, and local radio networks with multiple transmission sites; a large number of commercial radio stations as well as satellite radio services are available (2008)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".uk" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "8.107 million (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "51.444 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "460 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "271", + "over_3_047_m": "7", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "29", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "89", + "914_to_1_523_m": "80", + "under_914_m": "66 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "189", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "3", + "914_to_1_523_m": "26", + "under_914_m": "160 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "9 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "condensate 502 km; condensate/gas 9 km; gas 28,603 km; liquid petroleum gas 59 km; oil 5,256 km; oil/gas/water 175 km; refined products 4,919 km; water 255 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "16,454 km", + "broad_gauge": "303 km 1.600-m gauge (in Northern Ireland)", + "standard_gauge": "16,151 km 1.435-m gauge (5,248 km electrified) (2008)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "394,428 km", + "paved": "394,428 km (includes 3,519 km of expressways) (2009)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "3,200 km (620 km used for commerce) (2009)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "504", + "by_type": "bulk carrier 33, cargo 76, carrier 4, chemical tanker 58, container 178, liquefied gas 6, passenger 7, passenger/cargo 66, petroleum tanker 18, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 31, vehicle carrier 25", + "foreign_owned": "271 (Australia 1, Bermuda 6, China 7, Denmark 43, France 39, Germany 59, Hong Kong 12, Ireland 1, Italy 3, Japan 5, Netherlands 1, Norway 32, Sweden 28, Taiwan 11, Tanzania 1, UAE 8, US 14)", + "registered_in_other_countries": "308 (Algeria 15, Antigua and Barbuda 1, Argentina 2, Australia 5, Bahamas 18, Barbados 6, Belgium 2, Belize 4, Bermuda 14, Bolivia 1, Brunei 2, Cambodia 1, Cape Verde 1, Cayman Islands 2, Comoros 1, Cook Islands 2, Cyprus 7, Georgia 5, Gibraltar 6, Greece 6, Honduras 1, Hong Kong 33, Indonesia 2, Italy 2, Liberia 22, Liberia 32, Luxembourg 5, Malta 21, Marshall Islands 12, Marshall Islands 3, Moldova 3, Nigeria 2, NZ 1, Panama 37, Panama 5, Saint Kitts and Nevis 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6, Sierra Leone 1, Singapore 6, Thailand 6, Tonga 1, US 4, unknown 1) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Dover, Felixstowe, Immingham, Liverpool, London, Southampton, Teesport (England); Forth Ports (Scotland); Milford Haven (Wales)", + "oil_terminals": "Fawley Marine terminal, Liverpool Bay terminal (England); Braefoot Bay terminal, Finnart oil terminal, Hound Point terminal (Scotland)" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Army, Royal Navy (includes Royal Marines), Royal Air Force (2013)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "16-33 years of age (officers 17-28) for voluntary military service (with parental consent under 18); no conscription; women serve in military services, but are excluded from ground combat positions and some naval postings; as of October 2009, women comprised 12.1% of officers and 9% of enlisted personnel in the regular forces; must be citizen of the UK, Commonwealth, or Republic of Ireland; reservists serve a minimum of 3 years, to age 45 or 55; 17 years 6 months of age for voluntary military service by Nepalese citizens in the Brigade of Gurkhas; 16-34 years of age for voluntary military service by Papua New Guinean citizens (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "14,856,917", + "females_age_16_49": "14,307,316 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "12,255,452", + "females_age_16_49": "11,779,679 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "383,989", + "female": "365,491 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "2.5% of GDP (2012)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "in 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by referendum to reject any \"shared sovereignty\" arrangement between the UK and Spain; the Government of Gibraltar insisted on equal participation in talks between the two countries; Spain disapproved of UK plans to grant Gibraltar greater autonomy; Mauritius and Seychelles claim the Chagos Archipelago (British Indian Ocean Territory); in 2001, the former inhabitants of the archipelago, evicted 1967 - 1973, were granted U.K. citizenship and the right of return, followed by Orders in Council in 2004 that banned rehabitation, a High Court ruling reversed the ban, a Court of Appeal refusal to hear the case, and a Law Lords' decision in 2008 denied the right of return; in addition, the United Kingdom created the world's largest marine protection area around the Chagos islands prohibiting the extraction of any natural resources therein; UK rejects sovereignty talks requested by Argentina, which still claims the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; territorial claim in Antarctica (British Antarctic Territory) overlaps Argentine claim and partially overlaps Chilean claim; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "refugees_country_of_origin": "15,132 (Somalia); 12,155 (Zimbabwe); 11,428 (Iran); 9,901 (Eritrea); 9,842 (Afghanistan); 5,752 (Iraq) (2012)", + "stateless_persons": "205 (2012)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "producer of limited amounts of synthetic drugs and synthetic precursor chemicals; major consumer of Southwest Asian heroin, Latin American cocaine, and synthetic drugs; money-laundering center" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/ge-georgia.json b/europe/ge-georgia.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..045dc29f --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/ge-georgia.json @@ -0,0 +1,625 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "The region of present day Georgia contained the ancient kingdoms of Colchis and Kartli-Iberia. The area came under Roman influence in the first centuries A.D., and Christianity became the state religion in the 330s. Domination by Persians, Arabs, and Turks was followed by a Georgian golden age (11th-13th centuries) that was cut short by the Mongol invasion of 1236. Subsequently, the Ottoman and Persian empires competed for influence in the region. Georgia was absorbed into the Russian Empire in the 19th century. Independent for three years (1918-1921) following the Russian revolution, it was forcibly incorporated into the USSR in 1921 and regained its independence when the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. Mounting public discontent over rampant corruption and ineffective government services, followed by an attempt by the incumbent Georgian Government to manipulate national legislative elections in November 2003 touched off widespread protests that led to the resignation of Eduard SHEVARDNADZE, president since 1995. In the aftermath of that popular movement, which became known as the \"Rose Revolution,\" new elections in early 2004 swept Mikheil SAAKASHVILI into power along with his United National Movement (UNM) party. Progress on market reforms and democratization has been made in the years since independence, but this progress has been complicated by Russian assistance and support to the separatist regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Periodic flare-ups in tension and violence culminated in a five-day conflict in August 2008 between Russia and Georgia, including the invasion of large portions of undisputed Georgian territory. Russian troops pledged to pull back from most occupied Georgian territory, but in late August 2008 Russia unilaterally recognized the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and Russian military forces remain in those regions. Billionaire philanthropist Bidzina IVANISHVILI's unexpected entry into politics in October 2011 brought the divided opposition together under his Georgian Dream coalition, which won a majority of seats in the October 2012 parliamentary election and removed UNM from power. A new constitution shifting many powers from the president to the prime minister and parliament, including the power to name the prime minister and government ministers, does not go into effect until after a new president is elected in the fall of 2013. Conceding defeat, SAAKASHVILI named IVANISHVILI as prime minister and allowed Georgian Dream to create a new government. Tensions remain high as IVANISHVILI, SAAKASHVILI, and their supporters struggle to co-exist until the end of the president's term." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Southwestern Asia, bordering the Black Sea, between Turkey and Russia, with a sliver of land north of the Caucasus extending into Europe; note - Georgia views itself as part of Europe" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "42 00 N, 43 30 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Middle East" + }, + "area": { + "total": "69,700 sq km", + "land": "69,700 sq km", + "water": "0 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly smaller than South Carolina" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "1,461 km", + "border_countries": "Armenia 164 km, Azerbaijan 322 km, Russia 723 km, Turkey 252 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "310 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "largely mountainous with Great Caucasus Mountains in the north and Lesser Caucasus Mountains in the south; Kolkhet'is Dablobi (Kolkhida Lowland) opens to the Black Sea in the west; Mtkvari River Basin in the east; good soils in river valley flood plains, foothills of Kolkhida Lowland" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Black Sea 0 m", + "highest_point": "Mt'a Shkhara 5,201 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "timber, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ore, copper, minor coal and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and citrus growth" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "5.94%", + "permanent_crops": "1.65%", + "other": "92.41% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "4,328 sq km (2007)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "63.33 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "1.81 cu km/yr (20%/22%/58%)", + "per_capita": "410.6 cu m/yr (2005)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "earthquakes" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "air pollution, particularly in Rust'avi; heavy pollution of Mtkvari River and the Black Sea; inadequate supplies of potable water; soil pollution from toxic chemicals" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "strategically located east of the Black Sea; Georgia controls much of the Caucasus Mountains and the routes through them" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Georgian(s)", + "adjective": "Georgian" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Georgian 83.8%, Azeri 6.5%, Armenian 5.7%, Russian 1.5%, other 2.5% (2002 census)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Georgian (official) 71%, Russian 9%, Armenian 7%, Azeri 6%, other 7%", + "note": "Abkhaz is the official language in Abkhazia" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Orthodox Christian (official) 83.9%, Muslim 9.9%, Armenian-Gregorian 3.9%, Catholic 0.8%, other 0.8%, none 0.7% (2002 census)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "4,555,911 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "15.4% (male 373,539/female 327,139)", + "15_24_years": "14% (male 326,910/female 309,245)", + "25_54_years": "42.2% (male 926,172/female 994,432)", + "55_64_years": "12.3% (male 255,905/female 305,652)", + "65_years_and_over": "16.2% (male 293,435/female 443,482) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "47.7 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "26.4 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "21.3 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "4.7 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "39.6 years", + "male": "37.1 years", + "female": "42.1 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.33% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "10.72 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "10.17 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "-3.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "52.8% of total population (2011)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "-0.37% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "TBILISI (capital) 1.115 million (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.1 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.15 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "0.93 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.84 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.66 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.91 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "23.9 (2010 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "67 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "14.21 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "16.07 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "12.16 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "77.51 years", + "male": "74.17 years", + "female": "81.17 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.46 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "53.4%", + "note": "percent of women aged 15-44 (2010)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "10.1% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "4.54 physicians/1,000 population (2007)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "3.1 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 96% of population; total: 98% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 0% of population; rural: 4% of population; total: 2% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 96% of population; rural: 93% of population; total: 95% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 4% of population; rural: 7% of population; total: 5% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.1% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "3,500 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 100 (2009 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "22.1% (2008)" + }, + "children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": { + "text": "1.1% (2009)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "2.7% of GDP (2011)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "99.7%", + "male": "99.8%", + "female": "99.7% (2011 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "13.2 years (2009)" + }, + "child_labor_children_ages_5_14": { + "total_number": "113,106", + "percentage": "18 % (2005 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "35.6% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "none", + "conventional_short_form": "Georgia", + "local_long_form": "none", + "local_short_form": "Sak'art'velo", + "former": "Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "republic" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Tbilisi", + "geographic_coordinates": "41 41 N, 44 50 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "9 regions (mkharebi, singular - mkhare), 1 city (k'alak'i), and 2 autonomous republics (avtomnoy respubliki, singular - avtom respublika)", + "regions": "Guria, Imereti, Kakheti, Kvemo Kartli, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Samegrelo and Zemo Svaneti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Shida Kartli", + "city": "Tbilisi", + "autonomous_republics": "Abkhazia or Ap'khazet'is Avtonomiuri Respublika (Sokhumi), Ajaria or Acharis Avtonomiuri Respublika (Bat'umi)", + "note": "the administrative centers of the two autonomous republics are shown in parentheses" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "9 April 1991 (from the Soviet Union); notable earlier date: A.D. 1008 (Georgia unified under King BAGRAT III)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Independence Day, 26 May (1918); note - 26 May 1918 was the date of independence from Soviet Russia, 9 April 1991 was the date of independence from the Soviet Union" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "adopted 24 August 1995" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Mikheil SAAKASHVILI (since 25 January 2004); the president is the chief of state and serves as head of government for the power ministries of internal affairs, justice, and defense", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Bidzina IVANISHVILI (since 25 October 2012); the prime minister is head of government for all the ministries of government except the power ministries of internal affairs, justice, and defense", + "cabinet": "Cabinet of Ministers", + "elections": "president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 5 January 2008 (next to be held in October 2013)", + "election_results": "Mikheil SAAKASHVILI reelected president; percent of vote - Mikheil SAAKASHVILI 53.5%, Levan GACHECHILADZE 25.7%, Badri PATARKATSISHVILI 7.1%, other 13.7%" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral Parliament or Parlamenti (150 seats; 77 members elected by proportional representation, 73 elected in single-member constituencies; members to serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 1 October 2012 (next to be held in 2016)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - Georgian Dream 55%, United National Movement 40.3%, other 4.7%; seats by party - Georgian Dream 85, United National Movement 65" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (organized into several specialized judicial chambers; number of judges determined by the president of Georgia); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges) note - the Abkhazian and Ajarian Autonomous republics each have a supreme court and a hierarchy of lower courts", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges nominated by the president and appointed by the Parliament; judges serve not less than 10-year terms; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president following candidate selection by the Justice Council of Georgia, a 12-member consultative body of high-level judges, and presidential and parliamentary appointees; judges appointed for 10-year terms", + "subordinate_courts": "Courts of Appeal; regional (town) and district courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Christian Democratic Movement [Giorgi TARGAMADZE]; Conservative Party [Zviad DZIDZIGURI]; Democratic Movement United Georgia [Nino BURJANADZE]; For Fair Georgia [Zurab NOGAIDELI]; Georgian Dream (a six-party coalition composed of Georgian Dream-Democratic Georgia, Republican Party, Our Georgia-Free Democrats, National Forum, Conservative Party, and Industry Will Save Georgia); Georgian Dream-Democratic Georgia [Bidzina IVANISHVILI, honorary chairman]; Georgian People's Front [Nodar NATADZE]; Greens [Giorgi GACHECHILADZE]; Industry Will Save Georgia (Industrialists) or IWSG [Georgi TOPADZE]; Labor Party [Shalva NATELASHVILI]; National Democratic Party or NDP [Bachuki KARDAVA]; National Forum [Kakhaber SHARTAVA]; New Rights [Pikria CHIKHRADZE]; Our Georgia-Free Democrats (OGFD) [Irakli KADAGIDZE]; People's Party [Koba DAVITASHVILI; Republican Party [David USUPASHVILI]; Traditionalists [Akaki ASATIANI]; United National Movement or UNM [Vano MERABISHVILI]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "separatists in the occupied regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "ADB, BSEC, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, G-11, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Archil GEGESHIDZE", + "chancery": "2209 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 387-2390", + "fax": "[1] (202) 387-0864", + "consulates_general": "New York" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Richard NORLAND", + "embassy": "11 George Balanchine Street, T'bilisi 0131", + "mailing_address": "7060 T'bilisi Place, Washington, DC 20521-7060", + "telephone": "[995] (32) 227-70-00", + "fax": "[995] (32) 253-23-10" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "white rectangle with a central red cross extending to all four sides of the flag; each of the four quadrants displays a small red bolnur-katskhuri cross; although adopted as the official Georgian flag in 2004, the five-cross flag design appears to date back to the 14th century" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "Saint George; lion" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Tavisupleba\" (Liberty)", + "lyrics_music": "Dawit MAGRADSE/Zakaria PALIASHVILI (adapted by Joseb KETSCHAKMADSE)", + "note": "adopted 2004; after the Rose Revolution, a new anthem with music based on the operas \"Abesalom da Eteri\" and \"Daisi\" was adopted" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Georgia's main economic activities include the cultivation of agricultural products such as grapes, citrus fruits, and hazelnuts; mining of manganese, copper, and gold; and output of a small industrial sector producing alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, metals, machinery, and chemicals. The country imports nearly all its needed supplies of natural gas and oil products. It has sizeable hydropower capacity that now provides most of its energy needs. Georgia has overcome the chronic energy shortages and gas supply interruptions of the past by renovating hydropower plants and by increasingly relying on natural gas imports from Azerbaijan instead of from Russia. Construction of the Baku-T'bilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline, the Baku-T'bilisi-Erzerum gas pipeline, and the Kars-Akhalkalaki Railroad are part of a strategy to capitalize on Georgia's strategic location between Europe and Asia and develop its role as a transit point for gas, oil, and other goods. Georgia's economy sustained GDP growth of more than 10% in 2006-07, based on strong inflows of foreign investment and robust government spending. However, GDP growth slowed following the August 2008 conflict with Russia, and sunk to negative 4 percent in 2009 as foreign direct investment and workers' remittances declined in the wake of the global financial crisis. The economy rebounded in 2010-12, with growth rates above 6% per year, but FDI inflows, the engine of Georgian economic growth prior to the 2008 conflict, have not recovered fully. Unemployment has also remained high at above 15%. Georgia has historically suffered from a chronic failure to collect tax revenues; however, the government, since coming to power in 2004, has simplified the tax code, improved tax administration, increased tax enforcement, and cracked down on petty corruption, leading to higher revenues. The country is pinning its hopes for renewed growth on a determined effort to continue to liberalize the economy by reducing regulation, taxes, and corruption in order to attract foreign investment, with a focus on hydropower, agriculture, tourism, and textiles production. Since 2004, the government has taken a series of actions against endemic corruption, including reform of the traffic police and implementation of a fair examination system for entering the university system. The government has received high marks from the World Bank for its anti-corruption efforts." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$27.11 billion (2012 est.); $25.44 billion (2011 est.); $23.74 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$15.93 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "6.5% (2012 est.); 7.2% (2011 est.); 6.3% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$6,000 (2012 est.); $5,700 (2011 est.); $5,400 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "11.9% of GDP (2012 est.); 12.4% of GDP (2011 est.); 10.2% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "77%", + "government_consumption": "19%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "22.8%", + "investment_in_inventories": "1.3%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "36.2%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-56.6% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "7.8%", + "industry": "23%", + "services": "69.2% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "citrus, grapes, tea, hazelnuts, vegetables; livestock" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "steel, machine tools, electrical appliances, mining (manganese, copper, and gold), chemicals, wood products, wine" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "4.5% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "1.959 million (2011 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "55.6%", + "industry": "8.9%", + "services": "35.5% (2006 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "15.1% (2011 est.); 16.3% (2010 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "9.2% (2010)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "2%", + "highest_10%": "31.3% (2008)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "46 (2011); 37.1 (1996)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$4.421 billion", + "expenditures": "$4.905 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "27.7% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-3% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "36.3% of GDP (2012 est.); 36.5% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities; Georgia does not maintain intra-governmental debt or social funds" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "-0.9% (2012 est.); 8.5% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "5.25% (31 December 2012); 6.5% (31 January 2012)", + "note": "this is the Refinancing Rate, the key monetary policy rate of the National Bank of Georgia" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "20.2% (31 December 2012 est.); 25.87% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$1.965 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.737 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$4.72 billion (31 September 2012 est.); $4.249 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$5.518 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $4.973 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$795.7 million (31 December 2011); $1.06 billion (31 December 2010); $733.3 million (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$1.669 billion (2012 est.); -$1.799 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$3.305 billion (2012 est.); $3.223 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "vehicles, ferro-alloys, fertilizers, nuts, scrap metal, gold, copper ores" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Azerbaijan 13.8%, US 8.5%, Germany 8.3%, Bulgaria 7.4%, Kazakhstan 7%, Turkey 6.4%, Ukraine 6.3%, Lebanon 5.7%, Canada 4.2% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$6.628 billion (2012 est.); $6.644 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "fuels, vehicles, machinery and parts, grain and other foods, pharmaceuticals" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Turkey 13.9%, China 8.2%, Ukraine 8.2%, Russia 7.4%, Azerbaijan 7.1%, US 6%, Germany 5.6%, Bulgaria 4% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$2.873 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $2.818 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$13.36 billion (31 December 2012); $11.12 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$9.305 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $9.305 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$741.6 million (31 December 2011 est.); $660.3 million (31 December 2010 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "laris (GEL) per US dollar -; 1.6513 (2012 est.); 1.6865 (2011 est.); 1.7823 (2010 est.); 1.6705 (2009 est.); 1.47 (2008 est.)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "9.694 billion kWh (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "9.379 billion kWh (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "528 million kWh (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "614 million kWh (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "4.538 million kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "37.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "62.8% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "979.5 bbl/day (2012 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "531 bbl/day (2012 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2012 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "33.19 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "858 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "17,280 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "18,500 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "9.151 million cu m (2012 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "1.97 billion cu m (2012 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2012 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "1.96 billion cu m (2012 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "93.41 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "5.302 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "1.345 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "4.43 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "fixed-line telecommunications network has limited coverage outside Tbilisi; multiple mobile-cellular providers provide services to an increasing subscribership throughout the country", + "domestic": "cellular telephone networks cover the entire country; mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 100 per 100 people; intercity facilities include a fiber-optic line between T'bilisi and K'ut'aisi", + "international": "country code - 995; the Georgia-Russia fiber-optic submarine cable provides connectivity to Russia; international service is available by microwave, landline, and satellite through the Moscow switch; international electronic mail and telex service are available (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "1 public broadcaster in Tbilisi, 1 state-owned broadcaster in Ajaria Autonomous Republic; 8 privately owned TV stations; state run public broadcaster operates 2 TV stations; dozens of cable TV operators, several major commercial TV stations, and several dozen private radio stations; state run public broadcaster operates 2 radio stations (2012)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".ge" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "357,864 (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "1.3 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "22 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "18", + "over_3_047_m": "1", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "7", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "3", + "914_to_1_523_m": "5", + "under_914_m": "2 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "4", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "1", + "914_to_1_523_m": "2", + "under_914_m": "1 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "2 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 1,596 km; oil 1,175 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "1,612 km", + "broad_gauge": "1,575 km 1.520-m gauge (1,575 km electrified)", + "narrow_gauge": "37 km 0.912-m gauge (37 km electrified) (2008)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "19,109 km", + "paved": "19,109 km (includes 69 km of expressways) (2010)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "142", + "by_type": "bulk carrier 13, cargo 114, chemical tanker 1, container 1, liquefied gas 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 3, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 5, vehicle carrier 2", + "foreign_owned": "95 (Bulgaria 1, China 10, Egypt 7, Hong Kong 3, Israel 1, Italy 2, Latvia 1, Lebanon 1, Romania 7, Russia 6, Syria 24, Turkey 14, UAE 2, UK 5, Ukraine 10, US 1)", + "registered_in_other_countries": "1 (unknown 1) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "major_seaports": "Black Sea - Bat'umi, P'ot'i" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Georgian Armed Forces: Land Forces (include Air and Air Defense Forces); separatist Abkhazia Armed Forces: Ground Forces, Air Forces; separatist South Ossetia Armed Forces", + "note": "Georgian naval forces have been incorporated into the coast guard, which is not part of the Defense Ministry (2011)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "18 to 34 years of age for compulsory and voluntary active duty military service; conscript service obligation is 18 months (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "1,080,840", + "females_age_16_49": "1,122,031 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "893,003", + "females_age_16_49": "931,683 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "29,723", + "female": "27,242 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "1.9% of GDP (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "Russia's military support and subsequent recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia independence in 2008 continue to sour relations with Georgia" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "idps": "261,400 - 274,000 (displaced in the 1990s and 2008 from Abkhazia and South Ossetia) (2011)", + "stateless_persons": "1,156 (2012)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for domestic consumption; used as transshipment point for opiates via Central Asia to Western Europe and Russia" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/gr-greece.json b/europe/gr-greece.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a82b201d --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/gr-greece.json @@ -0,0 +1,624 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Greece achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1830. During the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, it gradually added neighboring islands and territories, most with Greek-speaking populations. In World War II, Greece was first invaded by Italy (1940) and subsequently occupied by Germany (1941-44); fighting endured in a protracted civil war between supporters of the king and other anti-communist and communist rebels. Following the latter's defeat in 1949, Greece joined NATO in 1952. In 1967, a group of military officers seized power, establishing a military dictatorship that suspended many political liberties and forced the king to flee the country. In 1974, democratic elections and a referendum created a parliamentary republic and abolished the monarchy. In 1981, Greece joined the EC (now the EU); it became the 12th member of the European Economic and Monetary Union in 2001. In 2010, the prospect of a Greek default on its euro-denominated debt created severe strains within the EMU and raised the question of whether a member country might voluntarily leave the common currency or be removed." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Southern Europe, bordering the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea, between Albania and Turkey" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "39 00 N, 22 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "131,957 sq km", + "land": "130,647 sq km", + "water": "1,310 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly smaller than Alabama" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "1,228 km", + "border_countries": "Albania 282 km, Bulgaria 494 km, Turkey 206 km, Macedonia 246 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "13,676 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "continental_shelf": "200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "mostly mountains with ranges extending into the sea as peninsulas or chains of islands" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m", + "highest_point": "Mount Olympus 2,917 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "lignite, petroleum, iron ore, bauxite, lead, zinc, nickel, magnesite, marble, salt, hydropower potential" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "18.95%", + "permanent_crops": "8.73%", + "other": "72.32% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "15,550 sq km (2007)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "74.25 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "9.47 cu km/yr (9%/2%/89%)", + "per_capita": "841.4 cu m/yr (2007)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "severe earthquakes", + "volcanism": "Santorini (elev. 367 m) has been deemed a \"Decade Volcano\" by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; although there have been very few eruptions in recent centuries, Methana and Nisyros in the Aegean are classified as historically active" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "air pollution; water pollution" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "strategic location dominating the Aegean Sea and southern approach to Turkish Straits; a peninsular country, possessing an archipelago of about 2,000 islands" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Greek(s)", + "adjective": "Greek" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "population: Greek 93%, other (foreign citizens) 7% (2001 census)", + "note": "percents represent citizenship, since Greece does not collect data on ethnicity" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Greek (official) 99%, other (includes English and French) 1%" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Greek Orthodox (official) 98%, Muslim 1.3%, other 0.7%" + }, + "population": { + "text": "10,772,967 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "14.1% (male 783,710/female 737,850)", + "15_24_years": "9.8% (male 541,603/female 519,170)", + "25_54_years": "43.5% (male 2,334,949/female 2,349,421)", + "55_64_years": "12.5% (male 661,324/female 684,639)", + "65_years_and_over": "20.1% (male 945,277/female 1,215,024) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "52.3 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "22.3 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "29.9 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "3.3 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "43.2 years", + "male": "42.1 years", + "female": "44.3 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.04% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "8.94 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "10.9 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "2.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "61% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0.6% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "ATHENS (capital) 3.252 million; Thessaloniki 834,000 (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "0.99 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.97 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.78 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.96 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "29.2 (2007 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "3 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "4.85 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "5.33 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "4.34 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "80.18 years", + "male": "77.59 years", + "female": "82.93 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.4 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "76.2%", + "note": "percent of women aged 16-45 (2001)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "10.3% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "6.04 physicians/1,000 population (2008)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "4.8 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 99% of population; total: 100% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 0% of population; rural: 1% of population; total: 0% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 99% of population; rural: 97% of population; total: 98% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 1% of population; rural: 3% of population; total: 2% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.1% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "8,800 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 500 (2009 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "20.1% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "4.1% of GDP (2005)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "97.3%", + "male": "98.4%", + "female": "96.3% (2011 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "16 years", + "male": "16 years", + "female": "16 years (2007)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "44.4%", + "male": "38.5%", + "female": "51.5% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Hellenic Republic", + "conventional_short_form": "Greece", + "local_long_form": "Elliniki Dimokratia", + "local_short_form": "Ellas or Ellada", + "former": "Kingdom of Greece" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "parliamentary republic" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Athens", + "geographic_coordinates": "37 59 N, 23 44 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "13 regions (perifereies, singular - perifereia) and 1 autonomous monastic state* (aftonomi monastiki politeia); Agion Oros* (Mount Athos), Anatoliki Makedonia kai Thraki (East Macedonia and Thrace), Attiki (Attica), Dytiki Ellada (West Greece), Dytiki Makedonia (West Macedonia), Ionia Nisia (Ionian Islands), Ipeiros (Epirus), Kentriki Makedonia (Central Macedonia), Kriti (Crete), Notio Aigaio (South Aegean), Peloponnisos (Peloponnese), Sterea Ellada (Central Greece), Thessalia (Thessaly), Voreio Aigaio (North Aegean)" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "1830 (from the Ottoman Empire)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Independence Day, 25 March (1821)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "11 June 1975; amended March 1986, April 2001, and May 2008" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil legal system based on Roman law" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal and compulsory" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Karolos PAPOULIAS (since 12 March 2005)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Antonis SAMARAS (since 20 June 2012)", + "cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister", + "elections": "president elected by parliament for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 3 February 2010 (next to be held by February 2015); president appoints leader of the party securing plurality of vote in election to become prime minister and form a government", + "election_results": "Karolos PAPOULIAS reelected president; number of parliamentary votes, 266 out of 300" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral Parliament or Vouli ton Ellinon (300 seats; members elected by direct popular vote to serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 17 June 2012 (next to be held by 2016); note - there was a legislative election on 6 May 2012 in which none of the leaders of the top three parties (New Democracy, Coalition of the Radical Left, and the Panhellenic Socialist Movement) were able to form a government", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - ND 29.7%, SYRIZA 26.9%, PASOK 12.3%, ANEL 7.5%, Golden Dawn 6.9%, DIMAR 6.3%, KKE 4.5%, other 6.0%; seats by party - ND 129, SYRIZA 71, PASOK 33, ANEL 20, Golden Dawn 18, DIMAR 17, KKE 12; note - only parties surpassing a 3% threshold are entitled to parliamentary seats; parties need 10 seats to become formal parliamentary groups, but can retain that status if the party participated in the last election and received the minimum 3% threshold" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Hellenic Supreme Court of Civil and Penal Law (consists of 56 judges)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "judges selected by the Supreme Judicial Council which includes the president of the Supreme Court, other judges, and the prosecutor of the Supreme Court; judges appointed for life following a 2-year probationary period", + "subordinate_courts": "Supreme Administrative Court; Courts of Appeal; Courts of First Instance; Court of Auditors" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Anticapitalist Left Cooperation for the Overthrow or ANTARSYA [Petros KONSTANTINOU]; Coalition of the Radical Left or SYRIZA [Alexis TSIPRAS]; Communist Party of Greece or KKE [Dimitris KOUTSOUMPAS]; Democratic Left or DIMAR [Fotis KOUVELIS]; Democratic Alliance or DISY [Theodora (or Dora) BAKOGIANNI]; Ecologist Greens [Nikos CHRYSOGELOS]; Golden Dawn [Nikolaos MICHALOLIAKOS]; Independent Greeks or ANEL [Panos KAMMENOS]; New Democracy or ND [Antonis SAMARAS]; Panhellenic Socialist Movement or PASOK [Evangelos VENIZELOS]; Popular Orthodox Rally or LAOS [Georgios KARATZAFERIS]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "Civil Servants Confederation or ADEDY [Spyros PAPASPYROS]; Federation of Greek Industries or SEV [Dimitris DASKALOPOULOS]; General Confederation of Greek Workers or GSEE [Ioannis PANAGOPOULOS]" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Christos P. PANAGOPOULOUS", + "chancery": "2217 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 939-1300", + "fax": "[1] (202) 939-1324", + "consulates_general": "Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Tampa (FL), San Francisco", + "consulates": "Atlanta, Houston, New Orleans" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Daniel Bennett SMITH", + "embassy": "91 Vasillisis Sophias Avenue, 10160 Athens", + "mailing_address": "PSC 108, APO AE 09842-0108", + "telephone": "[30] (210) 721-2951", + "fax": "[30] (210) 645-6282", + "consulates_general": "Thessaloniki (2012)" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white; a blue square bearing a white cross appears in the upper hoist-side corner; the cross symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established religion of the country; there is no agreed upon meaning for the nine stripes or for the colors; the exact shade of blue has never been set by law and has varied from a light to a dark blue over time" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "Greek cross (white cross on blue field; arms equal length)" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Ymnos eis tin Eleftherian\" (Hymn to Liberty)", + "lyrics_music": "Dionysios SOLOMOS/Nikolaos MANTZAROS", + "note": "adopted 1864; the anthem is based on a 158 verse poem by the same name, which was inspired by the Greek Revolution of 1821 against the Ottomans; Cyprus also uses \"Hymn to Liberty\" as its anthem" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Greece has a capitalist economy with a public sector accounting for about 40% of GDP and with per capita GDP about two-thirds that of the leading euro-zone economies. Tourism provides 15% of GDP. Immigrants make up nearly one-fifth of the work force, mainly in agricultural and unskilled jobs. Greece is a major beneficiary of EU aid, equal to about 3.3% of annual GDP. The Greek economy grew by nearly 4% per year between 2003 and 2007, due partly to infrastructural spending related to the 2004 Athens Olympic Games, and in part to an increased availability of credit, which has sustained record levels of consumer spending. But the economy went into recession in 2009 as a result of the world financial crisis, tightening credit conditions, and Athens' failure to address a growing budget deficit. The economy contracted by 2.3% in 2009, 3.5% in 2010, 6.9% in 2011, and 6.0% in 2012. Greece violated the EU's Growth and Stability Pact budget deficit criterion of no more than 3% of GDP from 2001 to 2006, but finally met that criterion in 2007-08, before exceeding it again in 2009, with the deficit reaching 15% of GDP. Austerity measures reduced the deficit to about 8% in 2012. Deteriorating public finances, inaccurate and misreported statistics, and consistent underperformance on reforms prompted major credit rating agencies to downgrade Greece's international debt rating in late 2009, and has led the country into a financial crisis. Under intense pressure from the EU and international market participants, the government adopted a medium-term austerity program that includes cutting government spending, decreasing tax evasion, overhauling the health-care and pension systems, and reforming the labor and product markets. Athens, however, faces long-term challenges to push through unpopular reforms in the face of widespread unrest from the country's powerful labor unions and the general public. In April 2010 a leading credit agency assigned Greek debt its lowest possible credit rating; in May 2010, the International Monetary Fund and Euro-Zone governments provided Greece emergency short- and medium-term loans worth $147 billion so that the country could make debt repayments to creditors. In exchange for the largest bailout ever assembled, the government announced combined spending cuts and tax increases totaling $40 billion over three years, on top of the tough austerity measures already taken. Greece, however, struggled to meet 2010 targets set by the EU and the IMF, especially after Eurostat - the EU's statistical office - revised upward Greece's deficit and debt numbers for 2009 and 2010. European leaders and the IMF agreed in October 2011 to provide Athens a second bailout package of $169 billion. The second deal however, calls for Greece's creditors to write down a significant portion of their Greek government bond holdings. In exchange for the second loan Greece has promised to introduce an additional $7.8 billion in austerity measures during 2013-15. However, these massive austerity cuts are lengthening Greece's economic recession and depressing tax revenues. Greece's lenders are calling on Athens to step up efforts to increase tax collection, privatize public enterprises, and rein in health spending, and are planning to give Greece more time to shore up its economy and finances. Many investors doubt that Greece can sustain fiscal efforts in the face of a bleak economic outlook, public discontent, and political instability." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$281.4 billion (2012 est.); $300.6 billion (2011 est.); $323.6 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$249.2 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "-6.4% (2012 est.); -7.1% (2011 est.); -4.9% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$24,900 (2012 est.); $26,400 (2011 est.); $28,500 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "10.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 6.2% of GDP (2011 est.); 7.4% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "73.7%", + "government_consumption": "17.8%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "12.6%", + "investment_in_inventories": "1%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "27%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-32% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "3.4%", + "industry": "16%", + "services": "80.6% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, olives, tomatoes, wine, tobacco, potatoes; beef, dairy products" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "tourism, food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, metal products; mining, petroleum" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "-6.2% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "4.95 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "12.4%", + "industry": "22.4%", + "services": "65.1% (2005 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "24.3% (2012 est.); 17.4% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "20% (2009 est.)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "2.5%", + "highest_10%": "26% (2000 est.)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "33 (2005); 35.4 (1998)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$111.4 billion", + "expenditures": "$136.4 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "44.7% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-10% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "156.9% of GDP (2012 est.); 170.3% of GDP (2011 est.)" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "1.5% (2012 est.); 3.3% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "1.5% (31 December 2012); 1.75% (31 December 2010)", + "note": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "7.33% (31 December 2012 est.); 7.15% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$116.1 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $126.4 billion (31 December 2011 est.)", + "note": "see entry for the European Union for money supply in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 17 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$251.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $262.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$343.6 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $413.4 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$33.65 billion (31 December 2011); $72.64 billion (31 December 2010); $54.72 billion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$16.68 billion (2012 est.); -$29.36 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$28.31 billion (2012 est.); $28.16 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "food and beverages, manufactured goods, petroleum products, chemicals, textiles" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Turkey 10.8%, Italy 7.7%, Germany 6.4%, Bulgaria 5.6%, Cyprus 5% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$53.53 billion (2012 est.); $66.05 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery, transport equipment, fuels, chemicals" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Russia 12.4%, France 7.5%, Italy 7.8%, Saudi Arabia 5.7%, Netherlands 4.7% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$7.255 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $6.9 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$576.6 billion (31 December 2012); $478.7 billion (31 December 2011)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$37.8 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $29.17 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$43.73 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $43.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -; 0.7778 (2012 est.); 0.7185 (2011 est.); 0.755 (2010 est.); 0.7198 (2009 est.); 0.6827 (2008 est.)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "57.11 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "58.71 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "2.571 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "8.517 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "14.36 million kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "70.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "17% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "8.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "1,751 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "19,960 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "355,600 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "10 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "440,200 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "343,400 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "161,400 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "140,800 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "1 million cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "4.737 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "4.762 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "991.1 million cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "92.99 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "5.745 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "12.128 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "adequate, modern networks reach all areas; good mobile telephone and international service", + "domestic": "microwave radio relay trunk system; extensive open-wire connections; submarine cable to offshore islands", + "international": "country code - 30; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 optical telecommunications submarine cable that provides links to Europe, Middle East, and Asia; a number of smaller submarine cables provide connectivity to various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Cyprus; tropospheric scatter; satellite earth stations - 4 (2 Intelsat - 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean, 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat - Indian Ocean region)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "broadcast media dominated by the private sector; roughly 150 private TV channels, about a dozen of the private channels broadcast at the national or regional level; 3 publicly owned terrestrial TV channels with national coverage, 1 publicly owned satellite channel, and 3 stations designed for digital terrestrial transmissions; multi-channel satellite and cable TV services available; upwards of 1,500 radio stations, nearly all of them privately owned; state-run broadcaster has 7 national stations, 2 international stations, and 19 regional stations (2007)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".gr" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "3.201 million (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "4.971 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "77 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "68", + "over_3_047_m": "6", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "15", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "19", + "914_to_1_523_m": "18", + "under_914_m": "10 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "9", + "914_to_1_523_m": "2", + "under_914_m": "7 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "9 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 1,329 km; oil 94 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "2,548 km", + "standard_gauge": "1,565 km 1.435-m gauge (764 km electrified)", + "narrow_gauge": "961 km 1.000-m gauge; 22 km 0.750-m gauge (2008)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "116,960 km", + "paved": "41,357 km (includes 1,091 km of expressways)", + "unpaved": "75,603 km (2010)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "6 km (the 6 km long Corinth Canal crosses the Isthmus of Corinth; it shortens a sea voyage by 325 km) (2012)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "860", + "by_type": "bulk carrier 262, cargo 49, carrier 1, chemical tanker 68, container 35, liquefied gas 13, passenger 7, passenger/cargo 109, petroleum tanker 302, roll on/roll off 14", + "foreign_owned": "42 (Belgium 17, Bermuda 3, Cyprus 3, Italy 5, UK 6, US 8)", + "registered_in_other_countries": "2,459 (Antigua and Barbuda 4, Bahamas 225, Barbados 14, Belize 2, Bermuda 8, Brazil 1, Cambodia 2, Cape Verde 1, Cayman Islands 9, Comoros 4, Curacao 1, Cyprus 201, Dominica 4, Egypt 8, Gibraltar 8, Honduras 4, Hong Kong 27, Indonesia 1, Isle of Man 62, Italy 7, Jamaica 3, Liberia 505, Malta 469, Marshall Islands 408, Mexico 2, Moldova 1, Panama 379, Philippines 5, Portugal 2, Saint Kitts and Nevis 2, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 42, Sao Tome and Principe 1, Saudi Arabia 4, Singapore 22, UAE 3, Uruguay 1, Vanuatu 3, Venezuela 4, unknown 10) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "major_seaports": "Aspropyrgos, Pachi, Piraeus, Thessaloniki", + "oil_gas_terminals": "Agioi Theodoroi" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Hellenic Army (Ellinikos Stratos, ES), Hellenic Navy (Elliniko Polemiko Navtiko, EPN), Hellenic Air Force (Elliniki Polemiki Aeroporia, EPA) (2013)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "19-45 years of age for compulsory military service; during wartime the law allows for recruitment beginning January of the year of inductee's 18th birthday, thus including 17 year olds; 18 years of age for volunteers; conscript service obligation is 1 year for all services; women are eligible for voluntary military service (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "2,485,389", + "females_age_16_49": "2,469,854 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "2,032,378", + "females_age_16_49": "2,016,552 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "52,754", + "female": "49,485 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "4.3% of GDP (2005 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "Greece and Turkey continue discussions to resolve their complex maritime, air, territorial, and boundary disputes in the Aegean Sea; Greece rejects the use of the name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia; the mass migration of unemployed Albanians still remains a problem for developed countries, chiefly Greece and Italy" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "stateless_persons": "154 (2012)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "a gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis and heroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West and precursor chemicals to the East; some South American cocaine transits or is consumed in Greece; money laundering related to drug trafficking and organized crime" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/hr-croatia.json b/europe/hr-croatia.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..91c1ac36 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/hr-croatia.json @@ -0,0 +1,615 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "The lands that today comprise Croatia were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the close of World War I. In 1918, the Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes formed a kingdom known after 1929 as Yugoslavia. Following World War II, Yugoslavia became a federal independent communist state under the strong hand of Marshal TITO. Although Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, it took four years of sporadic, but often bitter, fighting before occupying Serb armies were mostly cleared from Croatian lands, along with a majority of Croatia's ethnic Serb population. Under UN supervision, the last Serb-held enclave in eastern Slavonia was returned to Croatia in 1998. The country joined NATO in April 2009 and the EU in July 2013." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "45 10 N, 15 30 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "56,594 sq km", + "land": "55,974 sq km", + "water": "620 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly smaller than West Virginia" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "1,982 km", + "border_countries": "Bosnia and Herzegovina 932 km, Hungary 329 km, Serbia 241 km, Montenegro 25 km, Slovenia 455 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "5,835 km (mainland 1,777 km, islands 4,058 km)" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "continental_shelf": "200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "geographically diverse; flat plains along Hungarian border, low mountains and highlands near Adriatic coastline and islands" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Adriatic Sea 0 m", + "highest_point": "Dinara 1,831 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, gypsum, natural asphalt, silica, mica, clays, salt, hydropower" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "15.85%", + "permanent_crops": "1.47%", + "other": "82.69% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "36.27 sq km (2010)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "105.5 cu km (2011)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "destructive earthquakes" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "air pollution (from metallurgical plants) and resulting acid rain is damaging the forests; coastal pollution from industrial and domestic waste; landmine removal and reconstruction of infrastructure consequent to 1992-95 civil strife" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "controls most land routes from Western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish Straits; most Adriatic Sea islands lie off the coast of Croatia - some 1,200 islands, islets, ridges, and rocks" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Croat(s), Croatian(s)", + "adjective": "Croatian" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Croat 89.6%, Serb 4.5%, other 5.9% (including Bosniak, Hungarian, Slovene, Czech, and Roma) (2001 census)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Croatian (official) 96.1%, Serbian 1%, other and undesignated (including Italian, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, and German) 2.9% (2001 census)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Roman Catholic 87.8%, Orthodox 4.4%, other Christian 0.4%, Muslim 1.3%, other and unspecified 0.9%, none 5.2% (2001 census)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "4,475,611 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "14.6% (male 334,424/female 317,141)", + "15_24_years": "12.2% (male 279,375/female 267,184)", + "25_54_years": "41.4% (male 917,030/female 935,270)", + "55_64_years": "14.4% (male 314,761/female 330,961)", + "65_years_and_over": "17.4% (male 311,581/female 467,884) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "49.6 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "22.3 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "27.4 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "3.7 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "41.8 years", + "male": "40 years", + "female": "43.7 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.11% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "9.53 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "12.06 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "1.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "58% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0.4% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "ZAGREB (capital) 686,000 (2011)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "0.98 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.96 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.66 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.93 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "27.7 (2010 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "17 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "5.96 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "6.07 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "5.85 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "76.2 years", + "male": "72.6 years", + "female": "80 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.45 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "7.8% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "2.59 physicians/1,000 population (2007)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "5.4 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 97% of population; total: 99% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 0% of population; rural: 3% of population; total: 1% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 99% of population; rural: 98% of population; total: 99% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 1% of population; rural: 2% of population; total: 1% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "less than 0.1% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 100 (2009 est.)" + }, + "major_infectious_diseases": { + "degree_of_risk": "intermediate", + "vectorborne_diseases": "tickborne encephalitis", + "note": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "24.2% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "4.4% of GDP (2009)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "98.9%", + "male": "99.5%", + "female": "98.3% (2011 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "14 years", + "male": "14 years", + "female": "15 years (2010)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "36.1%", + "male": "35.6%", + "female": "36.8% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Croatia", + "conventional_short_form": "Croatia", + "local_long_form": "Republika Hrvatska", + "local_short_form": "Hrvatska", + "former": "People's Republic of Croatia, Socialist Republic of Croatia" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "parliamentary democracy" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Zagreb", + "geographic_coordinates": "45 48 N, 16 00 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "20 counties (zupanije, zupanija - singular) and 1 city* (grad - singular) with special county status; Bjelovarsko-Bilogorska, Brodsko-Posavska, Dubrovacko-Neretvanska (Dubrovnik-Neretva), Istarska (Istria), Karlovacka, Koprivnicko-Krizevacka, Krapinsko-Zagorska, Licko-Senjska (Lika-Senj), Medimurska, Osjecko-Baranjska, Pozesko-Slavonska (Pozega-Slavonia), Primorsko-Goranska, Sibensko-Kninska, Sisacko-Moslavacka, Splitsko-Dalmatinska (Split-Dalmatia), Varazdinska, Viroviticko-Podravska, Vukovarsko-Srijemska, Zadarska, Zagreb*, Zagrebacka (Zagreb county)" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Independence Day, 8 October (1991) and Statehood Day, 25 June (1991); note - 25 June 1991 was the day the Croatian parliament voted for independence; following a three-month moratorium to allow the European Community to solve the Yugoslav crisis peacefully, Parliament adopted a decision on 8 October 1991 to sever constitutional relations with Yugoslavia" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "adopted 22 December 1990; revised 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, and 2010" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system influenced by legal heritage of Austria-Hungary; note - Croatian law was fully harmonized with the the European Community acquis as of the June 2010 completion of EU accession negotiations" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Ivo JOSIPOVIC (since 18 February 2010)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Zoran MILANOVIC (since 23 December 2011); First Deputy Prime Minister Vesna PUSIC (since 16 November 2012)", + "cabinet": "Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and approved by the parliamentary assembly", + "elections": "president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 10 January 2010 (next to be held in December 2014); the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the president and then approved by the assembly", + "election_results": "Ivo JOSIPOVIC elected president; percent of vote in the second round - Ivo JOSIPOVIC 60%, Milan BANDIC 40%" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral Assembly or Sabor (151 seats; members elected from party lists by popular vote to serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 4 December 2011 (next to be held in late 2015)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - Kukuriku 40%, HDZ 23.5%, Laborists-Labor 5.1%, HSS 3%, HDSSB 2.9%, Independent list of Ivan Grubisic 2.8%, HCSP-HSP 2.8%, other 19.9%; number of seats by party - Kukuriku 80, HDZ 47, Laborists-Labor 6, HDSSB 6, Independent list of Ivan Grubisic 2, HSS 1, HCSP-HSP 1, other 8" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of the court president and vice president, 25 civil department justices, and 16 criminal department justices)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "president of Supreme Court nominated by president of Croatia and elected by Croatian Sabor for a 4-year term; other Supreme Court justices appointed by National Judicial Council; all judges serve until age 70", + "subordinate_courts": "Administrative Court; county, municipal, and specialized courts; note - there is an 11-member Constitutional Court with jurisdiction limited to constitutional issues but is outside Croatia's judicial system" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Croatian Civic Party or HGS [Zeljko KERUM]; Croatian Democratic Congress of Slavonia and Baranja or HDSSB [Vladimir SISLJAGIC]; Croatian Democratic Union or HDZ [Tomislav KARAMARKO]; Croatian Laborists-Labor Party [Dragutin LESAR]; Croatian Party of Rights or HSP [Daniel SRB]; Croatian Peasant Party or HSS [Branko HRG]; Croatian Pensioner Party or HSU [Silvano HRELJA]; Croatian People's Party - Liberal Democrats or HNS [Vesna PUSIC]; Croatian Pure Party of Rights-Ante Starcevic or HCSP [Ruza TOMASIC]; Croatian Social Liberal Party or HSLS [Darinko KOSOR]; Independent Democratic Serb Party or SDSS [Vojislav STANIMIROVIC]; Independent List of Ivan Grubisic [Ivan GRUBISIC]; Istrian Democratic Assembly or IDS [Ivan JAKOVCIC]; Kukuriku Coalition (consists of SDP, HNS, IDS, and HSU) [Zoran MILANOVIC]; Social Democratic Party of Croatia or SDP [Zoran MILANOVIC]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "other": "human rights groups" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EU, FAO, G-11, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, NAM (observer), NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Josko PARO", + "chancery": "2343 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 588-5899", + "fax": "[1] (202) 588-8936", + "consulates_general": "Chicago, Los Angeles, New York" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Kenneth MERTEN", + "embassy": "2 Thomas Jefferson Street, 10010 Zagreb", + "mailing_address": "use street address", + "telephone": "[385] (1) 661-2200", + "fax": "[385] (1) 661-2373" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue - the Pan-Slav colors - superimposed by the Croatian coat of arms; the coat of arms consists of one main shield (a checkerboard of 13 red and 12 silver (white) fields) surmounted by five smaller shields that form a crown over the main shield; the five small shields represent five historic regions, they are (from left to right): Croatia, Dubrovnik, Dalmatia, Istria, and Slavonia", + "note": "the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "red-white checkerboard" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Lijepa nasa domovino\" (Our Beautiful Homeland)", + "lyrics_music": "Antun MIHANOVIC/Josip RUNJANIN", + "note": "adopted 1972; \"Lijepa nasa domovino,\" whose lyrics were written in 1835, served as an unofficial anthem beginning in 1891" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Though still one of the wealthiest of the former Yugoslav republics, Croatia's economy suffered badly during the 1991-95 war. The country's output during that time collapsed and Croatia missed the early waves of investment in Central and Eastern Europe that followed the fall of the Berlin Wall. Between 2000 and 2007, however, Croatia's economic fortunes began to improve slowly with moderate but steady GDP growth between 4% and 6% led by a rebound in tourism and credit-driven consumer spending. Inflation over the same period remained tame and the currency, the kuna, stable. Croatia experienced an abrupt slowdown in the economy in 2008 and has yet to recover. Difficult problems still remain, including a stubbornly high unemployment rate, uneven regional development, and a challenging investment climate. The new government has announced a more flexible approach to privatization, including the sale in the coming years of state-owned businesses that are not of strategic importance. While macroeconomic stabilization has largely been achieved, structural reforms lag. Croatia will face significant pressure as a result of the global financial crisis, due to reduced exports and capital inflows. Croatia reentered a recession in 2012, and Zagreb cut spending. The government also raised additional revenues through more stringent tax collection and by raising the Value Added Tax in February 2012. On 1 July 2013 Croatia joined the EU, following a decade long application process. Croatia will be a member of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism until it meets the criteria for joining the Economic and Monetary Union and adopts the euro as its currency. Croatia's high foreign debt, strained state budget, and over-reliance on tourism revenue could hinder economic progress over the medium-term." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$79.69 billion (2012 est.); $81.3 billion (2011 est.); $81.33 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$57.1 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "-2% (2012 est.); 0% (2011 est.); -2.3% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$18,100 (2012 est.); $18,500 (2011 est.); $18,400 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "19.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 19.6% of GDP (2011 est.); 19.5% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "60.2%", + "government_consumption": "19.8%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "18.4%", + "investment_in_inventories": "1%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "43.4%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-42.7% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "5%", + "industry": "25.8%", + "services": "69.2% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "arable crops (wheat, corn, barley, sugar beet, sunflower, rapeseed, alfalfa, clover); vegetables (potatoes, cabbage, onion, tomato, pepper); fruits (apples, plum, mandarins, olives), grapes for wine; livestock (cattle, cows, pigs); dairy products" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal, electronics, pig iron and rolled steel products, aluminum, paper, wood products, construction materials, textiles, shipbuilding, petroleum and petroleum refining, food and beverages, tourism" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "-6.5% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "1.702 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "2.1%", + "industry": "29%", + "services": "69% (2012)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "19.1% (2012 est.); 17.9% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "21.1% (2011)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "3.3%", + "highest_10%": "27.5% (2008 est.)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "32 (2010); 29 (1998)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$21.56 billion", + "expenditures": "$23.42 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "37.8% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-3.2% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "68.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 64.8% of GDP (2011 est.)" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "3.4% (2012 est.); 2.3% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "7% (31 December 2012 est.); 7% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "9.48% (31 December 2012 est.); 9.68% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$9.332 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $9.081 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$43.47 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $41.42 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$51.43 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $51.83 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$21.3 billion (31 December 2012); $22.44 billion (31 December 2011); $25.28 billion (31 December 2010)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$560 million (2012 est.); -$449 million (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$12.42 billion (2012 est.); $13.64 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "transport equipment, machinery, textiles, chemicals, foodstuffs, fuels" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Italy 14.9%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 13.2%, Germany 10.6%, Slovenia 8.8%, Austria 6.8% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$20.24 billion (2012 est.); $22.52 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery, transport and electrical equipment; chemicals, fuels and lubricants; foodstuffs" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Italy 16.7%, Germany 12.9%, Russia 7.6%, China 7.1%, Slovenia 5.9%, Austria 4.5% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$14.81 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $14.48 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$65.23 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $64.94 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$35.63 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $34.36 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$5.575 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $5.674 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "kuna (HRK) per US dollar -; 5.8503 (2012 est.); 5.3439 (2011 est.); 5.498 (2010 est.); 5.2692 (2009); 4.98 (2008)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "9.281 billion kWh (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "16.7 billion kWh (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "1.38 billion kWh (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "8.799 billion kWh (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "4.021 million kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "47.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "44.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "0.8% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "28,230 bbl/day (2012 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2012 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "53,620 bbl/day (2012 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "2.96 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "77,020 bbl/day (2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "74,410 bbl/day (2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "33,870 bbl/day (2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "31,250 bbl/day (2012 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "1.85 billion cu m (2012 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "2.755 billion cu m (2012 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "222 million cu m (2012 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "1.127 billion cu m (2012 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "24.92 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "21.46 million Mt (2012 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "1.761 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "5.115 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "the telecommunications network has improved steadily since the mid-1990s, covering much of what were once inaccessible areas; local lines are digital", + "domestic": "fixed-line teledensity holding steady at about 40 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions exceed the population", + "international": "country code - 385; digital international service is provided through the main switch in Zagreb; Croatia participates in the Trans-Asia-Europe (TEL) fiber-optic project, which consists of 2 fiber-optic trunk connections with Slovenia and a fiber-optic trunk line from Rijeka to Split and Dubrovnik; the ADRIA-1 submarine cable provides connectivity to Albania and Greece (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "the national state-owned public broadcaster, Croatian Radiotelevision (HRT), operates 4 terrestrial TV networks, a satellite channel that rebroadcasts programs for Croatians living abroad, and 6 regional TV centers; 2 private broadcasters operate national terrestrial networks; roughly 25 privately owned regional TV stations; multi-channel cable and satellite TV subscription services are available; state-owned public broadcaster operates 3 national radio networks and 9 regional radio stations; 2 privately owned national radio networks and more than 170 regional, county, city, and community radio stations (2012)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".hr" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "729,420 (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "2.234 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "69 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "24", + "over_3_047_m": "2", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "6", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "3", + "914_to_1_523_m": "3", + "under_914_m": "10 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "45", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "1", + "914_to_1_523_m": "6", + "under_914_m": "38 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "1 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 2,410 km; oil 610 km (2011)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "2,722 km", + "standard_gauge": "2,722 km 1.435-m gauge (984 km electrified) (2011)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "29,410 km (includes 1,254 km of expressways) (2011)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "785 km (2009)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "77", + "by_type": "bulk carrier 24, cargo 7, chemical tanker 8, passenger/cargo 27, petroleum tanker 10, refrigerated cargo 1", + "foreign_owned": "2 (Norway 2)", + "registered_in_other_countries": "31 (Bahamas 1, Belize 1, Liberia 1, Malta 6, Marshall Islands 12, Panama 2, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 8) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "major_seaports": "Ploce, Rijeka, Sibernik, Split", + "river_ports": "Vukovar (Danube)", + "oil_gas_terminals": "Omisalj" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia (Oruzane Snage Republike Hrvatske, OSRH) consists of five major commands directly subordinate to a General Staff: Ground Forces (Hrvatska Kopnena Vojska, HKoV), Naval Forces (Hrvatska Ratna Mornarica, HRM; includes coast guard), Air Force and Air Defense Command (Hrvatsko Ratno Zrakoplovstvo I Protuzracna Obrana), Joint Education and Training Command, Logistics Command; Military Police Force supports each of the three Croatian military forces (2012)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "18-27 years of age for voluntary military service; 6-month service obligation (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "1,016,234", + "females_age_16_49": "1,017,355 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "770,710", + "females_age_16_49": "839,732 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "28,334", + "female": "27,015 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "1.5% of GDP (2012)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "dispute remains with Bosnia and Herzegovina over several small sections of the boundary related to maritime access that hinders ratification of the 1999 border agreement; since the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, Croatia and Slovenia have each claimed sovereignty over Pirin Bay and four villages, and Slovenia has objected to Croatia's claim of an exclusive economic zone in the Adriatic Sea; in 2009, however Croatia and Slovenia signed a binding international arbitration agreement to define their disputed land and maritime borders, which led to Slovenia lifting its objections to Croatia joining the EU; Slovenia continues to impose a hard border Schengen regime with Croatia, which joined the EU in 2013 but has not yet fulfilled Schengen requirements; as a European Union peripheral state, Slovenia imposed a hard border Schengen regime with non-member Croatia in December 2007" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "stateless_persons": "2,886 (2012)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "transit point along the Balkan route for Southwest Asian heroin to Western Europe; has been used as a transit point for maritime shipments of South American cocaine bound for Western Europe (2008)" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/hu-hungary.json b/europe/hu-hungary.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..761e139b --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/hu-hungary.json @@ -0,0 +1,618 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Hungary became a Christian kingdom in A.D. 1000 and for many centuries served as a bulwark against Ottoman Turkish expansion in Europe. The kingdom eventually became part of the polyglot Austro-Hungarian Empire, which collapsed during World War I. The country fell under communist rule following World War II. In 1956, a revolt and an announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact were met with a massive military intervention by Moscow. Under the leadership of Janos KADAR in 1968, Hungary began liberalizing its economy, introducing so-called \"Goulash Communism.\" Hungary held its first multiparty elections in 1990 and initiated a free market economy. It joined NATO in 1999 and the EU five years later. In 2011, Hungary assumed the six-month rotating presidency of the EU for the first time." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Central Europe, northwest of Romania" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "47 00 N, 20 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "93,028 sq km", + "land": "89,608 sq km", + "water": "3,420 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly smaller than Indiana" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "2,185 km", + "border_countries": "Austria 366 km, Croatia 329 km, Romania 443 km, Serbia 166 km, Slovakia 676 km, Slovenia 102 km, Ukraine 103 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "0 km (landlocked)" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "text": "none (landlocked)" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "mostly flat to rolling plains; hills and low mountains on the Slovakian border" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Tisza River 78 m", + "highest_point": "Kekes 1,014 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "47.24%", + "permanent_crops": "1.97%", + "other": "50.79% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "1,409 sq km (2007)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "104 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "5.58 cu km/yr (12%/83%/5%)", + "per_capita": "555.9 cu m/yr (2007)" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "the upgrading of Hungary's standards in waste management, energy efficiency, and air, soil, and water pollution to meet EU requirements will require large investments" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean basin; the north-south flowing Duna (Danube) and Tisza Rivers divide the country into three large regions" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Hungarian(s)", + "adjective": "Hungarian" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Hungarian 92.3%, Roma 1.9%, other or unknown 5.8% (2001 census)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Hungarian 93.6%, other or unspecified 6.4% (2001 census)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Roman Catholic 51.9%, Calvinist 15.9%, Lutheran 3%, Greek Catholic 2.6%, other Christian 1%, other or unspecified 11.1%, unaffiliated 14.5% (2001 census)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "9,939,470 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "14.8% (male 760,253/female 714,868)", + "15_24_years": "11.9% (male 608,369/female 574,013)", + "25_54_years": "41.6% (male 2,074,975/female 2,063,952)", + "55_64_years": "14.2% (male 645,529/female 762,489)", + "65_years_and_over": "17.5% (male 646,244/female 1,088,778) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "46.8 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "21.5 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "25.3 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "4 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "40.8 years", + "male": "38.6 years", + "female": "43.2 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.2% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "9.37 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "12.71 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "1.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "69.5% of total population (2011)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0.51% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "BUDAPEST (capital) 1.705 million (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.85 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.59 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.91 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "28.2 (2010 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "21 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "5.16 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "5.43 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "4.88 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "75.24 years", + "male": "71.5 years", + "female": "79.19 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.41 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "80.6%", + "note": "percent of women aged 18-41 (1992/93)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "7.3% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "3.1 physicians/1,000 population (2008)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "7.1 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "less than 0.1% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "3,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 200 (2009 est.)" + }, + "major_infectious_diseases": { + "degree_of_risk": "intermediate", + "vectorborne_diseases": "tickborne encephalitis (2013)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "27.6% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "5.1% of GDP (2009)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "99%", + "male": "99.2%", + "female": "98.9% (2011 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "15 years", + "male": "15 years", + "female": "16 years (2011)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "26.1%", + "male": "27.2%", + "female": "24.6% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "none", + "conventional_short_form": "Hungary", + "local_long_form": "none", + "local_short_form": "Magyarorszag" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "parliamentary democracy" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Budapest", + "geographic_coordinates": "47 30 N, 19 05 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "19 counties (megyek, singular - megye), 23 urban counties (singular - megyei varos), and 1 capital city (fovaros)", + "counties": "Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes, Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Csongrad, Fejer, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Heves, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, Komarom-Esztergom, Nograd, Pest, Somogy, Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Tolna, Vas, Veszprem, Zala", + "urban_counties": "Bekescsaba, Debrecen, Dunaujvaros, Eger, Erd, Gyor, Hodmezovasarhely, Kaposvar, Kecskemet, Miskolc, Nagykanizsa, Nyiregyhaza, Pecs, Salgotarjan, Sopron, Szeged, Szekesfehervar, Szekszard, Szolnok, Szombathely, Tatabanya, Veszprem, Zalaegerszeg", + "capital_city": "Budapest" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "16 November 1918 (republic proclaimed); notable earlier dates: 25 December 1000 (crowning of King STEPHEN I, traditional founding date); 30 March 1867 (Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy established)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Saint Stephen's Day, 20 August; note - commemorates the date when his remains were transferred to Buda (now Budapest)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "25 April 2011, effective 1 January 2012" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil legal system influenced by the German model" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age, 16 if married; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "Janos ADER (since 10 May 2012)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Viktor ORBAN (since 29 May 2010)", + "cabinet": "Cabinet of Ministers prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president; other ministers proposed by the prime minister and appointed and relieved of their duties by the president", + "elections": "president elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 2 May 2012 (next to be held by May 2017); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president; election last held 29 May 2010", + "election_results": "Janos ADER elected president, National Assembly vote - 262 to 40; Viktor ORBAN elected prime minister, National Assembly vote - 261 to 107", + "note": "to be elected, the president must win two-thirds of legislative vote in the first round or a simple majority in the second round" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral National Assembly or Orszaggyules (386 seats; members elected by popular vote under a system of proportional and direct representation to serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 11 and 25 April 2010 (next to be held in spring 2014)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party (5% or more of the vote required for parliamentary representation in the first round) - Fidesz-KNDP 52.7%, MSZP 19.3%, Jobbik 16.7%, LMP 7.5%, other 3.8%; seats by party - Fidesz-KNDP 263, MSZP 59, Jobbik 47, LMP 16, independent 1", + "note": "composition as of mid-April 2013 - seats by party - Fidesz 226, MSZP 48, Jobbik 43, KNDP 37, Democratic Coalition 10, Dialog for Hungary 8, LMP 7, independent 7" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Curia or Supreme Judicial Court (consists of Curia president and 8 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 members)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Curia president elected from among its members for 9 years by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president of the republic; other Curia judges appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the National Council of Justice, a separate 15-member administrative body; all judges serve until the normal retirement age; Constitutional Court members elected by two-thirds vote of the National Assembly; members serve 12-year terms", + "subordinate_courts": "regional courts of appeal; county courts, including the Municipal Court of Budapest; local courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Christian Democratic People's Party or KDNP [Zsolt SEMJEN]; Democratic Coalition [Ferenc GYURCSANY]; Dialogue for Hungary [Benedek JAVOR, Timea SZABO, co-chairs]; Fidesz-Hungarian Civic Alliance or Fidesz [Viktor ORBAN, chairman]; Hungarian Socialist Party or MSZP [Attila MESTERHAZY]; Movement for a Better Hungary or Jobbik [Gabor VONA]; Politics Can Be Different or LMP [13-member leadership; some positions currently vacant]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "Air Work Group (works to reduce air pollution in towns and cities); Danube Circle (protests the building of the Gabchikovo-Nagymaros dam); Fourth Republic (Negyedik Koztarsasag) or 4K! (anti-Orban, pro-democracy Facebook movement emerged from a Facebook group, One Million for Freedom of the Press or \"Milla,\" and plans to form a leftist political party); Green Future (protests the impact of lead contamination of local factory on health of the people); Hungarian Civil Liberties Union (Tarsasag a Szabadsagjogokert) or TASZ (freedom of expression, information privacy); Hungarian Helsinki Committee (asylum seekers' rights, human rights in law enforcement and the judicial system); Szolidaritas (\"Solidarity,\" formed in October 2011 by three trade unions and an NGO - anti-Orban government); \"Egyutt 2014\" (\"Together 2014,\" a political electoral alliance bringing together Milla, Szolidaritas, and \"Haza es Haladas,\" an association headed by former PM Gordon BAJNAI, to contest Fidesz and Viktor ORBAN in the 2014 parliamentary elections); Civil Osszefogas Forum (\"Civil Unity Forum,\" nominally independent organization that serves as pro-government mass organization, supporting ORBAN government's policies); ", + "environmentalists": "Hungarian Ornithological and Nature Conservation Society (Magyar Madartani Egyesulet) or MME; Green Alternative (Zold Alternativa)" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Gyorgy SZAPARY", + "chancery": "3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 362-6730", + "fax": "[1] (202) 966-8135", + "consulates_general": "Chicago, Los Angeles, New York" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Eleni Tsakopoulos KOUNALAKIS", + "embassy": "Szabadsag ter 12, H-1054 Budapest", + "mailing_address": "pouch: American Embassy Budapest, 5270 Budapest Place, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5270", + "telephone": "[36] (1) 475-4400", + "fax": "[36] (1) 475-4764" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green; the flag dates to the national movement of the 18th and 19th centuries, and fuses the medieval colors of the Hungarian coat of arms with the revolutionary tricolor form of the French flag; folklore attributes virtues to the colors: red for strength, white for faithfulness, and green for hope; alternatively, the red is seen as being for the blood spilled in defense of the land, white for freedom, and green for the pasturelands that make up so much of the country" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "Holy Crown of Hungary (Crown of Saint Stephen); turul (falcon)" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Himnusz\" (Hymn)", + "lyrics_music": "Ferenc KOLCSEY/Ferenc ERKEL", + "note": "adopted 1844" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Hungary has made the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy, with a per capita income nearly two-thirds that of the EU-27 average. The private sector accounts for more than 80% of GDP. Foreign ownership of and investment in Hungarian firms are widespread, with cumulative foreign direct investment worth more than $70 billion. In late 2008, Hungary's impending inability to service its short-term debt - brought on by the global financial crisis - led Budapest to obtain an IMF/EU/World Bank-arranged financial assistance package worth over $25 billion. The global economic downturn, declining exports, and low domestic consumption and fixed asset accumulation, dampened by government austerity measures, resulted in an economic contraction of 6.8% in 2009. In 2010 the new government implemented a number of changes including cutting business and personal income taxes, but imposed \"crisis taxes\" on financial institutions, energy and telecom companies, and retailers. The IMF/EU bail-out program lapsed at the end of the year and was replaced by Post Program Monitoring and Article IV Consultations on overall economic and fiscal processes. The economy began to recover in 2010 with a big boost from exports, especially to Germany, and achieved growth of approximately 1.7% in 2011. At the end of 2011 the government turned to the IMF and the EU to obtain financial backstop to support its efforts to refinance foreign currency debt and bond obligations in 2012 and beyond, but Budapest's rejection of EU and IMF economic policy recommendations led to a breakdown in talks with the lenders in late 2012. Since joining the EU in 2004, Hungary has been subject to the European Commission's Excessive Deficit Procedure; Brussels has requested that the government outline measures to sustainably reduce the budget deficit to under 3% of GDP. Ongoing economic weakness in Western Europe as well as lack of domestic investment and demand caused a GDP to fall 1.7% in 2012. Unemployment remained high, at more than 11%." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$198.8 billion (2012 est.); $202.2 billion (2011 est.); $198.9 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$126.9 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "-1.7% (2012 est.); 1.7% (2011 est.); 1.2% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$20,000 (2012 est.); $20,200 (2011 est.); $19,900 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "19% of GDP (2012 est.); 20.4% of GDP (2011 est.); 19.8% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "54.2%", + "government_consumption": "20.6%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "17.2%", + "investment_in_inventories": "0.3%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "94.7%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-86.9% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "3.3%", + "industry": "28.5%", + "services": "68.2% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "wheat, corn, sunflower seed, potatoes, sugar beets; pigs, cattle, poultry, dairy products" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.7% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "4.391 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "7.1%", + "industry": "29.7%", + "services": "63.2% (2011)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "10.9% (2012 est.); 11.6% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "14% (2012)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "3.1%", + "highest_10%": "22.6% (2009)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "24.7 (2009); 24.4 (1998)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$58.41 billion", + "expenditures": "$61.04 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "46% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-2.1% of GDP", + "note": "Hungary has been under the EU Excessive Deficit Procedure since it joined the EU in 2004; in March 2012 the EU elevated its Excessive Deficit Procedure against Hungary and proposed freezing 30% of the country's Cohesion Funds because 2011 deficit reductions were not achieved in a sustainable manner; in June 2012, the EU lifted the freeze, reognizing that steps had been taken to reduce the deficit; the latest EC forecasts project the Hungarian deficit to increase above 3% both in 2013 and in 2014 due to sluggish growth and the government's fiscal tightening (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "79.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 81.4% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and government, state government, local government, and social security funds." + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "5.7% (2012 est.); 3.9% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "5.75% (19 December 2012); 7% (31 December 2011)" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "9.02% (31 December 2012 est.); 8.34% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$33.03 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $30.51 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$74.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $86.68 billion (31 December 2010 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$87.29 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $88.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$22.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $22.8 billion (31 December 2011); $27.71 billion (31 December 2010)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "$2.146 billion (2012 est.); $1.209 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$90.23 billion (2012 est.); $98.83 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and equipment 53.5%, other manufactures 31.2%, food products 8.7%, raw materials 3.4%, fuels and electricity 3.9% (2012)" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 25.6%, Romania 6.2%, Slovakia 6.1%, Austria 6%, Italy 4.8%, France 4.8%, UK 4.2% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$87.37 billion (2012 est.); $95.2 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and equipment 45.4%, other manufactures 34.3%, fuels and electricity 12.6%, food products 5.3%, raw materials 2.5% (2012)" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 25.1%, Russia 8.8%, China 7.4%, Austria 7.1%, Slovakia 5.6%, Poland 4.8%, Italy 4.5%, Netherlands 4.2% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$44.67 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $48.84 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$202 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $208.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$94.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $100.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$30.3 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $28.74 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "forints (HUF) per US dollar -; 225.1 (2012 est.); 201.05 (2011 est.); 207.94 (2010 est.); 202.34 (2009); 171.8 (2008)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "34.28 billion kWh (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "36.13 billion kWh (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "9 billion kWh (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "16.97 billion kWh (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "9.9 million kW (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "72% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "20% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "1% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "7% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "22,560 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "108,500 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "31.72 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "167,900 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "141,100 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "49,010 bbl/day (2010 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "171,600 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "2.072 billion cu m (2012 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "11.9 billion cu m (2012 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "835 million cu m (2012 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "8.173 billion cu m (2012 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "3.014 billion cu m (1 January 2013 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "50.39 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "2.933 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "11.69 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "the telephone system has been modernized; the system is digital and highly automated; trunk services are carried by fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay; a program for fiber-optic subscriber connections was initiated in 1996", + "domestic": "competition among mobile-cellular service providers has led to a sharp increase in the use of mobile-cellular phones since 2000 and a decrease in the number of fixed-line connections", + "international": "country code - 36; Hungary has fiber-optic cable connections with all neighboring countries; the international switch is in Budapest; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Inmarsat, 1 very small aperture terminal (VSAT) system of ground terminals (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "mixed system of state-supported public service broadcast media and private broadcasters; the 3 publicly owned TV channels and the 2 main privately owned TV stations are the major national broadcasters; a large number of special interest channels; highly developed market for satellite and cable TV services with about two-thirds of viewers utilizing their services; 3 state-supported public-service radio networks and 2 major national commercial stations; a large number of local stations including commercial, public service, nonprofit, and community radio stations; digital transition postponed to the end of 2014 (2007)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".hu" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "3.145 million (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "6.176 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "41 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "20", + "over_3_047_m": "2", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "6", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "6", + "914_to_1_523_m": "5", + "under_914_m": "1 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "21", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "2", + "914_to_1_523_m": "8", + "under_914_m": "11 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "3 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 19,028 km; oil 1,007 km; refined products 842 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "8,057 km", + "broad_gauge": "36 km 1.524-m gauge", + "standard_gauge": "7,802 km 1.435-m gauge (2,911 km electrified)", + "narrow_gauge": "219 km 0.760-m gauge (2009)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "199,567 km", + "paved": "76,075 km (includes 1,477 km of expressways)", + "unpaved": "123,492 km (2010)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "1,622 km (most on Danube River) (2011)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Budapest, Dunaujvaros, Gyor-Gonyu, Csepel, Baja, Mohacs" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Hungarian Defense Forces: Land Forces, Hungarian Air Force (Magyar Legiero, ML) (2011)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; 6-month service obligation (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "2,349,948", + "females_age_16_49": "2,290,568 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "1,902,639", + "females_age_16_49": "1,897,378 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "59,237", + "female": "55,533 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "1.75% of GDP (2005 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "bilateral government, legal, technical and economic working group negotiations continue in 2006 with Slovakia over Hungary's failure to complete its portion of the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Hungary has implemented the strict Schengen border rules" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "stateless_persons": "111 (2012)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis and for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited producer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamine and methamphetamine; efforts to counter money laundering, related to organized crime and drug trafficking are improving but remain vulnerable; significant consumer of ecstasy" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/ie-ireland.json b/europe/ie-ireland.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8b2fd70f --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/ie-ireland.json @@ -0,0 +1,617 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Celtic tribes arrived on the island between 600 and 150 B.C. Invasions by Norsemen that began in the late 8th century were finally ended when King Brian BORU defeated the Danes in 1014. English invasions began in the 12th century and set off more than seven centuries of Anglo-Irish struggle marked by fierce rebellions and harsh repressions. A failed 1916 Easter Monday Rebellion touched off several years of guerrilla warfare that in 1921 resulted in independence from the UK for 26 southern counties; six northern (Ulster) counties remained part of the UK. In 1949, Ireland withdrew from the British Commonwealth; it joined the European Community in 1973. Irish governments have sought the peaceful unification of Ireland and have cooperated with Britain against terrorist groups. A peace settlement for Northern Ireland is gradually being implemented despite some difficulties. In 2006, the Irish and British governments developed and began to implement the St. Andrews Agreement, building on the Good Friday Agreement approved in 1998." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Western Europe, occupying five-sixths of the island of Ireland in the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Great Britain" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "53 00 N, 8 00 W" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "70,273 sq km", + "land": "68,883 sq km", + "water": "1,390 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly larger than West Virginia" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "360 km", + "border_countries": "UK 360 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "1,448 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "exclusive_fishing_zone": "200 nm" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "mostly level to rolling interior plain surrounded by rugged hills and low mountains; sea cliffs on west coast" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m", + "highest_point": "Carrauntoohil 1,041 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "natural gas, peat, copper, lead, zinc, silver, barite, gypsum, limestone, dolomite" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "15.11%", + "permanent_crops": "0.01%", + "other": "84.87% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "11 sq km (2003)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "52 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "0.79 cu km/yr (94%/6%/0%)", + "per_capita": "226.9 cu m/yr (2007)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "water pollution, especially of lakes, from agricultural runoff" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Marine Life Conservation" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "strategic location on major air and sea routes between North America and northern Europe; over 40% of the population resides within 100 km of Dublin" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Irishman(men), Irishwoman(women), Irish (collective plural)", + "adjective": "Irish" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Irish 87.4%, other white 7.5%, Asian 1.3%, black 1.1%, mixed 1.1%, unspecified 1.6% (2006 census)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "English (official, the language generally used), Irish (Gaelic or Gaeilge) (official, spoken mainly in areas along the western coast)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Roman Catholic 87.4%, Church of Ireland 2.9%, other Christian 1.9%, other 2.1%, unspecified 1.5%, none 4.2% (2006 census)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "4,775,982 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "21.4% (male 521,145/female 499,367)", + "15_24_years": "12% (male 291,090/female 282,364)", + "25_54_years": "44.4% (male 1,065,685/female 1,055,339)", + "55_64_years": "10.1% (male 241,918/female 240,193)", + "65_years_and_over": "12.1% (male 265,533/female 313,348) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "50.8 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "32.6 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "18.2 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "5.5 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "35.4 years", + "male": "35.1 years", + "female": "35.8 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "1.16% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "15.5 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "6.41 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "2.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "62% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "1.8% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "DUBLIN (capital) 1.084 million (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.03 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.01 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "1.01 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.84 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "1 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "29.8 (2011 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "6 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "3.78 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "4.16 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "3.38 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "80.44 years", + "male": "78.18 years", + "female": "82.83 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "2.01 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "64.8%", + "note": "percent of women aged 18-49 (2004/05)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "9.2% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "3.19 physicians/1,000 population (2008)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "4.9 beds/1,000 population (2008)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 98% of population; total: 99% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 0% of population; rural: 2% of population; total: 1% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.2% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "6,900 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 100 (2009 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "25.2% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "6.5% of GDP (2009)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "99%", + "male": "99%", + "female": "99% (2003 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "19 years", + "male": "19 years", + "female": "19 years (2011)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "29.4%", + "male": "35.3%", + "female": "23.3% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "none", + "conventional_short_form": "Ireland", + "local_long_form": "none", + "local_short_form": "Eire" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "republic, parliamentary democracy" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Dublin", + "geographic_coordinates": "53 19 N, 6 14 W", + "time_difference": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "29 counties and 5 cities*; Carlow, Cavan, Clare, Cork, Cork*, Donegal, Dublin*, Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown, Fingal, Galway, Galway*, Kerry, Kildare, Kilkenny, Laois, Leitrim, Limerick, Limerick*, Longford, Louth, Mayo, Meath, Monaghan, North Tipperary, Offaly, Roscommon, Sligo, South Dublin, South Tipperary, Waterford, Waterford*, Westmeath, Wexford, Wicklow" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "6 December 1921 (from the UK by treaty)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Saint Patrick's Day, 17 March" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "adopted 1 July 1937 by plebiscite; effective 29 December 1937" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "common law system based on the English model but substantially modified by customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Michael D. HIGGINS (since 29 October 2011)", + "head_of_government": "Taoiseach (Prime Minister) Enda KENNY (since 9 March 2011)", + "cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the president with previous nomination by the prime minister and approval of the lower house of Parliament", + "elections": "president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 29 October 2011 (next to be held in October 2018); taoiseach (prime minister} nominated by the House of Representatives (Dail Eireann) and appointed by the president", + "election_results": "Michael D. HIGGINS elected president; percent of vote - Michael D. HIGGINS 39.6%, Sean GALLAGHER 28.5%, Martin MCGUINNESS 13.7%, Gay MITCHELL 6.4%, David NORRIS 6.2%, other 5.6%" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "bicameral Parliament or Oireachtas consists of the Senate or Seanad Eireann (60 seats; 49 members elected by the universities and from candidates put forward by five vocational panels, 11 are nominated by the prime minister; members serve five-year terms) and the lower house of Parliament or Dail Eireann (166 seats; members elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve five-year terms)", + "elections": "Senate - last held in 27 April 2011 (next to be held 2016); House of Representatives - last held on 25 February 2011 (next to be held probably in 2016)", + "election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Fine Gael 19, Fianna Fail 14, Labor Party 12, Sinn Fein 3, independents 12; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - Fine Gael 45.8%, Labor Party 22.3%, Fianna Fail 12.0%, Sinn Fein 8.4%, United Left Alliance 3.0%, New Vision 0.6%, independents 7.8%; seats by party - Fine Gael 76, Labor Party 37, Fianna Fail 20, Sinn Fein 14, United Left Alliance 5, New Vision 1, independents 13; note - after November 2009 disbandment of the Progressive Democrats, the two members of the Senate continued as independent DPs", + "note": "on 8 November 2008, delegates voted to disband the Progressive Democrats, and in November 2009 it officially stopped operating as a political party" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Court of Final Appeal (consists of the chief justice and 7 judges)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "judges nominated by the prime minister and Cabinet and appointed by the president; judges serve till age 70", + "subordinate_courts": "High Court, Court of Criminal Appeal; circuit and district courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Fianna Fail [Michael MARTIN]; Fine Gael [Enda KENNY]; Green Party [Eamon RYAN]; Labor Party [Eamon GILMORE]; New Vision; Sinn Fein [Gerry ADAMS]; Socialist Party [Joe HIGGINS]; The Workers' Party [Michael FINNEGAN]; United Left Alliance" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "Families Acting for Innocent Relatives or FAIR [Brian MCCONNELL] (seek compensation for victims of violence);; Families Against Intimidation and Terror or FAIT (oppose terrorism);; Gaeltacht Civil Rights Campaign (Coiste Cearta Sibhialta na Gaeilge) or CCSG (encourages the use of the Irish language and campaigns for greater civil rights in Irish speaking areas);; Iona Institute [David QUINN] (a conservative Catholic think tank);; Irish Anti-War Movement [Richard BOYD BARRETT] (campaigns against wars around the world);; Irish Republican Army or IRA (terrorist group);; Keep Ireland Open (environmental group);; Midland Railway Action Group or MRAG [Willie ALLEN] (transportation promoters);; Peace and Neutrality Alliance [Roger COLE] (campaigns to protect Irish neutrality);; Rail Users Ireland (formerly the Platform 11 - transportation promoters);; 32 Country Sovereignty Movement or 32CSM (supports a fully sovereign Ireland);; Ulster Defence Association or UDA (terrorist group)" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNITAR, UNOCI, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Michael COLLINS", + "chancery": "2234 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 462-3939", + "fax": "[1] (202) 232-5993", + "consulates_general": "Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, New York, San Francisco" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires John HENNESSEY-NILAND", + "embassy": "42 Elgin Road, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4", + "mailing_address": "use embassy street address", + "telephone": "[353] (1) 668-8777", + "fax": "[353] (1) 668-9946" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and orange; officially the flag colors have no meaning, but a common interpretation is that the green represents the Irish nationalist (Gaelic) tradition of Ireland; orange represents the Orange tradition (minority supporters of William of Orange); white symbolizes peace (or a lasting truce) between the green and the orange", + "note": "similar to the flag of Cote d'Ivoire, which is shorter and has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter and has colors of green (hoist side), white, and red" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "harp" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Amhran na bhFiann\" (The Soldier's Song)", + "lyrics_music": "Peadar KEARNEY [English], Liam O RINN [Irish]/Patrick HEENEY and Peadar KEARNEY", + "note": "adopted 1926; instead of \"Amhran na bhFiann,\" the song \"Ireland's Call\" is often used in athletic events where citizens of the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland compete as a unified team" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Ireland is a small, modern, trade-dependent economy. Ireland was among the initial group of 12 EU nations that began circulating the euro on 1 January 2002. GDP growth averaged 6% in 1995-2007, but economic activity has dropped sharply since the onset of the world financial crisis, with GDP falling by over 3% in 2008, nearly 7% in 2009, and less than 1% in 2010. Ireland entered into a recession in 2008 for the first time in more than a decade, with the subsequent collapse of its domestic property and construction markets. Property prices rose more rapidly in Ireland in the decade up to 2007 than in any other developed economy. Since their 2007 peak, average house prices have fallen 47%. In the wake of the collapse of the construction sector and the downturn in consumer spending and business investment, the export sector, dominated by foreign multinationals, has become a key component of Ireland's economy. Agriculture, once the most important sector, is now dwarfed by industry and services. In 2008 the former COWEN government moved to guarantee all bank deposits, recapitalize the banking system, and establish partly-public venture capital funds in response to the country's economic downturn. In 2009, in continued efforts to stabilize the banking sector, the Irish Government established the National Asset Management Agency (NAMA) to acquire problem commercial property and development loans from Irish banks. Faced with sharply reduced revenues and a burgeoning budget deficit, the Irish Government introduced the first in a series of draconian budgets in 2009. In addition to across-the-board cuts in spending, the 2009 budget included wage reductions for all public servants. These measures were not sufficient. In 2010, the budget deficit reached 32.4% of GDP - the world's largest deficit, as a percentage of GDP - because of additional government support for the banking sector. In late 2010, the former COWEN government agreed to a $112 billion loan package from the EU and IMF to help Dublin further increase the capitalization of its banking sector and avoid defaulting on its sovereign debt. Since entering office in March 2011, the new KENNY government has intensified austerity measures to try to meet the deficit targets under Ireland's EU-IMF program. Ireland achieved moderate growth of 1.4% in 2011 and cut the budget deficit to 9.1% of GDP. Although the recovery slowed in 2012 because of weaker EU demand for Irish exports, Dublin managed to trim the deficit to about 8.5% of GDP." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$195.4 billion (2012 est.); $193.6 billion (2011 est.); $190.8 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$210.4 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.9% (2012 est.); 1.4% (2011 est.); -0.8% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$42,600 (2012 est.); $42,300 (2011 est.); $41,900 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "14.8% of GDP (2012 est.); 11.4% of GDP (2011 est.); 12.7% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "50.1%", + "government_consumption": "15.1%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "10%", + "investment_in_inventories": "0%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "108.3%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-84.1% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "1.8%", + "industry": "26.3%", + "services": "72% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "barley, potatoes, wheat; beef, dairy products" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "pharmaceuticals, chemicals, computer hardware and software, food products, beverages and brewing; medical devices" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.1% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "2.154 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "5%", + "industry": "19%", + "services": "76% (2011 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "14.7% (2012 est.); 14.4% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "5.5% (2009)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "2.9%", + "highest_10%": "27.2% (2000)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "33.9 (2010); 35.9 (1987)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$72.76 billion", + "expenditures": "$88.49 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "34.6% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-7.5% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "118.4% of GDP (2012 est.); 106.4% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "1.7% (2012 est.); 2.6% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "1.5% (31 December 2012); 1.75% (31 December 2010)", + "note": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "3.55% (31 December 2012 est.); 3.81% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$122.2 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $118.3 billion (31 December 2011 est.)", + "note": "see entry for the European Union for money supply in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 17 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$291.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $260 billion (31 December 2010 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$432.8 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $456.8 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$35.36 billion (31 December 2011); $33.72 billion (31 December 2010); $29.88 billion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "$3.5 billion (2012 est.); $2.484 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$119 billion (2012 est.); $126.7 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and equipment, computers, chemicals, medical devices, pharmaceuticals; food products, animal products" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "US 18%, UK 17.4%, Belgium 15.6%, Germany 8.4%, Switzerland 5.8%, France 5% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$64.32 billion (2012 est.); $67.11 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "data processing equipment, other machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products, textiles, clothing" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "UK 40%, US 13.2%, Germany 7.6%, Netherlands 5.6% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$1.707 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.703 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$2.163 trillion (31 December 2012); $2.213 trillion (31 December 2011)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$276.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $243.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$347 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $324.2 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -; 0.7778 (2012 est.); 0.7185 (2011 est.); 0.755 (2010 est.); 0.7198 (2009 est.); 0.6827 (2008 est.)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "26.35 billion kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "26.1 billion kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "242 million kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "732 million kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "7.401 million kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "75.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "3.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "17.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "53,560 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "55,340 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "144,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "17,480 bbl/day (2010 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "166,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "346 million cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "4.981 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "4.633 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "9.911 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "40.48 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "2.047 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "4.906 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "modern digital system using cable and microwave radio relay", + "domestic": "system privatized but dominated by former state monopoly operator; increasing levels of broadband access particularly in urban areas", + "international": "country code - 353; landing point for the Hibernia-Atlantic submarine cable with links to the US, Canada, and UK; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "publicly owned broadcaster Radio Telefis Eireann (RTE) operates 2 TV stations; commercial TV stations are available; about 75% of households utilize multi-channel satellite and TV services that provide access to a wide range of stations; RTE operates 4 national radio stations and has launched digital audio broadcasts on several stations; a number of commercial broadcast stations operate at the national, regional, and local levels (2007)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".ie" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "1.387 million (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "3.042 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "40 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "16", + "over_3_047_m": "1", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "1", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "4", + "914_to_1_523_m": "5", + "under_914_m": "5 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "24", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "1", + "914_to_1_523_m": "2", + "under_914_m": "21 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 2,147 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "3,237 km", + "broad_gauge": "1,872 km 1.600-m gauge (37 km electrified)", + "narrow_gauge": "1,365 km 0.914-m gauge (operated by the Irish Peat Board to transport peat to power stations and briquetting plants) (2008)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "96,036 km", + "paved": "96,036 km (includes 1,224 km of expressways) (2010)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "956 km (pleasure craft only) (2010)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "31", + "by_type": "cargo 28, chemical tanker 2, container 1", + "foreign_owned": "5 (France 2, Spain 1, US 2)", + "registered_in_other_countries": "33 (Bahamas 3, Bermuda 1, Cambodia 1, Cyprus 3, Isle of Man 1, Kazakhstan 1, Malta 4, Marshall Islands 6, Netherlands 8, Panama 1, Russia 1, Slovakia 1, Sweden 1, UK 1) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Cork, Dublin, Shannon Foynes, Waterford" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Irish Defense Forces (Oglaigh na h-Eireannn), Permanent Defence Force: Army, Naval Service, Air Corps (2012)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "17-25 years of age for male and female voluntary military service (17-27 years of age for the Naval Service); enlistees 16 years of age can be recruited for apprentice specialist positions; 17-35 years of age for the Reserve Defense Forces (RDF); maximum obligation 12 years (5 years IDF, 7 years RDF); EU citizenship or 5-year residence in Ireland required (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "1,179,125", + "females_age_16_49": "1,163,728 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "977,631", + "females_age_16_49": "965,900 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "28,564", + "female": "27,197 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "0.9% of GDP (2005 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "Ireland, Iceland, and the UK dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "stateless_persons": "73 (2012)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "transshipment point for and consumer of hashish from North Africa to the UK and Netherlands and of European-produced synthetic drugs; increasing consumption of South American cocaine; minor transshipment point for heroin and cocaine destined for Western Europe; despite recent legislation, narcotics-related money laundering - using bureaux de change, trusts, and shell companies involving the offshore financial community - remains a concern" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/is-iceland.json b/europe/is-iceland.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7795a1e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/is-iceland.json @@ -0,0 +1,588 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Settled by Norwegian and Celtic (Scottish and Irish) immigrants during the late 9th and 10th centuries A.D., Iceland boasts the world's oldest functioning legislative assembly, the Althing, established in 930. Independent for over 300 years, Iceland was subsequently ruled by Norway and Denmark. Fallout from the Askja volcano of 1875 devastated the Icelandic economy and caused widespread famine. Over the next quarter century, 20% of the island's population emigrated, mostly to Canada and the US. Denmark granted limited home rule in 1874 and complete independence in 1944. The second half of the 20th century saw substantial economic growth driven primarily by the fishing industry. The economy diversified greatly after the country joined the European Economic Area in 1994, but Iceland was especially hard hit by the global financial crisis in the years following 2008. Literacy, longevity, and social cohesion are first rate by world standards." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Northern Europe, island between the Greenland Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, northwest of the United Kingdom" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "65 00 N, 18 00 W" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "103,000 sq km", + "land": "100,250 sq km", + "water": "2,750 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly smaller than Kentucky" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "text": "0 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "4,970 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm", + "continental_shelf": "200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields; coast deeply indented by bays and fiords" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m", + "highest_point": "Hvannadalshnukur 2,110 m (at Vatnajokull glacier)" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "fish, hydropower, geothermal power, diatomite" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "1.19%", + "permanent_crops": "0%", + "other": "98.81% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "170 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "0.17 cu km/yr (49%/8%/42%)", + "per_capita": "539.2 cu m/yr (2005)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "earthquakes and volcanic activity", + "volcanism": "Iceland, situated on top of a hotspot, experiences severe volcanic activity; Eyjafjallajokull (elev. 1,666 m) erupted in 2010, sending ash high into the atmosphere and seriously disrupting European air traffic; scientists continue to monitor nearby Katla (elev. 1,512 m), which has a high probability of eruption in the very near future, potentially disrupting air traffic; Grimsvoetn and Hekla are Iceland's most active volcanoes; other historically active volcanoes include Askja, Bardarbunga, Brennisteinsfjoll, Esjufjoll, Hengill, Krafla, Krisuvik, Kverkfjoll, Oraefajokull, Reykjanes, Torfajokull, and Vestmannaeyjar" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "water pollution from fertilizer runoff; inadequate wastewater treatment" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Transboundary Air Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "strategic location between Greenland and Europe; westernmost European country; Reykjavik is the northernmost national capital in the world; more land covered by glaciers than in all of continental Europe" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Icelander(s)", + "adjective": "Icelandic" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts 94%, population of foreign origin 6%" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Icelandic, English, Nordic languages, German widely spoken" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Lutheran Church of Iceland (official) 80.7%, Roman Catholic 2.5%, Reykjavik Free Church 2.4%, Hafnarfjorour Free Church 1.6%, other religions 3.6%, unaffiliated 3%, other or unspecified 6.2% (2006 est.)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "315,281 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "19.8% (male 31,675/female 30,852)", + "15_24_years": "14.6% (male 23,364/female 22,821)", + "25_54_years": "40.9% (male 65,018/female 63,903)", + "55_64_years": "11.4% (male 18,229/female 17,767)", + "65_years_and_over": "13.2% (male 19,140/female 22,512) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "50.4 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "31.1 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "19.3 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "5.2 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "36.2 years", + "male": "35.7 years", + "female": "36.6 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.66% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "13.15 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "7.07 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "0.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "93% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "1.5% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "REYKJAVIK (capital) 198,000 (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.03 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.03 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.02 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "1.03 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.85 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "1 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "27 (2011 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "5 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "3.17 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "3.31 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "3.02 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "81.11 years", + "male": "78.89 years", + "female": "83.42 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.88 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "9.4% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "3.93 physicians/1,000 population (2008)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "5.79 beds/1,000 population (2007)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.3% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 100 (2009 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "23.2% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "7.8% of GDP (2009)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "99%", + "male": "99%", + "female": "99% (2003 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "18 years", + "male": "17 years", + "female": "20 years (2010)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "14.6%", + "male": "18.4%", + "female": "10.7% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Iceland", + "conventional_short_form": "Iceland", + "local_long_form": "Lydveldid Island", + "local_short_form": "Island" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "constitutional republic" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Reykjavik", + "geographic_coordinates": "64 09 N, 21 57 W", + "time_difference": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "8 regions; Austurland, Hofudhborgarsvaedhi, Nordhurland Eystra, Nordhurland Vestra, Sudhurland, Sudhurnes, Vestfirdhir, Vesturland" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "1 December 1918 (became a sovereign state under the Danish Crown); 17 June 1944 (from Denmark; birthday of Jon SIGURDSSON leader of Iceland's 19th Century independence movement)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Independence Day, 17 June (1944)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944; amended many times" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system influenced by the Danish model" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON (since 1 August 1996)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Sigmundur David GUNNLAUGSSON (since 23 May 2013)", + "cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the prime minister", + "elections": "president is elected by popular vote for a four-year term (no term limits); election last held on 30 June 2012 (next to be held in June 2016); note - following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually the prime minister", + "election_results": "Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON elected president; percent of vote - Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON 52.8%, Thora ARNORSDOTTIR 33.2%, Ari Trausti GUDMUNDSSON 8.6%, other 5.4%" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral Althingi (parliament) (63 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 27 April 2013 (next to be held in 2017)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - SDA 30.16%, IP 25.4%, LGM 17.46%, PP 14.29%, Bright Future 3.18%, Dawn 3.18%, Rainbow 3.18%, Pirate Party 1.59%, Solidarity 1.59%; seats by party - SDA 19, IP 16, LGM 11, PP 9, Bright Future 2, Dawn 2, Rainbow 2, Pirate Party 1, Solidarity 1" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Haestirettur (consists of 9 judges)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "judges proposed by Ministry of Interior selection committee and appointed by the president; judges appointed for an indefinite period", + "subordinate_courts": "8 district courts; Labor Court" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Bright Future [Guomundur STEINGRIMSSON] [Robert MARSHALL]; Dawn [Margret Tryggvadottir Por SAARI]; Independence Party (Sjalfstaedisflokkurinn) or IP [Bjarni BENEDIKTSSON]; Left-Green Movement or LGM [Steingrimur SIGFUSSON]; Pirate Party [Biritta JONSDOTTIR]; Progressive Party (Framsoknarflokkurinn) or PP [Sigmundur David GUNNLAUGSSON]; Rainbow [Atli GISLASON] [Jon BJARNASON]; Social Democratic Alliance or SDA [Johanna SIGURDARDOTTIR]; Solidarity [Lilja MOSESDOTTIR]" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, EFTA, EU (candidate country), FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Gudmundur A. STEFANSSON", + "chancery": "House of Sweden, 2900 K Street NW #509, Washington, DC 20007", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 265-6653", + "fax": "[1] (202) 265-6656", + "consulates_general": "New York" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Luis E. ARREAGA", + "embassy": "Laufasvegur 21, 101 Reykjavik", + "mailing_address": "US Department of State, 5640 Reykjavik Place, Washington, D.C. 20521-5640", + "telephone": "[354] 595-22 00", + "fax": "[354] 562-9118" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "blue with a red cross outlined in white extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the colors represent three of the elements that make up the island: red is for the island's volcanic fires, white recalls the snow and ice fields of the island, and blue is for the surrounding ocean" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "gyrfalcon" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Lofsongur\" (Song of Praise)", + "lyrics_music": "Matthias JOCHUMSSON/Sveinbjorn SVEINBJORNSSON", + "note": "adopted 1944; the anthem, also known as \"O, Gud vors lands\" (O, God of Our Land), was originally written and performed in 1874" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Iceland's Scandinavian-type social-market economy combines a capitalist structure and free-market principles with an extensive welfare system. Prior to the 2008 crisis, Iceland had achieved high growth, low unemployment, and a remarkably even distribution of income. The economy depends heavily on the fishing industry, which provides 40% of export earnings, more than 12% of GDP, and employs nearly 5% of the work force. It remains sensitive to declining fish stocks as well as to fluctuations in world prices for its main exports: fish and fish products, aluminum, and ferrosilicon. Iceland's economy has been diversifying into manufacturing and service industries in the last decade, particularly within the fields of software production, biotechnology, and tourism. Abundant geothermal and hydropower sources have attracted substantial foreign investment in the aluminum sector, boosted economic growth, and sparked some interest from high-tech firms looking to establish data centers using cheap green energy, although the financial crisis has put several investment projects on hold. Much of Iceland's economic growth in recent years came as the result of a boom in domestic demand following the rapid expansion of the country's financial sector. Domestic banks expanded aggressively in foreign markets, and consumers and businesses borrowed heavily in foreign currencies, following the privatization of the banking sector in the early 2000s. Worsening global financial conditions throughout 2008 resulted in a sharp depreciation of the krona vis-a-vis other major currencies. The foreign exposure of Icelandic banks, whose loans and other assets totaled more than 10 times the country's GDP, became unsustainable. Iceland's three largest banks collapsed in late 2008. The country secured over $10 billion in loans from the IMF and other countries to stabilize its currency and financial sector, and to back government guarantees for foreign deposits in Icelandic banks. GDP fell 6.8% in 2009, and unemployment peaked at 9.4% in February 2009. GDP rose 2.7% in 2012 and unemployment declined to 5.6%. Since the collapse of Iceland's financial sector, government economic priorities have included: stabilizing the krona, implementing capital controls, reducing Iceland's high budget deficit, containing inflation, addressing high household debt, restructuring the financial sector, and diversifying the economy. Three new banks were established to take over the domestic assets of the collapsed banks. Two of them have foreign majority ownership, while the State holds a majority of the shares of the third. Iceland began making payments to the UK, the Netherlands, and other claimants in late 2011 following Iceland's Supreme Court ruling that upheld 2008 emergency legislation that gives priority to depositors for compensation from failed Icelandic banks. Iceland owes British and Dutch authorities approximately $5.5 billion for compensating British and Dutch citizens who lost deposits in Icesave when parent bank Landsbanki failed in 2008. Iceland began accession negotiations with the EU in July 2010; however, public support has dropped substantially because of concern about losing control over fishing resources and in reaction to worries over the ongoing Eurozone crisis." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$13.04 billion (2012 est.); $12.83 billion (2011 est.); $12.47 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$13.65 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "1.6% (2012 est.); 2.9% (2011 est.); -4.1% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$39,900 (2012 est.); $39,400 (2011 est.); $38,600 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "9.7% of GDP (2012 est.); 8.2% of GDP (2011 est.); 4.4% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "53.6%", + "government_consumption": "25.5%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "14.4%", + "investment_in_inventories": "0.2%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "59.2%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-52.9% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "5.8%", + "industry": "23.6%", + "services": "70.7% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "potatoes, green vegetables; mutton, chicken, pork, beef, dairy products; fish" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "fish processing; aluminum smelting, ferrosilicon production; geothermal power, hydropower, tourism" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "-2.4% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "180,100 (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "4.8%", + "industry": "22.2%", + "services": "73% (2008)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "6% (2012 est.); 7.4% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "NA%", + "note": "332,100 families (2011 est.)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "NA%", + "highest_10%": "NA%" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "28 (2006); 25 (2005)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$5.796 billion", + "expenditures": "$6.051 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "42.5% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-1.9% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "124.7% of GDP (2012 est.); 128.4% of GDP (2011 est.)" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "5.2% (2012 est.); 4% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "5.4% (31 January 2012 est.); 5.75% (31 December 2010 est.)" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "8.33% (31 December 2012 est.); 7.7% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$3.562 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $4.053 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$12.57 billion (31 December 2010 est.); $12.68 billion (31 December 2010 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$18.98 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $19.64 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$2.021 billion (31 December 2011); $1.996 billion (31 December 2010); $1.128 billion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$700 million (2012 est.); -$953 million (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$5.049 billion (2012 est.); $5.344 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "fish and fish products 40%, aluminum, animal products, ferrosilicon, diatomite" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Netherlands 30.1%, Germany 12.9%, UK 9.8%, Norway 5%, US 4.5%, France 4.4% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$4.443 billion (2012 est.); $4.506 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and equipment, petroleum products, foodstuffs, textiles" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Norway 16.6%, US 10.1%, Germany 9.2%, China 7.1%, Brazil 6.6%, Netherlands 5.7%, Denmark 5.6%, UK 4.7% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$4.192 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $8.55 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$100.2 billion (31 December 2012); $110.8 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "; $9.2 billion (31 December 2008)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "; $8.8 billion (31 December 2008)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "Icelandic kronur (ISK) per US dollar -; 125.08 (2012 est.); 115.95 (2011 est.); 122.24 (2010 est.); 123.64 (2009); 85.619 (2008)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "16.77 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "15.98 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "2.571 million kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "4.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "72.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "22.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "20,770 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "1,209 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "15,530 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "3.357 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "191,100 (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "344,100 (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "telecommunications infrastructure is modern and fully digitized, with satellite-earth stations, fiber-optic cables, and an extensive broadband network", + "domestic": "liberalization of the telecommunications sector beginning in the late 1990s has led to increased competition especially in the mobile services segment of the market", + "international": "country code - 354; the CANTAT-3 and FARICE-1 submarine cable systems provide connectivity to Canada, the Faroe Islands, UK, Denmark, and Germany; a planned new section of the Hibernia-Atlantic submarine cable will provide additional connectivity to Canada, US, and Ireland; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Iceland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden) (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "state-owned public TV broadcaster operates 1 TV channel nationally; several privately owned TV stations broadcast nationally and roughly another half-dozen operate locally; about one-half the households utilize multi-channel cable or satellite TV services; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 2 national networks and 4 regional stations; 2 privately owned radio stations operate nationally and another 15 provide more limited coverage (2007)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".is" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "369,969 (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "301,600 (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "96 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "7", + "over_3_047_m": "1", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "3", + "914_to_1_523_m": "3 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "89", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "3", + "914_to_1_523_m": "26", + "under_914_m": "60 (2013)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "12,890 km", + "paved_oiled_gravel": "4,782 km (does not include urban roads)", + "unpaved": "8,108 km (2012)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "2", + "by_type": "passenger/cargo 2", + "registered_in_other_countries": "19 (Antigua and Barbuda 10, Belize 1, Faroe Islands 4, Finland 1, Gibraltar 1, Norway 2) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Grundartangi, Hafnarfjordur, Reykjavik" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "no regular military forces; Icelandic National Police; Icelandic Coast Guard (2013)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "75,337 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "62,781", + "females_age_16_49": "61,511 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "2,277", + "female": "2,200 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2005 est.)" + }, + "military_note": { + "text": "Iceland has no standing military force; all US military forces in Iceland were withdrawn as of October 2006; defense of Iceland remains a NATO commitment and NATO maintains an air policing presence in Icelandic airspace; Iceland participates in international peacekeeping missions with the civilian-manned Icelandic Crisis Response Unit (ICRU) (2011)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm; the European Free Trade Association Surveillance Authority filed a suit against Iceland, claiming the country violated the European Economic Area agreement in failing to pay minimum compensation to Icesave depositors" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "stateless_persons": "119 (2012)" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/it-italy.json b/europe/it-italy.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ab595b67 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/it-italy.json @@ -0,0 +1,627 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Italy became a nation-state in 1861 when the regional states of the peninsula, along with Sardinia and Sicily, were united under King Victor EMMANUEL II. An era of parliamentary government came to a close in the early 1920s when Benito MUSSOLINI established a Fascist dictatorship. His alliance with Nazi Germany led to Italy's defeat in World War II. A democratic republic replaced the monarchy in 1946 and economic revival followed. Italy is a charter member of NATO and the European Economic Community (EEC). It has been at the forefront of European economic and political unification, joining the Economic and Monetary Union in 1999. Persistent problems include sluggish economic growth, high youth and female unemployment, organized crime, corruption, and economic disparities between southern Italy and the more prosperous north." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Southern Europe, a peninsula extending into the central Mediterranean Sea, northeast of Tunisia" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "42 50 N, 12 50 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "301,340 sq km", + "land": "294,140 sq km", + "water": "7,200 sq km", + "note": "includes Sardinia and Sicily" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly larger than Arizona" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "1,899.2 km", + "border_countries": "Austria 430 km, France 488 km, Holy See (Vatican City) 3.2 km, San Marino 39 km, Slovenia 199 km, Switzerland 740 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "7,600 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "continental_shelf": "200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m", + "highest_point": "Mont Blanc (Monte Bianco) de Courmayeur 4,748 m (a secondary peak of Mont Blanc)" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "coal, mercury, zinc, potash, marble, barite, asbestos, pumice, fluorspar, feldspar, pyrite (sulfur), natural gas and crude oil reserves, fish, arable land" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "22.57%", + "permanent_crops": "8.37%", + "other": "69.07% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "39,510 sq km (2007)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "191.3 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "45.41 cu km/yr (24%/43%/34%)", + "per_capita": "789.8 cu m/yr (2008)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "regional risks include landslides, mudflows, avalanches, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding; land subsidence in Venice", + "volcanism": "significant volcanic activity; Etna (elev. 3,330 m), which is in eruption as of 2010, is Europe's most active volcano; flank eruptions pose a threat to nearby Sicilian villages; Etna, along with the famous Vesuvius, which remains a threat to the millions of nearby residents in the Bay of Naples area, have both been deemed \"Decade Volcanoes\" by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Stromboli, on its namesake island, has also been continuously active with moderate volcanic activity; other historically active volcanoes include Campi Flegrei, Ischia, Larderello, Pantelleria, Vulcano, and Vulsini" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "air pollution from industrial emissions such as sulfur dioxide; coastal and inland rivers polluted from industrial and agricultural effluents; acid rain damaging lakes; inadequate industrial waste treatment and disposal facilities" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as well as southern sea and air approaches to Western Europe" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Italian(s)", + "adjective": "Italian" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and Greek-Italians in the south)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Christian 80% (overwhelming Roman Catholic with very small groups of Jehova Witnesses and Protestants), Muslims NEGL (about 700,000 but growing), Atheists and Agnostics 20%" + }, + "population": { + "text": "61,482,297 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "13.8% (male 4,335,746/female 4,148,249)", + "15_24_years": "9.9% (male 3,059,140/female 3,035,991)", + "25_54_years": "43.2% (male 13,133,733/female 13,416,626)", + "55_64_years": "12.3% (male 3,675,324/female 3,913,918)", + "65_years_and_over": "20.8% (male 5,454,283/female 7,309,287) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "54.3 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "21.7 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "32.6 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "3.1 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "44.2 years", + "male": "43 years", + "female": "45.3 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.34% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "8.94 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "10.01 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "4.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "68% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0.5% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "ROME (capital) 3.357 million; Milan 2.962 million; Naples 2.27 million; Turin 1.662 million; Palermo 872,000 (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.01 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "0.98 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.94 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.74 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.93 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "27.7 (2010 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "4 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "3.33 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "3.54 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "3.12 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "81.95 years", + "male": "79.32 years", + "female": "84.73 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.41 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "62.7%", + "note": "percent of women aged 20-49 (1995/96)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "9.5% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "4.24 physicians/1,000 population (2008)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "3.6 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.3% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "140,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "19.8% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "4.7% of GDP (2009)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "99%", + "male": "99.2%", + "female": "98.7% (2011 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "16 years", + "male": "16 years", + "female": "17 years (2010)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "29.1%", + "male": "27.1%", + "female": "32% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Italian Republic", + "conventional_short_form": "Italy", + "local_long_form": "Repubblica Italiana", + "local_short_form": "Italia", + "former": "Kingdom of Italy" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "republic" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Rome", + "geographic_coordinates": "41 54 N, 12 29 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "15 regions (regioni, singular - regione) and 5 autonomous regions (regioni autonome, singular - regione autonoma)", + "regions": "Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Lazio (Latium), Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Piemonte (Piedmont), Puglia (Apulia), Toscana (Tuscany), Umbria, Veneto (Venetia)", + "autonomous_regions": "Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Sardegna (Sardinia); Sicilia (Sicily); Trentino-Alto Adige (Trentino-South Tyrol) or Trentino-Suedtirol (German); Valle d'Aosta (Aosta Valley) or Vallee d'Aoste (French)" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "17 March 1861 (Kingdom of Italy proclaimed; Italy was not finally unified until 1870)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Republic Day, 2 June (1946)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "passed 11 December 1947, effective 1 January 1948; amended many times" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system; judicial review under certain conditions in Constitutional Court" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal (except in senatorial elections, where minimum age is 25)" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Giorgio NAPOLITANO (since 15 May 2006)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Enrico LETTA (since 17 April 2013); note - the prime minister is referred to as the President of the Council of Ministers", + "cabinet": "Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister and nominated by the President of the Republic", + "elections": "president elected by an electoral college consisting of both houses of parliament and 58 regional representatives for a seven-year term (no term limits); election last held on 24-25 February 2013 (next to be held in 2020); prime minister appointed by the president and confirmed by parliament; note - elections were held in February, but resulted in a political stalemate to be determined by formal talks beginning in March; by mid-April 2013 no governing coaliton has been formed; on 18 April 2013 indirect elections for president were begun; on the sixth round Giorgio NAPOLITANO was elected president with 739 votes", + "election_results": "Giorgio NAPOLITANO elected president on the sixth round of voting; electoral college vote - 739" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlamento consists of the Senate or Senato della Repubblica (315 seats; members elected by proportional vote with the winning coalition in each region receiving 55% of seats from that region; members to serve five-year terms; and up to 5 senators for life appointed by the president of the Republic) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camera dei Deputati (630 seats; members elected by popular vote with the winning national coalition receiving 54% of chamber seats; members to serve five-year terms); note - it has not been clarified if each president has the power to designate up to five senators or if five is the number of senators for life who might sit in the Senate", + "elections": "Senate - last held on 24-25 February 2013 (next to be held in 2018); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 24-25 February 2013 (next to be held in 2018)", + "election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Pier Luigi BERSANI coalition 123 (PD 111, SEL 7, SVP 2, other 3), Silvio BERLUSCONI coalition 117 (PdL 98, LN 18, other 1), M5S 54, Mario MONTI coalition 19, other 2; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Pier Luigi BERSANI coalition 345 (PD 297, SEL 37, CD 6 SVP 5), Silvio BERLUSCONI coalition 125 (PdL 98, LN 18, FdI 9), M5S 109, Mario MONTI coalition 47, other 4; note - President NAPOLITANO dissolved Parliament on 22 December 2012" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Cassation or Corte Suprema di Cassazione (organized into penal, civil, administrative, and military divisions, each with a president and several judges); Constitutional Court or Corte Costituzionale (consists of 15 judges)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the Superior Council of the Judiciary, headed by the president, to serve NA terms; Constitutional Court judges - 5 appointed by the president, 5 elected by parliament, 5 elected by select higher courts; judges serve up to 9 years)", + "subordinate_courts": "various lower civil and criminal courts (primary and secondary tribunals, courts, and courts of appeal)" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "center_right_coalition_[silvio_berlusconi]": "People of Freedom or PdL [Silvio BERLUSCONI]; Northern League or LN [Roberto MARONI]; Brothers of Italy or Fdl [Giorgia MELONI and Ignazio LA RUSSA]; The Right or LD [Francesco STORACE]; other minor parties; ", + "italy_common_good_center_left_[pier_luigi_bersani]": "Democratic Party or PD [Pier Luigi BERSANI]; Left Ecology Freedom or SEL [Nichi VENDOLA]; Italian Socialist Party or PSI [Riccardo NENCINI]; Democratic Centre or CD [Bruno TABACCI and Massimo DONADI]; South Tyrolean People's Party or SVP [Luis DURNWALDER]; ", + "with_monti_for_italy_centrist": "Civic Choice or SC [Mario MONTI]; Union of the Center or UdC [Pier Ferdinando CASINI]; Future and Freedom for Italy or FLI [Gianfranco FINI]; ", + "other_coalitions_and_parties": "Civil Revolution or RC [Antonio INGROIA]; Act to Stop the Decline or FiD [Oscar GIANNINO]; Five Star Movment or M5S [Beppe GRILLO]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "manufacturers and merchants associations - Confcommercio; Confindustria; organized farm groups - Confcoltivatori; Confagricoltura; Roman Catholic Church; three major trade union confederations - Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro or CGIL [Susanna CAMUSSO] which is left wing; Confederazione Italiana dei Sindacati Lavoratori or CISL [Raffaele BONANNI], which is Roman Catholic centrist; Unione Italiana del Lavoro or UIL [Luigi ANGELETTI] which is lay centrist" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CDB, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-20, G-7, G-8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNMISS, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Claudio BISOGNIERO", + "chancery": "3000 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 612-4400", + "fax": "[1] (202) 518-2154", + "consulates_general": "Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New York, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, San Francisco", + "consulates": "Detroit, Newark (NJ), San Francisco" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador David THORNE", + "embassy": "Via Vittorio Veneto 121, 00187-Rome", + "mailing_address": "PSC 59, Box 100, APO AE 09624", + "telephone": "[39] (06) 46741", + "fax": "[39] (06) 4674-2244", + "consulates_general": "Florence, Milan, Naples" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; design inspired by the French flag brought to Italy by Napoleon in 1797; colors are those of Milan (red and white) combined with the green uniform color of the Milanese civic guard", + "note": "similar to the flag of Mexico, which is longer, uses darker shades of red and green, and has its coat of arms centered on the white band; Ireland, which is longer and is green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of the Cote d'Ivoire, which has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "white, five-pointed star (Stella d'Italia)" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Il Canto degli Italiani\" (The Song of the Italians)", + "lyrics_music": "Goffredo MAMELI/Michele NOVARO", + "note": "adopted 1946; the anthem, originally written in 1847, is also known as \"L'Inno di Mameli\" (Mameli's Hymn), and \"Fratelli D'Italia\" (Brothers of Italy)" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Italy has a diversified industrial economy, which is divided into a developed industrial north, dominated by private companies, and a less-developed, highly subsidized, agricultural south, where unemployment is high. The Italian economy is driven in large part by the manufacture of high-quality consumer goods produced by small and medium-sized enterprises, many of them family-owned. Italy also has a sizable underground economy, which by some estimates accounts for as much as 17% of GDP. These activities are most common within the agriculture, construction, and service sectors. Italy is the third-largest economy in the euro-zone, but its exceptionally high public debt and structural impediments to growth have rendered it vulnerable to scrutiny by financial markets. Public debt has increased steadily since 2007, topping 126% of GDP in 2012, and investor concerns about the broader euro-zone crisis at times have caused borrowing costs on sovereign government debt to rise to euro-era records. During the second half of 2011 the government passed three austerity packages to reduce its budget deficit and help bring down borrowing costs. These measures included a hike in the value-added tax, pension reforms, and cuts to public administration. The government also faces pressure from investors and European partners to sustain its recent efforts to address Italy's long-standing structural impediments to growth, such as labor market inefficiencies and widespread tax evasion. In 2012 economic growth and labor market conditions deteriorated, with growth at -2.3% and unemployment rising to nearly 11%, with youth unemployment around 35%. The government has undertaken several reform initiatives designed to increase long-term economic growth. Italy's GDP is now 7% below its 2007 pre-crisis level." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$1.863 trillion (2012 est.); $1.908 trillion (2011 est.); $1.901 trillion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$2.014 trillion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "-2.4% (2012 est.); 0.4% (2011 est.); 1.7% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$30,600 (2012 est.); $31,500 (2011 est.); $31,500 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "16.9% of GDP (2012 est.); 16.5% of GDP (2011 est.); 16.4% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "60.7%", + "government_consumption": "20.5%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "18.2%", + "investment_in_inventories": "-0.6%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "30.3%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-29.1% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "2%", + "industry": "24.2%", + "services": "73.8% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "fruits, vegetables, grapes, potatoes, sugar beets, soybeans, grain, olives; beef, dairy products; fish" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "tourism, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles, motor vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "-4.2% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "25.65 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "3.9%", + "industry": "28.3%", + "services": "67.8% (2011)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "10.6% (2012 est.); 8.4% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "19.6% (2011)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "2.3%", + "highest_10%": "26.8% (2000)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "31.9 (2011); 27.3 (1995)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$972.5 billion", + "expenditures": "$1.034 trillion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "48.3% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-3% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "127% of GDP (2012 est.); 120.8% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "Italy reports its data on public debt according to guidelines set out in the Maastricht Treaty; general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year, in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises the central government, state government, local government and social security funds" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "3.3% (2012 est.); 2.9% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "1.5% (31 December 2012); 1.75% (31 December 2010)", + "note": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "5.22% (31 December 2012 est.); 4.6% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$1.161 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.147 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)", + "note": "see entry for the European Union for money supply in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 17 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$1.944 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.957 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$3.435 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $3.209 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$431.5 billion (31 December 2011); $318.1 billion (31 December 2010); $317.3 billion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$30.3 billion (2012 est.); -$71.87 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$478.9 billion (2012 est.); $503.1 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "engineering products, textiles and clothing, production machinery, motor vehicles, transport equipment, chemicals; food, beverages and tobacco; minerals, nonferrous metals" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 12.8%, France 11.3%, US 6.6%, Switzerland 5.8%, UK 5%, Spain 4.8% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$453.5 billion (2012 est.); $524 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "engineering products, chemicals, transport equipment, energy products, minerals and nonferrous metals, textiles and clothing; food, beverages, and tobacco" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 15.7%, France 8.9%, China 7%, Netherlands 5.8%, Spain 4.8%, Belgium 4.1% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$181.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $173.3 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$2.493 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $2.35 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$453.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $436.2 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$661.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $617 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -; 0.7778 (2012 est.); 0.7185 (2011 est.); 0.755 (2010 est.); 0.7198 (2009 est.); 0.6827 (2008 est.)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "302.6 billion kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "313.8 billion kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "1.787 billion kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "47.52 billion kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "122.3 million kW (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "65% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "18% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "15.8% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "99,200 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "6,300 bbl/day (2010 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "1.591 million bbl/day (2010 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "523.2 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "1.887 million bbl/day (2010 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "1.454 million bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "628,000 bbl/day (2010 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "393,300 bbl/day (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "8.364 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "77.83 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "123 million cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "70.37 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "66 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "416.4 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "22.116 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "96.005 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "modern, well-developed, fast; fully automated telephone, telex, and data services", + "domestic": "high-capacity cable and microwave radio relay trunks", + "international": "country code - 39; a series of submarine cables provide links to Asia, Middle East, Europe, North Africa, and US; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (with a total of 5 antennas - 3 for Atlantic Ocean and 2 for Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region), and NA Eutelsat (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "two Italian media giants dominate - the publicly owned Radiotelevisione Italiana (RAI) with 3 national terrestrial stations and privately owned Mediaset with 3 national terrestrial stations; a large number of private stations and Sky Italia - a satellite TV network; RAI operates 3 AM/FM nationwide radio stations; some 1,300 commercial radio stations (2007)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".it" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "25.662 million (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "29.235 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "129 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "98", + "over_3_047_m": "9", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "31", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "18", + "914_to_1_523_m": "29", + "under_914_m": "11 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "31", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "1", + "914_to_1_523_m": "10", + "under_914_m": "20 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "5 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 20,223 km; oil 1,393 km; refined products 1,574 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "20,255 km", + "standard_gauge": "18,611 km 1.435-m gauge (12,662 km electrified)", + "narrow_gauge": "123 km 1.000-m gauge (123 km electrified); 1,290 km 0.950-m gauge (151 km electrified); 231 km 0.850-m gauge (2008)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "487,700 km", + "paved": "487,700 km (includes 6,700 km of expressways) (2007)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "2,400 km (used for commercial traffic; of limited overall value compared to road and rail) (2012)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "681", + "by_type": "bulk carrier 105, cargo 42, carrier 1, chemical tanker 164, container 21, liquefied gas 28, passenger 25, passenger/cargo 154, petroleum tanker 59, refrigerated cargo 4, roll on/roll off 39, specialized tanker 9, vehicle carrier 30", + "foreign_owned": "90 (Denmark 4, France 2, Greece 7, Luxembourg 14, Netherlands 2, Nigeria 1, Norway 6, Singapore 1, Sweden 1, Switzerland 13, Taiwan 10, Turkey 4, UK 2, US 23)", + "registered_in_other_countries": "201 (Bahamas 1, Belize 3, Cayman Islands 7, Cyprus 6, Georgia 2, Gibraltar 4, Greece 5, Liberia 47, Malta 45, Marshall Islands 1, Morocco 1, Netherlands 6, Panama 25, Portugal 12, Russia 14, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4, Singapore 5, Slovakia 2, Spain 1, Sweden 5, Turkey 1, UK 3, unknown 1) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Augusta, Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Taranto, Trieste, Venice", + "oil_terminals": "Melilli (Santa Panagia) oil terminal, Sarroch oil terminal" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Italian Armed Forces: Army (Esercito Italiano, EI), Navy (Marina Militare Italiana, MMI), Italian Air Force (Aeronautica Militare Italiana, AMI), Carabinieri Corps (Arma dei Carabinieri, CC) (2011)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; women may serve in any military branch; Italian citizenship required; 12-month service obligation (2013)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "13,865,688", + "females_age_16_49": "14,003,755 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "11,247,446", + "females_age_16_49": "11,348,695 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "288,188", + "female": "281,671 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "1.8% of GDP (2005 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "Italy's long coastline and developed economy entices tens of thousands of illegal immigrants from southeastern Europe and northern Africa" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "refugees_country_of_origin": "11,345 (Eritrea); 9,284 (Somalia); 5,058 (Afghanistan) (2012)", + "stateless_persons": "470 (2012)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "important gateway for and consumer of Latin American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin entering the European market; money laundering by organized crime and from smuggling" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/lt-lithuania.json b/europe/lt-lithuania.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..dae2900e --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/lt-lithuania.json @@ -0,0 +1,617 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Lithuanian lands were united under MINDAUGAS in 1236; over the next century, through alliances and conquest, Lithuania extended its territory to include most of present-day Belarus and Ukraine. By the end of the 14th century Lithuania was the largest state in Europe. An alliance with Poland in 1386 led the two countries into a union through the person of a common ruler. In 1569, Lithuania and Poland formally united into a single dual state, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This entity survived until 1795 when its remnants were partitioned by surrounding countries. Lithuania regained its independence following World War I but was annexed by the USSR in 1940 - an action never recognized by the US and many other countries. On 11 March 1990, Lithuania became the first of the Soviet republics to declare its independence, but Moscow did not recognize this proclamation until September of 1991 (following the abortive coup in Moscow). The last Russian troops withdrew in 1993. Lithuania subsequently restructured its economy for integration into Western European institutions; it joined both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Latvia and Russia" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "56 00 N, 24 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "65,300 sq km", + "land": "62,680 sq km", + "water": "2,620 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly larger than West Virginia" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "1,574 km", + "border_countries": "Belarus 680 km, Latvia 576 km, Poland 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad) 227 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "90 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "transitional, between maritime and continental; wet, moderate winters and summers" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "lowland, many scattered small lakes, fertile soil" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Baltic Sea 0 m", + "highest_point": "Aukstojas 294 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "peat, arable land, amber" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "33.48%", + "permanent_crops": "0.47%", + "other": "66.05% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "13.4 sq km (2007)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "24.9 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "2.38 cu km/yr (7%/90%/3%)", + "per_capita": "703.8 cu m/yr (2009)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "contamination of soil and groundwater with petroleum products and chemicals at military bases" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "fertile central plains are separated by hilly uplands that are ancient glacial deposits" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Lithuanian(s)", + "adjective": "Lithuanian" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Lithuanian 84%, Polish 6.1%, Russian 4.9%, Belarusian 1.1%, other or unspecified 3.9% (2009)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Lithuanian (official) 82%, Russian 8%, Polish 5.6%, other and unspecified 4.4% (2001 census)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Roman Catholic 79%, Russian Orthodox 4.1%, Protestant (including Lutheran and Evangelical Christian Baptist) 1.9%, other or unspecified 5.5%, none 9.5% (2001 census)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "3,515,858 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "13.6% (male 245,028/female 232,356)", + "15_24_years": "13% (male 233,939/female 223,495)", + "25_54_years": "44.8% (male 784,389/female 790,066)", + "55_64_years": "11.9% (male 187,057/female 229,943)", + "65_years_and_over": "16.8% (male 204,314/female 385,271) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "44.6 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "22 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "22.7 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "4.4 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "40.8 years", + "male": "38.2 years", + "female": "43.3 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.28% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "9.36 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "11.48 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "-0.73 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "67% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "-0.5% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "VILNIUS (capital) 546,000 (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "0.99 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.81 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.53 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.89 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "26.6 (2010 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "8 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "6.09 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "7.26 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "4.85 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "75.77 years", + "male": "70.96 years", + "female": "80.84 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.28 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "62.9%", + "note": "percent of women aged 18-49 (2006)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "7% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "3.66 physicians/1,000 population (2008)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "6.8 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 93% of population; rural: 81% of population; total: 92% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 7% of population; rural: 19% of population; total: 8% of population (2000 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 95% of population; rural: 69% of population; total: 86% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 5% of population; rural: 31% of population; total: 14% of population (2000 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.1% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "1,200 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 100 (2009 est.)" + }, + "major_infectious_diseases": { + "degree_of_risk": "intermediate", + "vectorborne_diseases": "tickborne encephalitis (2013)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "27.6% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "5.7% of GDP (2009)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "99.7%", + "male": "99.7%", + "female": "99.7% (2011 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "16 years", + "male": "15 years", + "female": "16 years (2011)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "32.9%", + "male": "34.6%", + "female": "30.5% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Lithuania", + "conventional_short_form": "Lithuania", + "local_long_form": "Lietuvos Respublika", + "local_short_form": "Lietuva", + "former": "Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "parliamentary democracy" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Vilnius", + "geographic_coordinates": "54 41 N, 25 19 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "10 counties (apskritys, singular - apskritis); Alytaus, Kauno, Klaipedos, Marijampoles, Panevezio, Siauliu, Taurages, Telsiu, Utenos, Vilniaus" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "11 March 1990 (declared); 6 September 1991 (recognized by the Soviet Union); notable earlier dates: 6 July 1253 (coronation of MINDAUGAS, traditional founding date), 1 July 1569 (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth created)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Independence Day, 16 February (1918); note - 16 February 1918 was the date Lithuania declared its independence from Soviet Russia and established its statehood; 11 March 1990 was the date it declared its independence from the Soviet Union" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "adopted 25 October 1992; last amended 25 April 2006" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system; legislative acts can be appealed to the constitutional court" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Dalia GRYBAUSKAITE (since 12 July 2009)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Algirdas BUTKEVICIUS (since 22 November 2012)", + "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister and approval of the Parliament", + "elections": "president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 17 May 2009 (next to be held in May 2014); prime minister appointed by the president on the approval of the Parliament", + "election_results": "Dalia GRYBAUSKAITE elected president; percent of vote - Dalia GRYBAUSKAITE 69.1%, Algirdas BUTKEVICIUS 11.8%, Valentinas MAZURONIS 6.2%, others 12.9%; Algirdas BUTKEVICIUS approved by Parliament 90-40" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral Parliament or Seimas (141 seats; 71 members elected in single-member districts, 70 elected by proportional representation; members to serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 14 and 28 October 2012 (next to be held in October 2016)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party (proportional vote) - DP 19.8%, LSDP 18.4%, TS-LKD 15.1%, LS 8.6%, DK 8%, TT 7.3%, LLRA 5.8%, LVZS 3.9%, other parties 13.1%; seats by party - LSDP 38, TS-LKD 33, DP 29, TT 11, LS 10, LLRA 8, DK 7, unaffiliated 4, vacant 1" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of 37 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges nominated by the president and appointed by the Seimas; judges serve 5-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court judges selected by Seimas from among nominations by the president, by the Seimas chairperson, and Supreme Court chairperson; judges serve 9-year, nonrenewable terms; note - one-third of court judges reconstituted every 3 years", + "subordinate_courts": "Court of Appeals; district and local courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Christian Party or KP [Gediminas VAGNORIUS]; Civil Democracy Party or PDP [Algimantas MATULEVICIUS]; Democratic Labor and Unity Party or DDVP [Kristina BRAZAUSKIENE]; Electoral Action of Lithuanian Poles or LLRA [Valdemar TOMASEVSKI]; Emigrants Party or EP [Juozas MURAUSKAS]; Homeland Union-Lithuanian Christian Democrats or TS-LKD [Andrius KUBILIUS]; Labor Party or DP [Viktor USPASKICH]; Liberal and Center Union or LCS [Arturas MELIANAS]; Liberal Movement or LS or LRLS [Eligijus MASIULIS]; Lithuanian People's Party or LLP [Kazimiera PRUNSKIENE]; Lithuanian People's Party or LZP [Joana SIMANAUSKIENE]; Lithuanian Russian Union or LRS [Sergejus DMITRIJEVAS]; Lithuanian Social Democratic Party or LSDP [Algirdas BUTKEVICIUS]; Nationalist Union or TS [Gintaras SONGAILA]; Order and Justice Party or TT [Rolandas PAKSAS]; Peasant and Greens Union or LVZS [Ramunas KARBAUSKIS]; Republican Party or RP [Valdemaras VALKIUNAS]; Russian Alliance or RA [Tamara LOCHANKINA]; Socialist People's Front or SLF [Algirdas PALECKIS]; Way of Courage or DK [Jonas VARKALA]; YES-Homeland Revival and Perspective or YES Union or TAIP Union or TAIP [Arturas ZUOKAS]; Young Lithuania Party or PJL [Stanislovas BUSKEVICIUS]" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "Australia Group, BA, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Zygimantas PAVILIONIS", + "chancery": "2622 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 234-5860", + "fax": "[1] (202) 328-0466", + "consulates_general": "Chicago, New York" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Deborah MCCARTHY", + "embassy": "Akmenu gatve 6, Vilnius, LT-03106", + "mailing_address": "American Embassy, Akmenu Gatve 6, Vilnius LT-03106", + "telephone": "[370] (5) 266-5500", + "fax": "[370] (5) 266-5510" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), green, and red; yellow symbolizes golden fields, as well as the sun, light, and goodness; green represents the forests of the countryside, in addition to nature, freedom, and hope; red stands for courage and the blood spilled in defense of the homeland" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "mounted knight known as Vytis (the Chaser)" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Tautiska giesme\" (The National Song)", + "lyrics_music": "Vincas KUDIRKA", + "note": "adopted 1918, restored 1990; the anthem was written in 1898 while Lithuania was a part of Russia; it was banned during the Soviet occupation from 1940 to 1990" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Lithuania gained membership in the World Trade Organization and joined the EU in May 2004. Despite its EU accession, Lithuania's trade with its Central and Eastern European neighbors, and Russia in particular, accounts for a significant share of total trade. Foreign investment and business support have helped in the transition from the old command economy to a market economy. Lithuania's economy grew on average 8% per year for the four years prior to 2008 driven by exports and domestic demand. Lithuania''s GDP plunged nearly 15% in 2009. The three former Soviet Baltic republics were among the hardest hit by the 2008-09 financial crisis. The government''s efforts to attract foreign investment, to develop export markets, and to pursue broad economic reforms has been key to Lithuania''s quick recovery from a deep recession, making Lithuania one of the fastest growing economies in the EU. Lithuania is committed to meeting the Maastricht criteria to join the euro zone, which the government expects to achieve by 2015. Under the Conservative Party''s leadership, Lithuania raised the monthly minimum wage in 2012 nearly 25% over 2011. Despite government efforts, unemployment - at 13.2% in 2012 - remains high." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$66.08 billion (2012 est.); $63.78 billion (2011 est.); $60.24 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$42.16 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "3.6% (2012 est.); 5.9% (2011 est.); 1.5% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$22,000 (2012 est.); $21,000 (2011 est.); $18,300 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "15.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 19% of GDP (2011 est.); 19.2% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "64.2%", + "government_consumption": "17.7%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "16.7%", + "investment_in_inventories": "0.3%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "83.9%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-83.2% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "3.3%", + "industry": "28.4%", + "services": "68.4% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "grain, potatoes, sugar beets, flax, vegetables; beef, milk, eggs; fish" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "metal-cutting machine tools, electric motors, television sets, refrigerators and freezers, petroleum refining, shipbuilding (small ships), furniture making, textiles, food processing, fertilizers, agricultural machinery, optical equipment, electronic components, computers, amber jewelry" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "3.7% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "1.474 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "7.9%", + "industry": "19.6%", + "services": "72.5% (2012 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "14.9% (2012 est.); 15.4% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "4% (2008)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "2.6%", + "highest_10%": "29.1% (2008)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "35.5 (2009); 34 (1999)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$13.06 billion", + "expenditures": "$14.48 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "31% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-3.4% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "38.5% of GDP (2012 est.); 39.4% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "official data; data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "3% (2012 est.); 4.1% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "3% (31 December 2010 est.); 2.06% (31 December 2009 est.)" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "5.8% (31 December 2012 est.); 5.78% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$13.64 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $11.72 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$19.32 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $18.74 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$22.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $22.84 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$4.075 billion (31 December 2011); $5.661 billion (31 December 2010); $4.477 billion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$1.053 billion (2012 est.); -$670 million (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$29.64 billion (2012 est.); $28.1 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "mineral products, machinery and equipment, chemicals, textiles , foodstuffs, plastics" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Russia 19%, Latvia 11%, Estonia 7.9%, Germany 7.9%, UK 6.4%, Poland 6.1%, Netherlands 5.9%, Belarus 4.5% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$32.01 billion (2012 est.); $30.2 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "mineral products, machinery and equipment, transport equipment, chemicals, textiles and clothing, metals" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Russia 32.5%, Germany 9.8%, Poland 9.8%, Latvia 6.1%, Netherlands 5.5% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$10.23 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $8.21 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$32.84 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $31.01 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$15.71 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $14.81 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$2.581 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $2.281 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "litai (LTL) per US dollar -; 2.686 (2012 est.); 2.481 (2011 est.); 2.6063 (2010 est.); 2.4787 (2009); 2.3251 (2008)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "12.27 billion kWh (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "10.3 billion kWh (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "186 million kWh (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "1.17 billion kWh (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "3.82 million kW (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "53.8% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "25.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "2.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "2.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "2,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "2,260 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "168,300 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "12 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "202,600 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "70,390 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "149,900 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "15,670 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "0 cu m (2012 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "3.3 billion cu m (2012 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2012 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "3.1 billion cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "15.98 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "723,000 (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "5.004 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "adequate; being modernized to provide improved international capability and better residential access", + "domestic": "rapid expansion of mobile-cellular services has resulted in a steady decline in the number of fixed-line connections; mobile-cellular teledensity stands at about 140 per 100 persons", + "international": "country code - 370; major international connections to Denmark, Sweden, and Norway by submarine cable for further transmission by satellite; landline connections to Latvia and Poland (2010)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "public broadcaster operates 3 channels with the third channel - a satellite channel - introduced in 2007; various privately owned commercial TV broadcasters operate national and multiple regional channels; many privately owned local TV stations; multi-channel cable and satellite TV services available; publicly owned broadcaster operates 3 radio networks; many privately owned commercial broadcasters, many with repeater stations in various regions throughout the country (2007)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".lt" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "1.205 million (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "1.964 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "61 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "22", + "over_3_047_m": "3", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "1", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "7", + "914_to_1_523_m": "2", + "under_914_m": "9 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "39", + "over_3_047_m": "1", + "914_to_1_523_m": "2", + "under_914_m": "36 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 1,921 km; refined products 121 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "1,767 km", + "broad_gauge": "1,745 km 1.524-m gauge (122 km electrified)", + "standard_gauge": "22 km 1.435-m gauge (2011)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "82,131 km", + "paved": "72,048 km (includes 309 km of expressways)", + "unpaved": "10,083 km (2010)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "441 km (navigable year round) (2007)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "38", + "by_type": "cargo 20, container 1, passenger/cargo 6, refrigerated cargo 9, roll on/roll off 2", + "foreign_owned": "8 (Denmark 8)", + "registered_in_other_countries": "22 (Antigua and Barbuda 3, Belize 1, Comoros 1, Cook Islands 1, Norway 1, Panama 3, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 9, unknown 3) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Klaipeda", + "oil_terminals": "Butinge oil terminal" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Lithuanian Armed Forces (Lietuvos Ginkluotosios Pajegos): Land Forces (Sausumos Pajegos), Naval Forces (Karines Juru Pajegos), Air Forces (Karines Oro Pajegos) (2013)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; service obligation 1 year; Lithuania converted to a professional military in the fall of 2008, although the decision continues under judicial review (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "890,074", + "females_age_16_49": "875,780 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "669,111", + "females_age_16_49": "724,803 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "20,425", + "female": "19,527 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "0.9% of GDP (2007 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as a EU member state having an external border with a non-EU member, to strict Schengen border rules; boundary demarcated with Latvia and Lithuania; as of January 2007, ground demarcation of the boundary with Belarus was complete and mapped with final ratification documents in preparation" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "stateless_persons": "4,130 (2012)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "transshipment and destination point for cannabis, cocaine, ecstasy, and opiates from Southwest Asia, Latin America, Western Europe, and neighboring Baltic countries; growing production of high-quality amphetamines, but limited production of cannabis, methamphetamines; susceptible to money laundering despite changes to banking legislation" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/lu-luxembourg.json b/europe/lu-luxembourg.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fd49f1ee --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/lu-luxembourg.json @@ -0,0 +1,598 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Founded in 963, Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 and an independent state under the Netherlands. It lost more than half of its territory to Belgium in 1839 but gained a larger measure of autonomy. Full independence was attained in 1867. Overrun by Germany in both world wars, it ended its neutrality in 1948 when it entered into the Benelux Customs Union and when it joined NATO the following year. In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the European Economic Community (later the European Union), and in 1999 it joined the euro currency area. In January 2013, Luxembourg assumed a nonpermanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2013-14 term." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Western Europe, between France and Germany" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "49 45 N, 6 10 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "2,586 sq km", + "land": "2,586 sq km", + "water": "0 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly smaller than Rhode Island" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "359 km", + "border_countries": "Belgium 148 km, France 73 km, Germany 138 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "0 km (landlocked)" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "text": "none (landlocked)" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "modified continental with mild winters, cool summers" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle flood plain in the southeast" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Moselle River 133 m", + "highest_point": "Buurgplaatz 559 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "23.9%", + "permanent_crops": "0.58%", + "other": "75.52% (includes Belgium) (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "3.1 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "0.06 cu km/yr (65%/33%/1%)", + "per_capita": "135.9 cu m/yr (2010)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "air and water pollution in urban areas, soil pollution of farmland" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "Environmental Modification" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "landlocked; the only Grand Duchy in the world" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Luxembourger(s)", + "adjective": "Luxembourg" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Luxembourger 63.1%, Portuguese 13.3%, French 4.5%, Italian 4.3%, German 2.3%, other EU 7.3%, other 5.2% (2000 census)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Luxembourgish (national language), German (administrative language), French (administrative language)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Roman Catholic 87%, other (includes Protestant, Jewish, and Muslim) 13% (2000)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "514,862 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "18% (male 47,679/female 44,812)", + "15_24_years": "12.6% (male 33,182/female 31,860)", + "25_54_years": "42.3% (male 109,075/female 108,922)", + "55_64_years": "11.8% (male 30,481/female 30,422)", + "65_years_and_over": "15.2% (male 32,892/female 45,537) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "46.5 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "25.7 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "20.8 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "4.8 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "39.6 years", + "male": "38.5 years", + "female": "40.6 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "1.13% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "11.72 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "8.52 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "8.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "85% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "1.4% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "LUXEMBOURG (capital) 90,000 (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.07 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "1.01 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.71 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.97 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "29.3 (2008 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "20 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "4.33 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "4.37 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "4.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "79.88 years", + "male": "76.64 years", + "female": "83.33 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.77 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "7.8% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "2.86 physicians/1,000 population (2007)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "5.6 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.3% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 100 (2009 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "26% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "3.8% of GDP (2001)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "100%", + "male": "100%", + "female": "100% (2000 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "14 years", + "male": "14 years", + "female": "14 years (2010)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "16.8%", + "male": "13.3%", + "female": "20.8% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Grand Duchy of Luxembourg", + "conventional_short_form": "Luxembourg", + "local_long_form": "Grand Duche de Luxembourg", + "local_short_form": "Luxembourg" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "constitutional monarchy" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Luxembourg", + "geographic_coordinates": "49 36 N, 6 07 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "3 districts; Diekirch, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "1839 (from the Netherlands)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "National Day (Birthday of Grand Duchess Charlotte) 23 June; note - the actual date of birth was 23 January 1896, but the festivities were shifted by five months to allow observance during a more favorable time of year" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "17 October 1868; occasional revisions" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal and compulsory" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "Grand Duke HENRI (since 7 October 2000); Heir Apparent Prince GUILLAUME (son of the monarch, born 11 November 1981)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Jean-Claude JUNCKER (since 20 January 1995); Deputy Prime Minister Jean ASSELBORN (since 31 July 2004)", + "cabinet": "Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister and appointed by the monarch", + "elections": "the monarchy is hereditary; following popular elections to the Chamber of Deputies, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the monarch; the deputy prime minister appointed by the monarch; they are responsible to the Chamber of Deputies", + "note": "government coalition - CSV and LSAP" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral Chamber of Deputies or Chambre des Deputes (60 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 7 June 2009 (next to be held by June 2014)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - CSV 38%, LSAP 21.6%, DP 15%, Green Party 11.7%, ADR 8.1%, The Left 3.3%, other 2.3%; seats by party - CSV 26, LSAP 13, DP 9, Green Party 7, ADR 4, The Left 1", + "note": "there is also a Council of State that serves as an advisory body to the Chamber of Deputies; the Council of State has 21 members appointed by the Grand Duke on the advice of the prime minister" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Superior Court of Justice includes Court of Appeal and Court of Cassation (consists of 27 judges on 9 benches); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "judges of both courts appointed by the monarch for life", + "subordinate_courts": "district and local tribunals and courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Alternative Democratic Reform Party or ADR [Jean SCHOOS]; Christian Social People's Party or CSV [Michel WOLTER]; The Left (dei Lenk/la Gauche) [Fabienne LENTZ and David WAGNER]; Democratic Party or DP [Xavier BETTEL]; Green Party [Sam TANSON and Christian GOEBEL]; Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP [Alex BODRY]; other minor parties" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "ABBL (bankers' association); ALEBA (financial sector trade union); Centrale Paysanne (federation of agricultural producers); CEP (professional sector chamber); CGFP (trade union representing civil service); Chamber of Commerce (Chambre de Commerce); Chamber of Artisans (Chambre des Metiers); FEDIL (federation of industrialists); Greenpeace (environment protection); LCGP (center-right trade union); Mouvement Ecologique (environment protection); OGBL (center-left trade union)" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNRWA, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Jean-Louis WOLZFELD", + "chancery": "2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 265-4171 through 72", + "fax": "[1] (202) 328-8270", + "consulates_general": "New York, San Francisco" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Robert MANDELL", + "embassy": "22 Boulevard Emmanuel Servais, L-2535 Luxembourg City", + "mailing_address": "American Embassy Luxembourg, Unit 1410, APO AE 09126-1410 (official mail); American Embassy Luxembourg, PSC 9, Box 9500, APO AE 09123 (personal mail)", + "telephone": "[352] 46-01-23", + "fax": "[352] 46-14-01" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue; similar to the flag of the Netherlands, which uses a darker blue and is shorter; the coloring is derived from the Grand Duke's coat of arms (a red lion on a white and blue striped field)" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "lion" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Ons Heemecht\" (Our Motherland); \"De Wilhelmus\" (The William)", + "lyrics_music": "Michel LENTZ/Jean-Antoine ZINNEN; Nikolaus WELTER/unknown", + "note": "\"Ons Heemecht,\" adopted 1864, is the national anthem, while \"De Wilhelmus,\" adopted 1919, serves as a royal anthem for use when members of the grand ducal family enter or exit a ceremony in Luxembourg" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "This small, stable, high-income economy - benefiting from its proximity to France, Belgium, and Germany - has historically featured solid growth, low inflation, and low unemployment. The industrial sector, initially dominated by steel, has become increasingly diversified to include chemicals, rubber, and other products. Growth in the financial sector, which now accounts for about 27% of GDP, has more than compensated for the decline in steel. Most banks are foreign-owned and have extensive foreign dealings, but Luxembourg has lost some of its advantages as a favorable tax location because of OECD and EU pressure. The economy depends on foreign and cross-border workers for about 40% of its labor force. Luxembourg, like all EU members, suffered from the global economic crisis that began in late 2008, but unemployment has trended below the EU average. Following strong expansion from 2004 to 2007, Luxembourg's economy contracted 3.6% in 2009, but rebounded in 2010-11 before slowing again in 2012. The country continues to enjoy an extraordinarily high standard of living - GDP per capita ranks among the highest in the world, and is the highest in the euro zone. Turmoil in the world financial markets and lower global demand during 2008-09 prompted the government to inject capital into the banking sector and implement stimulus measures to boost the economy. Government stimulus measures and support for the banking sector, however, led to a 5% government budget deficit in 2009. Nevertheless, the deficit was cut to 1.1% in 2011 and 0.9% in 2012. Even during the financial crisis and recovery, Luxembourg retained the highest current account surplus as a share of GDP in the euro zone, owing largely to their strength in financial services. Public debt remains among the lowest of the region although it has more than doubled since 2007 as percentage of GDP. Luxembourg's economy, while stabile, grew slowly in 2012 due to ongoing weak growth in the euro area. Authorities have strengthened supervision of domestic banks because of their exposure to the activities of foreign banks." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$42.92 billion (2012 est.); $42.87 billion (2011 est.); $42.17 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$56.74 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.1% (2012 est.); 1.7% (2011 est.); 2.9% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$81,100 (2012 est.); $82,500 (2011 est.); $83,100 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "31%", + "government_consumption": "16.8%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "19.9%", + "investment_in_inventories": "0%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "170.5%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-138.3% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "0.4%", + "industry": "13.6%", + "services": "86% (2007 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "grapes, barley, oats, potatoes, wheat, fruits; dairy and livestock products" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "banking and financial services, iron and steel, information technology, telecommunications, cargo transportation, food processing, chemicals, metal products, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum, tourism" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "6.2% (2011 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "208,200", + "note": "data exclude foreign workers; in addition to the figure for domestic labor force, about 150,000 workers commute daily from France, Belgium, and Germany (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "2.2%", + "industry": "17.2%", + "services": "80.6% (2007 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "6% (2012 est.); 5.7% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "NA%" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "3.5%", + "highest_10%": "23.8% (2000)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "26 (2005)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$23.78 billion", + "expenditures": "$24.43 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "41.9% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-1.1% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "19% of GDP (2012 est.); 18.7% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "2.7% (2012 est.); 3.4% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "1.5% (31 December 2012); 1.75% (31 December 2010)", + "note": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$90.08 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $90.24 billion (31 December 2011 est.)", + "note": "see entry for the European Union for money supply in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 17 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$229.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$97.74 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $95.08 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$67.63 billion (31 December 2011); $101.1 billion (31 December 2010); $105.6 billion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "$500 million (2012 est.); $3.033 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$13.2 billion (2012 est.); $19.22 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and equipment, steel products, chemicals, rubber products, glass" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 21.6%, France 15.5%, Belgium 14.5%, UK 5.8%, Italy 5.6%, Switzerland 4.7% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$23.29 billion (2012 est.); $26.54 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "minerals, metals, foodstuffs, quality consumer goods" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Belgium 30.9%, Germany 23.4%, France 10.4%, US 8.2%, China 7.2%, Netherlands 5.1% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$991 million (31 December 2012 est.); $1.014 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$2.643 trillion (31 December 2012); $2.084 trillion (31 December 2011)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "; $11.21 billion (31 December 2008 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$NA" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -; 0.7778 (2012 est.); 0.7185 (2011 est.); 0.755 (2010 est.); 0.7198 (2009 est.); 0.6827 (2008 est.)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "2.49 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "5.973 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "3.216 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "7.28 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "1.702 million kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "28.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "61,380 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "686.3 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "51,930 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "1.183 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "1.183 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "10.8 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "279,100 (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "765,000 (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "highly developed, completely automated and efficient system, mainly buried cables", + "domestic": "fixed line teledensity over 50 per 100 persons; nationwide mobile-cellular telephone system with market for mobile-cellular phones virtually saturated", + "international": "country code - 352 (2010)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "Luxembourg has a long tradition of operating radio and TV services to pan-European audiences and is home to Europe's largest privately owned broadcast media group, the RTL group, which operates 46 TV stations and 29 radio stations in Europe; also home to Europe's largest satellite operator, Societe Europeenne des Satellites (SES); domestically, the RTL group operates TV and radio networks; other domestic private radio and TV operators and French and German stations available; satellite and cable TV services available (2008)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".lu" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "250,900 (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "424,500 (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "2 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "1", + "over_3_047_m": "1 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "1", + "under_914_m": "1 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "1 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 142 km; refined products 27 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "275 km", + "standard_gauge": "275 km 1.435-m gauge (243 km electrified) (2008)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "5,227 km", + "paved": "5,227 km (includes 147 km of expressways) (2008)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "37 km (on Moselle River) (2010)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "49", + "by_type": "bulk carrier 2, cargo 3, chemical tanker 20, container 10, petroleum tanker 2, roll on/roll off 12", + "foreign_owned": "48 (Belgium 11, Denmark 1, France 15, Germany 9, Japan 3, Netherlands 3, Switzerland 1, UK 5)", + "registered_in_other_countries": "18 (Italy 14, Malta 3, Panama 1) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Mertert" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Luxembourg Army (L'Armee Luxembourgeoises) (2013)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "18-24 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription; Luxembourg citizen or EU citizen with 3-year residence in Luxembourg (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "118,665", + "females_age_16_49": "117,456 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "97,290", + "females_age_16_49": "96,361 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "3,263", + "female": "3,084 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "0.9% of GDP (2005 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "none" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "stateless_persons": "177 (2012)" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/lv-latvia.json b/europe/lv-latvia.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..939edd81 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/lv-latvia.json @@ -0,0 +1,624 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "The name \"Latvia\" originates from the ancient Latgalians, one of four eastern Baltic tribes that formed the ethnic core of the Latvian people (ca. 8th-12th centuries A.D.). The region subsequently came under the control of Germans, Poles, Swedes, and finally, Russians. A Latvian republic emerged following World War I, but it was annexed by the USSR in 1940 - an action never recognized by the US and many other countries. Latvia reestablished its independence in 1991 following the breakup of the Soviet Union. Although the last Russian troops left in 1994, the status of the Russian minority (some 28% of the population) remains of concern to Moscow. Latvia joined both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Estonia and Lithuania" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "57 00 N, 25 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "64,589 sq km", + "land": "62,249 sq km", + "water": "2,340 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly larger than West Virginia" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "1,382 km", + "border_countries": "Belarus 171 km, Estonia 343 km, Lithuania 576 km, Russia 292 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "498 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm", + "continental_shelf": "200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "maritime; wet, moderate winters" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "low plain" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Baltic Sea 0 m", + "highest_point": "Gaizina Kalns 312 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "peat, limestone, dolomite, amber, hydropower, timber, arable land" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "17.96%", + "permanent_crops": "0.11%", + "other": "81.93% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "8.3 sq km", + "note": "land in Latvia is often too wet and in need of drainage not irrigation; approximately 16,000 sq km or 85% of agricultural land has been improved by drainage (2007)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "35.45 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "0.42 cu km/yr (42%/45%/13%)", + "per_capita": "177.9 cu m/yr (2007)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "Latvia's environment has benefited from a shift to service industries after the country regained independence; the main environmental priorities are improvement of drinking water quality and sewage system, household, and hazardous waste management, as well as reduction of air pollution; in 2001, Latvia closed the EU accession negotiation chapter on environment committing to full enforcement of EU environmental directives by 2010" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "most of the country is composed of fertile low-lying plains with some hills in the east" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Latvian(s)", + "adjective": "Latvian" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Latvian 59.3%, Russian 27.8%, Belarusian 3.6%, Ukrainian 2.5%, Polish 2.4%, Lithuanian 1.3%, other 3.1% (2009)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Latvian (official) 58.2%, Russian 37.5%, Lithuanian and other 4.3% (2000 census)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Lutheran 19.6%, Orthodox 15.3%, other Christian 1%, other 0.4%, unspecified 63.7% (2006)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "2,178,443 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "14% (male 155,549/female 148,811)", + "15_24_years": "11.9% (male 131,766/female 126,419)", + "25_54_years": "44.6% (male 481,365/female 489,405)", + "55_64_years": "12.6% (male 120,212/female 153,390)", + "65_years_and_over": "17.1% (male 120,788/female 250,738) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "50.2 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "22.3 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "27.9 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "3.6 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "41.2 years", + "male": "38.2 years", + "female": "44.1 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.61% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "9.91 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "13.6 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "-2.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "68% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "-0.4% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "RIGA (capital) 711,000 (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "0.98 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.78 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.48 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.86 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "26.4 (2010 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "34 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "8.08 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "9.8 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "6.26 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "73.19 years", + "male": "68.13 years", + "female": "78.53 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.34 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "67.8%", + "note": "percent of women aged 18-49 (1995)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "6.7% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "2.99 physicians/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "6.4 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 96% of population; total: 99% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 0% of population; rural: 4% of population; total: 1% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 82% of population; rural: 71% of population; total: 78% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 18% of population; rural: 29% of population; total: 22% of population (2000 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.7% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "8,600 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "major_infectious_diseases": { + "degree_of_risk": "intermediate", + "vectorborne_diseases": "tickborne encephalitis (2013)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "24.9% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "5% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "99.8%", + "male": "99.8%", + "female": "99.8% (2011 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "14 years", + "male": "14 years", + "female": "15 years (2011)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "29.1%", + "male": "29.6%", + "female": "28.6% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Latvia", + "conventional_short_form": "Latvia", + "local_long_form": "Latvijas Republika", + "local_short_form": "Latvija", + "former": "Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "parliamentary democracy" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Riga", + "geographic_coordinates": "56 57 N, 24 06 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "110 municipalities (novadi, singular-novads) and 9 cities", + "municipalities": "Adazu Novads, Aglonas Novads, Aizkraukles Novads, Aizputes Novads, Aknistes Novads, Alojas Novads, Alsungas Novads, Aluksnes Novads, Amatas Novads, Apes Novads, Auces Novads, Babites Novads, Baldones Novads, Baltinavas Novads, Balvu Novads, Bauskas Novads, Beverinas Novads, Brocenu Novads, Burtnieku Novads, Carnikavas Novads, Cesu Novads, Cesvaines Novads, Ciblas Novads, Dagdas Novads, Daugavpils Novads, Dobeles Novads, Dundagas Novads, Durbes Novads, Engures Novads, Erglu Novads, Garkalnes Novads, Grobinas Novads, Gulbenes Novads, Iecavas Novads, Ikskiles Novads, Ilukstes Novads, Incukalna Novads, Jaunjelgavas Novads, Jaunpiebalgas Novads, Jaunpils Novads, Jekabpils Novads, Jelgavas Novads, Kandavas Novads, Karsavas Novads, Keguma Novads, Kekavas Novads, Kocenu Novads, Kokneses Novads, Kraslavas Novads, Krimuldas Novads, Krustpils Novads, Kuldigas Novads, Lielvardes Novads, Ligatnes Novads, Limbazu Novads, Livanu Novads, Lubanas Novads, Ludzas Novads, Madonas Novads, Malpils Novads, Marupes Novads, Mazsalacas Novads, Mersraga Novads, Nauksenu Novads, Neretas Novads, Nicas Novads, Ogres Novads, Olaines Novads, Ozolnieku Novads, Pargaujas Novads, Pavilostas Novads, Plavinu Novads, Preilu Novads, Priekules Novads, Priekulu Novads, Raunas Novads, Rezeknes Novads, Riebinu Novads, Rojas Novads, Ropazu Novads, Rucavas Novads, Rugaju Novads, Rujienas Novads, Rundales Novads, Salacgrivas Novads, Salas Novads, Salaspils Novads, Saldus Novads, Saulkrastu Novads, Sejas Novads, Siguldas Novads, Skriveru Novads, Skrundas Novads, Smiltenes Novads, Stopinu Novads, Strencu Novads, Talsu Novads, Tervetes Novads, Tukuma Novads, Vainodes Novads, Valkas Novads, Varaklanu Novads, Varkavas Novads, Vecpiebalgas Novads, Vecumnieku Novads, Ventspils Novads, Viesites Novads, Vilakas Novads, Vilanu Novads, Zilupes Novads", + "cities": "Daugavpils, Jekabpils, Jelgava, Jurmala, Liepaja, Rezekne, Riga, Valmiera, Ventspils" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "4 May 1990 (declared); 6 September 1991 (recognized by the Soviet Union)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Independence Day, 18 November (1918); note - 18 November 1918 was the date Latvia declared independence from Soviet Russia and established its statehood; 4 May 1990 was the date it declared its independence from the Soviet Union" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "15 February 1922; restored to force by the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Latvia adopted by the Supreme Council 21 August 1991; multiple amendments since" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system with traces of socialist legal traditions and practices" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal for Latvian citizens" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Andris BERZINS (since 8 July 2011)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Valdis DOMBROVSKIS (since 12 March 2009)", + "cabinet": "Cabinet of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and appointed by Parliament", + "elections": "president elected by Parliament for a four-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 2 June 2011 (next to be held in 2015); prime minister appointed by the president, confirmed by Parliament", + "election_results": "Andris BERZINS elected president; parliamentary vote - Andris BERZINS 53, Valdis ZATLERS 41" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral Parliament or Saeima (100 seats; members elected by proportional representation from party lists by popular vote to serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 17 September 2011 (next to be held in October 2014)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - SC 28.4%, Reform 20.8%, Unity 18.8%, National Alliance 13.9%, ZZS 12.2%, other 5.9%; seats by party - SC 31, Unity 20, Reform 16, National Alliance 14, ZZS 13, unaffiliated 6" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of the Senate with 27 judges and Supreme Court of Chambers with 22 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 7 judges)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges nominated by chief justice and confirmed by the Saeima; judges serve until age 70, but term can be extended 2 years; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by Saeima members, 2 by Cabinet ministers, and 2 by plenum of Supreme Court; all judges confirmed by Saeima majority vote; Constitutional Court president and vice president serve in their positions for 3 years; all judges serve 10-year terms; mandatory retirement at age 70", + "subordinate_courts": "district (city) and regional courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Union of Greens and Farmers or ZZS [Raimonds VEJONIS]; Harmony Center or SC [Nils USAKOVS]; National Alliance \"All For Latvia!\"-\"For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK\" or NA [Gaidis BERZINS, Raivis DZINTARS]; Unity [Solvita ABOLTINA]; Reform Party or RP [Valdis ZATLERS]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "Free Trade Union Confederation of Latvia [Peteris KRIGERS]; Employers' Confederation of Latvia [Vitalijs GAVRILOVS]; Farmers' Parliament [Juris LAZDINS]" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "Australia Group, BA, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Andris RAZANS", + "chancery": "2306 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 328-2840", + "fax": "[1] (202) 328-2860" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Mark PEKALA", + "embassy": "1 Samnera Velsa St, Riga LV-1510", + "mailing_address": "Embassy of the United States of America, 1 Samnera Velsa St, Riga, LV-1510, Latvia", + "telephone": "[371] 6710-7000", + "fax": "[371] 6710-7050" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "three horizontal bands of maroon (top), white (half-width), and maroon; the flag is one of the older banners in the world; a medieval chronicle mentions a red standard with a white stripe being used by Latvian tribes in about 1280" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "white wagtail (bird)" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Dievs, sveti Latviju!\" (God Bless Latvia)", + "lyrics_music": "Karlis BAUMANIS", + "note": "adopted 1920, restored 1990; the song was first performed in 1873 while Latvia was a part of Russia; the anthem was banned during the Soviet occupation from 1940 to 1990" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Latvia is a small, open economy with exports contributing nearly a third of GDP. Due to its geographical location, transit services are highly-developed, along with timber and wood-processing, agriculture and food products, and manufacturing of machinery and electronics industries. Corruption continues to be an impediment to attracting foreign direct investment and Latvia's low birth rate and decreasing population are major challenges to its long-term economic vitality. Latvia's economy experienced GDP growth of more than 10% per year during 2006-07, but entered a severe recession in 2008 as a result of an unsustainable current account deficit and large debt exposure amid the softening world economy. Triggered by the collapse of the second largest bank, GDP plunged 18% in 2009. The economy has not returned to pre-crisis levels despite strong growth, especially in the export sector in 2011-12. The IMF, EU, and other international donors provided substantial financial assistance to Latvia as part of an agreement to defend the currency''s peg to the euro in exchange for the government''s commitment to stringent austerity measures. The IMF/EU program successfully concluded in December 2011. The government of Prime Minister Valdis DOMBROVSKIS remained committed to fiscal prudence and reducing the fiscal deficit from 7.7% of GDP in 2010, to 2.7% of GDP in 2012. The majority of companies, banks, and real estate have been privatized, although the state still holds sizable stakes in a few large enterprises, including 99.8% ownership of the Latvian national airline. Latvia officially joined the World Trade Organization in February 1999 and the EU in May 2004. Latvia intends to join the euro zone in 2014." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$37.88 billion (2012 est.); $35.88 billion (2011 est.); $34.02 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$28.38 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "5.6% (2012 est.); 5.5% (2011 est.); -0.9% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$18,600 (2012 est.); $17,300 (2011 est.); $16,000 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "25.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 25.2% of GDP (2011 est.); 22.9% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "62%", + "government_consumption": "15.5%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "23%", + "investment_in_inventories": "4%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "59%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-63.6% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "5.1%", + "industry": "25.2%", + "services": "69.6% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "grain, rapeseed, potatoes, vegetables; pork, poultry, milk, eggs; fish" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "processed foods, processed wood products, textiles, processed metals, pharmaceuticals, railroad cars, synthetic fibers, electronics" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "7.8% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "1.012 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "8.8%", + "industry": "24%", + "services": "67.2% (2010 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "14.3% (2012 est.); 12.8% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "NA%" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "2.7%", + "highest_10%": "27.6% (2008)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "35.2 (2010); 32 (1999)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$9.765 billion", + "expenditures": "$9.727 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "34.4% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "0.1% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "39.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 42.2% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social security funds" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "2.3% (2012 est.); 4.4% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "3.5% (31 December 2011 est.); 3.5% (31 December 2010 est.)" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "6% (31 December 2012 est.); 6.39% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$8.293 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $8.174 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$12.09 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $12.12 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$19.77 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $21.08 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$1.076 billion (31 December 2011); $1.252 billion (31 December 2010); $1.824 billion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$462.9 million (2012 est.); -$363 million (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$12.49 billion (2012 est.); $12.03 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "food products, wood and wood products, metals, machinery and equipment, textiles" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Russia 18.3%, Lithuania 15%, Estonia 12%, Germany 7.2%, Poland 5.6%, Sweden 4.8% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$16.08 billion (2012 est.); $14.83 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and equipment, consumer goods, chemicals, fuels, vehicles" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Lithuania 18.9%, Germany 11.5%, Russia 9.3%, Poland 8.1%, Estonia 7.5%, Italy 4.6%, Finland 4.4% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$6.925 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $6.383 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$39.81 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $38.06 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$13.01 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $12.11 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$1.037 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $887 million (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "lati (LVL) per US dollar -; 0.5467 (2012 est.); 0.5012 (2011 est.); 0.5305 (2010 est.); 0.5056 (2009); 0.4701 (2008)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "6.46 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "6.215 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "3.1 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "3.973 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "2.164 million kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "27.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "71% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "1.8% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "31,340 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "3,126 bbl/day (2010 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "33,730 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "1.52 billion cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "1.52 billion cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "9.066 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "516,300 (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "2.309 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "recent efforts focused on bringing competition to the telecommunications sector; the number of fixed lines is decreasing as mobile-cellular telephone service expands", + "domestic": "number of telecommunications operators has grown rapidly since the fixed-line market opened to competition in 2003; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular subscribership roughly 150 per 100 persons", + "international": "country code - 371; the Latvian network is now connected via fiber optic cable to Estonia, Finland, and Sweden (2008)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "several national and regional commercial TV stations are foreign-owned, 2 national TV stations are publicly owned; system supplemented by privately owned regional and local TV stations; cable and satellite multi-channel TV services with domestic and foreign broadcasts available; publicly owned broadcaster operates 4 radio networks with dozens of stations throughout the country; dozens of private broadcasters also operate radio stations (2007)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".lv" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "359,604 (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "1.504 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "42 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "18", + "over_3_047_m": "1", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "3", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "4", + "914_to_1_523_m": "3", + "under_914_m": "7 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "24", + "under_914_m": "24 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "1 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 928 km; refined products 415 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "2,239 km", + "broad_gauge": "2,206 km 1.520-m gauge", + "narrow_gauge": "33 km 0.750-m gauge (2008)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "73,074 km", + "paved": "14,459 km", + "unpaved": "58,615 km (2010)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "300 km (navigable year round) (2010)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "11", + "by_type": "cargo 3, chemical tanker 1, passenger/cargo 4, petroleum tanker 2, roll on/roll off 1", + "foreign_owned": "3 (Estonia 3)", + "registered_in_other_countries": "79 (Antigua and Barbuda 16, Belize 9, Comoros 2, Dominica 2, Georgia 1, Liberia 5, Malta 8, Marshall Islands 19, Russia 2, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 15) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Riga, Ventspils" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "National Armed Forces (Nacionalo Brunoto Speku): Land Forces (Latvijas Sauszemes Speki), Navy (Latvijas Juras Speki; includes Coast Guard (Latvijas Kara Flotes)), Latvian Air Force (Latvijas Gaisa Speki), Latvian Home Guard (Latvijas Zemessardze) (2011)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "18 years of age for voluntary male and female military service; no conscription; under current law, every citizen is entitled to serve in the armed forces for life (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "546,090", + "females_age_16_49": "540,810 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "401,691", + "females_age_16_49": "447,638 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "10,482", + "female": "9,858 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "1.1% of GDP (2005 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "Russia demands better Latvian treatment of ethnic Russians in Latvia; boundary demarcated with Latvia and Lithuania; the Latvian parliament has not ratified its 1998 maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, primarily due to concerns over oil exploration rights; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Latvia has implemented the strict Schengen border rules with Russia" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "stateless_persons": "280,759 (2012); note - individuals who were Latvian citizens prior to the 1940 Soviet occupation and their descendants were recognized as Latvian citizens when the country's independence was restored in 1991; citizens of the former Soviet Union residing in Latvia who have neither Latvian nor other citizenship are considered non-citizens (officially there is no statelessness in Latvia) and are entitled to non-citizen passports; children born after Latvian independence to stateless parents are entitled to Latvian citizenship upon their parents' request; non-citizens cannot vote or hold certain government jobs and are exempt from military service but can travel visa-free in the EU under the Schengen accord like Latvian citizens; non-citizens can obtain naturalization if they have been permanent residents of Latvia for at least five years, pass tests in Latvian language and history, and know the words of the Latvian national anthem" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "transshipment and destination point for cocaine, synthetic drugs, opiates, and cannabis from Southwest Asia, Western Europe, Latin America, and neighboring Balkan countries; despite improved legislation, vulnerable to money laundering due to nascent enforcement capabilities and comparatively weak regulation of offshore companies and the gaming industry; CIS organized crime (including counterfeiting, corruption, extortion, stolen cars, and prostitution) accounts for most laundered proceeds" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/md-moldova.json b/europe/md-moldova.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c1176d9f --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/md-moldova.json @@ -0,0 +1,617 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Part of Romania during the interwar period, Moldova was incorporated into the Soviet Union at the close of World War II. Although the country has been independent from the USSR since 1991, Russian forces have remained on Moldovan territory east of the Nistru River supporting a Transnistrian separatist region composed of a Slavic majority population (mostly Ukrainians and Russians), but with a sizeable ethnic Moldovan minority. One of the poorest nations in Europe, Moldova became the first former Soviet state to elect a communist, Vladimir VORONIN, as its president in 2001. VORONIN served as Moldova's president until he resigned in September 2009, following the opposition's gain of a narrow majority in July parliamentary elections and the Communist Party's (PCRM) subsequent inability to attract the three-fifths of parliamentary votes required to elect a president. Four Moldovan opposition parties formed a new coalition, the Alliance for European Integration (AEI), which has acted as Moldova's governing coalition since. Moldova experienced significant political uncertainty between 2009 and early 2012, holding three general elections and numerous presidential ballots in parliament, all of which failed to secure a president. Following November 2010 parliamentary elections, a reconstituted AEI-coalition consisting of three of the four original AEI parties formed a government, and in March 2012 was finally able to elect an independent as president." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Eastern Europe, northeast of Romania" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "47 00 N, 29 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "33,851 sq km", + "land": "32,891 sq km", + "water": "960 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly larger than Maryland" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "1,390 km", + "border_countries": "Romania 450 km, Ukraine 940 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "0 km (landlocked)" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "text": "none (landlocked)" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "moderate winters, warm summers" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Dniester (Nistru) 2 m", + "highest_point": "Dealul Balanesti 430 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "lignite, phosphorites, gypsum, arable land, limestone" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "53.47%", + "permanent_crops": "8.77%", + "other": "37.75% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "2,283 sq km (2011)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "11.65 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "1.07 cu km/yr (14%/83%/4%)", + "per_capita": "290 cu m/yr (2010)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "landslides" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "heavy use of agricultural chemicals, including banned pesticides such as DDT, has contaminated soil and groundwater; extensive soil erosion from poor farming methods" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "landlocked; well endowed with various sedimentary rocks and minerals including sand, gravel, gypsum, and limestone" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Moldovan(s)", + "adjective": "Moldovan" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Moldovan/Romanian 78.2%, Ukrainian 8.4%, Russian 5.8%, Gagauz 4.4%, Bulgarian 1.9%, other 1.3% (2004 census)", + "note": "internal disputes with ethnic Slavs in the Transnistrian region" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Moldovan (official, virtually the same as the Romanian language), Russian, Gagauz (a Turkish dialect)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Eastern Orthodox 98%, Jewish 1.5%, Baptist and other 0.5% (2000)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "3,619,925 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "17.6% (male 327,843/female 307,780)", + "15_24_years": "15% (male 279,814/female 263,202)", + "25_54_years": "43.9% (male 790,723/female 796,997)", + "55_64_years": "12.9% (male 213,256/female 252,907)", + "65_years_and_over": "10.7% (male 145,796/female 241,607) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "38.8 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "23 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "15.8 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "6.3 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "35.4 years", + "male": "33.5 years", + "female": "37.4 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "-1.02% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "12.38 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "12.61 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "-9.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "47.7% of total population (2011)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0.79% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "CHISINAU (capital) 650,000 (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.07 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "0.99 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.84 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.6 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.94 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "23.5 (2010 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "41 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "13.28 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "15.2 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "11.25 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "69.82 years", + "male": "65.95 years", + "female": "73.94 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.55 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "67.8% (2005)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "11.7% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "2.67 physicians/1,000 population (2007)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "6.2 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 99% of population; rural: 93% of population; total: 96% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 1% of population; rural: 7% of population; total: 4% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 89% of population; rural: 82% of population; total: 85% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 11% of population; rural: 18% of population; total: 15% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.4% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "12,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "21.2% (2008)" + }, + "children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": { + "text": "3.2% (2005)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "8.6% of GDP (2011)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "99%", + "male": "99.5%", + "female": "98.5% (2011 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "12 years", + "male": "12 years", + "female": "12 years (2011)" + }, + "child_labor_children_ages_5_14": { + "total_number": "72,364", + "percentage": "16 % (2009 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "14.9%", + "male": "14.2%", + "female": "15.8% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Moldova", + "conventional_short_form": "Moldova", + "local_long_form": "Republica Moldova", + "local_short_form": "Moldova", + "former": "Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "republic" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Chisinau in Romanian (Kishinev in Russian)", + "note": "pronounced KEE-shee-now (KIH-shi-nyev)", + "geographic_coordinates": "47 00 N, 28 51 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "32 raions (raioane, singular - raion), 3 municipalities (municipii, singular - municipiul), 1 autonomous territorial unit (unitatea teritoriala autonoma), and 1 territorial unit (unitatea teritoriala)", + "raions": "Anenii Noi, Basarabeasca, Briceni, Cahul, Cantemir, Calarasi, Causeni, Cimislia, Criuleni, Donduseni, Drochia, Dubasari, Edinet, Falesti, Floresti, Glodeni, Hincesti, Ialoveni, Leova, Nisporeni, Ocnita, Orhei, Rezina, Riscani, Singerei, Soldanesti, Soroca, Stefan-Voda, Straseni, Taraclia, Telenesti, Ungheni", + "municipalities": "Balti, Bender, Chisinau", + "autonomous_territorial_unit": "Gagauzia", + "territorial_unit": "Stinga Nistrului (Transnistria)" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "27 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Independence Day, 27 August (1991)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "adopted 29 July 1994; effective 27 August 1994; note - replaced 1979 Soviet Constitution" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system with Germanic law influences; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Nicolae TIMOFTI (since 23 March 2012)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Iurie LEANCA (since 25 April 2013; acting until 30 May 2013, sworn in on 31 May 2013)", + "cabinet": "Cabinet selected by president, subject to approval of Parliament", + "elections": "president elected by Parliament for a four-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 16 March 2012 (next to be held in March 2016); note - prime minister designated by the president upon consultation with Parliament; within 15 days from designation, the prime minister-designate must request a vote of confidence from the Parliament regarding his/her work program and entire cabinet; the prime minister and Cabinet received a vote of confidence 30 May 2013", + "election_results": "Nicolae TIMOFTI elected president; parliamentary votes - 62 of 101 votes Iurie LEANCA designated prime minister; parliamentary votes of confidence - 58 of 101" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral Parliament or Parlamentul (101 seats; members elected on an at-large basis by popular vote to serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 28 November 2010 (next to be held in 2014); note - this was the third parliamentary election in less than two years; the earlier parliaments (elected 5 April 2009 and 29 July 2009) were dissolved after they could not agree on a presidential candidate", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - PCRM 39.3%, PLDM 29.4%, PD 12.7%, PL 10%, other 8.6%; seats by party - PCRM 42, PLDM 32, PD 15, PL 12; note - in November of 2011, 3 legislators defected from the Communist Party (PCRM) and voted with the PLDM, PD, and PL governing coalition - termed the Alliance for European Integration (AEI) - to reach a 62-seat majority sufficient to elect a new president; the 3 former PCRM legislators are now aligned with the Party of Socialists, and in 2012 an additional 5 legislators defected from the PCRM; 1 PLDM legislator also defected and is independent" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Justice (consists of a chief judges, 3 deputy-chief judges, 45 judges, and 7 assistant judges); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president and 6 judges) note - the Constitutional Court is autonomous to the other branches of government; the Court interprets the Constitution and reviews the constitutionality of parliamentary laws and decisions, decrees of the president, and acts of the government.", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court of Justice judges appointed by Parliament upon the recommendation of the Supreme Council of the Magistracy; all judges serve 4-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court judges appointed 2 each by Parliament, the Moldovan president, and the Higher Council of Magistracy; court president elected by other court judges for a 3-year term; other judges appointed for 6-year terms", + "subordinate_courts": "Courts of Appeal; Court of Business Audit; municipal courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "represented_in_parliament": "Communist Party of the Republic of Moldova or PCRM [Vladimir VORONIN]; Democratic Party or PD [Marian LUPU]; Liberal Democratic Party or PLDM [Vladimir FILAT]; Liberal Party or PL [Mihai GHIMPU]; Alliance for European Integration or AEI (coalition of the PD, PLDM, and PL); ", + "not_represented_in_parliament": "Christian Democratic People's Party or PPCD [Iurie ROSCA]; Conservative Party or PC [Natalia NIRCA]; Ecological Party of Moldova \"Green Alliance\" or PEMAVE [Vladimir BRAGA]; European Action Movement or MAE [Veaceslav UNTILA]; For Nation and Country Party or PpNT [Sergiu MOCANU]; Humanist Party of Moldova or PUM [Valeriu PASAT]; Labor Party or PM [Gheorghe SIMA]; National Liberal Party or PNL [Vitalia PAVLICENKO]; Party of Socialists or PSRM [Igor DODON]; Patriots of Moldova Party or PPM [Mihail GARBUZ]; Popular Republican Party or PPR [Nicolae ANDRONIC]; Republican Party of Moldova or PRM [Andrei STRATAN]; Roma Social Political Movement of the Republic of Moldova or MRRM [Ion BUCUR]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Victor SELIN]; Social Political Movement \"Equality\" or MR [Valeriy KLIMENCO]; United Moldova Party or PMUEM [Vladimir TURCAN]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, CIS, EAEC (observer), EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Igor MUNTEANU", + "chancery": "2101 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 667-1130", + "fax": "[1] (202) 667-2624" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador William H. MOSER", + "embassy": "103 Mateevici Street, Chisinau MD-2009", + "mailing_address": "use embassy street address", + "telephone": "[373] (22) 40-8300", + "fax": "[373] (22) 23-3044" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle of gold outlined in black with a red beak and talons carrying a yellow cross in its beak and a green olive branch in its right talons and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on its breast is a shield divided horizontally red over blue with a stylized aurochs head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined yellow; based on the color scheme of the flag of Romania - with which Moldova shares a history and culture - but Moldova's blue band is lighter; the reverse of the flag does not display any coat of arms", + "note": "one of only three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides - the others are Paraguay and Saudi Arabia" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "aurochs (a type of wild cattle)" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Limba noastra\" (Our Language)", + "lyrics_music": "Alexei MATEEVICI/Alexandru CRISTEA", + "note": "adopted 1994" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Moldova remains one of the poorest countries in Europe despite recent progress from its small economic base. With its moderate climate and good farmland, Moldova's economy relies heavily on its agriculture sector, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. With few natural energy resources, Moldova imports almost all of its energy supplies from Russia and Ukraine. Moldova's dependence on Russian energy is underscored by an estimated $4.3 billion debt to Russian natural gas supplier Gazprom due largely to unreimbursed natural gas consumption in the separatist Transnistria region. Previous Russian decisions to ban Moldovan wine and agricultural products, coupled with their decision to double the price Moldova paid for Russian natural gas and the large debt continue to hamper economic growth. Moldova also depends heavily on the annual $1 billion in remittances from the estimated one million Moldovans working in Europe and former Soviet Bloc countries. During the global financial crisis in 2009, Moldova experienced a 6% contraction of its GDP, a shrinkage due to increased unemployment and decrease in remittances. To stabilize the country, the IMF allocated $186 million to Moldova to cover its immediate budgetary needs in the fall of 2009, and the Moldovan Government agreeing with the IMF to a new program worth $574 million. In 2010, an upturn in the world economy boosted GDP growth to about 7% and inflation to more than 7%. Economic reforms have been slow because of corruption and strong political forces backing government controls. Nevertheless, the government's primary goal of EU integration has resulted in some market-oriented progress. The granting of EU trade preferences has encouraged higher growth rates, but the agreements are unlikely to serve as a panacea, given the extent to which export success depends on higher quality standards and other factors. The economy had modest growth in 2011, expanding by 6.8%. However, in 2012, with the Euro crisis and a devastating drought, Moldova's GDP stalled at an estimated 0.3% growth over 2011. Moldova's economic future remains vulnerable to political uncertainty, weak administrative capacity, vested bureaucratic interests, higher fuel prices and the concerns of foreign investors as well as the presence of an illegal separatist regime in Moldova's Transnistria region." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$12.36 billion (2012 est.); $12.46 billion (2011 est.); $11.66 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$7.252 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.8% (2012 est.); 6.8% (2011 est.); 7.1% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$3,500 (2012 est.); $3,500 (2011 est.); $3,300 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "16.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 11.9% of GDP (2011 est.); 15.9% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "97.2%", + "government_consumption": "22.3%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "21.8%", + "investment_in_inventories": "1.5%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "45.2%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-88% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "13.1%", + "industry": "19.8%", + "services": "67.1% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "vegetables, fruits, grapes, grain, sugar beets, sunflower seed, tobacco; beef, milk; wine" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "sugar, vegetable oil, food processing, agricultural machinery; foundry equipment, refrigerators and freezers, washing machines; hosiery, shoes, textiles" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "-3% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "1.215 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "27.5%", + "industry": "13.1%", + "services": "59.4% (2011)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "5.6% (2012 est.); 6.7% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "21.9% (2010 est.)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "3.3%", + "highest_10%": "26% (2010 est.)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "38 (2008); 33.2 (2003)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$2.768 billion", + "expenditures": "$2.92 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "38.2% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-2.1% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "17.9% of GDP (2012 est.); 19% of GDP (2011 est.)" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "4.5% (2012 est.); 7.6% (2011 est.)" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "13.4% (31 December 2012 est.); 14.44% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$1.54 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.475 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$3.498 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $3.049 billion (31 December 2010 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$2.877 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $2.755 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$20.7 million (31 December 2010 est.); $22 million (31 December 2010)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$837.3 million (2012 est.); -$790.4 million (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$2.228 billion (2012 est.); $2.277 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "foodstuffs, textiles, machinery" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Russia 20.9%, Romania 19.8%, Italy 11.6%, Ukraine 6.6%, Turkey 6%, Germany 4.7% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$5.152 billion (2012 est.); $5.147 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "mineral products and fuel, machinery and equipment, chemicals, textiles" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Ukraine 20.9%, Romania 16.1%, Germany 9.4%, Russia 7.9%, Italy 5.7%, Belarus 5.3%, Turkey 4.7%, Poland 4.4% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$2.511 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.965 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$6.132 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $5.443 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$3.224 billion (30 September 2012 est.); $3.17 billion (30 September 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$88.42 million (1 January 2012); $67.85 million (1 January 2010)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "Moldovan lei (MDL) per US dollar -; 12.111 (2012 est.); 11.738 (2011 est.); 12.369 (2010 est.); 11.11 (2009); 10.326 (2008)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "1.016 billion kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "3.571 billion kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "0 kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "3.145 billion kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "551,000 kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "88.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "11.6% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "210 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "18,060 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "110.4 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "15,800 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "0 cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "1.095 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "1.152 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "7.38 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "1.18 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "3.715 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "poor service outside Chisinau; some modernization is under way", + "domestic": "multiple private operators of GSM mobile-cellular telephone service are operating; GPRS system is being introduced; a CDMA mobile telephone network began operations in 2007; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity 100 per 100 persons", + "international": "country code - 373; service through Romania and Russia via landline; satellite earth stations - at least 3 (Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik) (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "state-owned national radio-TV broadcaster operates 2 TV and 2 radio stations; a total of nearly 40 terrestrial TV channels and some 50 radio stations are in operation; Russian and Romanian channels also are available (2007)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".md" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "711,564 (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "1.333 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "7 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "5", + "over_3_047_m": "1", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "2", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "2 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "2", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "1", + "under_914_m": "1 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 1,906 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "1,190 km", + "broad_gauge": "1,176 km 1.520-m gauge", + "standard_gauge": "14 km 1.435-m gauge (2008)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "9,343 km", + "paved": "8,810 km", + "unpaved": "533 km (2008)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "558 km (in public use on Danube, Dniester and Prut rivers) (2011)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "121", + "by_type": "bulk carrier 7, cargo 88, carrier 1, chemical tanker 3, passenger/cargo 7, petroleum tanker 2, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 11, specialized tanker 1", + "foreign_owned": "63 (Bulgaria 1, Denmark 1, Egypt 5, Greece 1, Israel 2, Lebanon 1, Pakistan 1, Romania 2, Russia 5, Syria 5, Turkey 18, UK 3, Ukraine 14, Yemen 4) (2010)" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "National Army: Land Forces Command, Air Forces Command (includes air defense unit), Logistics Command (2013)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "18 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; male registration required at age 16; 1-year service obligation (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "1,143,440", + "females_age_16_49": "1,156,958 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "875,224", + "females_age_16_49": "969,903 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "28,213", + "female": "26,614 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "0.4% of GDP (2005 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "Moldova and Ukraine operate joint customs posts to monitor the transit of people and commodities through Moldova's break-away Transnistria region, which remains under the auspices of an Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe-mandated peacekeeping mission comprised of Moldovan, Transnistrian, Russian, and Ukrainian troops" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "stateless_persons": "1,998 (2012)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for CIS consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia via Central Asia to Russia, Western Europe, and possibly the US; widespread crime and underground economic activity" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/me-montenegro.json b/europe/me-montenegro.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..680bc229 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/me-montenegro.json @@ -0,0 +1,541 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "The use of the name Crna Gora (Montenegro) began in the 13th century in reference to a highland region in the Serbian province of Zeta. The later medieval state of Zeta maintained its existence until 1496 when Montenegro finally fell under Ottoman rule. Over subsequent centuries, Montenegro, while a part of the Ottoman Empire, was able to maintain a level of autonomy. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro was a theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it was transformed into a secular principality. Montenegro was recognized as an independent sovereign principality at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. After World War I, during which Montenegro fought on the side of the Allies, Montenegro was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929; at the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro federated with Serbia, first as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, in a looser State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia barely exceeded 55% - the threshold set by the EU - allowing Montenegro to formally restore its independence on 3 June 2006." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "42 30 N, 19 18 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "13,812 sq km", + "land": "13,452 sq km", + "water": "360 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly smaller than Connecticut" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "625 km", + "border_countries": "Albania 172 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 225 km, Croatia 25 km, Kosovo 79 km, Serbia 124 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "293.5 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "continental_shelf": "defined by treaty" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Adriatic Sea 0 m", + "highest_point": "Bobotov Kuk 2,522 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "bauxite, hydroelectricity" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "12.45%", + "permanent_crops": "1.16%", + "other": "86.39% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "24.12 sq km (2010)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "destructive earthquakes" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "strategic location along the Adriatic coast" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Montenegrin(s)", + "adjective": "Montenegrin" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Montenegrin 43%, Serbian 32%, Bosniak 8%, Albanian 5%, other (Muslims, Croats, Roma (Gypsy)) 12% (2003 census)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Serbian 63.6%, Montenegrin (official) 22%, Bosnian 5.5%, Albanian 5.3%, unspecified (includes Croatian) 3.7% (2003 census)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Orthodox 74.2%, Muslim 17.7%, Catholic 3.5%, other 0.6%, unspecified 3%, atheist 1% (2003 census)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "653,474 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "15.3% (male 48,670/female 51,379)", + "15_24_years": "11.4% (male 35,750/female 38,516)", + "25_54_years": "47% (male 164,913/female 142,372)", + "55_64_years": "12.6% (male 40,618/female 41,398)", + "65_years_and_over": "13.8% (male 35,573/female 54,285) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "46.7 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "27.5 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "19.2 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "5.2 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "38.7 years", + "male": "37.6 years", + "female": "40.1 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.56% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "10.75 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "9.17 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "61% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0.1% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "PODGORICA (capital) 144,000 (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.07 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "0.95 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "0.97 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.15 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.97 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.66 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.99 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "26.3 (2009 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "8 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "39.4% (2005/06)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "9.1% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "3.9 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 99% of population; rural: 96% of population; total: 98% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 1% of population; rural: 4% of population; total: 2% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 92% of population; rural: 87% of population; total: 90% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 8% of population; rural: 13% of population; total: 10% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "major_infectious_diseases": { + "degree_of_risk": "intermediate", + "food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial diarrhea", + "vectorborne_disease": "Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (2013)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "22.5% (2008)" + }, + "children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": { + "text": "2.2% (2006)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "98.5%", + "male": "99.4%", + "female": "97.6% (2011 est.)" + }, + "child_labor_children_ages_5_14": { + "total_number": "8,520", + "percentage": "10 % (2005 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "37%", + "male": "35.5%", + "female": "40% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "none", + "conventional_short_form": "Montenegro", + "local_long_form": "none", + "local_short_form": "Crna Gora", + "former": "People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Republic of Montenegro" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "republic" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Podgorica; note - the Old Royal Capital is Cetinje mentioned in the constitution", + "geographic_coordinates": "42 26 N, 19 16 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "21 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina); Andrijevica, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Ulcinj, Zabljak" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "3 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "National Day, 13 July (1878)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "approved 19 October 2007 (by the Assembly)" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICC jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Filip VUJANOVIC (since 6 April 2008)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Milo DJUKANOVIC (since 4 December 2012)", + "cabinet": "Ministers act as cabinet", + "elections": "president elected by direct vote for five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 7 April 2013 (next to be held in 2018); prime minister proposed by president, accepted by Assembly", + "election_results": "Filip VUJANOVIC reelected president; Filip VUJANOVIC 51.2%, Miodrag LEKIC 48.8%%" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral Assembly (81 seats; members elected by direct vote to serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 14 October 2012 (next to be held by 2016)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - Coalition for European Montenegro 45.6%, Democratic Front 22.8%, SNP 11.1%, Positive Montenegro 8.2%, Bosniak Party, 4.2%, other (including Albanian and Croatian minority parties) 8.1%; seats by party - Coalition for European Montenegro 39, Democratic Front 20, SNP 9, Positive Montenegro 7, Bosniak Party 3, Albanian and Croatian minority parties 3" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Vrhovni Sud (consists of the court president and 6 judges); Constitutional Court or Ustavni Sud (consists of the court president and 6 judges)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "president of Supreme Court proposed jointly by the president of Montenegro, the speaker of the Assembly, and the prime minister; other judges elected by the Judicial Council; court president term is 5 years; term of other judges is 9 years; Constitutional Court judges proposed by the president of Montenegro and elected by the Assembly; court president elected among its members; term of judges is 9 years; court president term is 3 years", + "subordinate_courts": "Administrative Court; Court of Appeal; regional and first instance courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Albanian Coalition (includes Democratic Alliance in Montenegro [Mehmed BARDHI], Democratic Party [Fatmir DJEKA], and Albanian Alternative [Djerdj DAMAJ]); Bosniak Party or BS [Rafet HUSOVIC]; Coalition for European Montenegro (bloc) [Milo DJUKANOVIC] (includes Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC], Social Democratic Party or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC], and the Liberal Party of Montenegro or LP [Andrija POPOVIC]); Coalition FORCA for Unity (includes FORCA [Nazif CUNGU and Civic Initiative [Vaselj Sinistaj]); Croatian Civic Initiative or HGI [Marija VUCINOVIC]; Democratic Center or DC [Goran BATRICEVIC]; Democratic Front (bloc) [Miodrag LEKIC] (includes New Serb Democracy or NOVA [Andrija MANDIC], Movement for Change or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC], a splinter faction of the Socialist People's Party or SNP, and the Pensioners' Party [Vojo VULETIC]); Democratic Serbian Party of Montenegro or DSS [Dragica PEROVIC]; Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Mehmet ZENKA]; Just Montenegro [Rade BOJOVIC]; People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Dejan VUCICEVIC]; Positive Montenegro [Darko PAJOVIC]; Socialist People's Party or SNP [Srdan MILIC]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO (pending member), ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Srdjan DARMANOVIC", + "chancery": "1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20009", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 234-6108", + "fax": "[1] (202) 234-6109", + "consulates_general": "New York" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Sue K BROWN", + "embassy": "Dzona Dzeksona 2, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro", + "mailing_address": "use embassy street address", + "telephone": "[382] (0) 20 410 500", + "fax": "[382] (0) 20 241 358" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered; the arms consist of a double-headed golden eagle - symbolizing the unity of church and state - surmounted by a crown; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the breast shield over the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a blue sky; the lion is symbol of episcopal authority and harks back to the three and a half centuries that Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "double-headed eagle" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Oj, svijetla majska zoro\" (Oh, Bright Dawn of May)", + "lyrics_music": "Sekula DRLJEVIC/unknown, arranged by Zarko MIKOVIC", + "note": "adopted 2004; the anthem's music is based on a Montenegrin folk song" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Montenegro's economy is transitioning to a market system, but the state sector remains large and additional institutional changes are needed. The economy relies heavily on tourism and the export of refined metals. Unprofitable state-owned enterprises weigh on public finances. Montenegro severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the MILOSEVIC era and maintained its own central bank, adopted the deutsch mark, then the euro - rather than the Yugoslav dinar - as official currency, collected customs tariffs, and managed its own budget. The dissolution of the loose political union between Serbia and Montenegro in 2006 led to separate membership in several international financial institutions, such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. In January 2007, Montenegro joined the World Bank and IMF. Montenegro became the 156th member of World Trade Organization in December 2011. The European Council (EC) granted candidate country status to Montenegro at the December 2010 session. Montenegro began negotiations to join the EC in June, 2012, having met the conditions set down by the European Council, which called on Montenegro to take steps to fight corruption and organized crime. Unemployment and regional disparities in development are key political and economic problems. Montenegro has privatized its large aluminum complex - the dominant industry - as well as most of its financial sector, and has begun to attract foreign direct investment in the tourism sector. The global financial crisis had a significant negative impact on the economy, due to the ongoing credit crunch, a decline in the real estate sector, and a fall in aluminum exports. In 2012, real GDP growth slipped to 0.5%, reflecting the general downturn in most of Europe." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$7.461 billion (2012 est.); $7.458 billion (2011 est.); $7.226 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$4.28 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "0% (2012 est.); 3.2% (2011 est.); 2.5% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$12,000 (2012 est.); $12,000 (2011 est.); $11,200 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "84.4%", + "government_consumption": "22.1%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "18.4%", + "investment_in_inventories": "1.1%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "40.2%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-66.2% (2011 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "0.8%", + "industry": "11.3%", + "services": "87.9% (2011)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "tobacco, potatoes, citrus fruits, olives, grapes; sheep" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "steelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "251,300 (2011 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "6.3%", + "industry": "20.9%", + "services": "72.8% (2011 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "19.1% (2012 est.); 11.5% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "6.6% (2010 est.)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "24.3 (2010); 30 (2003)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$1.68 billion", + "expenditures": "$1.58 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "39.3% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "2.3% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "52.1% of GDP (2012 est.); 45% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "4% (2012); 3% (2011)" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "9.69% (31 December 2011 est.); 9.53% (31 December 2010 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$749 million (31 December 2011 est.); $783.3 million (31 December 2010 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$1.982 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $2.01 billion (31 December 2010 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$3.29 billion (31 December 2009); $3.771 billion (31 December 2008)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$3.322 billion (31 December 2011); $3.604 billion (31 December 2010); $4.289 billion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$1.938 billion (2012 est.); -$1.927 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$489.2 million (2012 est.); $640 million (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Croatia 22.7%, Serbia 22.7%, Slovenia 7.8% (2012 est.)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$2.4 billion (2012 est.); $2.5 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Serbia 29.3%, Greece 8.7%, China 7.1% (2012 est.)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$400 million (31 December 2011)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$1.7 billion (2012 est.); $1.2 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -; 0.7778 (2012 est.); 0.7185 (2011 est.); 0.755 (2010 est.); 0.7198 (2009 est.); 0.6827 (2008 est.)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "2.621 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "4.1 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "1.5 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "868,000 kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "24.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "75.8% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "4,446 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "3,666 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "1.941 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "169,500 (2010)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "1.17 million (2010)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "modern telecommunications system with access to European satellites", + "domestic": "GSM mobile-cellular service, available through multiple providers with national coverage, is growing", + "international": "country code - 382; 2 international switches connect the national system (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "state-funded national radio-TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial TV networks, 1 satellite TV channel, and 2 radio networks; 4 public TV stations and some 20 private TV stations; 14 local public radio stations and more than 40 private radio stations (2007)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".me" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "10,088 (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "280,000 (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "5 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "5", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "2", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "1", + "914_to_1_523_m": "1", + "under_914_m": "1 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "1 (2012)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "250 km", + "standard_gauge": "250 km 1.435-m gauge (169 km electrified) (2007)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "7,624 km", + "paved": "5,097 km", + "unpaved": "2,527 km (2008)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "2", + "by_type": "cargo 1, passenger/cargo 1", + "registered_in_other_countries": "4 (Bahamas 2, Honduras 1, Slovakia 1) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Bar" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Armed Forces of the Republic of Montenegro: Army of Montenegro (includes Montenegrin Navy (Mornarica Crne Gore, MCG)), Air Force (2011)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "149,159", + "females_age_16_49": "131,823 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "3,120", + "female": "3,677 (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "none" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "refugees_country_of_origin": "8,504 (Kosovo) (2012)", + "stateless_persons": "3,383 (2012)" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/mk-macedonia.json b/europe/mk-macedonia.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a26c7a30 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/mk-macedonia.json @@ -0,0 +1,602 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Macedonia gained its independence peacefully from Yugoslavia in 1991. Greece's objection to the new state's use of what it considered a Hellenic name and symbols delayed international recognition, which occurred under the provisional designation of \"the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.\" In 1995, Greece lifted a 20-month trade embargo and the two countries agreed to normalize relations, but the issue of the name remained unresolved and negotiations for a solution are ongoing. Since 2004, the United States and over 130 other nations have recognized Macedonia by its constitutional name, Republic of Macedonia. Some ethnic Albanians, angered by perceived political and economic inequities, launched an insurgency in 2001 that eventually won the support of the majority of Macedonia's ethnic Albanian population and led to the internationally brokered Ohrid Framework Agreement, which ended the fighting and established guidelines for the creation of new laws that enhanced the rights of minorities. Fully implementing the Framework Agreement, maintaining momentum on democratic reforms, and stimulating economic growth and development continue to be challenges for Macedonia, although progress has been made over the past several years." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Southeastern Europe, north of Greece" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "41 50 N, 22 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "25,713 sq km", + "land": "25,433 sq km", + "water": "280 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly larger than Vermont" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "766 km", + "border_countries": "Albania 151 km, Bulgaria 148 km, Greece 246 km, Kosovo 159 km, Serbia 62 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "0 km (landlocked)" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "text": "none (landlocked)" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "warm, dry summers and autumns; relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "mountainous territory covered with deep basins and valleys; three large lakes, each divided by a frontier line; country bisected by the Vardar River" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Vardar River 50 m", + "highest_point": "Golem Korab (Maja e Korabit) 2,764 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "low-grade iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, manganese, nickel, tungsten, gold, silver, asbestos, gypsum, timber, arable land" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "16.1%", + "permanent_crops": "1.36%", + "other": "82.54% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "1,278 sq km (2004)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "6.4 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "1.03 cu km/yr (21%/67%/12%)", + "per_capita": "502 cu m/yr (2007)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "high seismic risks" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "air pollution from metallurgical plants" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "landlocked; major transportation corridor from Western and Central Europe to Aegean Sea and Southern Europe to Western Europe" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Macedonian(s)", + "adjective": "Macedonian" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Macedonian 64.2%, Albanian 25.2%, Turkish 3.9%, Roma (Gypsy) 2.7%, Serb 1.8%, other 2.2% (2002 census)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Macedonian (official) 66.5%, Albanian (official) 25.1%, Turkish 3.5%, Roma 1.9%, Serbian 1.2%, other 1.8% (2002 census)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Macedonian Orthodox 64.7%, Muslim 33.3%, other Christian 0.37%, other and unspecified 1.63% (2002 census)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "2,087,171 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "17.9% (male 193,507/female 180,157)", + "15_24_years": "14.3% (male 154,084/female 144,908)", + "25_54_years": "43.8% (male 463,282/female 450,261)", + "55_64_years": "11.9% (male 121,097/female 127,742)", + "65_years_and_over": "12.1% (male 108,324/female 143,809) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "40.9 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "23.5 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "17.4 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "5.7 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "36.5 years", + "male": "35.4 years", + "female": "37.6 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.22% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "11.72 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "9 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "-0.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "59% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0.3% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "SKOPJE (capital) 480,000 (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.08 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.08 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.03 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.94 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.75 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.99 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "26 (2010 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "10 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "8.11 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "8.35 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "7.85 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "75.58 years", + "male": "73.03 years", + "female": "78.33 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.59 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "7.1% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "2.55 physicians/1,000 population (2006)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "4.5 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 99% of population; total: 100% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 0% of population; rural: 1% of population; total: 0% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 92% of population; rural: 82% of population; total: 88% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 8% of population; rural: 18% of population; total: 12% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "less than 0.1% (2007 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "fewer than 200 (2007 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 100 (2003 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "21.1% (2008)" + }, + "children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": { + "text": "1.8% (2005)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "97.4%", + "male": "98.7%", + "female": "96% (2011 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "13 years", + "male": "13 years", + "female": "14 years (2010)" + }, + "child_labor_children_ages_5_14": { + "total_number": "16,782", + "percentage": "6 % (2005 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "55.3%", + "male": "55.7%", + "female": "54.8% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Macedonia", + "conventional_short_form": "Macedonia", + "local_long_form": "Republika Makedonija", + "local_short_form": "Makedonija", + "note": "the provisional designation used by the UN, EU, and NATO is the \"former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia\" (FYROM)", + "former": "People's Republic of Macedonia, Socialist Republic of Macedonia" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "parliamentary democracy" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Skopje", + "geographic_coordinates": "42 00 N, 21 26 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "71 municipalities (opstini, singular - opstina); Aracinovo, Berovo, Bitola, Bogdanci, Bogovinje, Bosilovo, Brvenica, Caska, Centar Zupa, Cesinovo-Oblesevo, Cucer Sandevo, Debar, Debarca, Delcevo, Demir Hisar, Demir Kapija, Dojran, Dolneni, Gevgelija, Gostivar, Grad Skopje, Gradsko, Ilinden, Jegunovce, Karbinci, Kavadarci, Kicevo, Kocani, Konce, Kratovo, Kriva Palanka, Krivogastani, Krusevo, Kumanovo, Lipkovo, Lozovo, Makedonska Kamenica, Makedonski Brod, Mavrovo i Rostusa, Mogila, Negotino, Novaci, Novo Selo, Ohrid, Pehcevo, Petrovec, Plasnica, Prilep, Probistip, Radovis, Rankovce, Resen, Rosoman, Sopiste, Staro Nagoricane, Stip, Struga, Strumica, Studenicani, Sveti Nikole, Tearce, Tetovo, Valandovo, Vasilevo, Veles, Vevcani, Vinica, Vrapciste, Zelenikovo, Zelino, Zrnovci" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "8 September 1991 (referendum by registered voters endorsed independence from Yugoslavia)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Independence Day, 8 September (1991); also known as National Day" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991; amended November 2001, 2005, and in 2009", + "note": "amended November 2001 by a series of new constitutional amendments strengthening minority rights, in 2005 with amendments related to the judiciary, and in 2009 with amendments related to the threshold required to elect the president" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Gjorge IVANOV (since 12 May 2009)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Nikola GRUEVSKI (since 26 August 2006)", + "cabinet": "Council of Ministers elected by the majority vote of all the deputies in the Assembly; note - current cabinet formed by the government coalition parties VMRO-DPMNE, BDI, and several small parties", + "elections": "president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); two-round election: first round held on 22 March 2009, second round held on 5 April 2009 (next to be held in March 2014); prime minister elected by the Assembly following legislative elections; the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually elected prime minister", + "election_results": "Gjorge IVANOV elected president on second-round ballot; percent of vote - Gjorge IVANOV 63.1%, Ljubomir FRCKOSKI 36.9%" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral Assembly or Sobranie (123 seats; all members elected by popular vote from party lists based on the percentage of the overall vote the parties gain in each of six electoral and three diaspora districts; members serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 5 June 2011 (next to be held by June 2015)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - VMRO-DPMNE-led block 39%, SDSM-led block 32.8%, BDI 10.2%, PDSh 5.9%, other 12.1%; seats by party - VMRO-DPMNE-led block 56, SDSM-led block 42, BDI 15, PDSh 8, RDK 2" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consist of NA judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges nominated by the Judicial Council, a 7-member body of legal professionals, and appointed by the Assembly; judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the legislature for nonrenewable, 9-year terms", + "subordinate_courts": "Courts of Appeal; Basic Courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Albanian Democratic Union or BDSh [Bardhyl MAHMUTI]; Democratic League of Bosniaks in Macedonia [Rafet MUMINOVIC]; Democratic Party of Serbs in Macedonia or DPSM [Ivan STOILJKOVIC]; Democratic Party of the Albanians or PDSh [Menduh THACI]; Democratic Party of Turks of Macedonia or DPTM [Kenan HASIPI]; Democratic Renewal of Macedonia or DOM [Liljana POPOVSKA]; Democratic Union or DS [Pavle TRAJANOV]; Democratic Union for Integration or BDI [Ali AHMETI]; Dosoinstvo (Diginity) [Stojance ANGELOV]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity or VMRO-DPMNE [Nikola GRUEVSKI]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - People's Party or VMRO-NP [Ljubco GEORGIEVSKI]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Andrej ZENOVSKI]; Liberal Party of Macedonia or LP [Ivon VELICKOVSKI]; Movement for Turkish National Union [Erdogan SARAC]; National Democratic Revival or RDK [Rufi OSMANI]; New Democracy or ND [Imer SELMANI]; New Social-Democratic Party or NSDP [Tito PETKOVSKI]; Party for Democratic Action of Macedonia or SDA [Avdija PEPIC]; Party for the Total Emancipation of Roma or PCER [Samka IBRAIMOVSKI]; Party of United Democrats of Macedonia or PODEM [Zivko JANKULOVSKI]; Party on European Future or PEI [Fijat CANOSKI]; Serbian Progressive Party in Macedonia or SPSM [Dragisha MILETIC]; Social Democratic Union of Macedonia or SDSM [Branko CRVENKOVSKI]; Socialist Party of Macedonia or SP [Ljubisav IVNAOV DZINGO]; Union of Roma of Macedonia or SR [Amdi BAJRAM]; United for Macedonia or OM [Ljube BOSKOSKI]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "Federation of Free Trade Unions [Mirjana ANDREVSKA]; Federation of Trade Unions [Zivko MITREVSKI]; Trade Union of Education, Science and Culture [Jakim NEDELKOV]" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "BIS, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EU (candidate country), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Zoran JOLEVSKI", + "chancery": "2129 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 667-0501", + "fax": "[1] (202) 667-2131", + "consulates_general": "Chicago, New York, Southfield (MI)" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Paul D. WOHLERS", + "embassy": "Str. Samolilova, Nr. 21, 1000 Skopje", + "mailing_address": "American Embassy Skopje, US Department of State, 7120 Skopje Place, Washington, DC 20521-7120 (pouch)", + "telephone": "[389] (2) 310-2000", + "fax": "[389] (2) 310-2499" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "a yellow sun (the Sun of Liberty) with eight broadening rays extending to the edges of the red field; the red and yellow colors have long been associated with Macedonia" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "eight-rayed sun" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Denes Nad Makedonija\" (Today Over Macedonia)", + "lyrics_music": "Vlado MALESKI/Todor SKALOVSKI", + "note": "adopted 1991; the song, written in 1943, previously served as the anthem of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia while part of Yugoslavia" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Macedonia is vulnerable to economic developments in Europe - due to strong trade ties - and dependent on regional integration and progress toward EU membership for continued economic growth. At independence in September 1991, Macedonia was the least developed of the Yugoslav republics, producing a mere 5% of the total federal output of goods and services. The collapse of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ended transfer payments from the central government and eliminated advantages from inclusion in a de facto free trade area. An absence of infrastructure, UN sanctions on the downsized Yugoslavia, and a Greek economic embargo over a dispute about the country's constitutional name and flag hindered economic growth until 1996. Since then, Macedonia has maintained macroeconomic stability with low inflation, but it has so far lagged the region in attracting foreign investment and creating jobs, despite making extensive fiscal and business sector reforms. Official unemployment has remained consistently high at more than 31% since 2008, but may be overstated based on the existence of an extensive gray market, estimated to be between 20% and 45% of GDP, that is not captured by official statistics. In the wake of the global economic downturn, Macedonia has experienced decreased foreign direct investment and a large trade deficit. However, as a result of conservative fiscal policies and a sound financial system, in 2010 the country credit rating improved slightly to BB+ and was kept at that level in 2011-12. However, macroeconomic stability has been maintained by a prudent monetary policy, which keeps the domestic currency pegged against the euro. As a result, GDP growth was modest, but positive at about 3% both in 2010 and 2011, and inflation was under control. The government loosened fiscal policy in 2012 and the budget deficit expanded to 3.5% of GDP." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$22.22 billion (2012 est.); $22.28 billion (2011 est.); $21.66 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars; Macedonia has a large informal sector that may not be reflected in these data" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$9.676 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.3% (2012 est.); 2.9% (2011 est.); 2.9% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$10,800 (2012 est.); $10,800 (2011 est.); $10,500 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "24.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 24.5% of GDP (2011 est.); 23.4% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "75.3%", + "government_consumption": "18.2%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "21.8%", + "investment_in_inventories": "7%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "52.9%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-75.1% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "11.4%", + "industry": "25.8%", + "services": "62.8% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "grapes, tobacco, vegetables, fruits; milk, eggs" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, iron, steel, cement, energy, pharmaceuticals" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "-2.5% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "936,000 (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "16.7%", + "industry": "26%", + "services": "57.3% (September 2012)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "31.3% (2012 est.); 31.4% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "30.4% (2011)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "2.2%", + "highest_10%": "34.5% (2009 est.)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "43.2 (2009); 39 (2003)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$2.883 billion", + "expenditures": "$3.254 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "29.8% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-3.8% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "33.8% of GDP (2012 est.); 27.8% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "official data from Ministry of Finance; data cover central government debt; this data excludes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; includes treasury debt held by foreign entitites; excludes debt issued by sub-national entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; there are no debt instruments sold for social funds" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "3.1% (2012 est.); 3.9% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "3.75% (31 December 2012 est.); 4% (31 December 2011 est.)", + "note": "series discontinued in January 2010; the discount rate has been replaced by a referent rate for calculating the penalty rate" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "8.48% (31 December 2012 est.); 8.87% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$1.413 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.29 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$5.709 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $5.34 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$4.821 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $4.418 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$2.423 billion (31 December 2012); $2.495 billion (31 December 2011); $2.647 billion (31 December 2010)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$323 million (2012 est.); -$273.5 million (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$4.064 billion (2012 est.); $4.429 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "food, beverages, tobacco; textiles, miscellaneous manufactures, iron, steel; automotive parts" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 25.5%, Italy 6.1%, Bulgaria 5.2%, Greece 4.5% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$6.229 billion (2012 est.); $6.759 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and equipment, automobiles, chemicals, fuels, food products" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Greece 17.7%, Germany 11.5%, UK 9.3%, Bulgaria 8.7%, Italy 5%, Turkey 4.8% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$2.891 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $2.677 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$6.807 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $6.271 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$4.284 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $4.229 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "; $564 million (31 December 2009 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "Macedonian denars (MKD) per US dollar -; 47.89 (2012 est.); 44.231 (2011 est.); 46.485 (2010 est.); 44.1 (2009); 41.414 (2008)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "5.81 billion kWh (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "7.25 billion kWh (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "12.82 million kWh (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "2.692 billion kWh (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "1.94 million kW (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "65.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "34.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2012)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2012)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "18,800 bbl/day (2012)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "21,280 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "17,490 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "8,594 bbl/day (2010 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "21,530 bbl/day (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "0 cu m (2012)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "136.6 million cu m (2011)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2012)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "136.6 million cu m (2012)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "8.231 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "422,100 (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "2.213 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "competition from the mobile-cellular segment of the telecommunications market has led to a drop in fixed-line telephone subscriptions", + "domestic": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular telephone subscribership about 130 per 100 persons", + "international": "country code - 389 (2012)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "public TV broadcaster operates 3 national channels and a satellite network; 5 privately owned TV channels broadcast nationally using terrestrial transmitters and about 15 broadcast on national level via satellite; roughly 75 local commercial TV stations; large number of cable operators offering domestic and international programming; public radio broadcaster operates over multiple stations; 3 privately owned radio stations broadcast nationally; about 70 local commercial radio stations (2012)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".mk" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "62,826 (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "1.057 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "10 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "8", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "2", + "under_914_m": "6 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "2", + "914_to_1_523_m": "1", + "under_914_m": "1 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 268 km; oil 120 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "699 km", + "standard_gauge": "699 km 1.435-m gauge (234 km electrified) (2010)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "13,736 km (includes 216 km of expressways) (2010)" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Army of the Republic of Macedonia (ARM; includes General Staff and subordinate Joint Operational Command, Training and Doctrine Command, Special Operations Regiment) (2012)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2008 (2013)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "532,196", + "females_age_16_49": "511,964 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "443,843", + "females_age_16_49": "426,251 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "16,144", + "female": "14,920 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "6% of GDP (2005 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "Kosovo and Macedonia completed demarcation of their boundary in September 2008; Greece continues to reject the use of the name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "stateless_persons": "905 (2012)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish; minor transit point for South American cocaine destined for Europe; although not a financial center and most criminal activity is thought to be domestic, money laundering is a problem due to a mostly cash-based economy and weak enforcement" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/mt-malta.json b/europe/mt-malta.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ecc7dd53 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/mt-malta.json @@ -0,0 +1,600 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Great Britain formally acquired possession of Malta in 1814. The island staunchly supported the UK through both world wars and remained in the Commonwealth when it became independent in 1964. A decade later Malta became a republic. Since about the mid-1980s, the island has transformed itself into a freight transshipment point, a financial center, and a tourist destination. Malta became an EU member in May 2004 and began using the euro as currency in 2008." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Southern Europe, islands in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Sicily (Italy)" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "35 50 N, 14 35 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "316 sq km", + "land": "316 sq km", + "water": "0 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "text": "0 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "196.8 km (excludes 56 km for the island of Gozo)" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "contiguous_zone": "24 nm", + "continental_shelf": "200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation", + "exclusive_fishing_zone": "25 nm" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "Mediterranean; mild, rainy winters; hot, dry summers" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "mostly low, rocky, flat to dissected plains; many coastal cliffs" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m", + "highest_point": "Ta'Dmejrek 253 m (near Dingli)" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "limestone, salt, arable land" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "28.12%", + "permanent_crops": "4.06%", + "other": "67.81% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "32 sq km (2007)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "0.05 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "0.05 cu km/yr (64%/1%/35%)", + "per_capita": "134.1 cu m/yr (2009)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "limited natural freshwater resources; increasing reliance on desalination" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "the country comprises an archipelago, with only the three largest islands (Malta, Ghawdex or Gozo, and Kemmuna or Comino) being inhabited; numerous bays provide good harbors; Malta and Tunisia are discussing the commercial exploitation of the continental shelf between their countries, particularly for oil exploration" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Maltese (singular and plural)", + "adjective": "Maltese" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Maltese (descendants of ancient Carthaginians and Phoenicians with strong elements of Italian and other Mediterranean stock)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Maltese (official) 90.2%, English (official) 6%, multilingual 3%, other 0.8% (2005 census)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Roman Catholic (official) 98%" + }, + "population": { + "text": "411,277 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "15.3% (male 32,126/female 30,603)", + "15_24_years": "12.9% (male 27,284/female 25,771)", + "25_54_years": "40.5% (male 85,066/female 81,672)", + "55_64_years": "14.1% (male 28,853/female 29,104)", + "65_years_and_over": "17.2% (male 31,397/female 39,401) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "44.9 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "21.3 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "23.6 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "4.2 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "40.5 years", + "male": "39.3 years", + "female": "41.8 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.34% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "10.27 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "8.84 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "1.99 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "95% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0.5% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "VALLETTA (capital) 199,000 (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.99 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.79 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.99 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "26.5 (2008 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "8 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "3.62 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "4.04 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "3.18 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "79.98 years", + "male": "77.69 years", + "female": "82.41 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.53 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "85.8%", + "note": "percent of women aged 20-45 (1993)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "8.7% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "3.07 physicians/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "4.5 beds/1,000 population (2010)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.1% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "fewer than 500 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 100 (2009 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "28.8% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "5.4% of GDP (2009)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "92.4%", + "male": "91.2%", + "female": "93.5% (2005 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "15 years", + "male": "15 years", + "female": "15 years (2010)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "13.9%", + "male": "13.8%", + "female": "14% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Malta", + "conventional_short_form": "Malta", + "local_long_form": "Repubblika ta' Malta", + "local_short_form": "Malta" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "republic" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Valletta", + "geographic_coordinates": "35 53 N, 14 30 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "68 localities (Il-lokalita); Attard, Balzan, Birgu, Birkirkara, Birzebbuga, Bormla, Dingli, Fgura, Floriana, Fontana, Ghajnsielem, Gharb, Gharghur, Ghasri Ghaxaq, Gudja, Gzira, Hamrun, Iklin, Imdina, Imgarr, Imqabba, Imsida, Imtarfa, Isla, Kalkara, Kercem, Kirkop, Lija, Luqa, Marsa, Marsaskala, Marsaxlokk, Mellieha, Mosta, Munxar, Nadur, Naxxar, Paola, Pembroke, Pieta, Qala, Qormi, Qrendi, Rabat, Rabat (Ghawdex), Safi, San Giljan/Saint Julian, San Gwann/Saint John, San Lawrenz/Saint Lawrence, Sannat, San Pawl il-Bahar/Saint Paul's Bay, Santa Lucija/Saint Lucia, Santa Venera/Saint Venera, Siggiewi, Sliema, Swieqi, Tarxien, Ta' Xbiex, Valletta, Xaghra, Xewkija, Xghajra, Zabbar, Zebbug, Zebbug (Ghawdex), Zejtun, Zurrieq" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "21 September 1964 (from the UK)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Independence Day, 21 September (1964); Republic Day, 13 December (1974)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "1964; amended many times" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "mixed legal system of English common law and civil law (based on the Roman and Napoleonic civil codes)" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President George ABELA (since 4 April 2009)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Joseph MUSCAT (since 11 March 2013)", + "cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister", + "elections": "president elected by a resolution of the House of Representatives for a five-year term; election last held on 12 January 2009 (next to be held by April 2014); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the president for a five-year term; the deputy prime minister appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister", + "election_results": "George ABELA elected president by the House of Representatives" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral House of Representatives (normally 65 seats; members are elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation by the Single Transferrable Vote (STV) to serve five-year terms; note - the parliament elected in 2013 is composed of 69 seats; when the political party winning an absolute majority of first-count votes (or a plurality of first-count votes in an election where only two parties are represented in parliament) does not win an absolute majority of seats, the constitution provides for the winning party to be awarded additional number of seats in parliament to guarantee it an absolute majority; in the event that more than two parties are represented in parliament, with none acquiring the absolute majority of votes, the party winning the majority of seats prevails", + "elections": "last held on 9 March 2013 (next to be held by March 2018)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - PN 54.8%, PL 43.3%, other 1.9%; seats by party - PN 39, PL 30" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Court of Appeal (consists of 7 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 3 judges)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Court of Appeal and Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president, usually upon the advice of the prime minister; judges of both courts serve until age 65", + "subordinate_courts": "Court of Criminal Appeal; Civil Court (divided into the General Jurisdiction Section, Family Section, and Voluntary Section); Criminal Court; Court of Magistrates; Gozo Courts (for the islands of Gozo and Comino" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Alternativa Demokratika/Alliance for Social Justice or AD (Green Party) [Michael BRIGUGLIO]; Labor Party or PL [Joseph MUSCAT]; Nationalist Party or PN [Lawrence GONZI]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "Alliance of Liberal Democrats Malta (Alleanza Liberali-Demokratika Malta) of ALDM (for divorce, abortion, gay marriage, women's rights); Together for a Better Environment (Flimkien Ghal-Ambjent Ahjar) or FAA (pro-environment); ", + "other": "environmentalists" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "Australia Group, C, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina (observer), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Joseph COLE", + "chancery": "2017 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 462-3611 through 3612", + "fax": "[1] (202) 387-5470", + "consulates": "New York" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Gina ABERCROMBIE-WINSTANLEY", + "embassy": "Ta' Qali National Park, Attard, ATD 4000", + "mailing_address": "5800 Valetta Place, Dulles, VA 20189", + "telephone": "[356] 2561 4000", + "fax": "[356] 2124 3229" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "two equal vertical bands of white (hoist side) and red; in the upper hoist-side corner is a representation of the George Cross, edged in red; according to legend, the colors are taken from the red and white checkered banner of Count Roger of Sicily who removed a bi-colored corner and granted it to Malta in 1091; an uncontested explanation is that the colors are those of the Knights of Saint John who ruled Malta from 1530 to 1798; in 1942, King George VI of the United Kingdom awarded the George Cross to the islanders for their exceptional bravery and gallantry in World War II; since independence in 1964, the George Cross bordered in red has appeared directly on the white field" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "Maltese cross" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"L-Innu Malti\" (The Maltese Anthem)", + "lyrics_music": "Dun Karm PSAILA/Robert SAMMUT", + "note": "adopted 1945; the anthem is written in the form of a prayer" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Malta - the smallest economy in the euro zone - produces only about 20% of its food needs, has limited fresh water supplies, and has few domestic energy sources. Malta's geographic position between Europe and North Africa makes it a target for irregular migration, which has strained Malta's political and economic resources. Malta''s fertility rate is below the EU average, and population growth in recent years has largely been from immigration, putting increasing pressure on the pension system. Malta adopted the euro on 1 January 2008. Malta''s economy is dependent on foreign trade, manufacturing, and tourism, and was hurt by the global economic downturn. Malta has low unemployment relative to other European countries, and growth has recovered since the 2009 recession. Malta''s financial services industry has grown in recent years and it has avoided contagion from the European financial crisis, largely because its debt is mostly held domestically and its banks have low exposure to the sovereign debt of peripheral European countries. Malta reduced its deficit below 3 percent of GDP, leading the EU to dismiss its official excessive deficit procedure against Malta in 2012." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$11.45 billion (2012 est.); $11.35 billion (2011 est.); $11.16 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$8.689 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.8% (2012 est.); 1.7% (2011 est.); 2.9% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$27,500 (2012 est.); $27,300 (2011 est.); $26,900 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "12.7% of GDP (2012 est.); 12.8% of GDP (2011 est.); 12% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "60.4%", + "government_consumption": "21.5%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "14.6%", + "investment_in_inventories": "-2.2%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "101.9%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-96.1% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "1.9%", + "industry": "17.2%", + "services": "80.9% (2010 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "potatoes, cauliflower, grapes, wheat, barley, tomatoes, citrus, cut flowers, green peppers; pork, milk, poultry, eggs" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "tourism, electronics, ship building and repair, construction, food and beverages, pharmaceuticals, footwear, clothing, tobacco, aviation services, financial services, information technology services" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "NA%" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "184,500 (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "1.5%", + "industry": "24.7%", + "services": "73.9% (2011)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "6.4% (2012 est.); 6.4% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "15.4% (2011)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "NA%", + "highest_10%": "NA%" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "27.4 (2011); 26 (2007)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$3.52 billion", + "expenditures": "$3.81 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "40.5% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-3.3% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "72.1% of GDP (2012 est.); 70.3% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "Malta reports public debt at nominal value outstanding at the end of the year, according to guidelines set out in the Maastricht Treaty for general government gross debt; the data include the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); general government comprises the central government, state government, local government and social security funds" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "2.4% (2012 est.); 2.7% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "1.75% (31 December 2011); 1.75% (31 December 2010)", + "note": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "4.7% (31 December 2012 est.); 4.76% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$5.271 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $5.095 billion (31 December 2011 est.)", + "note": "see entry for the European Union for money supply in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 17 members of the EMU; individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$12.66 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $12.53 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$13.22 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $12.94 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$3.424 billion (31 December 2011); $2.399 billion (31 December 2010); $1.982 billion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$221.2 million (2012 est.); -$268.8 million (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$4.044 billion (2012 est.); $4.139 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and mechanical appliances; mineral fuels, oils and products; pharmaceutical products; printed books and newspapers; aircraft/spacecraft and parts; toys, games, and sports equipment" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 14.6%, France 9.9%, Italy 6.8%, Libya 5.5%, UK 5% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$5.368 billion (2012 est.); $5.576 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "mineral fuels, oils and products; electrical machinery; aircraft/spacecraft and parts thereof; machinery and mechanical appliances; plastic and other semi-manufactured goods; vehicles and parts thereof" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Italy 39.6%, France 6.9%, UK 6.9%, Germany 5.3% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$704.9 million (31 December 2012 est.); $515.5 million (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$45.77 billion (31 December 2012); $43.16 billion (31 December 2011)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$17.25 billion (31 December 2010); $9.019 billion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$1.213 billion (2010 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -; 0.7778 (2012 est.); 0.7185 (2011 est.); 0.755 (2010 est.); 0.7198 (2009 est.); 0.6827 (2008 est.)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "2.168 billion kWh (2011)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "1.991 billion kWh (2010)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "0 kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "0 kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "573,000 kW (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "99.7% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "0.3% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "19,520 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "NA (2010 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "47,050 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "3.114 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "232,300 (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "521,700 (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "automatic system featuring submarine cable and microwave radio relay between islands", + "domestic": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular subscribership exceeds 180 per 100 persons", + "international": "country code - 356; submarine cable connects to Italy; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "2 publicly owned TV stations, Television Malta (TVM) broadcasting nationally plus an educational channel; several privately owned national television stations, two of which are owned by political parties; Italian and British broadcast programs are available; multi-channel cable and satellite TV services are available; publicly owned radio broadcaster operates 1 station; roughly 20 commercial radio stations (2011)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".mt" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "14,754 (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "240,600 (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "1 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "1", + "over_3_047_m": "1 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "2 (2013)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "3,096 km", + "paved": "2,710 km", + "unpaved": "386 km (2005)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "1,650", + "by_type": "bulk carrier 544, cargo 351, carrier 1, chemical tanker 324, container 117, liquefied gas 36, passenger 50, passenger/cargo 18, petroleum tanker 160, refrigerated cargo 7, roll on/roll off 22, specialized tanker 2, vehicle carrier 18", + "foreign_owned": "1,437 (Angola 7, Azerbaijan 1, Belgium 7, Bermuda 15, Bulgaria 8, Canada 5, China 6, Croatia 6, Cyprus 32, Denmark 34, Egypt 1, Estonia 16, Finland 3, France 8, Germany 135, Greece 469, Hong Kong 4, India 3, Iran 48, Ireland 4, Israel 3, Italy 45, Japan 5, Kuwait 3, Latvia 8, Lebanon 6, Libya 5, Luxembourg 3, Malaysia 1, Monaco 3, Netherlands 3, Norway 96, Oman 5, Poland 21, Portugal 3, Romania 7, Russia 45, Saudi Arabia 2, Singapore 4, Slovenia 4, South Korea 2, Spain 8, Sweden 1, Switzerland 20, Syria 4, Turkey 233, UAE 1, UK 21, Ukraine 29, US 34)", + "registered_in_other_countries": "2 (Panama 2) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "major_seaports": "Marsaxlokk (Malta Freeport), Valletta", + "container_ports_teus": "Marsaxlokk (2,360,000)" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Armed Forces of Malta (AFM; includes land, maritime, and air elements) (2013)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "17 years 6 months of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2013)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "95,499", + "females_age_16_49": "90,919 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "79,645", + "females_age_16_49": "75,684 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "2,554", + "female": "2,385 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2012)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "none" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "refugees_country_of_origin": "5,041 Somalia (2012)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "minor transshipment point for hashish from North Africa to Western Europe" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/nl-netherlands.json b/europe/nl-netherlands.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..17b1a195 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/nl-netherlands.json @@ -0,0 +1,624 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "The Dutch United Provinces declared their independence from Spain in 1579; during the 17th century, they became a leading seafaring and commercial power, with settlements and colonies around the world. After a 20-year French occupation, a Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed in 1815. In 1830 Belgium seceded and formed a separate kingdom. The Netherlands remained neutral in World War I, but suffered invasion and occupation by Germany in World War II. A modern, industrialized nation, the Netherlands is also a large exporter of agricultural products. The country was a founding member of NATO and the EEC (now the EU) and participated in the introduction of the euro in 1999. In October 2010, the former Netherlands Antilles was dissolved and the three smallest islands - Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba - became special municipalities in the Netherlands administrative structure. The larger islands of Sint Maarten and Curacao joined the Netherlands and Aruba as constituent countries forming the Kingdom of the Netherlands." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between Belgium and Germany" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "52 30 N, 5 45 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "41,543 sq km", + "land": "33,893 sq km", + "water": "7,650 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "1,027 km", + "border_countries": "Belgium 450 km, Germany 577 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "451 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "contiguous_zone": "24 nm", + "exclusive_fishing_zone": "200 nm" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders); some hills in southeast" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Zuidplaspolder -7 m", + "highest_point": "Mount Scenery 862 m (on the island of Saba in the Caribbean, now considered an integral part of the Netherlands following the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles)", + "note": "the highest point on continental Netherlands is Vaalserberg at 322 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "natural gas, petroleum, peat, limestone, salt, sand and gravel, arable land" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "25.08%", + "permanent_crops": "0.88%", + "other": "74.04% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "4,572 sq km (2007)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "91 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "10.61 cu km/yr (12%/88%/1%)", + "per_capita": "636.7 cu m/yr (2008)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "flooding" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "water pollution in the form of heavy metals, organic compounds, and nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates; air pollution from vehicles and refining activities; acid rain" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "located at mouths of three major European rivers (Rhine, Maas or Meuse, and Schelde)" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Dutchman(men), Dutchwoman(women)", + "adjective": "Dutch" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Dutch 80.7%, EU 5%, Indonesian 2.4%, Turkish 2.2%, Surinamese 2%, Moroccan 2%, Caribbean 0.8%, other 4.8% (2008 est.)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Dutch (official), Frisian (official)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Roman Catholic 30%, Protestant 20% (Dutch Reformed 11%, Calvinist 6%, other Protestant 3%), Muslim 5.8%, other 2.2%, none 42% (2006)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "16,805,037 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "17.1% (male 1,468,364/female 1,401,651)", + "15_24_years": "12.2% (male 1,041,181/female 1,002,125)", + "25_54_years": "40.8% (male 3,436,713/female 3,411,374)", + "55_64_years": "12.9% (male 1,083,095/female 1,085,929)", + "65_years_and_over": "17.1% (male 1,284,788/female 1,589,817) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "51.7 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "25.9 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "25.8 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "3.9 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "41.8 years", + "male": "41 years", + "female": "42.6 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.44% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "10.85 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "8.48 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "1.99 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "83% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0.8% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "AMSTERDAM (capital) 1.044 million; Rotterdam 1.008 million; The Hague (seat of government) 629,000 (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.01 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "1 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.8 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.98 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "28.9 (2005 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "6 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "3.69 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "3.99 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "3.38 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "81.01 years", + "male": "78.93 years", + "female": "83.21 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.78 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "69%", + "note": "percent of women aged 18-45 (2008)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "11.9% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "3.92 physicians/1,000 population (2007)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "4.7 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.2% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "22,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 100 (2009 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "18.8% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "5.9% of GDP (2009)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "99%", + "male": "99%", + "female": "99% (2003 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "17 years", + "male": "17 years", + "female": "17 years (2010)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "7.7%", + "male": "7.5%", + "female": "7.8% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Kingdom of the Netherlands", + "conventional_short_form": "Netherlands", + "local_long_form": "Koninkrijk der Nederlanden", + "local_short_form": "Nederland" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "constitutional monarchy" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Amsterdam", + "geographic_coordinates": "52 21 N, 4 55 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October", + "note": "The Hague is the seat of government; time descriptions apply to the continental Netherlands only, not to the Caribbean components" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "12 provinces (provincies, singular - provincie); Drenthe, Flevoland, Fryslan (Friesland), Gelderland, Groningen, Limburg, Noord-Brabant (North Brabant), Noord-Holland (North Holland), Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (Zealand), Zuid-Holland (South Holland)" + }, + "dependent_areas": { + "text": "Aruba, Curacao, Sint Maarten" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "23 January 1579 (the northern provinces of the Low Countries conclude the Union of Utrecht breaking with Spain; on 26 July 1581 they formally declared their independence with an Act of Abjuration; however, it was not until 30 January 1648 and the Peace of Westphalia that Spain recognized this independence)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Queen's Day (Birthday of deceased Queen-Mother JULIANA and accession to the throne of her oldest daughter BEATRIX), 30 April (1909 and 1980)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "adopted 1815; amended many times" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system based on the French system; constitution does not permit judicial review of acts of the States General" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "King WILLEM-ALEXANDER (since 30 April 2013)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Mark RUTTE (since 14 October 2010); Deputy Prime Minister Lodewijk ASSCHER (since 5 November 2012); note - Mark RUTTE tendered his resignation 23 April 2012; new elections were held on 12 September 2012 in which his party won the most seats; during the interim period he remained in office in a care-taking position; he was sworn in again to be prime minister on 5 November 2012", + "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch", + "elections": "the monarchy is hereditary; following Second Chamber elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the monarch; deputy prime ministers appointed by the monarch", + "note": "there is also a Council of State composed of the monarch, heir apparent, and councilors that provides consultations to the cabinet on legislative and administrative policy" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "bicameral States General or Staten Generaal consists of the First Chamber or Eerste Kamer (75 seats; members indirectly elected by the country's 12 provincial councils to serve four-year terms) and the Second Chamber or Tweede Kamer (150 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve at most four-year terms)", + "elections": "First Chamber - last held on May 2011 (next to be held in May 2015); Second Chamber - last held on 12 September 2012 (next to be held by September 2016)", + "election_results": "First Chamber - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - VVD 16, PvdA 14, CDA 11, PVV 10, SP 8, D66 5, GL 5, other 6; Second Chamber - percent of vote by party - VVD 26.6%, PvdA 24.8%, PVV, 10.1%, SP 9.7%, CDA 8.5%, D66 8.0%, CU 3.1%, GL 6.7%, other 2.5%; seats by party - VVD 41, PvdA 38, PVV 15, SP 15, CDA 13, D66 12, CU 5, GL 4, other 7" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Hoge Raad (consists of 41 judges: the president, 6 vice-presidents, 31 justices or raadsheren, and 3 justices in exceptional service, referred to as buitengewone dienst); the court is divided into criminal, civil, tax, and ombuds chambers", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "justices appointed by the monarch from a list provided by the Second Chamber of the States General; justices appointed for life or until mandatory retirement at age 70", + "subordinate_courts": "courts of appeal; district courts, each with up to 5 subdistrict courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Christian Democratic Appeal or CDA [Sybrand VAN HAERSMA BUMA]; Christian Union or CU [Arie SLOB]; Democrats 66 or D66 [Alexander PECHTOLD]; Green Left or GL [Bram VAN OJIK]; Labor Party or PvdA [Diederik SAMSOM]; Party for Freedom or PVV [Geert WILDERS]; Party for the Animals or PvdD [Marianne THIEME]; People's Party for Freedom and Democracy or VVD [Halbe ZIJLSTRA]; Reformed Political Party of SGP [Kees VAN DER STAAIJ]; Socialist Party of SP [Emile ROEMER]; plus a few minor parties" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "Christian Trade Union Federation or CNV [Jaap SMIT]; Confederation of Netherlands Industry and Employers or VNO-NCW [Bernard WIENTJES]; Federation for Small and Medium-sized businesses or MKB [Hans BIESHEUVEL]; Netherlands Trade Union Federation or FNV [Ton HEERTS]; Social Economic Council or SER [Wiebe DRAIJER]; Trade Union Federation of Middle and High Personnel or MHP [Reginald VISSER]" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Rudolf Simon BEKINK", + "chancery": "4200 Linnean Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 244-5300, [1] 877-388-2443", + "fax": "[1] (202) 362-3430", + "consulates_general": "Chicago, Miami, New York, San Francisco", + "consulates": "Boston" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires ad interim Edwin NOLAN", + "embassy": "Lange Voorhout 102, 2514 EJ, The Hague", + "mailing_address": "PSC 71, Box 1000, APO AE 09715", + "telephone": "[31] (70) 310-2209", + "fax": "[31] (70) 310-2207", + "consulates_general": "Amsterdam" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue; similar to the flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue and is longer; the colors were those of WILLIAM I, Prince of Orange, who led the Dutch Revolt against Spanish sovereignty in the latter half of the 16th century; originally the upper band was orange, but because it tended to fade to red over time, the red shade was eventually made the permanent color; the banner is perhaps the oldest tricolor in continuous use" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "lion" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Het Wilhelmus\" (The William)", + "lyrics_music": "Philips VAN MARNIX van Sint Aldegonde (presumed)/unknown", + "note": "adopted 1932, in use since the 17th century, making it the oldest national anthem in the world; also known as \"Wilhelmus van Nassouwe\" (William of Nassau), it is in the form of an acrostic, where the first letter of each stanza spells the name of the leader of the Dutch Revolt" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "The Dutch economy is the sixth-largest economy in the euro-zone and is noted for its stable industrial relations, moderate unemployment and inflation, a sizable trade surplus, and an important role as a European transportation hub. Industrial activity is predominantly in food processing, chemicals, petroleum refining, and electrical machinery. A highly mechanized agricultural sector employs only 2% of the labor force but provides large surpluses for the food-processing industry and for exports. The Netherlands, along with 11 of its EU partners, began circulating the euro currency on 1 January 2002. After 26 years of uninterrupted economic growth, the Dutch economy - highly dependent on an international financial sector and international trade - contracted by 3.5% in 2009 as a result of the global financial crisis. The Dutch financial sector suffered, due in part to the high exposure of some Dutch banks to U.S. mortgage-backed securities. In 2008, the government nationalized two banks and injected billions of dollars of capital into other financial institutions, to prevent further deterioration of a crucial sector. The government also sought to boost the domestic economy by accelerating infrastructure programs, offering corporate tax breaks for employers to retain workers, and expanding export credit facilities. The stimulus programs and bank bailouts, however, resulted in a government budget deficit of 5.3% of GDP in 2010 that contrasted sharply with a surplus of 0.7% in 2008. The government of Prime Minister Mark RUTTE began implementing fiscal consolidation measures in early 2011, mainly reductions in expenditures, which resulted in an improved budget deficit in 2011. In 2012 tax revenues dropped nearly 9%, GDP contracted, and the budget deficit deteriorated. Although jobless claims continued to grow, the unemployment rate remained relatively low at 6.8 percent." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$718.6 billion (2012 est.); $725 billion (2011 est.); $717.9 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$773.1 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.9% (2012 est.); 1% (2011 est.); 1.6% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$42,900 (2012 est.); $43,400 (2011 est.); $43,200 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "27.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 28.2% of GDP (2011 est.); 25.8% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "45.5%", + "government_consumption": "28.4%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "16.8%", + "investment_in_inventories": "0.4%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "87.3%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-78.5% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "2.8%", + "industry": "24%", + "services": "73.2% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "grains, potatoes, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables; livestock" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "agroindustries, metal and engineering products, electrical machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum, construction, microelectronics, fishing" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.4% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "7.895 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "2%", + "industry": "18%", + "services": "80% (2005 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "5.3% (2012 est.); 5.8% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "10.5% (2005)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "2.5%", + "highest_10%": "22.9% (1999)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "30.9 (2007); 32.6 (1994)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$357.9 billion", + "expenditures": "$388.8 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "46.3% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-4% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "71.1% of GDP (2012 est.); 65.4% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "2.8% (2012 est.); 2.5% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "1.5% (31 December 2012); 1.75% (31 December 2010)", + "note": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "2.65% (31 December 2012 est.); 3.19% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$389.6 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $369 billion (31 December 2011 est.)", + "note": "see entry for the European Union for money supply in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 17 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$1.119 trillion (31 December 2011 est.); $1.088 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$1.698 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.646 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$594.7 billion (31 December 2011); $661.2 billion (31 December 2010); $542.5 billion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "$77.2 billion (2012 est.); $70.92 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$538.5 billion (2012 est.); $549.8 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels; foodstuffs" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 26.3%, Belgium 14.1%, France 8.8%, UK 8%, Italy 4.5% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$474.8 billion (2012 est.); $484.6 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs, clothing" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 13.9%, China 12%, Belgium 8.4%, UK 6.7%, Russia 6.4%, US 6.1% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$54.82 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $51.27 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$2.487 trillion (31 December 2012); $2.482 trillion (31 December 2011)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$558.3 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $629.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$950.6 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.053 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -; 0.7778 (2012 est.); 0.7185 (2011 est.); 0.755 (2010 est.); 0.7198 (2009 est.); 0.6827 (2008 est.)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "108 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "107.4 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "12.81 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "15.58 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "25.99 million kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "84.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "0.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "13.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "41,990 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "13,140 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "964,100 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "287.4 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "1.239 million bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "1.01 million bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "1.858 million bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "1.61 million bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "81.09 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "49.05 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "54.8 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "22.76 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "1.303 trillion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "263.4 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "7.135 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "19.835 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "highly developed and well maintained", + "domestic": "extensive fixed-line fiber-optic network; large cellular telephone system with 5 major operators utilizing the third generation of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technology; one in five households now use Voice over the Internet Protocol (VoIP) services", + "international": "country code - 31; submarine cables provide links to the US and Europe; satellite earth stations - 5 (3 Intelsat - 1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "more than 90% of households are connected to cable or satellite TV systems that provide a wide range of domestic and foreign channels; public service broadcast system includes multiple broadcasters, 3 with a national reach and the remainder operating in regional and local markets; 2 major nationwide commercial television companies, each with 3 or more stations, and many commercial TV stations in regional and local markets; nearly 600 radio stations with a mix of public and private stations providing national or regional coverage (2008)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".nl" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "13.699 million (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "14.872 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "29 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "23", + "over_3_047_m": "3", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "11", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "1", + "914_to_1_523_m": "6", + "under_914_m": "2 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "6", + "914_to_1_523_m": "4", + "under_914_m": "2 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "1 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "condensate 81 km; gas 8,531 km; oil 578 km; refined products 716 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "2,896 km", + "standard_gauge": "2,896 km 1.435-m gauge (2,195 km electrified) (2009)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "136,827 km (includes 2,631 km of expressways) (2008)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "6,214 km (navigable for ships of 50 tons) (2009)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "744", + "by_type": "bulk carrier 4, cargo 514, carrier 15, chemical tanker 56, container 67, liquefied gas 21, passenger 17, passenger/cargo 14, petroleum tanker 4, refrigerated cargo 10, roll on/roll off 19, specialized tanker 3", + "foreign_owned": "196 (Australia 1, Bermuda 1, Denmark 27, Finland 13, France 2, Germany 86, Ireland 8, Italy 6, Japan 1, Norway 19, Sweden 12, UAE 4, US 16)", + "registered_in_other_countries": "233 (Antigua and Barbuda 17, Bahamas 23, Belize 1, Canada 1, Curacao 43, Cyprus 23, Germany 1, Gibraltar 34, Italy 2, Liberia 31, Luxembourg 3, Malta 3, Marshall Islands 21, Panama 6, Paraguay 1, Philippines 17, Russia 2, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1, Singapore 1, UK 1, unknown 1) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "major_ports": "Amsterdam, IJmuiden, Moerdijk, Rotterdam, Terneuzen, Vlissingen", + "container_ports": "Rotterdam (11,876,920)" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Royal Netherlands Army, Royal Netherlands Navy (includes Naval Air Service and Marine Corps), Royal Netherlands Air Force (Koninklijke Luchtmacht, KLu), Royal Military Police (2012)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "17 years of age for an all-volunteer force (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "3,911,098", + "females_age_16_49": "3,817,031 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "3,201,328", + "females_age_16_49": "3,122,889 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "103,462", + "female": "98,383 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "1.6% of GDP (2005 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "none" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "refugees_country_of_origin": "18,255 (Iraq); 15,715 (Somalia); 5,697 (Afghanistan) (2012)", + "stateless_persons": "2,005 (2012)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "major European producer of synthetic drugs, including ecstasy, and cannabis cultivator; important gateway for cocaine, heroin, and hashish entering Europe; major source of US-bound ecstasy; large financial sector vulnerable to money laundering; significant consumer of ecstasy" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/no-norway.json b/europe/no-norway.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..014aae45 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/no-norway.json @@ -0,0 +1,617 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Two centuries of Viking raids into Europe tapered off following the adoption of Christianity by King Olav TRYGGVASON in 994. Conversion of the Norwegian kingdom occurred over the next several decades. In 1397, Norway was absorbed into a union with Denmark that lasted more than four centuries. In 1814, Norwegians resisted the cession of their country to Sweden and adopted a new constitution. Sweden then invaded Norway but agreed to let Norway keep its constitution in return for accepting the union under a Swedish king. Rising nationalism throughout the 19th century led to a 1905 referendum granting Norway independence. Although Norway remained neutral in World War I, it suffered heavy losses to its shipping. Norway proclaimed its neutrality at the outset of World War II, but was nonetheless occupied for five years by Nazi Germany (1940-45). In 1949, neutrality was abandoned and Norway became a member of NATO. Discovery of oil and gas in adjacent waters in the late 1960s boosted Norway's economic fortunes. In referenda held in 1972 and 1994, Norway rejected joining the EU. Key domestic issues include immigration and integration of ethnic minorities, maintaining the country's extensive social safety net with an aging population, and preserving economic competitiveness." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Northern Europe, bordering the North Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Sweden" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "62 00 N, 10 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "323,802 sq km", + "land": "304,282 sq km", + "water": "19,520 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly larger than New Mexico" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "2,542 km", + "border_countries": "Finland 727 km, Sweden 1,619 km, Russia 196 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "25,148 km (includes mainland 2,650 km, as well as long fjords, numerous small islands, and minor indentations 22,498 km; length of island coastlines 58,133 km)" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "contiguous_zone": "10 nm", + "exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm", + "continental_shelf": "200 nm" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers; rainy year-round on west coast" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken by fertile valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented by fjords; arctic tundra in north" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Norwegian Sea 0 m", + "highest_point": "Galdhopiggen 2,469 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, titanium, pyrites, nickel, fish, timber, hydropower" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "2.52%", + "permanent_crops": "0.01%", + "other": "97.46% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "1,149 sq km (2007)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "382 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "2.94 cu km/yr (28%/43%/29%)", + "per_capita": "622.4 cu m/yr (2006)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "rockslides, avalanches", + "volcanism": "Beerenberg (elev. 2,227 m) on Jan Mayen Island in the Norwegian Sea is the country's only active volcano" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "water pollution; acid rain damaging forests and adversely affecting lakes, threatening fish stocks; air pollution from vehicle emissions" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "about two-thirds mountains; some 50,000 islands off its much-indented coastline; strategic location adjacent to sea lanes and air routes in North Atlantic; one of the most rugged and longest coastlines in the world" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Norwegian(s)", + "adjective": "Norwegian" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Norwegian 94.4% (includes Sami, about 60,000), other European 3.6%, other 2% (2007 estimate)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Bokmal Norwegian (official), Nynorsk Norwegian (official), small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities", + "note": "Sami is official in six municipalities" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Church of Norway (Evangelical Lutheran - official) 85.7%, Pentecostal 1%, Roman Catholic 1%, other Christian 2.4%, Muslim 1.8%, other 8.1% (2004)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "4,722,701 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "17.5% (male 421,440/female 404,161)", + "15_24_years": "13.4% (male 322,413/female 309,906)", + "25_54_years": "39.8% (male 950,047/female 931,000)", + "55_64_years": "12.5% (male 296,759/female 292,777)", + "65_years_and_over": "16.8% (male 350,812/female 443,386) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "52.6 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "28.5 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "24.1 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "4.1 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "40.6 years", + "male": "39.7 years", + "female": "41.4 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.33% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "10.8 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "9.21 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "1.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "79% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "1.2% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "OSLO (capital) 875,000 (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.02 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "1.02 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.78 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.98 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "28.4 (2011 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "7 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "3.47 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "3.79 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "3.13 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "80.44 years", + "male": "77.76 years", + "female": "83.27 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.77 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "88.4%", + "note": "percent of women aged 20-44 (2005)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "9.5% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "4.08 physicians/1,000 population (2008)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "3.3 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.1% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "4,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 100 (2009 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "21.5% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "7.3% of GDP (2009)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "100%", + "male": "100%", + "female": "100%" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "18 years", + "male": "17 years", + "female": "18 years (2010)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "8.6%", + "male": "9.3%", + "female": "7.9% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Kingdom of Norway", + "conventional_short_form": "Norway", + "local_long_form": "Kongeriket Norge", + "local_short_form": "Norge" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "constitutional monarchy" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Oslo", + "geographic_coordinates": "59 55 N, 10 45 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "19 counties (fylker, singular - fylke); Akershus, Aust-Agder, Buskerud, Finnmark, Hedmark, Hordaland, More og Romsdal, Nordland, Nord-Trondelag, Oppland, Oslo, Ostfold, Rogaland, Sogn og Fjordane, Sor-Trondelag, Telemark, Troms, Vest-Agder, Vestfold" + }, + "dependent_areas": { + "text": "Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "7 June 1905 (Norway declared the union with Sweden dissolved); 26 October 1905 (Sweden agreed to the repeal of the union)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Constitution Day, 17 May (1814)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "17 May 1814; amended many times" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "mixed legal system of civil, common, and customary law; Supreme Court can advise on legislative acts" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991); Heir Apparent Crown Prince HAAKON MAGNUS, son of the monarch (born 20 July 1973)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Jens STOLTENBERG (since 17 October 2005)", + "cabinet": "State Council appointed by the monarch with the approval of parliament", + "elections": "the monarchy is hereditary; following parliamentary elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the monarch with the approval of the parliament" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "modified unicameral Parliament or Storting (169 seats; members elected by popular vote by proportional representation to serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 14 September 2009 (next to be held in September 2013)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - Ap 35.4%, FrP 22.9%, H 17.2%, SV 6.2%, Sp 6.2%, KrF 5.5%, V 3.9%, other 2.7%; seats by party - Ap 64, FrP 41, H 30, SV 11, Sp 11, KrF 10, V 2" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Hoyesterett (consists of the chief justice and 18 associate justices) note - in addition to professionally trained judges, there are elected lay judges that sit on the bench with professional judges in the Courts of Appeal and district courts", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "justices appointed by the monarch (King in Council) upon the recommendation of the Judicial Appointments Board; justice retirement mandatory at age 70", + "subordinate_courts": "Courts of Appeal or Lagmensrett; regional and district courts; Conciliation Boards; ordinary and special courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Center Party or Sp [Liv Signe NAVARSETE]; Christian Democratic Party or KrF [Knut Arild HAREIDE]; Conservative Party or H [Erna SOLBERG]; Labor Party or Ap [Jens STOLTENBERG]; Liberal Party or V [Trine SKEI-GRANDE]; Progress Party or FrP [Siv JENSEN]; Socialist Left Party or SV [Audun LYSBAKKEN]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise (Naeringslivets Hovedorganisasjon) or NHO [President Kristin SKOGEN LUND; CEO John Gordon BERNANDER]; Norwegian Association of the Disabled; Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (Landsorganisasjonen i Norge) or LO [Roar FLATHEN]; ", + "other": "environmental groups; media; digital privacy movements" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EFTA, EITI (implementing country), ESA, FAO, FATF, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Wegger C. STROMMEN", + "chancery": "2720 34th Street NW, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 333-6000", + "fax": "[1] (202) 469-3990", + "consulates_general": "Houston, New York, San Francisco" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Barry B. WHITE", + "embassy": "Henrik Ibsens gate 48, 0244 Oslo; note - the embassy will move to Huseby in the near future", + "mailing_address": "PSC 69, Box 1000, APO AE 09707", + "telephone": "[47] 21-30-85-40", + "fax": "[47] 22-44-33-63, 22-56-27-51" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the colors recall Norway's past political unions with Denmark (red and white) and Sweden (blue)" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "lion" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Ja, vi elsker dette landet\" (Yes, We Love This Country)", + "lyrics_music": "Bjornstjerne BJORNSON/Rikard NORDRAAK", + "note": "adopted 1864; in addition to the national anthem, \"Kongesangen\" (Song of the King), which uses the tune of \"God Save the Queen,\" serves as the royal anthem" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "The Norwegian economy is a prosperous mixed economy, with a vibrant private sector, a large state sector, and an extensive social safety net. The government controls key areas, such as the vital petroleum sector, through extensive regulation and large-scale state-majority-owned enterprises. The country is richly endowed with natural resources - petroleum, hydropower, fish, forests, and minerals - and is highly dependent on the petroleum sector, which accounts for the largest portion of export revenue and about 20% of government revenue. Norway is the world's third-largest natural gas exporter; and seventh largest oil exporter, making one of its largest offshore oil finds in 2011. Norway opted to stay out of the EU during a referendum in November 1994; nonetheless, as a member of the European Economic Area, it contributes sizably to the EU budget. In anticipation of eventual declines in oil and gas production, Norway saves state revenue from the petroleum sector in the world's second largest sovereign wealth fund, valued at over $700 billion in January 2013 and uses the fund''s return to help finance public expenses. After solid GDP growth in 2004-07, the economy slowed in 2008, and contracted in 2009, before returning to positive growth in 2010-12, however, the government budget is set to remain in surplus." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$281.7 billion (2012 est.); $273.5 billion (2011 est.); $269.9 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$501.1 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "3% (2012 est.); 1.3% (2011 est.); 0.2% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$55,900 (2012 est.); $55,000 (2011 est.); $55,000 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "40.1% of GDP (2012 est.); 37.7% of GDP (2011 est.); 35.2% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "40.4%", + "government_consumption": "21.3%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "20.6%", + "investment_in_inventories": "4.5%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "40.7%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-27.5% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "2.9%", + "industry": "41.8%", + "services": "55.3% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "barley, wheat, potatoes; pork, beef, veal, milk; fish" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "petroleum and gas, food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and paper products, metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles, fishing" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "6.5% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "2.678 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "2.9%", + "industry": "21.1%", + "services": "76% (2008)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "3.2% (2012 est.); 3.3% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "NA%" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "3.9%", + "highest_10%": "21% (2008)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "25 (2008); 25.8 (1995)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$285.7 billion", + "expenditures": "$216.5 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "57% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "13.8% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "29.7% of GDP (2012 est.); 28.7% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data exclude treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "0.7% (2012 est.); 1.3% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "6.25% (31 December 2010 est.); 1.75% (31 December 2009 est.)" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "3.7% (31 December 2012 est.); 4.4% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$152.2 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $138.9 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$309.2 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $280.4 billion (31 December 2010 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$705.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $615.3 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$219.2 billion (31 December 2011); $250.9 billion (31 December 2010); $227.2 billion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "$76.1 billion (2012 est.); $70.3 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$158.8 billion (2012 est.); $159.2 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "petroleum and petroleum products, machinery and equipment, metals, chemicals, ships, fish" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "UK 25.6%, Germany 12.6%, Netherlands 12%, France 6.7%, Sweden 6.3%, US 5% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$86.72 billion (2012 est.); $89.1 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, foodstuffs" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Sweden 13.6%, Germany 12.4%, China 9.3%, Denmark 6.3%, UK 6.1%, US 5.4% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$51.86 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $49.4 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$659.1 billion (31 December 2012); $595.7 billion (31 December 2011)", + "note": "Norway is a net external creditor" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$244.2 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $236.4 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$224.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $210.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "Norwegian kroner (NOK) per US dollar -; 5.8162 (2012 est.); 5.6065 (2011 est.); 6.0442 (2010 est.); 6.288 (2009); 5.6361 (2008)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "122.2 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "110.8 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "7.123 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "14.67 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "30.95 million kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "2.6% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "91.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "1.998 million bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "1.759 million bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "19,960 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "5.32 billion bbl (1 January 2010 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "324,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "255,200 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "412,600 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "98,340 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "103.1 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "4.809 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "98.3 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "2.007 trillion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "41.8 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "1.529 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "5.7 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "modern in all respects; one of the most advanced telecommunications networks in Europe", + "domestic": "Norway has a domestic satellite system; the prevalence of rural areas encourages the wide use of mobile-cellular systems", + "international": "country code - 47; 2 buried coaxial cable systems; submarine cables provide links to other Nordic countries and Europe; satellite earth stations - NA Eutelsat, NA Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Norway shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Sweden) (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "state-owned public radio-TV broadcaster operates 3 nationwide TV stations, 3 nationwide radio stations, and 16 regional radio stations; roughly a dozen privately owned television stations broadcast nationally and roughly another 25 local TV stations broadcasting; nearly 75% of households have access to multi-channel cable or satellite TV; 2 privately owned radio stations broadcast nationwide and another 240 stations operate locally (2008)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".no" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "3.588 million (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "4.431 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "95 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "67", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "14", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "10", + "914_to_1_523_m": "22", + "under_914_m": "21 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "28", + "914_to_1_523_m": "6", + "under_914_m": "22 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "1 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "condensate 578 km; condensate/gas 220 km; gas 8,044 km; oil 3,794 km; oil/gas/water 457 km; water 96 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "4,169 km", + "standard_gauge": "4,169 km 1.435-m gauge (2,784 km electrified) (2009)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "93,509 km (includes 253 km of expressways) (2007)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "1,577 km (2010)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "585", + "by_type": "bulk carrier 55, cargo 105, carrier 5, chemical tanker 121, combination ore/oil 12, liquefied gas 47, passenger 3, passenger/cargo 121, petroleum tanker 54, refrigerated cargo 9, roll on/roll off 4, vehicle carrier 49", + "foreign_owned": "81 (Bermuda 24, Canada 1, Cyprus 1, Denmark 7, France 5, Iceland 2, Lithuania 1, Saudi Arabia 3, Sweden 27, US 10)", + "registered_in_other_countries": "974 (Antigua and Barbuda 9, Bahamas 186, Barbados 38, Belize 2, Bermuda 5, Brazil 3, Canada 4, Chile 1, Comoros 1, Cook Islands 8, Croatia 2, Curacao 2, Cyprus 14, Denmark 2, Dominica 1, Equatorial Guinea 1, Estonia 2, Faroe Islands 13, Gibraltar 46, Hong Kong 48, Indonesia 3, Isle of Man 30, Italy 6, Liberia 38, Libya 1, Malta 96, Marshall Islands 75, Netherlands 19, Panama 81, Portugal 2, Saint Kitts and Nevis 3, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13, Singapore 153, Spain 10, Sweden 3, UK 32, US 17, Vanuatu 1, unknown 3) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Bergen, Haugesund, Maaloy, Mongstad, Narvik, Sture" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Norwegian Army (Haeren), Royal Norwegian Navy (Kongelige Norske Sjoeforsvaret, RNoN; includes Coastal Rangers and Coast Guard (Kystvakt)), Royal Norwegian Air Force (Kongelige Norske Luftforsvaret, RNoAF), Home Guard (Heimevernet, HV) (2013)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "19-35 years of age for male compulsory military service; 16 years of age in wartime; 17 years of age for male volunteers; 18 years of age for women; 1-year service obligation followed by 4-5 refresher training periods through ages 35-60, totalling 18 months (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "1,079,043", + "females_age_16_49": "1,051,210 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "888,761", + "females_age_16_49": "865,697 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "32,290", + "female": "30,777 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "1.9% of GDP (2005 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "Norway asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud Land and its continental shelf); Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental shelf (CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission; Norway and Russia signed a comprehensive maritime boundary agreement in 2010" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "refugees_country_of_origin": "8,870 (Somalia); 5,727 (Iraq); 7,129 (Eritrea); 5,984 (Afghanistan) (2012)", + "stateless_persons": "2,313 (2012)" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/pl-poland.json b/europe/pl-poland.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..532de69f --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/pl-poland.json @@ -0,0 +1,625 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Poland's history as a state begins near the middle of the 10th century. By the mid-16th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ruled a vast tract of land in central and eastern Europe. During the 18th century, internal disorders weakened the nation, and in a series of agreements between 1772 and 1795, Russia, Prussia, and Austria partitioned Poland among themselves. Poland regained its independence in 1918 only to be overrun by Germany and the Soviet Union in World War II. It became a Soviet satellite state following the war, but its government was comparatively tolerant and progressive. Labor turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union \"Solidarity\" that over time became a political force with over ten million members. Free elections in 1989 and 1990 won Solidarity control of the parliament and the presidency, bringing the communist era to a close. A \"shock therapy\" program during the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its economy into one of the most robust in Central Europe. Poland joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004. With its transformation to a democratic, market-oriented country largely completed, Poland is an increasingly active member of Euro-Atlantic organizations." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Central Europe, east of Germany" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "52 00 N, 20 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "312,685 sq km", + "land": "304,255 sq km", + "water": "8,430 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly smaller than New Mexico" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "3,047 km", + "border_countries": "Belarus 605 km, Czech Republic 615 km, Germany 456 km, Lithuania 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Slovakia 420 km, Ukraine 428 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "440 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "exclusive_economic_zone": "defined by international treaties" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "near Raczki Elblaskie -2 m", + "highest_point": "Rysy 2,499 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt, amber, arable land" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "35.49%", + "permanent_crops": "1.25%", + "other": "63.26% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "1,157 sq km (2007)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "61.6 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "11.96 cu km/yr (31%/60%/10%)", + "per_capita": "312.3 cu m/yr (2009)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "flooding" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "situation has improved since 1989 due to decline in heavy industry and increased environmental concern by post-Communist governments; air pollution nonetheless remains serious because of sulfur dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants, and the resulting acid rain has caused forest damage; water pollution from industrial and municipal sources is also a problem, as is disposal of hazardous wastes; pollution levels should continue to decrease as industrial establishments bring their facilities up to EU code, but at substantial cost to business and the government" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack of natural barriers on the North European Plain" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Pole(s)", + "adjective": "Polish" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Polish 96.7%, German 0.4%, Belarusian 0.1%, Ukrainian 0.1%, other and unspecified 2.7% (2002 census)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Polish (official) 97.8%, other and unspecified 2.2% (2002 census)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Roman Catholic 89.8% [about 75% practicing], Eastern Orthodox 1.3%, Protestant 0.3%, other 0.3%, unspecified 8.3% (2002)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "38,383,809 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "14.6% (male 2,881,605/female 2,721,614)", + "15_24_years": "12.3% (male 2,412,546/female 2,313,222)", + "25_54_years": "44.1% (male 8,506,429/female 8,408,872)", + "55_64_years": "14.5% (male 2,632,058/female 2,952,063)", + "65_years_and_over": "14.5% (male 2,142,246/female 3,413,154) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "41.6 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "21.2 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "20.4 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "4.9 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "39.1 years", + "male": "37.5 years", + "female": "40.9 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.09% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "9.88 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "10.31 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "-0.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "60.9% of total population (2011)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "-0.04% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "WARSAW (capital) 1.71 million; Krakow 756,000 (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.01 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.89 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.62 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.94 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "26.6 (2010 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "5 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "6.3 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "7 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "5.56 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "76.45 years", + "male": "72.53 years", + "female": "80.62 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.32 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "72.7%", + "note": "20-49 (1991)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "7.5% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "2.14 physicians/1,000 population (2008)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "6.7 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2008 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 96% of population; rural: 80% of population; total: 90% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 4% of population; rural: 20% of population; total: 10% of population (2008 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.1%; note - no country specific models provided (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "27,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 200 (2009 est.)" + }, + "major_infectious_diseases": { + "degree_of_risk": "intermediate", + "vectorborne_disease": "tickborne encephalitis", + "note": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "25.3% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "5.1% of GDP (2009)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "99.7%", + "male": "99.9%", + "female": "99.6% (2011 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "15 years", + "male": "15 years", + "female": "16 years (2010)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "28.9%", + "male": "23.6%", + "female": "25.8% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Poland", + "conventional_short_form": "Poland", + "local_long_form": "Rzeczpospolita Polska", + "local_short_form": "Polska" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "republic" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Warsaw", + "geographic_coordinates": "52 15 N, 21 00 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "16 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular - wojewodztwo); Dolnoslaskie (Lower Silesia), Kujawsko-Pomorskie (Kuyavia-Pomerania), Lodzkie, Lubelskie (Lublin), Lubuskie (Lubusz), Malopolskie (Lesser Poland), Mazowieckie (Masovia), Opolskie, Podkarpackie (Subcarpathia), Podlaskie, Pomorskie (Pomerania), Slaskie (Silesia), Swietokrzyskie, Warminsko-Mazurskie (Warmia-Masuria), Wielkopolskie (Greater Poland), Zachodniopomorskie (West Pomerania)" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "11 November 1918 (republic proclaimed); notable earlier dates: 966 (adoption of Christianity, traditional founding date), 1 July 1569 (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth created)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Constitution Day, 3 May (1791)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "adopted by the National Assembly 2 April 1997; passed by national referendum 25 May 1997; effective 17 October 1997" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system; changes gradually being introduced as part of broader democratization process; limited judicial review of legislative acts, but rulings of the Constitutional Tribunal are final" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Bronislaw KOMOROWSKI (since 6 August 2010)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Donald TUSK (since 16 November 2007); Deputy Prime Ministers Janusz PIECHOCINSKI (since 6 December 2012) and Jan Vincent \"Jacek\" ROSTOWSKI (since 20 February 2013)", + "cabinet": "Council of Ministers responsible to the prime minister and the Sejm; the prime minister proposes, the president appoints, and the Sejm approves the Council of Ministers", + "elections": "president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 20 June and 4 July 2010 (next to be held in 2015); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the Sejm", + "election_results": "Bronislaw KOMOROWSKI elected president; percent of popular vote - Bronislaw KOMOROWSKI 53%, Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI 47%" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "bicameral legislature consists of an upper house, the Senate or Senat (100 seats; members elected by a majority vote on a provincial basis to serve four-year terms), and a lower house, the Sejm (460 seats; members elected under a complex system of proportional representation to serve four-year terms); the designation of National Assembly or Zgromadzenie Narodowe is only used on those rare occasions when the two houses meet jointly", + "elections": "Senate - last held on 9 October 2011 (next to be held by October 2015); Sejm - last held on 9 October 2011 (next to be held by October 2015)", + "election_results_and_current_seat_distribution": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PO 63, PiS 29, PSL 2, SP 2, independents 4; Sejm - percent of vote by party - PO 39.2%, PiS 29.9%, RP 10%, PSL 8.4%, SLD 8.2%, other 4.3%; seats by party - PO 206, PiS 137, RP 43, PSL 28, SLD 25, SP 19, independent 1, German minority 1", + "note": "the German minority is exempt from the 5% threshold requirement for seats to the Sejm" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Sad Najwyzszy (consists of the president of the Supreme Court and 116 judges organized in criminal, civil, labor and social insurance, and military chambers)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "president of the Supreme Court nominated by the General Assembly of the Supreme Court and selected by the president of Poland; other judges nominated by the 25-member National Judiciary Council, and appointed by the president of Poland; judges appointed until retirement, normally at age 65, but tenure can be extended", + "subordinate_courts": "Constitutional Tribunal; regional and appellate courts subdivided into military, civil, criminal, labor, and family courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Civic Platform or PO [Donald TUSK, chairman; Rafal GRUPINSKI, parliamentary caucus leader]; Democratic Left Alliance or SLD [Leszek MILLER, chairman, parliamentary caucus leader]; Democratic Party or PD [Andrzej CELINSKI, chairman]; Democratic Party or SD [Pawel PISKORSKI, chairman]; German Minority of Lower Silesia or MNSO [Ryszard GALLA, representative]; Law and Justice or PiS [Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI, chairman; Mariusz BLASZCZAK, parliamentary caucus leader]; League of Polish Families or LPR [Witold BALAZAK, chairman]; Palikot's Movement or RP [Janusz PALIKOT, chairman]; Poland Comes First or PJN [Pawel KOWAL, chairperson]; Polish People's Party or PSL [Janusz PIECHOCINSKI, chairman; Jan BURY, parliamentary caucus leader]; Social Democratic Party of Poland or SDPL [Wojciech FILEMONOWICZ, chairman]; Union of Labor or UP [Waldemar WITKOWSKI, chairman]; United Poland or SP (political grouping of former PiS members, not officially registered) [Arkadiusz MULARCZYK, chairperson; Patrick JAKI, parliamentary caucus leader]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "All Poland Trade Union Alliance or OPZZ (trade union) [Jan GUZ]; Roman Catholic Church [Cardinal Stanislaw DZIWISZ, Archbishop Jozef MICHALIK]; Solidarity Trade Union [Piotr DUDA]" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Ryszard SCHNEPF", + "chancery": "2640 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 234-3800 through 3802", + "fax": "[1] (202) 328-6271", + "consulates_general": "Chicago, Los Angeles, New York" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Stephen MULL", + "embassy": "Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31 00-540 Warsaw", + "mailing_address": "American Embassy Warsaw, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5010 (pouch)", + "telephone": "[48] (22) 504-2000", + "fax": "[48] (22) 504-2688", + "consulates_general": "Krakow" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; colors derive from the Polish emblem - a white eagle on a red field", + "note": "similar to the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "white eagle" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Mazurek Dabrowskiego\" (Dabrowski's Mazurka)", + "lyrics_music": "Jozef WYBICKI/traditional", + "note": "adopted 1927; the anthem, commonly known as \"Jeszcze Polska nie zginela\" (Poland Has Not Yet Perished), was written in 1797; the lyrics resonate strongly with Poles because they reflect the numerous occasions in which the nation's lands have been occupied" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Poland has pursued a policy of economic liberalization since 1990 and Poland's economy was the only one in the European Union to avoid a recession through the 2008-09 economic downturn. Although EU membership and access to EU structural funds have provided a major boost to the economy since 2004, GDP per capita remains significantly below the EU average while unemployment continues to exceed the EU average. The government of Prime Minister Donald TUSK steered the Polish economy through the economic downturn by skillfully managing public finances without stifling economic growth and adopted controversial pension and tax reforms to further shore up public finances. While the Polish economy has performed well over the past five years, growth slowed in 2012, in part due to the ongoing economic difficulties in the euro zone. The key policy challenge is to provide support to the economy through monetary easing, while maintaining the pace of structural fiscal consolidation. Poland's economic performance could improve over the longer term if the country addresses some of the remaining deficiencies in its road and rail infrastructure and its business environment. An inefficient commercial court system, a rigid labor code, red tape, and a burdensome tax system keep the private sector from realizing its full potential." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$814.1 billion (2012 est.); $797.8 billion (2011 est.); $764.7 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$487.7 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "2% (2012 est.); 4.3% (2011 est.); 3.9% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$20,900 (2012 est.); $20,700 (2011 est.); $20,000 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "17.3% of GDP (2012 est.); 16.8% of GDP (2011 est.); 15.7% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "61.2%", + "government_consumption": "17.8%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "19.3%", + "investment_in_inventories": "1.1%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "46.2%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-45.6% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "4%", + "industry": "32.2%", + "services": "63.8% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "potatoes, fruits, vegetables, wheat; poultry, eggs, pork, dairy" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "machine building, iron and steel, coal mining, chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "1.3% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "18.17 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "12.9%", + "industry": "30.2%", + "services": "57% (2010)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "12.8% (2012 est.); 12.4% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "10.6% (2008 est.)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "3.3%", + "highest_10%": "27.1% (2009 est.)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "34.1 (2009); 31.6 (1998)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$88.31 billion", + "expenditures": "$97.65 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "18.1% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-1.9% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "57.1% of GDP (2012 est.); 57.7% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, the data include subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "3.7% (2012 est.); 4.2% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "4.25% (31 December 2012 est.); 4% (31 December 2010 est.)" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "8.5% (31 December 2012 est.); 8.47% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$156.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $137 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$293.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $295.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$328.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $295.4 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$168.1 billion (31 December 2012); $138.2 billion (31 December 2011); $190.2 billion (31 December 2010)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$18.29 billion (2012 est.); -$22.25 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$188.5 billion (2012 est.); $195.2 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and transport equipment 37.8%, intermediate manufactured goods 23.7%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 17.1%, food and live animals 7.6%" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 26%, UK 7%, Czech Republic 6.5%, France 6%, Russia 5.2%, Italy 5%, Netherlands 4.6% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$195.4 billion (2012 est.); $209.3 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and transport equipment 38%, intermediate manufactured goods 21%, chemicals 15%, minerals, fuels, lubricants, and related materials 9% (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 27.3%, Russia 12.2%, Netherlands 5.9%, China 5.4%, Italy 5.2%, Czech Republic 4.3%, France 4.2% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$108.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $97.86 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$364.2 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $320.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$243.8 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $210.2 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$70.73 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $61.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "zlotych (PLN) per US dollar -; 3.2565 (2012 est.); 2.9629 (2011 est.); 3.0153 (2010 est.); 3.1214 (2009); 2.3 (2008)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "156.4 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "155 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "6.61 billion kWh (2010)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "5.52 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "35.76 million kW (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "91.2% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "6.1% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "2.7% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "12,090 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "3,615 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "547,900 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "155 million bbl (1 January 2010 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "636,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "576,600 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "45,860 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "129,800 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "6.247 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "14.38 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "29 million cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "10.91 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "95 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "309.9 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "6.853 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "50.16 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "modernization of the telecommunications network has accelerated with market-based competition; fixed-line service, dominated by the former state-owned company, is dwarfed by the growth in mobile-cellular services", + "domestic": "mobile-cellular service available since 1993 and provided by three nation-wide networks with a fourth provider beginning operations in late 2006; coverage is generally good with some gaps in the east; fixed-line service lags in rural areas", + "international": "country code - 48; international direct dialing with automated exchanges; satellite earth station - 1 with access to Intelsat, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "state-run public TV operates 2 national channels supplemented by 16 regional channels and several niche channels; privately owned entities operate several national TV networks and a number of special interest channels; many privately owned channels broadcasting locally; roughly half of all households are linked to either satellite or cable TV systems providing access to foreign television networks; state-run public radio operates 5 national networks and 17 regional radio stations; 2 privately owned national radio networks, several commercial stations broadcasting to multiple cities, and many privately owned local radio stations (2007)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".pl" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "13.265 million (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "22.452 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "126 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "87", + "over_3_047_m": "5", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "30", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "36", + "914_to_1_523_m": "10", + "under_914_m": "6 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "39", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "1", + "914_to_1_523_m": "17", + "under_914_m": "21 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "6 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 14,198 km; oil 1,374 km; refined products 777 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "19,428 km", + "broad_gauge": "399 km 1.524-m gauge", + "standard_gauge": "19,029 km 1.435-m gauge (11,805 km electrified) (2007)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "423,997 km", + "paved": "295,356 km (includes 765 km of expressways)", + "unpaved": "128,641 km (2008)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "3,997 km (navigable rivers and canals) (2009)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "9", + "by_type": "cargo 7, chemical tanker 1, passenger/cargo 1", + "registered_in_other_countries": "106 (Antigua and Barbuda 2, Bahamas 34, Cyprus 24, Liberia 13, Malta 21, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3, Vanuatu 9) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Gdansk, Gdynia, Swinoujscie, Szczecin" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Polish Armed Forces: Land Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Aviation Forces, Special Forces (2013)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "18-28 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription phased out in 2009-12; service obligation shortened from 12 to 9 months in 2005; women only allowed to serve as officers and noncommissioned officers (2013)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "9,531,855", + "females_age_16_49": "9,298,593 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "7,817,556", + "females_age_16_49": "7,766,361 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "221,889", + "female": "211,172 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "1.9% of GDP (2005 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Poland has implemented the strict Schengen border rules to restrict illegal immigration and trade along its eastern borders with Belarus and Ukraine" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "refugees_country_of_origin": "14,938 (Russia) (2012)", + "stateless_persons": "10,825 (2012)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "despite diligent counternarcotics measures and international information sharing on cross-border crimes, a major illicit producer of synthetic drugs for the international market; minor transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and Latin American cocaine to Western Europe" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/pt-portugal.json b/europe/pt-portugal.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..96928fef --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/pt-portugal.json @@ -0,0 +1,628 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Following its heyday as a global maritime power during the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence of its wealthiest colony of Brazil in 1822. A 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy; for most of the next six decades, repressive governments ran the country. In 1974, a left-wing military coup installed broad democratic reforms. The following year, Portugal granted independence to all of its African colonies. Portugal is a founding member of NATO and entered the EC (now the EU) in 1986." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Southwestern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Spain" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "39 30 N, 8 00 W" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "92,090 sq km", + "land": "91,470 sq km", + "water": "620 sq km", + "note": "includes Azores and Madeira Islands" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly smaller than Indiana" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "1,214 km", + "border_countries": "Spain 1,214 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "1,793 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "contiguous_zone": "24 nm", + "exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm", + "continental_shelf": "200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "mountainous north of the Tagus River, rolling plains in south" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m", + "highest_point": "Ponta do Pico (Pico or Pico Alto) on Ilha do Pico in the Azores 2,351 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "fish, forests (cork), iron ore, copper, zinc, tin, tungsten, silver, gold, uranium, marble, clay, gypsum, salt, arable land, hydropower" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "11.88%", + "permanent_crops": "7.71%", + "other": "80.41% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "5,837 sq km (2007)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "68.7 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "8.46 cu km/yr (12%/18%/69%)", + "per_capita": "812 cu m/yr (2005)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "Azores subject to severe earthquakes", + "volcanism": "limited volcanic activity in the Azores Islands; Fayal or Faial (elev. 1,043 m) last erupted in 1958; most volcanoes have not erupted in centuries; historically active volcanoes include Agua de Pau, Furnas, Pico, Picos Volcanic System, San Jorge, Sete Cidades, and Terceira" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "soil erosion; air pollution caused by industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution, especially in coastal areas" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Environmental Modification" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along western sea approaches to Strait of Gibraltar" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Portuguese (singular and plural)", + "adjective": "Portuguese" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "homogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less than 100,000; since 1990 East Europeans have entered Portugal" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official, but locally used)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Roman Catholic 84.5%, other Christian 2.2%, other 0.3%, unknown 9%, none 3.9% (2001 census)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "10,799,270 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "16% (male 900,758/female 827,219)", + "15_24_years": "11.4% (male 655,365/female 581,010)", + "25_54_years": "42.4% (male 2,303,445/female 2,270,380)", + "55_64_years": "11.8% (male 595,464/female 681,506)", + "65_years_and_over": "18.4% (male 811,005/female 1,173,118) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "50.5 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "22.2 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "28.2 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "3.5 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "40.7 years", + "male": "38.6 years", + "female": "42.9 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.15% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "9.59 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "10.91 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "2.82 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "61% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "1% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "LISBON (capital) 2.808 million; Porto 1.344 million (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.07 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.09 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.13 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.01 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.87 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.69 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.95 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "27.4 (2005 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "8 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "4.54 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "4.98 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "4.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "78.85 years", + "male": "75.61 years", + "female": "82.32 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.51 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "86.8% (2005/06)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "11% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "3.76 physicians/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "3.3 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 99% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 99% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 1% of population; rural: 0% of population; total: 1% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.6% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "42,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 500 (2009 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "24% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "5.8% of GDP (2009)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "95.4%", + "male": "97%", + "female": "94% (2011 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "16 years", + "male": "16 years", + "female": "16 years (2010)" + }, + "child_labor_children_ages_5_14": { + "total_number": "36,569", + "percentage": "3 %", + "note": "data represents children ages 6-14 (2001 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "30.1%", + "male": "28.7%", + "female": "31.7% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Portuguese Republic", + "conventional_short_form": "Portugal", + "local_long_form": "Republica Portuguesa", + "local_short_form": "Portugal" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "republic; parliamentary democracy" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Lisbon", + "geographic_coordinates": "38 43 N, 9 08 W", + "time_difference": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "18 districts (distritos, singular - distrito) and 2 autonomous regions* (regioes autonomas, singular - regiao autonoma); Aveiro, Acores (Azores)*, Beja, Braga, Braganca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisboa (Lisbon), Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal, Viana do Castelo, Vila Real, Viseu" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "1143 (Kingdom of Portugal recognized); 5 October 1910 (republic proclaimed)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Portugal Day (Dia de Portugal), 10 June (1580); note - also called Camoes Day, the day that revered national poet Luis de Camoes (1524-80) died" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "adopted 2 April 1976; subsequently revised", + "note": "the revisions placed the military under strict civilian control, trimmed the powers of the president, and laid the groundwork for a stable, pluralistic liberal democracy; they allowed for the privatization of nationalized firms and government-owned communications media" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system; Constitutional Tribunal review of legislative acts" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 9 March 2006)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Pedro Manuel Mamede PASSOS COELHO (since 21 June 2011)", + "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister", + "note": "there is also a Council of State that acts as a consultative body to the president", + "elections": "president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 23 January 2011 (next to be held in January 2016); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the president", + "election_results": "Anibal CAVACO SILVA reelected president; percent of vote - Anibal CAVACO SILVA 53%, Manuel ALEGRE 19.8%, Fernando NOBRE 14.1%, Francisco LOPES 7.1%, Manuel COELHO 4.5%, Defensor MOURA 1.6%" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral Assembly of the Republic or Assembleia da Republica (230 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 5 June 2011 (next to be held in 2015)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - PPD/PSD 38%, PS 28%, CDS/PP 11%, PCP/PEV (see CDU) 7%, BE 5%, other 11%; seats by party - PPD/PSD 108, PS 74, CDS/PP 24, PCP/PEV (see CDU) 16, BE 8" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal de Justica (consists of 12 justices); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional (consists of 13 judges)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court justices nominated by the president and appointed by the Assembly of the Republic; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Court judges - 10 elected by the Assembly and 3 elected by the other Constitutional Court judges; judges elected for 6-year non-renewable terms", + "subordinate_courts": "Supreme Administrative Court (Supremo Tribunal Administrativo); Audit Court (Auditoria do Tribunal); appellate, district, and municipal courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Democratic and Social Center/Popular Party or CDS/PP [Paulo PORTAS]; Social Democratic Party or PPD/PSD [Pedro PASSOS COELHO]; Socialist Party or PS [Maria de BELEM ROSEIRA]; The Left Bloc or BE [Pedro Filipe SOARES]; Unitarian Democratic Coalition or CDU [Jeronimo DE SOUSA] (includes Portuguese Communist Party or PCP and Ecologist Party (\"The Greens\") or PEV)" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "Armed Forces Officers' Association (AOFA) [Colonel Pereira CRACEL]; the Desperate Generation (youth movement protesting against low wages, precarious labor conditions, and unemployment); the General Workers Union or General Confederation of Portuguese Workers (UGT) [Joao PROENCA]; Portuguese National Workers' Conference (CGTP) [Armenio CARLOS]; TugaLeaks (a website that has become a mouthpiece for publicizing diverse protest action); ", + "other": "the media; labor unions" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CERN, CPLP, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club (associate), PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIT, UNSC (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Nuno Filipe Alves Salvador e BRITO", + "chancery": "2012 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 332-3007", + "fax": "[1] (202) 223-3926", + "consulates_general": "Boston, New York, Newark (NJ), San Francisco", + "consulates": "New Bedford (MA), Providence (RI)" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Allan J. KATZ", + "embassy": "Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600-081 Lisbon", + "mailing_address": "Apartado 43033, 1601-301 Lisboa; PSC 83, APO AE 09726", + "telephone": "[351] (21) 727-3300", + "fax": "[351] (21) 726-9109", + "consulates": "Ponta Delgada (Azores)" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths) with the national coat of arms (armillary sphere and Portuguese shield) centered on the dividing line; explanations for the color meanings are ambiguous, but a popular interpretation has green symbolizing hope and red the blood of those defending the nation" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "armillary sphere (a spherical astrolabe modeling objects in the sky)" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"A Portugesa\" (The Song of the Portuguese)", + "lyrics_music": "Henrique LOPES DE MENDOCA/Alfredo KEIL", + "note": "adopted 1910; \"A Portuguesa\" was originally written to protest the Portuguese monarchy's acquiescence to the 1890 British ultimatum forcing Portugal to give up areas of Africa; the lyrics refer to the \"insult\" that resulted from the event" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Portugal has become a diversified and increasingly service-based economy since joining the European Community - the EU's predecessor - in 1986. Over the following two decades, successive governments privatized many state-controlled firms and liberalized key areas of the economy, including the financial and telecommunications sectors. The country qualified for the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) in 1998 and began circulating the euro on 1 January 2002 along with 11 other EU members. The economy grew by more than the EU average for much of the 1990s, but the rate of growth slowed in 2001-08. The economy contracted 2.5% in 2009, before growing 1.4% in 2010, but GDP fell again in 2011 and 2012, as the government began implementing spending cuts and tax increases to comply with conditions of an EU-IMF financial rescue package, agreed to in May 2011. GDP per capita stands at roughly two-thirds of the EU-27 average. Portugal also has been increasingly overshadowed by lower-cost producers in Central Europe and Asia as a destination for foreign direct investment, in part because its rigid labor market hindered greater productivity and growth. However, the government of Pedro PASSOS COELHO has enacted several measures to introduce more flexibility into the labor market, and, this, along with steps to reduce high levels of public debt, could make Portugal more attractive to foreign investors. The government reduced the budget deficit from 10.1% of GDP in 2009 to 4.5% in 2011, an achievement made possible only by the extraordinary revenues obtained from the one-time transfer of bank pension funds to the social security system. The budget deficit worsened in 2012 as a sharp reduction in domestic consumption took a bigger bite out of value-added tax revenues while rising unemployment benefits increased expenditures more than anticipated. Poor growth prospects over the next year have reinforced investors' concerns about the government's ability to achieve its budget deficit targets and regain full access to bond market financing when the EU-IMF financing program expires in 2013." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$250.6 billion (2012 est.); $258.8 billion (2011 est.); $262.9 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$212.7 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "-3.2% (2012 est.); -1.6% (2011 est.); 1.9% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$23,800 (2012 est.); $24,500 (2011 est.); $24,700 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "14.3% of GDP (2012 est.); 10.7% of GDP (2011 est.); 9.6% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "66.3%", + "government_consumption": "18.3%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "15.8%", + "investment_in_inventories": "0.1%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "38.7%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-39.2% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "2.4%", + "industry": "21.3%", + "services": "76.3% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "grain, potatoes, tomatoes, olives, grapes; sheep, cattle, goats, pigs, poultry, dairy products; fish" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "textiles, clothing, footwear, wood and cork, paper, chemicals, auto-parts manufacturing, base metals, porcelain and ceramics, glassware, technology, telecommunications; dairy products, wine and other foods; ship construction and refurbishment; tourism" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "-9% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "5.495 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "11.7%", + "industry": "28.5%", + "services": "59.8% (2009 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "15.7% (2012 est.); 12.7% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "18% (2006)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "3.1%", + "highest_10%": "28.4% (1995 est.)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "38.5 (2007); 35.6 (1995)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$87.16 billion", + "expenditures": "$100.8 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "41% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-6.4% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "123.6% of GDP (2012 est.); 108.1% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "2.8% (2012 est.); 3.7% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "1.5% (31 December 2012); 1.75% (31 December 2010)", + "note": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "6.37% (31 December 2012 est.); 5.71% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$88.92 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $89.42 billion (31 December 2011 est.)", + "note": "see entry for the European Union for money supply in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 17 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$298.3 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $322.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$433.6 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $451.3 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$61.69 billion (31 December 2011); $82 billion (31 December 2010); $98.65 billion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$6 billion (2012 est.); -$15.44 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$58.24 billion (2012 est.); $60.01 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "agricultural products, food products, wine, oil products, chemical products, plastics and rubber, hides, leather, wood and cork, wood pulp and paper, textile materials, clothing, footwear, machinery and tools, base metals" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Spain 22.7%, Germany 12.4%, France 11.9%, Angola 6.5%, UK 5.3%, Netherlands 4.2% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$69.48 billion (2012 est.); $79.67 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "agricultural products, chemical products, vehicles and other transport material, optical and precision instruments, computer accessories and parts, semi-conductors and related devices, oil products, base metals, food products, textile materials" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Spain 32%, Germany 11.5%, France 6.6%, Italy 5.3%, Netherlands 4.9% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$22.66 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $21.34 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$508.3 billion (31 December 2012); $482.2 billion (31 December 2011)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$131 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $122.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$64.25 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $64.25 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -; 0.7778 (2012 est.); 0.7185 (2011 est.); 0.755 (2010 est.); 0.7198 (2009 est.); 0.6827 (2008 est.)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "50.3 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "47.81 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "3.191 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "5.814 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "17.39 million kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "48.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "23.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "22.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "1,926 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "205,400 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "NA bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "237,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "259,700 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "49,650 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "83,520 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "5.212 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "5.181 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "51.43 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "4.53 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "12.335 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "Portugal's telephone system has a state-of-the-art network with broadband, high-speed capabilities", + "domestic": "integrated network of coaxial cables, open-wire, microwave radio relay, and domestic satellite earth stations", + "international": "country code - 351; a combination of submarine cables provide connectivity to Europe, North and East Africa, South Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and the US; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to Azores (2010)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "Radio e Televisao de Portugal (RTP),the publicly-owned TV broadcaster, operates 2 domestic channels and external service channels to Africa; overall, roughly 40 domestic TV stations; viewers have widespread access to international broadcasters with more than half of all households connected to multi-channel cable or satellite TV systems; publicly owned radio operates 3 national networks and provides regional and external services; several privately owned national radio stations and some 300 regional and local commercial radio stations (2008)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".pt" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "3.748 million (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "5.168 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "64 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "43", + "over_3_047_m": "5", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "7", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "8", + "914_to_1_523_m": "15", + "under_914_m": "8 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "21", + "914_to_1_523_m": "1", + "under_914_m": "20 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 1,344 km; oil 11 km; refined products 188 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "3,319 km", + "broad_gauge": "2,700 km 1.668-m gauge (1,436 km electrified)", + "narrow_gauge": "192 km 1.000-m gauge; 427 km 0.760-m gauge (2008)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "82,900 km", + "paved": "71,294 km (includes 2,613 km of expressways)", + "unpaved": "11,606 km (2008)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "210 km (on Douro River from Porto) (2011)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "109", + "by_type": "bulk carrier 8, cargo 35, carrier 1, chemical tanker 21, container 7, liquefied gas 6, passenger 13, passenger/cargo 5, petroleum tanker 3, roll on/roll off 1, vehicle carrier 9", + "foreign_owned": "81 (Belgium 8, Colombia 1, Denmark 4, Germany 14, Greece 2, Italy 12, Japan 9, Mexico 1, Norway 2, Spain 18, Sweden 3, Switzerland 3, US 4)", + "registered_in_other_countries": "15 (Cyprus 2, Malta 3, Panama 10) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Leixoes, Lisbon, Setubal, Sines" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Portuguese Army (Exercito Portuguesa), Portuguese Navy (Marinha Portuguesa; includes Marine Corps), Portuguese Air Force (Forca Aerea Portuguesa, FAP) (2013)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "18-30 years of age for voluntary military service; no compulsory military service, but conscription possible if insufficient volunteers available; women serve in the armed forces, on naval ships since 1993, but are prohibited from serving in some combatant specialties; reserve obligation to age 35 (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "2,566,264", + "females_age_16_49": "2,458,297 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "2,103,080", + "females_age_16_49": "2,018,004 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "62,208", + "female": "54,786 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "2.3% of GDP (2005 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "Portugal does not recognize Spanish sovereignty over the territory of Olivenza based on a difference of interpretation of the 1815 Congress of Vienna and the 1801 Treaty of Badajoz" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "stateless_persons": "553 (2012)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "seizing record amounts of Latin American cocaine destined for Europe; a European gateway for Southwest Asian heroin; transshipment point for hashish from North Africa to Europe; consumer of Southwest Asian heroin" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/ro-romania.json b/europe/ro-romania.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7fe768e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/ro-romania.json @@ -0,0 +1,627 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia - for centuries under the suzerainty of the Turkish Ottoman Empire - secured their autonomy in 1856; they were de facto linked in 1859 and formally united in 1862 under the new name of Romania. The country gained recognition of its independence in 1878. It joined the Allied Powers in World War I and acquired new territories - most notably Transylvania - following the conflict. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a communist \"people's republic\" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in 2004 and the EU in 2007." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "46 00 N, 25 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "238,391 sq km", + "land": "229,891 sq km", + "water": "8,500 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly smaller than Oregon" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "2,508 km", + "border_countries": "Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km, Serbia 476 km, Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (east) 169 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "225 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "contiguous_zone": "24 nm", + "exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm", + "continental_shelf": "200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Black Sea 0 m", + "highest_point": "Moldoveanu 2,544 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "37.73%", + "permanent_crops": "1.86%", + "other": "60.41% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "6,153 sq km (2007)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "211.9 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "6.88 cu km/yr (22%/61%/17%)", + "per_capita": "320.8 cu m/yr (2009)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Romanian(s)", + "adjective": "Romanian" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 6.6%, Roma 2.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.3%, Russian 0.2%, Turkish 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002 census)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Romanian (official) 91%, Hungarian 6.7%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.1%, other 1.2%" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Eastern Orthodox (including all sub-denominations) 86.8%, Protestant (various denominations including Reformate and Pentecostal) 7.5%, Roman Catholic 4.7%, other (mostly Muslim) and unspecified 0.9%, none 0.1% (2002 census)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "21,790,479 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "14.7% (male 1,642,950/female 1,556,430)", + "15_24_years": "11.8% (male 1,317,820/female 1,255,982)", + "25_54_years": "45.5% (male 5,000,720/female 4,904,527)", + "55_64_years": "13% (male 1,319,066/female 1,508,158)", + "65_years_and_over": "15.1% (male 1,326,641/female 1,958,185) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "43.3 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "21.6 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "21.7 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "4.6 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "39.4 years", + "male": "38 years", + "female": "41 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.27% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "9.4 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "11.86 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "-0.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "52.8% of total population (2011)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "-0.18% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "BUCHAREST (capital) 1.933 million (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.02 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.88 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.68 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.95 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "26 (2010 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "27 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "10.44 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "11.82 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "8.98 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "74.45 years", + "male": "70.99 years", + "female": "78.13 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.31 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "69.8%", + "note": "percent of women aged 15-49 (2005)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "5.6% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "1.92 physicians/1,000 population (2006)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "6.6 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 97% of population; rural: 70% of population; total: 84% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 3% of population; rural: 30% of population; total: 16% of population (2000 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 88% of population; rural: 54% of population; total: 72% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 12% of population; rural: 46% of population; total: 28% of population (2008 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.1% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "16,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "19.1% (2008)" + }, + "children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": { + "text": "3.5% (2002)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "4.3% of GDP (2009)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "97.7%", + "male": "98.3%", + "female": "97.1% (2011 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "14 years", + "male": "14 years", + "female": "15 years (2010)" + }, + "child_labor_children_ages_5_14": { + "total_number": "26,658", + "percentage": "1 % (2000 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "23.7%", + "male": "23.7%", + "female": "23.8% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "none", + "conventional_short_form": "Romania", + "local_long_form": "none", + "local_short_form": "Romania" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "republic" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Bucharest", + "geographic_coordinates": "44 26 N, 26 06 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dambovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Valcea, Vrancea" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; independence recognized on 13 July 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Unification Day (of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "8 December 1991; revised 29 October 2003" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Traian BASESCU (since 20 December 2004); note - President BASESCU has twice been temporarily suspended since assuming his post: first from 20 April-23 May 2007, second from 6 July-27 August 2012; he survived a national recall referendum on both occasions", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Victor-Viorel PONTA (since 7 May 2012)", + "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister", + "elections": "president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 November 2009 with runoff on 6 December 2009 (next to be held in November-December 2014); prime minister appointed by the president with the consent of the Parliament", + "election_results": "Traian BASESCU reelected president; percent of vote - Traian BASESCU 50.3%, Mircea GEOANA 49.7%" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat (176 seats; members elected by popular vote in a mixed electoral system to serve four-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camera Deputatilor (412 seats; members elected by popular vote in a mixed electoral system to serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "Senate - last held on 9 December 2012 (next by December 2016); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 9 December 2012 (next by December 2016)", + "election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by alliance/party - USL 60.1%, ARD 16.7%, PP-DD 14.6%, UDMR 5.3%, other 3.3%; seats by alliance/party - USL 122, ARD 24, PP-DD 21, UDMR 9; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by alliance/party - USL 58.6%, ARD 16.5%, PP-DD 14%, UDMR 5.2%, ethnic minorities 2.6%, other 3.1%; seats by alliance/party - USL 273, ARD 56, PP-DD 47, UDMR 18, ethnic minorities 18" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "High Court of Cassation and Justice (consists of 11 judges); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "High Court of Cassation and Justice judges appointed by the president upon nomination by the Superior Council of Magistracy, an 11-member body mostly of judges, prosecutors, and law specialists; judges appointed for 3-year renewable terms; Supreme Constitutional Court members appointed - 6 by Parliament and 3 by the president; members serve 9-year, non-renewable terms", + "subordinate_courts": "Courts of Appeal; regional tribunals; first instance courts; military and arbitration courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD [Aurelian PAVELESCU]; Civic Force or FC [Mihai-Razvan UNGUREANU]; Conservative Party or PC [Daniel CONSTANTIN] (formerly Humanist Party or PUR); Democratic Liberal Party or PDL [Vasile BLAGA] (formerly Democratic Party); Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Hunor KELEMEN]; National Liberal Party or PNL [Crin ANTONESCU]; National Union for Romania's Progress or UNPR [Gabriel OPREA]; People's Party - Dan Diaconescu or PP-DD [Dan DIACONESCU]; Right Romania Alliance or ARD [Vasile BLAGA, Mihai-Razvan UNGUREANU, and Aurelian PAVELESCU] (a center-right electoral alliance that includes PDL, FC, PNT-CD); Social Democratic Party or PSD [Victor-Viorel PONTA] (formerly Party of Social Democracy in Romania or PDSR); Social Liberal Union or USL [Victor PONTA and Crin ANTONESCU] (an alliance of the PSD, PNL, UNPR, and PC)" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "other": "various human rights and professional associations" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Adrian Cosmin VIERITA", + "chancery": "1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 332-4846, 4848, 4851, 4852", + "fax": "[1] (202) 232-4748", + "consulates_general": "Chicago, Los Angeles, New York" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Duane BUTCHER", + "embassy": "Bulevardul Dr. Liviu Librescu 4-6, District 1, Bucharest, 015118", + "mailing_address": "American Embassy Bucharest, US Department of State, 5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC 20521-5260 (pouch)", + "telephone": "[40] (21) 200-3300", + "fax": "[40] (21) 200-3442" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; modeled after the flag of France, the colors are those of the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1862 to form Romania; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed", + "note": "now similar to the flag of Chad, whose blue band is darker; also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "golden eagle" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Desteapta-te romane!\" (Wake up, Romanian!)", + "lyrics_music": "Andrei MURESIANU/Anton PANN", + "note": "adopted 1990; the anthem was written during the 1848 Revolution" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Romania, which joined the European Union on 1 January 2007, began the transition from Communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the country's needs. The country emerged in 2000 from a punishing three-year recession thanks to strong demand in EU export markets. Domestic consumption and investment fueled strong GDP growth, but led to large current account imbalances. Romania's macroeconomic gains have only recently started to spur creation of a middle class and to address Romania''s widespread poverty. Corruption and red tape continue to permeate the business environment. Inflation rose in 2007-08, driven by strong consumer demand, high wage growth, rising energy costs, a nation-wide drought, and a relaxation of fiscal discipline. As a result of the increase in fiscal and current account deficits and the global financial crisis, Romania signed on to a $26 billion emergency assistance package from the IMF, the EU, and other international lenders. Worsening international financial markets, as well as a series of drastic austerity measures implemented to meet Romania''s obligations under the IMF-led bail-out agreement contributed to a GDP contraction of 6.6% in 2009, followed by a 1.1% GDP contraction in 2010. The economy returned to positive growth in 2011 due to strong exports, a better than expected harvest, and weak domestic demand. In 2012, however, growth slowed to less than 1%, partially due to slackening export demand and an extended drought that resulted in an exceptionally poor harvest. In March 2011, Romania and the IMF/EU/World Bank signed a 24-month precautionary stand-by agreement, worth $6.6 billion, to promote fiscal discipline, encourage progress on structural reforms, and strengthen financial sector stability. The Romanian authorities announced that they do not intend to draw funds under the agreement." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$277.9 billion (2012 est.); $277 billion (2011 est.); $271.1 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$169.4 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.3% (2012 est.); 2.2% (2011 est.); -1.1% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$13,000 (2012 est.); $13,000 (2011 est.); $12,600 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "23.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 22.5% of GDP (2011 est.); 21.1% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "71.5%", + "government_consumption": "6.6%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "26.7%", + "investment_in_inventories": "0.3%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "40%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-45.2% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "7.5%", + "industry": "33%", + "services": "59.5% (2011 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, grapes; eggs, sheep" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "electric machinery and equipment, textiles and footwear, light machinery and auto assembly, mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.8% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "9.252 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "31.6%", + "industry": "21.1%", + "services": "47.3% (2010)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "5.6% (2012 est.); 7.5% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "22.2% (2011 est.)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "1.7%", + "highest_10%": "19.8% (2011 est.)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "33.2 (2011); 30 (2003)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$55.69 billion", + "expenditures": "$59.95 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "32.9% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-2.5% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "37.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 32.4% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "3.3% (2012 est.); 5.8% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "5.25% (31 December 2012); 5.75% (31 December 2011)" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "11.33% (31 December 2012 est.); 12.12% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$26.51 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $25.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$63.44 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $63.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$82.69 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $82.73 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$29.56 billion (31 December 2012); $21.2 billion (31 December 2011); $32.38 billion (31 December 2010)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$7.488 billion (2012 est.); -$7.747 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$58.11 billion (2012 est.); $62.68 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and equipment, metals and metal products, textiles and footwear, chemicals, agricultural products, minerals and fuels" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 18.9%, Italy 12.3%, France 7.1%, Turkey 5.5%, Hungary 5.5% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$67.54 billion (2012 est.); $73.12 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels and minerals, metals, textile and products, agricultural products" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 17.5%, Italy 11%, Hungary 9.1%, France 5.7%, Russia 4.4%, Poland 4.3%, Austria 4.2%, Kazakhstan 4.1% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$46.67 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $48.3 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$132.1 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $129.8 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$75.46 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $73.97 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$2.727 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $2.61 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "lei (RON) per US dollar -; 3.4682 (2012 est.); 3.0486 (2011 est.); 3.1779 (2010 est.); 3.0493 (2009); 2.5 (2008)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "60.39 billion kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "53.74 billion kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "2.94 billion kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "1.04 billion kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "24.98 million kW (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "61.7% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "9.4% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "27% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "1.9% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "92,140 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "169,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "600 million bbl (1 January 2013 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "298,200 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "218,200 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "107,300 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "34,250 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "11.08 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "14.2 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "3.12 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "63 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "78.43 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "4.68 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "23.4 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "the telecommunications sector is being expanded and modernized; domestic and international service improving rapidly, especially mobile-cellular services", + "domestic": "more than 90 percent of telephone network is automatic; fixed-line teledensity exceeds 20 telephones per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 110 telephones per 100 persons", + "international": "country code - 40; the Black Sea Fiber Optic System provides connectivity to Bulgaria and Turkey; satellite earth stations - 10; digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "a mixture of public and private TV stations; the public broadcaster operates multiple stations; roughly 100 private national, regional, and local stations; more than 75% of households are connected to multi-channel cable or satellite TV systems that provide access to Romanian, European, and international stations; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks and regional and local stations; more than 100 private radio stations (2008)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".ro" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "2.667 million (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "7.787 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "45 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "26", + "over_3_047_m": "4", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "10", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "11", + "under_914_m": "1 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "19", + "914_to_1_523_m": "5", + "under_914_m": "14 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "2 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 3,726 km; oil 2,451 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "10,785 km", + "broad_gauge": "135 km 1.524-m gauge", + "standard_gauge": "10,645 km 1.435-m gauge (4,002 km electrified)", + "narrow_gauge": "5 km 1.000-m gauge (2010)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "82,386 km (does not include urban roads)", + "paved": "71,154 km (includes 371 km of expressways)", + "unpaved": "11,232 km (2009)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "1,731 km (includes 1,075 km on the Danube River, 524 km on secondary branches, and 132 km on canals) (2010)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "5", + "by_type": "cargo 1, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1", + "foreign_owned": "1 (Russia 1)", + "registered_in_other_countries": "31 (Georgia 7, Liberia 3, Malta 7, Marshall Islands 2, Moldova 2, Panama 3, Russia 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1, Sierra Leone 2, Tanzania 1, Togo 1, unknown 1) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Braila, Constanta, Galati (Galatz), Mancanului (Giurgiu), Midia, Tulcea" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Land Forces, Naval Forces (Fortele Naval, FN), Romanian Air Force (Fortele Aeriene Romane, FAR) (2013)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "20-35 years of age for compulsory male military service; conscription ended 2006, but military service remains mandatory; 18 years of age for male and female voluntary service; all military inductees (including women) contract for an initial 5-year term of service, with subsequent successive 3-year terms until age 36 (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "5,601,234", + "females_age_16_49": "5,428,939 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "4,550,409", + "females_age_16_49": "4,507,880 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "117,798", + "female": "111,607 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "1.9% of GDP (2007 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "the ICJ ruled largely in favor of Romania in its dispute submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Serpilor (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary delimitation; Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "stateless_persons": "248 (2012)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route and small amounts of Latin American cocaine bound for Western Europe; although not a significant financial center, role as a narcotics conduit leaves it vulnerable to laundering, which occurs via the banking system, currency exchange houses, and casinos" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/rs-serbia.json b/europe/rs-serbia.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8133c00f --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/rs-serbia.json @@ -0,0 +1,589 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918; its name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Various paramilitary bands resisted Nazi Germany's occupation and division of Yugoslavia from 1941 to 1945, but fought each other and ethnic opponents as much as the invaders. The military and political movement headed by Josip \"TITO\" Broz (Partisans) took full control of Yugoslavia when German and Croatian separatist forces were defeated in 1945. Although communist, TITO's new government and his successors (he died in 1980) managed to steer their own path between the Warsaw Pact nations and the West for the next four and a half decades. In 1989, Slobodan MILOSEVIC became president of the Republic of Serbia and his ultranationalist calls for Serbian domination led to the violent breakup of Yugoslavia along ethnic lines. In 1991, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia declared independence, followed by Bosnia in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in April 1992 and under MILOSEVIC's leadership, Serbia led various military campaigns to unite ethnic Serbs in neighboring republics into a \"Greater Serbia.\" These actions were ultimately unsuccessful and led to the signing of the Dayton Peace Accords in 1995. MILOSEVIC retained control over Serbia and eventually became president of the FRY in 1997. In 1998, an ethnic Albanian insurgency in the formerly autonomous Serbian province of Kosovo provoked a Serbian counterinsurgency campaign that resulted in massacres and massive expulsions of ethnic Albanians living in Kosovo. The MILOSEVIC government's rejection of a proposed international settlement led to NATO's bombing of Serbia in the spring of 1999, to the withdrawal of Serbian military and police forces from Kosovo in June 1999, and to the stationing of a NATO-led force in Kosovo to provide a safe and secure environment for the region's ethnic communities. FRY elections in late 2000 led to the ouster of MILOSEVIC and the installation of democratic government. In 2003, the FRY became Serbia and Montenegro, a loose federation of the two republics. Widespread violence predominantly targeting ethnic Serbs in Kosovo in March 2004 caused the international community to open negotiations on the future status of Kosovo in January 2006. In June 2006, Montenegro seceded from the federation and declared itself an independent nation. Serbia subsequently gave notice that it was the successor state to the union of Serbia and Montenegro. In February 2008, after nearly two years of inconclusive negotiations, the UN-administered province of Kosovo declared itself independent of Serbia - an action Serbia refuses to recognize. At Serbia's request, the UN General Assembly (UNGA) in October 2008 sought an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on whether Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence was in accordance with international law. In a ruling considered unfavorable to Serbia, the ICJ issued an advisory opinion in July 2010 stating that international law did not prohibit declarations of independence. In late 2010, Serbia agreed to an EU-drafted UNGA Resolution acknowledging the ICJ's decision and calling for a new round of talks between Serbia and Kosovo, this time on practical issues rather than Kosovo's status. The EU-moderated Belgrade-Pristina dialogue began in March 2011 and was raised to the level of prime ministers in October 2012." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Southeastern Europe, between Macedonia and Hungary" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "44 00 N, 21 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "77,474 sq km", + "land": "77,474 sq km", + "water": "0 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly smaller than South Carolina" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "2,026 km", + "border_countries": "Bosnia and Herzegovina 302 km, Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia 241 km, Hungary 151 km, Kosovo 352 km, Macedonia 62 km, Montenegro 124 km, Romania 476 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "0 km (landlocked)" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "text": "none (landlocked)" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well-distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Danube and Timok Rivers 35 m", + "highest_point": "Midzor 2,169 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "oil, gas, coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, chromite, gold, silver, magnesium, pyrite, limestone, marble, salt, arable land" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "37.28%", + "permanent_crops": "3.41%", + "other": "59.31% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "919.6 sq km (2011)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "162.2 cu km (note - includes Kosovo) (2011)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "destructive earthquakes" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Serb(s)", + "adjective": "Serbian" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Serb 82.9%, Hungarian 3.9%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.4%, Yugoslavs 1.1%, Bosniaks 1.8%, Montenegrin 0.9%, other 8% (2002 census)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Serbian (official) 88.3%, Hungarian 3.8%, Bosniak 1.8%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.1%, other 4.1%, unknown 0.9% (2002 census)", + "note": "Romanian, Hungarian, Slovak, Ukrainian, and Croatian all official in Vojvodina" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Serbian Orthodox 85%, Catholic 5.5%, Protestant 1.1%, Muslim 3.2%, unspecified 2.6%, other, unknown, or atheist 2.6% (2002 census)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "7,243,007 (July 2013 est.)", + "note": "does not include the population of Kosovo" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "14.8% (male 553,644/female 519,887)", + "15_24_years": "11.9% (male 442,442/female 416,698)", + "25_54_years": "41.7% (male 1,521,214/female 1,497,906)", + "55_64_years": "14.7% (male 513,282/female 554,787)", + "65_years_and_over": "16.9% (male 500,864/female 722,283) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "44 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "23.4 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "20.7 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "4.8 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "41.7 years", + "male": "40 years", + "female": "43.4 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.46% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "9.15 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "13.77 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "56% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0.6% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "BELGRADE (capital) 1.115 million (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.07 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.07 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.01 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.92 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.69 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.95 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "27.2 (2010 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "12 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "6.28 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "7.24 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "5.26 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "74.79 years", + "male": "71.94 years", + "female": "77.82 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.41 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "60.8% (2010)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "10.4% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "2.04 physicians/1,000 population (2007)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "5.4 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 99% of population; rural: 98% of population; total: 99% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 1% of population; rural: 2% of population; total: 1% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 96% of population; rural: 88% of population; total: 92% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 4% of population; rural: 12% of population; total: 8% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.1% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "6,400 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 100 (2009 est.)" + }, + "major_infectious_diseases": { + "degree_of_risk": "intermediate", + "food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial diarrhea", + "note": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "24.8% (2008)" + }, + "children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": { + "text": "1.8% (2006)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "4.7% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "98%", + "male": "99.2%", + "female": "96.9% (2011 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "14 years", + "male": "13 years", + "female": "14 years (2011)" + }, + "child_labor_children_ages_5_14": { + "total_number": "36,141", + "percentage": "4 % (2005 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "46.1% (2010)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Serbia", + "conventional_short_form": "Serbia", + "local_long_form": "Republika Srbija", + "local_short_form": "Srbija", + "former": "People's Republic of Serbia, Socialist Republic of Serbia" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "republic" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Belgrade (Beograd)", + "geographic_coordinates": "44 50 N, 20 30 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "122 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina) and 23 cities (gradovi, singular - grad)", + "municipalities": "Ada, Aleksandrovac, Aleksinac, Alibunar, Apatin, Arandelovac, Arilje, Babusnica, Bac, Backa Palanka, Backa Topola, Backi Petrovac, Bajina Basta, Batocina, Becej, Bela Crkva, Bela Palanka, Beocin, Blace, Bogatic, Bojnik, Boljevac, Bor, Bosilegrad, Brus, Bujanovac, Cajetina, Cicevac, Coka, Crna Trava, Cuprija, Despotovac, Dimitrov, Doljevac, Gadzin Han, Golubac, Gornji Milanovac, Indija, Irig, Ivanjica, Kanjiza, Kikinda, Kladovo, Knic, Knjazevac, Koceljeva, Kosjeric, Kovacica, Kovin, Krupanj, Kucevo, Kula, Kursumlija, Lajkovac, Lapovo, Lebane, Ljig, Ljubovija, Lucani, Majdanpek, Mali Idos, Mali Zvornik, Malo Crnice, Medveda, Merosina, Mionica, Negotin, Nova Crnja, Nova Varos, Novi Becej, Novi Knezevac, Odzaci, Opovo, Osecina, Paracin, Pecinci, Petrovac na Mlavi, Pirot, Plandiste, Pozega, Presevo, Priboj, Prijepolje, Prokuplje, Raca, Raska, Razanj, Rekovac, Ruma, Secanj, Senta, Sid, Sjenica, Smederevska Palanka, Sokobanja, Srbobran, Sremski Karlovci, Stara Pazova, Surdulica, Svilajnac, Svrljig, Temerin, Titel, Topola, Trgoviste, Trstenik, Tutin, Ub, Varvarin, Velika Plana, Veliko Gradiste, Vladicin Han, Vladimirci, Vlasotince, Vrbas, Vrnjacka Banja, Vrsac, Zabalj, Zabari, Zagubica, Zitiste, Zitorada", + "cities": "Beograd, Cacak, Jagodina, Kragujevac, Kraljevo, Krusevac, Leskovac, Loznica, Nis, Novi Pazar, Novi Sad, Pancevo, Pozarevac, Sabac, Smederevo, Sombor, Sremska Mitrovica, Subotica, Uzice, Vajevo, Vranje, Zajecar, Zrenjanin" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "5 June 2006 (from Serbia and Montenegro)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "National Day, 15 February" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "adopted 8 November 2006; effective 10 November 2006" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Tomislav NIKOLIC (since 31 May 2012)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Ivica DACIC (since 23 July 2012)", + "cabinet": "Republican Ministries act as cabinet", + "elections": "president elected by direct vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 20 May 2012 (next to be held in 2017); prime minister elected by the National Assembly", + "election_results": "Tomislav NIKOLIC elected president in runoff election; NIKOLIC 51.2% of the vote, Boris TADIC 48.8% of the vote" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral National Assembly (250 seats; deputies elected according to party lists to serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 6 May 2012 (next to be held by May 2016)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - Let's Get Serbia Moving 24.04%, Choice for a Better Life 22.11%, SPS/PUPS/JS 14.53%, DSS 7.00%, Turnover 6.52%, United Regions of Serbia 5.49%, Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians 1.77%, other 18.54%; seats by party - Let's Get Serbia Moving 73, Choice for a Better Life 67, SPS/PUPS/JS 44, DSS 21, Turnover 19, United Regions of Serbia 16, Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians 5, other 5", + "note": "May 2013 composition by parliamentary groups - SNS 65, DS 45, SPS 25, DSS 21, United Regions of Serbia 16, LDP 13, PUPS 12, SDPS 9, Independent MPs 8, NS 8, JS 7, Together for Serbia Parliamentary Group 6, SVM 5, LSV 5, SPO 5" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Cassation (consists of more than 60 judges organized into 3- and 5-member panels for criminal, civil, and administrative cases); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 judges) note - in 2003, specialized panels on war crimes were established within the Serbian court system; the panels have jurisdiction over alleged violations of the Basic Criminal Code and crimes against humanity, international law, and criminal acts as defined by the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court justices proposed by the High Judicial Council (HJC), an 11-member body of which 7 are judges, and elected by the National Assembly; Constitutional Court judges appointed - 5 each by the National Assembly, the president, and the Supreme Court of Cassation; judges of both courts appointed to permanent tenure by the HJC", + "subordinate_courts": "appellate courts, higher courts, and municipal and district courts; courts of special jurisdiction include the Administrative Court, Appellate Commercial Court, and two levels of misdemeanor courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Albanian Coalition of Presevo Valley [Riza HALIMI]; Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM [Istvan PASZTOR]; Bosniak Democratic Union or BDZ [Elmir ELFIC]; Choice for a Better Life [Boris TADIC] (includes Democratic Party of DS [Dragan DJILAS], Social Democratic Party of Serbia or SDPS [Rasim LJAJIC], League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina or LSV [Nenad CANAK], Greens of Serbia or ZS [Ivan KARIC], Democratic Alliance of Croats in Vojvodina or DSHV [Petar KUNTIC], and Christian Democratic Party of Serbia or DHSS [Olgica BATIC]); Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS [Vojislav KOSTUNICA]; Let's Get Serbia Moving [Tomislav NIKOLIC] (includes Serbian Progressive Party or SNS [Aleksandar VUCIC], New Serbia or NS [Velimir ILIC], Movement of Socialists [Aleksandar VULIN], Strength of Serbia Movement or PSS [Bogoljub KARIC], Association of Small and Medium Businesses and Entrepreneurs of Serbia, Coalition of Refugee Associations in Serbia, Bosniak People's Party [Mujo MUKOVIC], Democratic Party of Macedonians [Mile SPIROVSKI], Roma Party [Srdan SAJN], Movement of Vlach Unity, and Economic Renewal of Serbia); None of the Offered Options or NOPO [Nikola TULIMIROVIC]; Party of Democratic Action of the Sandzak or SDA [Sulejman UGLJANIN]; Party of United Pensioners of Serbia or PUPS [Jovan KRKOBABIC]; Socialist Party of Serbia or SPS [Ivica DACIC]; Together for Serbia Parliamentary Group; Turnover [Cedomir JOVANOVIC] (includes Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Cedomir JOVANOVIC], Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC], Social Democratic Union or SDU [Zarko KORAC], Rich Serbia [Zaharije TRNAVCEVIC], Vojvodina's Party [Igor KURJACKI], Democratic Party of Sandzak, Green Ecological Party [Mithat NOKIC], and Party of Bulgarians of Serbia); United Regions of Serbia [Mladan DINKIC]; United Serbia or JS [Dragan \"Palma\" MARKOVIC]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "1389 (Serbian nationalist movement); Dveri - Movement for the Life of Serbia; Obraz (Orthodox clero-fascist organization); SNP NASI (Serbian National Movement NASI)" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "BIS, BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EU (candidate country), FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Vladimir PETROVIC", + "chancery": "2134 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 332-0333", + "fax": "[1] (202) 332-3933", + "consulates_general": "Chicago, New York" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Michael KIRBY", + "embassy": "Kneza Milosa 50, 11000 Belgrade, PAK 112807", + "mailing_address": "5070 Belgrade Place, Washington, DC 20521-5070", + "telephone": "[381] (11) 361-9344", + "fax": "[381] (11) 361-8230" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "three equal horizontal stripes of red (top), blue, and white - the Pan-Slav colors representing freedom and revolutionary ideals; charged with the coat of arms of Serbia shifted slightly to the hoist side; the principal field of the coat of arms represents the Serbian state and displays a white two-headed eagle on a red shield; a smaller red shield on the eagle represents the Serbian nation, and is divided into four quarters by a white cross; interpretations vary as to the meaning and origin of the white, curved symbols resembling firesteels or Cyrillic \"C's\" in each quarter; a royal crown surmounts the coat of arms", + "note": "the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "double-headed eagle" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Boze pravde\" (God of Justice)", + "lyrics_music": "Jovan DORDEVIC/Davorin JENKO", + "note": "adopted 1904; the song was originally written as part of a play in 1872 and has been used as an anthem by the Serbian people throughout the 20th and 21st centuries" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Serbia has a transitional economy mostly dominated by market forces, but the state sector remains large and many institutional reforms are needed. The economy relies on manufacturing and exports, driven largely by foreign investment. MILOSEVIC-era mismanagement of the economy, an extended period of international economic sanctions, civil war, and the damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry during the NATO airstrikes in 1999 left the economy only half the size it was in 1990. After the ousting of former Federal Yugoslav President MILOSEVIC in September 2000, the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition government implemented stabilization measures and embarked on a market reform program. After renewing its membership in the IMF in December 2000, Serbia continued to reintegrate into the international community by rejoining the World Bank (IBRD) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). Serbia has made progress in trade liberalization and enterprise restructuring and privatization, but many large enterprises - including the power utilities, telecommunications company, natural gas company, national air carrier, and others - remain in state hands. Serbia has made some progress towards EU membership, signing a Stabilization and Association Agreement with Brussels in May 2008, and with full implementation of the Interim Trade Agreement with the EU in February 2010, gained candidate status in March 2012. Serbia's negotiations with the World Trade Organization are advanced, with the country's complete ban on the trade and cultivation of agricultural biotechnology products representing the primary remaining obstacle to accession. Serbia's program with the IMF was frozen in early 2012 because the 2012 budget approved by parliament deviated from the program parameters; the arrangement is now void. High unemployment and stagnant household incomes are ongoing political and economic problems. Structural economic reforms needed to ensure the country's long-term prosperity have largely stalled since the onset of the global financial crisis. The economy slipped by an estimated 2.0% in 2012, following growth of 1.6% in 2011, 1.0% in 2010, and a 3.5% contraction in 2009. Growing deficits constrain the use of stimulus efforts to revive the economy and contribute to growing concern of a public debt crisis, given that Serbia's total public debt as a share of GDP doubled between 2008 and 2012, reaching 61.5% of GDP at the end of 2012. Further, Serbia's concerns about inflation and exchange rate stability preclude the use of expansionary monetary policy. Serbia adopted a new long-term economic growth plan in 2010 that calls for a quadrupling of exports over ten years and heavy investments in basic infrastructure. In 2012, however, exports fell by 3.6% compared to 2011, largely as a result of the halt in production at the former US Steel plant and a summer drought that slashed agricultural production. Major challenges ahead include: high unemployment rates and the need for job creation; high government expenditures for salaries, pensions, and unemployment benefits; a growing need for new government borrowing; rising public and private foreign debt; attracting new foreign direct investment; and getting the IMF program back on track. Other serious challenges include an inefficient judicial system, high levels of corruption, and an aging population. Factors favorable to Serbia's economic growth include a strategic location, a relatively inexpensive and skilled labor force, and free trade agreements with the EU, Russia, Turkey, and countries that are members of the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA)." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$80.02 billion (2012 est.); $81.45 billion (2011 est.); $80.16 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$37.4 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "-1.8% (2012 est.); 1.6% (2011 est.); 1% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$10,600 (2012 est.); $10,800 (2011 est.); $10,700 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "79.3%", + "government_consumption": "20.2%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "17.3%", + "investment_in_inventories": "0.7%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "43.2%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-60.8% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "7.6%", + "industry": "31.7%", + "services": "60.7% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "wheat, maize, sugar beets, sunflower, raspberries; beef, pork, milk" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "base metals, furniture, food processing, machinery, chemicals, sugar, tires, clothes, pharmaceuticals" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "-2.9% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "3.17 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "21.9%", + "industry": "19.5%", + "services": "58.6% (2010)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "25.9% (2012 est.); 23.7% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "9.2% (2010 est.)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "28.2 (2008); 30 (2003)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$15.54 billion", + "expenditures": "$18.41 billion", + "note": "this is the consolidated budget, including both central government and local goverment budgets (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "41.5% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-7.7% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "59.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 48.7% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued or owned by government entities other than the treasury (for which the GOS issued guarantees); the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities (for which the GOS issued guarantees), as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "7.3% (2012 est.); 11.2% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "11.75% (6 February 2013); 9.5% (January 2012)" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "17.4% (31 December 2012 est.); 17.2% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$5.79 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $5.783 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$19.78 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $18.55 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$21.55 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $21.43 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$9.54 billion (13 February 2013); $8.365 billion (31 December 2011); $9.69 billion (31 December 2010)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$3.895 billion (2012 est.); -$4.122 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$11.33 billion (2012 est.); $11.78 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "iron and steel, rubber, clothes, wheat, fruit and vegetables, nonferrous metals, electric appliances, metal products, weapons and ammunition, automobiles" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$18.35 billion (2012 est.); $19.18 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$14.13 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $15.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$33.69 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $31.57 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$24.67 billion (31 December 2009 est.); $11.95 billion (2006 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$NA" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "Serbian dinars (RSD) per US dollar -; 87.992 (2012 est.); 73.104 (2011 est.); 77.729 (2010 est.); 67.634 (2009); 62.9 (2008)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "37.86 billion kWh (2012)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "37.37 billion kWh (2012)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "1.24 billion kWh (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "1.5 billion kWh (2012)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "8.359 million kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "66.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "26.6% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "13,160 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "45,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "77.5 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "55,960 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "81,440 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "3,981 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "27,330 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "557 million cu m (2012 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "2.84 billion cu m (2012 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2012 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "2.61 billion cu m (2012 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "48.14 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "49.92 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "3.03 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "10.182 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "replacements of, and upgrades to, telecommunications equipment damaged during the 1999 war has resulted in a modern digitalized telecommunications system", + "domestic": "wireless service, available through multiple providers with national coverage, is growing very rapidly; best telecommunications services are centered in urban centers; 3G mobile network launched in 2007", + "international": "country code - 381 (2011)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".rs" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "1.102 million (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "4.107 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "26 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "10", + "over_3_047_m": "2", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "3", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "3", + "914_to_1_523_m": "2 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "16", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "1", + "914_to_1_523_m": "10", + "under_914_m": "5 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "2 (2012)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "3,379 km", + "standard_gauge": "3,379 km 1.435-m gauge (1,196 km electrified) (2006)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "41,913 km", + "paved": "26,007 km", + "unpaved": "15,906 km (2007)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "587 km (primarily on the Danube and Sava rivers) (2009)" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Serbian Armed Forces (Vojska Srbije, VS): Land Forces Command (includes Riverine Component, consisting of a river flotilla on the Danube), Air and Air Defense Forces Command (2012)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished December 2010; reserve obligation to age 60 for men and age 50 for women (2013)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "1,395,426", + "females_age_16_49": "1,356,415 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "43,945", + "female": "41,080 (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "Serbia with several other states protest the US and other states' recognition of Kosovo's declaration of its status as a sovereign and independent state in February 2008; ethnic Serbian municipalities along Kosovo's northern border challenge final status of Kosovo-Serbia boundary; several thousand NATO-led Kosovo Force peacekeepers under United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo authority continue to keep the peace within Kosovo between the ethnic Albanian majority and the Serb minority in Kosovo; Serbia delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina, but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "refugees_country_of_origin": "49,931 (Croatia); 16,418 (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (2012)", + "idps": "228,215 (most are Kosovar Serbs some are Roma, Ashkalis, and Egyptian (RAE); some RAE IDPs are unregistered) (2011)", + "stateless_persons": "8,500 (includes stateless persons in Kosovo) (2012)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western Europe on the Balkan route; economy vulnerable to money laundering" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/ru-russia.json b/europe/ru-russia.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0d771f40 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/ru-russia.json @@ -0,0 +1,649 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy, was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new Romanov Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the following decades until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics. Since then, Russia has shifted its post-Soviet democratic ambitions in favor of a centralized semi-authoritarian state in which the leadership seeks to legitimize its rule through managed national elections, populist appeals by President PUTIN, and continued economic growth. Russia has severely disabled a Chechen rebel movement, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "North Asia bordering the Arctic Ocean, extending from Europe (the portion west of the Urals) to the North Pacific Ocean" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "60 00 N, 100 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Asia" + }, + "area": { + "total": "17,098,242 sq km", + "land": "16,377,742 sq km", + "water": "720,500 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "approximately 1.8 times the size of the US" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "20,241.5 km", + "border_countries": "Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, China (southeast) 3,605 km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 290 km, Finland 1,313 km, Georgia 723 km, Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 17.5 km, Latvia 292 km, Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,441 km, Norway 196 km, Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine 1,576 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "37,653 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "contiguous_zone": "24 nm", + "exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm", + "continental_shelf": "200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Caspian Sea -28 m", + "highest_point": "Gora El'brus 5,633 m (highest point in Europe)" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, reserves of rare earth elements, timber", + "note": "formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "7.11%", + "permanent_crops": "0.1%", + "other": "92.79% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "43,460 sq km (2008)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "4,508 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "66.2 cu km/yr (20%/60%/20%)", + "per_capita": "454.9 cu m/yr (2001)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of European Russia", + "volcanism": "significant volcanic activity on the Kamchatka Peninsula and Kuril Islands; the peninsula alone is home to some 29 historically active volcanoes, with dozens more in the Kuril Islands; Kliuchevskoi (elev. 4,835 m), which erupted in 2007 and 2010, is Kamchatka's most active volcano; Avachinsky and Koryaksky volcanoes, which pose a threat to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, have been deemed \"Decade Volcanoes\" by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Bezymianny, Chikurachki, Ebeko, Gorely, Grozny, Karymsky, Ketoi, Kronotsky, Ksudach, Medvezhia, Mutnovsky, Sarychev Peak, Shiveluch, Tiatia, Tolbachik, and Zheltovsky" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial, municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and seacoasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper application of agricultural chemicals; scattered areas of sometimes intense radioactive contamination; groundwater contamination from toxic waste; urban solid waste management; abandoned stocks of obsolete pesticides" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "Air Pollution-Sulfur 94" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in relation to major sea lanes of the world; despite its size, much of the country lacks proper soils and climates (either too cold or too dry) for agriculture; Mount El'brus is Europe's tallest peak; Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world, is estimated to hold one fifth of the world's fresh water" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Russian(s)", + "adjective": "Russian" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Russian 79.8%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 2%, Bashkir 1.2%, Chuvash 1.1%, other or unspecified 12.1% (2002 census)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Russian (official), many minority languages" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.)", + "note": "estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of Soviet rule" + }, + "population": { + "text": "142,500,482 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "16% (male 11,740,877/female 11,119,318)", + "15_24_years": "11.5% (male 8,401,971/female 8,045,363)", + "25_54_years": "45.9% (male 31,945,797/female 33,417,073)", + "55_64_years": "13.5% (male 8,177,300/female 11,009,712)", + "65_years_and_over": "13.1% (male 5,687,515/female 12,955,556) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "40.5 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "22.2 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "18.3 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "5.5 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "38.8 years", + "male": "35.8 years", + "female": "41.8 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.02% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "12.11 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "13.97 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "1.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "73.8% of total population (2011)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0.13% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "MOSCOW (capital) 10.523 million; Saint Petersburg 4.575 million; Novosibirsk 1.397 million; Yekaterinburg 1.344 million; Nizhniy Novgorod 1.267 million (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "0.95 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.74 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.44 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.86 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "34 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "7.19 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "8.04 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "6.29 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "69.85 years", + "male": "64.04 years", + "female": "76.02 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.61 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "79.5%", + "note": "percent of women under age 50 (2007)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "5.1% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "4.31 physicians/1,000 population (2006)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "9.66 beds/1,000 population (2006)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 99% of population; rural: 92% of population; total: 97% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 1% of population; rural: 8% of population; total: 3% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 74% of population; rural: 59% of population; total: 70% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 26% of population; rural: 41% of population; total: 30% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "1% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "980,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "major_infectious_diseases": { + "degree_of_risk": "intermediate", + "food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial diarrhea", + "vectorborne_disease": "tickborne encephalitis", + "note": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "26.5% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "4.1% of GDP (2008)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "99.7%", + "male": "99.7%", + "female": "99.6% (2010 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "14 years", + "male": "14 years", + "female": "15 years (2009)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "15.5%", + "male": "15.3%", + "female": "15.7% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Russian Federation", + "conventional_short_form": "Russia", + "local_long_form": "Rossiyskaya Federatsiya", + "local_short_form": "Rossiya", + "former": "Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "federation" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Moscow", + "geographic_coordinates": "55 45 N, 37 36 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr; note - Russia has announced that it will remain on daylight saving time permanently, which began on 27 March 2011", + "note": "Russia is divided into 9 time zones" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "46 provinces (oblastey, singular - oblast), 21 republics (respublik, singular - respublika), 4 autonomous okrugs (avtonomnykh okrugov, singular - avtonomnyy okrug), 9 krays (krayev, singular - kray), 2 federal cities (goroda, singular - gorod), and 1 autonomous oblast (avtonomnaya oblast')", + "oblasts": "Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad, Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orenburg, Orel, Penza, Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver', Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl'", + "republics": "Adygeya (Maykop), Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude), Chechnya (Groznyy), Chuvashiya (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Ingushetiya (Magas), Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik), Kalmykiya (Elista), Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk), Kareliya (Petrozavodsk), Khakasiya (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordoviya (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz), Sakha [Yakutiya] (Yakutsk), Tatarstan (Kazan'), Tyva (Kyzyl), Udmurtiya (Izhevsk)", + "autonomous_okrugs": "Chukotka (Anadyr'), Khanty-Mansi (Khanty-Mansiysk), Nenets (Nar'yan-Mar), Yamalo-Nenets (Salekhard)", + "krays": "Altay (Barnaul), Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Perm', Primorskiy [Maritime] (Vladivostok), Stavropol', Zabaykal'sk (Chita)", + "federal_cities": "Moscow [Moskva], Saint Petersburg [Sankt-Peterburg]", + "autonomous_oblast": "Yevrey [Jewish] (Birobidzhan)", + "note": "administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "24 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union); notable earlier dates: 1157 (Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal created); 16 January 1547 (Tsardom of Muscovy established); 22 October 1721 (Russian Empire proclaimed); 30 December 1922 (Soviet Union established)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Russia Day, 12 June (1990)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "adopted 12 December 1993" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN (since 7 May 2012)", + "head_of_government": "Premier Dmitriy Anatolyevich MEDVEDEV (since 8 May 2012); First Deputy Premier Igor Ivanovich SHUVALOV (since 12 May 2008); Deputy Premiers Arkadiy Vladimirovich DVORKOVICH (since 21 May 2012), Olga Yuryevna GOLODETS (since 21 May 2012), Aleksandr Gennadiyevich KHLOPONIN (since 19 January 2010), Dmitriy Nikolayevich KOZAK (since 14 October 2008), Dmitriy Olegovich ROGOZIN (since 23 December 2011), Sergey Eduardovich PRIKHODKO (since 22 May 2013)", + "cabinet": "the \"Government\" is composed of the premier, his deputies, and ministers; all are appointed by the president, and the premier is also confirmed by the Duma", + "note": "there is also a Presidential Administration (PA) that provides staff and policy support to the president, drafts presidential decrees, and coordinates policy among government agencies; a Security Council also reports directly to the president", + "elections": "president elected by popular vote for a six-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 4 March 2012 (next to be held in March 2018); note - the term length was extended from four to six years in late 2008 and went into effect after the 2012 election; there is no vice president; if the president dies in office, cannot exercise his powers because of ill health, is impeached, or resigns, the premier serves as acting president until a new presidential election is held, which must be within three months; premier appointed by the president with the approval of the Duma", + "election_results": "Vladimir PUTIN elected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN 63.6%, Gennadiy ZYUGANOV 17.2%, Mikhail PROKHOROV 8%, Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY 6.2%, Sergey MIRONOV 3.9%, other 1.1%; Dmitriy MEDVEDEV approved as premier by Duma 299 to 144" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "bicameral Federal Assembly or Federalnoye Sobraniye consists of an upper house, the Federation Council or Sovet Federatsii (166 seats; members appointed by the top executive and legislative officials in each of the 83 federal administrative units - oblasts, krays, republics, autonomous okrugs and oblasts, and the federal cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg; members to serve four-year terms) and a lower house, the State Duma or Gosudarstvennaya Duma (450 seats; as of 2007, all members elected by proportional representation from party lists winning at least 7% of the vote; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "State Duma - last held on 4 December 2011 (next to be held in December 2015)", + "election_results": "State Duma - United Russia 49.6%, CPRF 19.2%, Just Russia 13.2%, LDPR 11.7%, other 6.3%; total seats by party - United Russia 238, CPRF 92, Just Russia 64, LDPR 56" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (consists of 23 members); Constitutional Court (consists of 19 members); Superior Court of Arbitration (consists of a chairman and 4 deputy chairmen", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "all members of Russia's three highest courts nominated by the president and appointed by the Federation Council (the upper house of the legislature); members of all three courts appointed for life", + "subordinate_courts": "Higher Arbitration Court; regional (kray) and provincial (oblast) courts; Moscow and St. Petersburg city courts; autonomous province and district courts; note - the 14 Russian Republics have court systems specified by their own constitutions" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "A Just Russia [Sergey MIRONOV]; Communist Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF [Gennadiy ZYUGANOV]; Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR [Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY]; Right Cause [Andrey DUNAYEV]; Rodina [Aleksey ZHURAVLEV]; United Russia [Dmitriy MEDVEDEV]; Yabloko Party [Sergey MITROKHIN]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "Association of Citizens with Initiative of Russia (TIGR); Confederation of Labor of Russia (KTR); Federation of Independent Labor Unions of Russia; Freedom of Choice Interregional Organization of Automobilists; Glasnost Defense Foundation; Golos Association in Defense of Voters' Rights; Greenpeace Russia; Human Rights Watch (Russian chapter); Institute for Collective Action; Memorial (human rights group); Movement Against Illegal Migration; Pamjat (preservation of historical monuments and recording of history); PARNAS; Russian Orthodox Church; Russian Federation of Car Owners; Russian-Chechen Friendship Society; Solidarnost; SOVA Analytical-Information Center; Union of the Committees of Soldiers' Mothers; World Wildlife Fund (Russian chapter)" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BRICS, BSEC, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-20, G-8, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNSC (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Sergey Ivanovich KISLYAK", + "chancery": "2650 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 298-5700, 5701, 5704, 5708", + "fax": "[1] (202) 298-5735", + "consulates_general": "Houston, New York, San Francisco, Seattle" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Michael A. MCFAUL", + "embassy": "Bolshoy Deviatinskiy Pereulok No. 8, 121099 Moscow", + "mailing_address": "PSC-77, APO AE 09721", + "telephone": "[7] (495) 728-5000", + "fax": "[7] (495) 728-5090", + "consulates_general": "Saint Petersburg, Vladivostok, Yekaterinburg" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red", + "note": "the colors may have been based on those of the Dutch flag; despite many popular interpretations, there is no official meaning assigned to the colors of the Russian flag; this flag inspired other Slav countries to adopt horizontal tricolors of the same colors but in different arrangements, and so red, blue, and white became the Pan-Slav colors" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "bear; double-headed eagle" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii\" (National Anthem of the Russian Federation)", + "lyrics_music": "Sergei Vladimirovich MIKHALKOV/Alexandr Vasilievich ALEXANDROV", + "note": "in 2000, Russia adopted the tune of the anthem of the former Soviet Union (composed in 1939); the lyrics, also adopted in 2000, were written by the same person who authored the Soviet lyrics in 1943" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Russia has undergone significant changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, moving from a globally-isolated, centrally-planned economy to a more market-based and globally-integrated economy. Economic reforms in the 1990s privatized most industry, with notable exceptions in the energy and defense-related sectors. The protection of property rights is still weak and the private sector remains subject to heavy state interference. In 2011, Russia became the world's leading oil producer, surpassing Saudi Arabia; Russia is the second-largest producer of natural gas; Russia holds the world's largest natural gas reserves, the second-largest coal reserves, and the eighth-largest crude oil reserves. Russia is also a top exporter of metals such as steel and primary aluminum. Russia's reliance on commodity exports makes it vulnerable to boom and bust cycles that follow the volatile swings in global prices. The government since 2007 has embarked on an ambitious program to reduce this dependency and build up the country's high technology sectors, but with few visible results so far. The economy had averaged 7% growth in the decade following the 1998 Russian financial crisis, resulting in a doubling of real disposable incomes and the emergence of a middle class. The Russian economy, however, was one of the hardest hit by the 2008-09 global economic crisis as oil prices plummeted and the foreign credits that Russian banks and firms relied on dried up. According to the World Bank the government's anti-crisis package in 2008-09 amounted to roughly 6.7% of GDP. The economic decline bottomed out in mid-2009 and the economy began to grow again in the third quarter of 2009. High oil prices buoyed Russian growth in 2011-12 and helped Russia reduce the budget deficit inherited from 2008-09. Russia has reduced unemployment to a record low and has lowered inflation below double digit rates. Russia joined the World Trade Organization in 2012, which will reduce trade barriers in Russia for foreign goods and services and help open foreign markets to Russian goods and services. At the same time, Russia has sought to cement economic ties with countries in the former Soviet space through a Customs Union with Belarus and Kazakhstan, and, in the next several years, through the creation of a new Russia-led economic bloc called the Eurasian Economic Union. Russia has had difficulty attracting foreign direct investment and has experienced large capital outflows in the past several years, leading to official programs to improve Russia's international rankings for its investment climate. Russia's adoption of a new oil-price-based fiscal rule in 2012 and a more flexible exchange rate policy have improved its ability to deal with external shocks, including volatile oil prices. Russia's long-term challenges also include a shrinking workforce, rampant corruption, and underinvestment in infrastructure." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$2.555 trillion (2012 est.); $2.471 trillion (2011 est.); $2.369 trillion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$2.022 trillion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "3.4% (2012 est.); 4.3% (2011 est.); 4.5% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$18,000 (2012 est.); $17,300 (2011 est.); $16,600 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "30% of GDP (2012 est.); 30.6% of GDP (2011 est.); 27.3% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "49.2%", + "government_consumption": "18.6%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "22%", + "investment_in_inventories": "2.6%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "29.7%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-22.1% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "3.9%", + "industry": "36%", + "services": "60.1% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "grain, sugar beets, sunflower seed, vegetables, fruits; beef, milk" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries including radar, missile production, and advanced electronic components, shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "3.1% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "75.24 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "7.9%", + "industry": "27.4%", + "services": "64.7% (2011)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "5.7% (2012 est.); 6.6% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "12.7% (2011)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "5.7%", + "highest_10%": "42.4% (2011 est.)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "41.7 (2011); 39.9 (2001)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$416.8 billion", + "expenditures": "$418 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "20.6% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-0.1% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "7.7% of GDP (2012 est.); 8.1% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "5.1% (2012 est.); 8.4% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "8.25% (31 December 2012 est.); 8% (31 December 2011)", + "note": "this is the so-called refinancing rate, but in Russia banks do not get refinancing at this rate; this is a reference rate used primarily for fiscal purposes" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "9.1% (31 December 2012 est.); 8.45% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$452.8 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $399.3 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$1.061 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $893.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$922.6 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $702.2 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$845.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $796.4 billion (31 December 2011); $1.005 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "$81.3 billion (2012 est.); $98.8 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$529.6 billion (2012 est.); $519.9 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, metals, wood and wood products, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military manufactures" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Netherlands 14.4%, China 6.4%, Italy 5.3%, Germany 4.5% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$334.7 billion (2012 est.); $321.9 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery, vehicles, pharmaceutical products, plastic, semi-finished metal products, meat, fruits and nuts, optical and medical instruments, iron, steel" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "China 15.5%, Germany 9.5%, Ukraine 5.5% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$537.6 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $498.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$631.8 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $543 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$502.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $457.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$413.1 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $362.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "Russian rubles (RUB) per US dollar -; 30.84 (2012 est.); 29.382 (2011 est.); 30.368 (2010 est.); 31.74 (2009); 24.853 (2008)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "1.064 trillion kWh (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "1.038 trillion kWh (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "19.14 billion kWh (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "2.661 billion kWh (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "223.1 million kW (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "67.7% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "17.2% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "15.1% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "10.37 million bbl/day (2012 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "4.69 million bbl/day (2012 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "16,380 bbl/day (2012 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "60 billion bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "4.802 million bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "3.341 million bbl/day (2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "2.699 million bbl/day (2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "24,300 bbl/day (2012 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "653 billion cu m (2012 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "460 billion cu m (2012 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "200.1 billion cu m (2012 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "32.5 billion cu m (2012 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "47.57 trillion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "1.634 billion Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "44.152 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "236.7 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "the telephone system is experiencing significant changes; there are more than 1,000 companies licensed to offer communication services; access to digital lines has improved, particularly in urban centers; Internet and e-mail services are improving; Russia has made progress toward building the telecommunications infrastructure necessary for a market economy; the estimated number of mobile subscribers jumped from fewer than 1 million in 1998 to more than 235 million in 2011; fixed line service has improved but a large demand remains", + "domestic": "cross-country digital trunk lines run from Saint Petersburg to Khabarovsk, and from Moscow to Novorossiysk; the telephone systems in 60 regional capitals have modern digital infrastructures; cellular services, both analog and digital, are available in many areas; in rural areas, the telephone services are still outdated, inadequate, and low density", + "international": "country code - 7; Russia is connected internationally by undersea fiber optic cables; satellite earth stations provide access to Intelsat, Intersputnik, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Orbita systems (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "6 national TV stations with the federal government owning 1 and holding a controlling interest in a second; state-owned Gazprom maintains a controlling interest in a third national channel; government-affiliated Bank Rossiya owns controlling interest in a fourth and fifth, while the sixth national channel is owned by the Moscow city administration; roughly 3,300 national, regional, and local TV stations with over two-thirds completely or partially controlled by the federal or local governments; satellite TV services are available; 2 state-run national radio networks with a third majority-owned by Gazprom; roughly 2,400 public and commercial radio stations (2007)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".ru; note - Russia also has responsibility for a legacy domain \".su\" that was allocated to the Soviet Union and is being phased out" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "14.865 million (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "40.853 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "1,218 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "594", + "over_3_047_m": "54", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "197", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "123", + "914_to_1_523_m": "95", + "under_914_m": "125 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "624", + "over_3_047_m": "4", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "13", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "69", + "914_to_1_523_m": "81", + "under_914_m": "457 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "49 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "condensate 122 km; gas 163,872 km; liquid petroleum gas 1,378 km; oil 80,820 km; oil/gas/water 40 km; refined products 13,658 km; water 23 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "87,157 km", + "broad_gauge": "86,200 km 1.520-m gauge (40,300 km electrified)", + "narrow_gauge": "957 km 1.067-m gauge (on Sakhalin Island)", + "note": "an additional 30,000 km of non-common carrier lines serve industries (2006)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "982,000 km", + "paved": "776,000 km (includes 30,000 km of expressways)", + "unpaved": "206,000 km", + "note": "includes public, local, and departmental roads (2009)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "102,000 km (including 48,000 km with guaranteed depth; the 72,000 km system in European Russia links Baltic Sea, White Sea, Caspian Sea, Sea of Azov, and Black Sea) (2009)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "1,143", + "by_type": "bulk carrier 20, cargo 642, carrier 3, chemical tanker 57, combination ore/oil 42, container 13, passenger 15, passenger/cargo 7, petroleum tanker 244, refrigerated cargo 84, roll on/roll off 13, specialized tanker 3", + "foreign_owned": "155 (Belgium 4, Cyprus 13, Estonia 1, Ireland 1, Italy 14, Latvia 2, Netherlands 2, Romania 1, South Korea 1, Switzerland 3, Turkey 101, Ukraine 12)", + "registered_in_other_countries": "439 (Antigua and Barbuda 3, Belgium 1, Belize 30, Bulgaria 2, Cambodia 50, Comoros 12, Cook Islands 1, Cyprus 46, Dominica 3, Georgia 6, Hong Kong 1, Kiribati 1, Liberia 109, Malaysia 2, Malta 45, Marshall Islands 5, Moldova 5, Mongolia 2, Panama 49, Romania 1, Saint Kitts and Nevis 13, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 11, Sierra Leone 7, Singapore 2, Spain 6, Vanuatu 7, unknown 19) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Kaliningrad, Kavkaz, Nakhodka, Novorossiysk, Primorsk, Saint Petersburg, Vostochnyy" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Ground Forces (Sukhoputnyye Voyskia, SV), Navy (Voyenno-Morskoy Flot, VMF), Air Forces (Voyenno-Vozdushniye Sily, VVS); Airborne Troops (Vozdushno-Desantnyye Voyska, VDV), Strategic Rocket Forces (Raketnyye Voyska Strategicheskogo Naznacheniya, RVSN), and Aerospace Defense Troops (Voyska Vozdushno-Kosmicheskoy Oborony or Voyska VKO) are independent \"combat arms,\" not subordinate to any of the three branches; Russian Ground Forces include the following combat arms: motorized-rifle troops, tank troops, missile and artillery troops, air defense of the ground troops (2012)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; males are registered for the draft at 17 years of age; service obligation is 1 year (conscripts can only be sent to combat zones after 6 months of training); reserve obligation to age 50; enrollment in military schools from the age of 16, cadets classified as members of the armed forces", + "note": "the chief of the General Staff Mobilization Directorate announced in March 2009 that for health reasons, only 65% of draftees in 2008 were fit for military service, and over half of these had health-induced restrictions on deployment; the deputy chief of the Russian Army General Staff confirmed in May 2011 that over 30% of potential conscripts were turned down on health grounds; 61% of draft-age Russian males receive some type of deferment each draft cycle (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "34,132,156", + "females_age_16_49": "34,985,115 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "20,431,035", + "females_age_16_49": "26,381,518 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "693,843", + "female": "660,359 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "3.9% of GDP (2005)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "Russia remains concerned about the smuggling of poppy derivatives from Afghanistan through Central Asian countries; China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with the 2004 Agreement, ending their centuries-long border disputes; the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the \"Northern Territories\" and in Russia as the \"Southern Kurils,\" occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia's military support and subsequent recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia independence in 2008 continue to sour relations with Georgia; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the sea; Norway and Russia signed a comprehensive maritime boundary agreement in 2010; various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia (Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union following World War II but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; Russia and Estonia signed a technical border agreement in May 2005, but Russia recalled its signature in June 2005 after the Estonian parliament added to its domestic ratification act a historical preamble referencing the Soviet occupation and Estonia's pre-war borders under the 1920 Treaty of Tartu; Russia contends that the preamble allows Estonia to make territorial claims on Russia in the future, while Estonian officials deny that the preamble has any legal impact on the treaty text; Russia demands better treatment of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia and Latvia; Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as an EU member state with an EU external border, where strict Schengen border rules apply; preparations for the demarcation delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine have commenced; the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov remains unresolved despite a December 2003 framework agreement and on-going expert-level discussions; Kazakhstan and Russia boundary delimitation was ratified on November 2005 and field demarcation should commence in 2007; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Bering Sea Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US; Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental shelf (CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "idps": "8,500-28,450 (displacement from Chechnya and North Ossetia-Alania) (2011)", + "stateless_persons": "178,000 (2012); note - Russia's stateless population consists of Roma, Meskhetian Turks, and ex-Soviet citizens from the former republics; between 2003 and 2010 more than 600,000 stateless people were naturalized; most Meskhetian Turks, followers of Islam with origins in Georgia, fled or were evacuated from Uzbekistan after a 1989 pogrom and have lived in Russia for more than the required five-year residency period; they continue to be denied registration for citizenship and basic rights by local Krasnodar Krai authorities on the grounds that they are temporary illegal migrants" + }, + "trafficking_in_persons": { + "current_situation": "Russia is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children who are subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking, although labor trafficking is the predominant problem; people from Russia and other countries in Europe, Central Asia, and Asia, including Vietnam and North Korea, are subjected to conditions of forced labor in Russia's construction, manufacturing, agriculture, repair shop, and domestic services industries, as well as forced begging and narcotics cultivation; North Koreans contracted under bilateral government arrangements to work in the timber industry in the Russian Far East reportedly are subjected to forced labor; Russian women and children were reported to be victims of sex trafficking in Russia, Northeast Asia, Europe, Central Asia, and the Middle East, while women from European, African, and Central Asian countries were reportedly forced into prostitution in Russia", + "tier_rating": "Tier 3 - Russia does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and because it is not deemed to be making significant efforts to do so was downgraded to Tier 3 after the maximum of two consecutive annual waivers; the number of prosecutions remains low compared to estimates of Russia's trafficking problem; the government did not develop or deploy a formal system for the identification of trafficking victims or their referral to protective services, although some victims were reportedly cared for through ad hoc efforts; the government has reported minimal efforts to identify or care for the large number of migrant workers vulnerable to labor exploitation and has not investigated allegations of slave-like conditions in North Korean-operated timber camps (2013)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "limited cultivation of illicit cannabis and opium poppy and producer of methamphetamine, mostly for domestic consumption; government has active illicit crop eradication program; used as transshipment point for Asian opiates, cannabis, and Latin American cocaine bound for growing domestic markets, to a lesser extent Western and Central Europe, and occasionally to the US; major source of heroin precursor chemicals; corruption and organized crime are key concerns; major consumer of opiates" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/se-sweden.json b/europe/se-sweden.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1a874962 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/se-sweden.json @@ -0,0 +1,613 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "A military power during the 17th century, Sweden has not participated in any war for almost two centuries. An armed neutrality was preserved in both world wars. Sweden's long-successful economic formula of a capitalist system interlarded with substantial welfare elements was challenged in the 1990s by high unemployment and in 2000-02 and 2009 by the global economic downturns, but fiscal discipline over the past several years has allowed the country to weather economic vagaries. Sweden joined the EU in 1995, but the public rejected the introduction of the euro in a 2003 referendum." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, Kattegat, and Skagerrak, between Finland and Norway" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "62 00 N, 15 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "450,295 sq km", + "land": "410,335 sq km", + "water": "39,960 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly larger than California" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "2,233 km", + "border_countries": "Finland 614 km, Norway 1,619 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "3,218 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm (adjustments made to return a portion of straits to high seas)", + "exclusive_economic_zone": "agreed boundaries or midlines", + "continental_shelf": "200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "reclaimed bay of Lake Hammarsjon, near Kristianstad -2.4 m", + "highest_point": "Kebnekaise 2,111 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, tungsten, uranium, arsenic, feldspar, timber, hydropower" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "5.8%", + "permanent_crops": "0.02%", + "other": "94.18% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "1,597 sq km (2007)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "174 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "2.62 cu km/yr (37%/59%/4%)", + "per_capita": "285.6 cu m/yr (2007)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "ice floes in the surrounding waters, especially in the Gulf of Bothnia, can interfere with maritime traffic" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "acid rain damage to soils and lakes; pollution of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "strategic location along Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Swede(s)", + "adjective": "Swedish" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "indigenous population: Swedes with Finnish and Sami minorities; foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Swedish (official), small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Lutheran 87%, other (includes Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Baptist, Muslim, Jewish, and Buddhist) 13%" + }, + "population": { + "text": "9,119,423 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "15.4% (male 724,724/female 682,451)", + "15_24_years": "12.9% (male 602,347/female 574,650)", + "25_54_years": "38.8% (male 1,790,185/female 1,745,108)", + "55_64_years": "12.4% (male 561,460/female 564,861)", + "65_years_and_over": "20.5% (male 841,211/female 1,032,426) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "56.8 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "26.5 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "30.3 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "3.3 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "42.4 years", + "male": "41.2 years", + "female": "43.5 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.18% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "10.33 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "10.22 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "1.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "85% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0.6% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "STOCKHOLM (capital) 1.279 million (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.03 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.99 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.81 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.98 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "28.6 (2005 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "4 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "2.73 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "2.89 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "2.57 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "81.28 years", + "male": "78.95 years", + "female": "83.75 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.67 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "75.2%", + "note": "percent of women aged 18-44 (1996)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "9.6% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "3.58 physicians/1,000 population (2006)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "2.8 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.1% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "8,100 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 100 (2009 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "18.6% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "7.3% of GDP (2009)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "99%", + "male": "99%", + "female": "99% (2003 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "16 years", + "male": "15 years", + "female": "17 years (2011)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "22.9%", + "male": "23.8%", + "female": "22% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Kingdom of Sweden", + "conventional_short_form": "Sweden", + "local_long_form": "Konungariket Sverige", + "local_short_form": "Sverige" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "constitutional monarchy" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Stockholm", + "geographic_coordinates": "59 20 N, 18 03 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "21 counties (lan, singular and plural); Blekinge, Dalarna, Gavleborg, Gotland, Halland, Jamtland, Jonkoping, Kalmar, Kronoberg, Norrbotten, Orebro, Ostergotland, Skane, Sodermanland, Stockholm, Uppsala, Varmland, Vasterbotten, Vasternorrland, Vastmanland, Vastra Gotaland" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "6 June 1523 (Gustav VASA elected king)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "National Day, 6 June (1983); note - from 1916 to 1982 this date was celebrated as Swedish Flag Day" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "1 January 1975" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system influenced by Roman-Germanic law and customary law" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 19 September 1973); Heir Apparent Princess VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree, daughter of the monarch (born 14 July 1977)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Fredrik REINFELDT (since 5 October 2006); Deputy Prime Minister Jan BJORKLUND (since 5 October 2010)", + "cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the prime minister", + "elections": "the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition usually becomes the prime minister" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral Parliament or Riksdag (349 seats; members are elected by popular vote on a proportional representation basis to serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 19 September 2010 (next to be held in September 2014)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - SAP 30.7%, Moderate Party 30.1%, Green Party 7.3%, FP 7.1%, C 6.6%, SD 5.7%, KD 5.6%, V 5.6%, others 1.3%; seats by party - SAP 112, Moderate Party 107, Green Party 25, FP 24, C 23, SD 20, KD 19, V 19" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Sweden (consists of 16 justices including the court chairman; Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 18 justices including the court president)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court and Supreme Administrative Court justices nominated by the Board of Judges, a 9-member nominating body consisting of high-level judges, prosecutors, and members of Parliament; justices appointed by the Government; following a probationary period, justices' appointments are permanent", + "subordinate_courts": "first instance and appellate general and administrative courts; specialized courts that handle cases such as land and environment, immigration, labor, markets, and patents" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Center Party (Centerpartiet) or C [Annie LOOF]; Christian Democrats (Kristdemokraterna) or KD [Goran HAGGLUND]; Green Party (Miljopartiet de Grona); [spokespersons Asa ROMSON and Gustav FRIDOLIN]; Left Party (Vansterpartiet) (formerly Communist Party) or V [Jonas SJOSTEDT]; Liberal People's Party (Folkpartiet) or FP [Jan BJORKLUND]; Moderate Party (Moderaterna) [Fredrik REINFELDT]; Social Democratic Party (Socialdemokraterna) or SAP [Stefan LOFVEN]; Sweden Democrats (Sverigedemokraterna) or SD [Jimmie AKESSON]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "Children's Rights in Society; Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees or TCO; Swedish Trade Union Confederation (Landsorganisationen) or LO [Wanja LUNDBY-WEDIN]; ", + "other": "environmental groups; media" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EITI (implementing country), ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Jonas HAFSTROM", + "chancery": "The House of Sweden, 2900 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20007", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 467-2600", + "fax": "[1] (202) 467-2699", + "consulates_general": "New York" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Mark BRZEZINSKI", + "embassy": "Dag Hammarskjolds Vag 31, SE-11589 Stockholm", + "mailing_address": "American Embassy Stockholm, US Department of State, 5750 Stockholm Place, Washington, DC 20521-5750", + "telephone": "[46] (08) 783 53 00", + "fax": "[46] (08) 661 19 64" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "blue with a golden yellow cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the colors reflect those of the Swedish coat of arms - three gold crowns on a blue field" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "three crowns; lion" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Du Gamla, Du Fria\" (Thou Ancient, Thou Free)", + "lyrics_music": "Richard DYBECK/traditional", + "note": "in use since 1844; the anthem, also known as \"Sang till Norden\" (Song of the North), is based on a Swedish folk tune; it has never been officially adopted by the government; \"Kungssangen\" (The King's Song) serves as the royal anthem and is played in the presence of the royal family and during certain state ceremonies" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Aided by peace and neutrality for the whole of the 20th century, Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living under a mixed system of high-tech capitalism and extensive welfare benefits. It has a modern distribution system, excellent internal and external communications, and a highly skilled labor force. In September 2003, Swedish voters turned down entry into the euro system concerned about the impact on the economy and sovereignty. Timber, hydropower, and iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy heavily oriented toward foreign trade. Privately owned firms account for vast majority of industrial output, of which the engineering sector accounts for about 50% of output and exports. Agriculture accounts for little more than 1% of GDP and of employment. Until 2008, Sweden was in the midst of a sustained economic upswing, boosted by increased domestic demand and strong exports. This and robust finances offered the center-right government considerable scope to implement its reform program aimed at increasing employment, reducing welfare dependence, and streamlining the state's role in the economy. Despite strong finances and underlying fundamentals, the Swedish economy slid into recession in the third quarter of 2008 and the contraction continued in 2009 as deteriorating global conditions reduced export demand and consumption. Strong exports of commodities and a return to profitability by Sweden's banking sector drove the strong rebound in 2010, which continued in 2011, but growth slipped to 1.2% in 2012. The government proposed stimulus measures in 2012 to curb the effects of a global economic slowdown and boost employment and growth." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$399.4 billion (2012 est.); $394.7 billion (2011 est.); $380.4 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$526.2 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "1.2% (2012 est.); 3.8% (2011 est.); 6.3% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$41,900 (2012 est.); $41,600 (2011 est.); $40,400 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "26.8% of GDP (2012 est.); 27.3% of GDP (2011 est.); 25.8% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "48.4%", + "government_consumption": "26.9%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "18.9%", + "investment_in_inventories": "-0.3%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "48.8%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-42.6% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "1.8%", + "industry": "27.4%", + "services": "70.8% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "barley, wheat, sugar beets; meat, milk" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and telephone parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods, motor vehicles" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "1.6% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "5.058 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "1.1%", + "industry": "28.2%", + "services": "70.7% (2008 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "8% (2012 est.); 7.5% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "NA%" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "3.6%", + "highest_10%": "22.2% (2000)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "23 (2005); 25 (1992)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$270 billion", + "expenditures": "$271.5 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "51.3% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-0.3% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "38.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 38.4% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "0.9% (2012 est.); 3% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "5.5% (31 December 2010 est.); 0.5% (31 December 2009 est.)" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "3.57% (31 December 2012 est.); 4.28% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$260.1 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $232.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$440.2 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $422.6 billion (31 December 2010 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$792.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $725.2 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$470.1 billion (31 December 2011); $581.2 billion (31 December 2010); $432.3 billion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "$37.56 billion (2012 est.); $37.73 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$178.5 billion (2012 est.); $189.1 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery 35%, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp and wood, iron and steel products, chemicals" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Norway 10.4%, Germany 10.3%, UK 8.1%, Denmark 6.7%, Finland 6.7%, Netherlands 5.5%, US 5.5%, Belgium 5%, France 4.8% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$163.6 billion (2012 est.); $174.3 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, motor vehicles, iron and steel; foodstuffs, clothing" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 17.4%, Denmark 8.5%, Norway 8.4%, UK 6.5%, Netherlands 6.4%, Russia 5.6%, Finland 5.1%, China 4.9%, France 4.2% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$52.23 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $50.35 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$1.034 trillion (31 December 2012); $992.5 billion (31 December 2011)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$488.2 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $474.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$540.6 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $507.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "Swedish kronor (SEK) per US dollar -; 6.77 (2012 est.); 6.4918 (2011 est.); 7.2075 (2010 est.); 7.6529 (2009); 6.4074 (2008)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "147.8 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "127.1 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "12.85 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "14.93 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "35.29 million kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "12.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "25% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "46.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "15.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "380,100 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "413,300 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "316,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "243,200 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "166,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "1.296 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "1.296 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "62.74 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "4.6 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "11.194 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "highly developed telecommunications infrastructure; ranked among leading countries for fixed-line, mobile-cellular, Internet and broadband penetration", + "domestic": "coaxial and multiconductor cables carry most of the voice traffic; parallel microwave radio relay systems carry some additional telephone channels", + "international": "country code - 46; submarine cables provide links to other Nordic countries and Europe; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Sweden shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Norway) (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "publicly owned TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial networks plus regional stations; multiple privately owned TV broadcasters operating nationally, regionally, and locally; about 50 local TV stations; widespread access to pan-Nordic and international broadcasters through multi-channel cable and satellite TV; publicly owned radio broadcaster operates 3 national stations and a network of 25 regional channels; roughly 100 privately owned local radio stations with some consolidating into near national networks; an estimated 900 community and neighborhood radio stations broadcast intermittently (2008)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".se" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "5.978 million (2010)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "8.398 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "231 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "149", + "over_3_047_m": "3", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "12", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "75", + "914_to_1_523_m": "22", + "under_914_m": "37 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "82", + "914_to_1_523_m": "5", + "under_914_m": "77 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "2 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 1,626 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "11,633 km", + "standard_gauge": "11,568 km 1.435-m gauge (7,567 km electrified)", + "narrow_gauge": "65 km 1.000-m gauge (65 km electrified) (2008)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "572,900 km (includes 1,855 km of expressways)", + "note": "includes 98,400 km of state roads, 433,500 km of private roads, and 41,000 km of municipal roads; 215,700 km of these are open to public traffic (2009)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "2,052 km (2010)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "135", + "by_type": "bulk carrier 4, cargo 16, carrier 1, chemical tanker 15, passenger 5, passenger/cargo 36, petroleum tanker 11, roll on/roll off 30, vehicle carrier 17", + "foreign_owned": "35 (Denmark 4, Estonia 3, Finland 16, Germany 3, Ireland 1, Italy 5, Norway 3)", + "registered_in_other_countries": "189 (Bahamas 11, Barbados 4, Bermuda 14, Canada 2, Cook Islands 3, Cyprus 5, Denmark 15, Faroe Islands 11, Finland 1, France 4, Gibraltar 11, Italy 1, Liberia 12, Malta 1, Marshall Islands 1, Netherlands 12, Norway 27, Panama 2, Portugal 3, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 10, Singapore 11, UK 28) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Brofjorden, Goteborg, Helsingborg, Karlshamn, Lulea, Malmo, Stockholm, Trelleborg, Visby" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Swedish Armed Forces (Forsvarsmakten): Army (Armen), Royal Swedish Navy (Marinen), Swedish Air Force (Svenska Flygvapnet) (2010)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "18-47 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; Swedish citizenship required; service obligation: 7.5 months (Army), 7-15 months (Navy), 8-12 months (Air Force); the Swedish Parliament has abolished compulsory military service, with exclusively voluntary recruitment as of July 2010; conscription remains an option in emergencies; after completing initial service, soldiers have a reserve commitment until age 47 (2013)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "2,065,691", + "females_age_16_49": "1,996,764 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "1,709,055", + "females_age_16_49": "1,650,432 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "54,960", + "female": "52,275 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "1.5% of GDP (2005 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "none" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "refugees_country_of_origin": "24,741 (Iraq); 19,416 (Somalia); 8,454 (Afghanistan); 6,414 (Eritrea); 6,051 (Syria) (2012)", + "stateless_persons": "9,596 (2012); note - the majority of stateless people come from the Middle East and Somalia" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/si-slovenia.json b/europe/si-slovenia.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bbddec34 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/si-slovenia.json @@ -0,0 +1,611 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "The Slovene lands were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the latter's dissolution at the end of World War I. In 1918, the Slovenes joined the Serbs and Croats in forming a new multinational state, which was named Yugoslavia in 1929. After World War II, Slovenia became a republic of the renewed Yugoslavia, which though communist, distanced itself from Moscow's rule. Dissatisfied with the exercise of power by the majority Serbs, the Slovenes succeeded in establishing their independence in 1991 after a short 10-day war. Historical ties to Western Europe, a strong economy, and a stable democracy have assisted in Slovenia's transformation to a modern state. Slovenia acceded to both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004; it joined the eurozone in 2007." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "south Central Europe, Julian Alps between Austria and Croatia" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "46 07 N, 14 49 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "20,273 sq km", + "land": "20,151 sq km", + "water": "122 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly smaller than New Jersey" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "1,086 km", + "border_countries": "Austria 330 km, Croatia 455 km, Hungary 102 km, Italy 199 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "46.6 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "a short coastal strip on the Adriatic, an alpine mountain region adjacent to Italy and Austria, mixed mountains and valleys with numerous rivers to the east" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Adriatic Sea 0 m", + "highest_point": "Triglav 2,864 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "lignite coal, lead, zinc, building stone, hydropower, forests" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "8.31%", + "permanent_crops": "1.33%", + "other": "90.36% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "76.04 sq km (2010)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "31.87 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "0.94 cu km/yr (18%/82%/0%)", + "per_capita": "462.9 cu m/yr (2009)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "flooding; earthquakes" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "Sava River polluted with domestic and industrial waste; pollution of coastal waters with heavy metals and toxic chemicals; forest damage near Koper from air pollution (originating at metallurgical and chemical plants) and resulting acid rain" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "despite its small size, this eastern Alpine country controls some of Europe's major transit routes" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Slovene(s)", + "adjective": "Slovenian" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Slovene 83.1%, Serb 2%, Croat 1.8%, Bosniak 1.1%, other or unspecified 12% (2002 census)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Slovenian (official) 91.1%, Serbo-Croatian 4.5%, other or unspecified 4.4%, Italian (official, only in municipalities where Italian national communities reside), Hungarian (official, only in municipalities where Hungarian national communities reside) (2002 census)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Catholic 57.8%, Muslim 2.4%, Orthodox 2.3%, other Christian 0.9%, unaffiliated 3.5%, other or unspecified 23%, none 10.1% (2002 census)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "1,992,690 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "13.4% (male 137,756/female 129,420)", + "15_24_years": "10.3% (male 105,182/female 100,255)", + "25_54_years": "44.2% (male 444,274/female 435,702)", + "55_64_years": "14.7% (male 144,230/female 147,774)", + "65_years_and_over": "17.5% (male 138,953/female 209,144) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "46 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "20.9 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "25.2 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "4 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "43.1 years", + "male": "41.4 years", + "female": "44.9 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.21% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "8.66 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "11.12 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "50% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0.2% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "LJUBLJANA (capital) 260,000 (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.07 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.02 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.98 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.66 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.95 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "28.7 (2010 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "12 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "4.08 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "4.61 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "3.52 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "77.66 years", + "male": "74.02 years", + "female": "81.53 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.32 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "78.9%", + "note": "percent of women aged 15-44 (1994/95)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "9.4% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "2.47 physicians/1,000 population (2008)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "4.6 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 99% of population; total: 99% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 0% of population; rural: 1% of population; total: 1% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "less than 0.1% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 100 (2009 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "28.6% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "5.7% of GDP (2009)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "NA", + "total_population": "99.7%", + "male": "99.7%", + "female": "99.7% (2011 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "17 years", + "male": "16 years", + "female": "18 years (2011)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "15.7%", + "male": "15%", + "female": "16.8% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Slovenia", + "conventional_short_form": "Slovenia", + "local_long_form": "Republika Slovenija", + "local_short_form": "Slovenija", + "former": "People's Republic of Slovenia, Socialist Republic of Slovenia" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "parliamentary republic" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Ljubljana", + "geographic_coordinates": "46 03 N, 14 31 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "200 municipalities (obcine, singular - obcina) and 11 urban municipalities (mestne obcine, singular - mestna obcina)", + "municipalities": "Ajdovscina, Apace, Beltinci, Benedikt, Bistrica ob Sotli, Bled, Bloke, Bohinj, Borovnica, Bovec, Braslovce, Brda, Brezice, Brezovica, Cankova, Cerklje na Gorenjskem, Cerknica, Cerkno, Cerkvenjak, Cirkulane, Crensovci, Crna na Koroskem, Crnomelj, Destrnik, Divaca, Dobje, Dobrepolje, Dobrna, Dobrova-Polhov Gradec, Dobrovnik/Dobronak, Dolenjske Toplice, Dol pri Ljubljani, Domzale, Dornava, Dravograd, Duplek, Gorenja Vas-Poljane, Gorisnica, Gorje, Gornja Radgona, Gornji Grad, Gornji Petrovci, Grad, Grosuplje, Hajdina, Hoce-Slivnica, Hodos, Horjul, Hrastnik, Hrpelje-Kozina, Idrija, Ig, Ilirska Bistrica, Ivancna Gorica, Izola/Isola, Jesenice, Jezersko, Jursinci, Kamnik, Kanal, Kidricevo, Kobarid, Kobilje, Kocevje, Komen, Komenda, Kosanjevica na Krki, Kostel, Kozje, Kranjska Gora, Krizevci, Krsko, Kungota, Kuzma, Lasko, Lenart, Lendava/Lendva, Litija, Ljubno, Ljutomer, Log-Dragomer, Logatec, Loska Dolina, Loski Potok, Lovrenc na Pohorju, Luce, Lukovica, Majsperk, Makole, Markovci, Medvode, Menges, Metlika, Mezica, Miklavz na Dravskem Polju, Miren-Kostanjevica, Mirna, Mirna Pec, Mislinja, Mokronog-Trebelno, Moravce, Moravske Toplice, Mozirje, Muta, Naklo, Nazarje, Odranci, Oplotnica, Ormoz, Osilnica, Pesnica, Piran/Pirano, Pivka, Podcetrtek, Podlehnik, Podvelka, Poljcane, Polzela, Postojna, Prebold, Preddvor, Prevalje, Puconci, Race-Fram, Radece, Radenci, Radlje ob Dravi, Radovljica, Ravne na Koroskem, Razkrizje, Recica ob Savinji, Rence-Vogrsko, Ribnica, Ribnica na Pohorju, Rogaska Slatina, Rogasovci, Rogatec, Ruse, Selnica ob Dravi, Semic, Sevnica, Sezana, Slovenska Bistrica, Slovenske Konjice, Sodrazica, Solcava, Sredisce ob Dravi, Starse, Straza, Sveta Ana, Sveta Trojica v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Andraz v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Jurij ob Scavnici, Sveti Jurij v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Tomaz, Salovci, Sempeter-Vrtojba, Sencur, Sentilj, Sentjernej, Sentjur, Sentrupert, Skocjan, Skofja Loka, Skofljica, Smarje pri Jelsah, Smarjeske Toplice, Smartno ob Paki, Smartno pr", + "urban_municipalities": "Celje, Koper-Capodistria, Kranj, Ljubljana, Maribor, Murska Sobota, Nova Gorica, Novo Mesto, Ptuj, Slovenj Gradec, Velenje" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Independence Day/Statehood Day, 25 June (1991)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "adopted 23 December 1991; amended 14 July 1997 and 25 July 2000" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Borut PAHOR (since 22 December 2012)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Alenka BRATUSEK (since 20 March 2013)", + "cabinet": "Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and elected by the National Assembly", + "elections": "president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 11 November and a runoff on 2 December 2012 (next presidential election to be held in 2017); following National Assembly elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition usually nominated to become prime minister by the president and elected by the National Assembly", + "election_results": "Borut PAHOR elected president; percent of vote - Borut PAHOR 67.4%, Danilo TURK 32.6%; on February 27, 2013 a no-confidence vote in Parliament resulted in Alenka BRATUSEK becoming prime minister designate; BRATUSEK became prime minister (Slovenia's first female prime minister) on 20 March 2013 after her cabinet was approved" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "bicameral Parliament consists of a National Council or Drzavni Svet (40 seats; members indirectly elected by an electoral college to serve five-year terms; note - this is primarily an advisory body with limited legislative powers; it may propose laws, ask to review any National Assembly decision, and call national referenda) and the National Assembly or Drzavni Zbor (90 seats; 88 members are elected on a proportional basis and 2 are elected by the Italian and Hungarian minorities through a majoritarian, preferential system; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "National Assembly - last held on 4 December 2011 (next to be held in 2015)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - PS 28.6%, SDS 26.2%, SD 10.5%, LGV 8.4%, DeSUS 7%, SLS 6.9%, NSi 4.8%, other 7.6%; seats by party - PS 28, SDS 26, SD 10, LGV 8, DeSUS 6, SLS 6, NSi 4, Hungarian minority 1, Italian minority 1" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of the court president and 37 judges organized into 7 departments - civil, criminal, commercial, labor and social security, administrative, registry, and international cooperation); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 7 judges)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court president and vice president appointed by the National Assembly upon the proposal of the Minister of Justice based on the opinions of the Judicial Council, an 11-member independent body elected by the National Assembly from proposals submitted by the president, attorneys, law universities, and sitting judges; other Supreme Court judges elected by the National Assembly from candidates proposed by the Judicial Council; Supreme Court judge term NA; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the National Assembly from nominations by the president of the republic; Constitutional Court president selected from among their own for a 3-year term; other judges elected for single 9-year terms", + "subordinate_courts": "county, district, regional, and high courts; specialized labor-related and social courts; Court of Audit; Administrative Court" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Civic List or DL [Gregor VIRANT] (formerly LGV); Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia or DeSUS [Karl ERJAVEC]; New Slovenia or NSi [Ljudmila NOVAK]; Positive Slovenia or PS [Alenka BRATUSEK (interim)]; Slovene People's Party or SLS [Radovan ZERJAV]; Slovenian Democratic Party or SDS [Janez JANSA]; Social Democrats or SD [Igor LUKSIC] (formerly ZLSD)" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "Slovenian Roma Association [Jozek Horvat MUC]; various trade and public sector employee unions; ", + "other": "Catholic Church" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Roman KIRN", + "chancery": "2410 California Street N.W., Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 386-6601", + "fax": "[1] (202) 386-6633", + "consulates_general": "Cleveland, New York" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Joseph A. MUSSOMELI", + "embassy": "Presernova 31, 1000 Ljubljana", + "mailing_address": "American Embassy Ljubljana, US Department of State, 7140 Ljubljana Place, Washington, DC 20521-7140", + "telephone": "[386] (1) 200-5500", + "fax": "[386] (1) 200-5555" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red, derive from the medieval coat of arms of the Duchy of Carniola; the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav, Slovenia's highest peak, in white against a blue background at the center; beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas and rivers, and above it are three six-pointed stars arranged in an inverted triangle, which are taken from the coat of arms of the Counts of Celje, the great Slovene dynastic house of the late 14th and early 15th centuries) appears in the upper hoist side of the flag centered on the white and blue bands" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "Mount Triglav" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Zdravljica\" (A Toast)", + "lyrics_music": "France PRESEREN/Stanko PREMRL", + "note": "adopted 1989; the anthem was originally written in 1848; the full poem, whose seventh verse is used as the anthem, speaks of pan-Slavic nationalism" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Slovenia became the first 2004 European Union entrant to adopt the euro (on 1 January 2007) and has experienced one of the most stable political and economic transitions in Central and Southeastern Europe. With the highest per capita GDP in Central Europe, Slovenia has excellent infrastructure, a well-educated work force, and a strategic location between the Balkans and Western Europe. Privatization has lagged since 2002, and the economy has one of the highest levels of state control in the EU. Structural reforms to improve the business environment have allowed for somewhat greater foreign participation in Slovenia's economy and helped to lower unemployment. In March 2004, Slovenia became the first transition country to graduate from borrower status to donor partner at the World Bank. In 2007, Slovenia was invited to begin the process for joining the OECD; it became a member in 2012. Despite its economic success, foreign direct investment (FDI) in Slovenia has lagged behind the region average, and taxes remain relatively high. Furthermore, the labor market is often seen as inflexible, and legacy industries are losing sales to more competitive firms in China, India, and elsewhere. In 2009, the global recession caused the economy to contract - through falling exports and industrial production - by 8%, and unemployment to rise. Although growth resumed in 2010, it dipped into negative territory in 2012 and the unemployment rate continued to rise, approaching 12% in 2012." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$58.91 billion (2012 est.); $60.32 billion (2011 est.); $59.96 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$45.62 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "-2.3% (2012 est.); 0.6% (2011 est.); 1.2% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$28,700 (2012 est.); $29,400 (2011 est.); $29,300 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "18.3% of GDP (2012 est.); 19.1% of GDP (2011 est.); 20.2% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "58.3%", + "government_consumption": "20.6%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "17.4%", + "investment_in_inventories": "-0.3%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "75%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-71% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "2.7%", + "industry": "27.7%", + "services": "69.6% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "potatoes, hops, wheat, sugar beets, corn, grapes; cattle, sheep, poultry" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "ferrous metallurgy and aluminum products, lead and zinc smelting; electronics (including military electronics), trucks, automobiles, electric power equipment, wood products, textiles, chemicals, machine tools" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.2% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "920,200 (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "2.2%", + "industry": "35%", + "services": "62.8% (2009)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "12% (2012 est.); 11.8% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "13.6% (2011)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "3.9%", + "highest_10%": "19.8% (2011)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "23.8 (2011); 23.8 (2004)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$20.06 billion", + "expenditures": "$21.86 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "44% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-3.9% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "53.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 41.9% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "2.6% (2012 est.); 1.8% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "1.5% (31 December 2012); 1.75% (31 December 2011)", + "note": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "5.73% (31 December 2012 est.); 5.82% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$16.03 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $16.12 billion (31 December 2010 est.)", + "note": "see entry for the European Union for money supply in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 17 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$26.52 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $25.62 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$49.34 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $48.54 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$6.326 billion (31 December 2011); $9.428 billion (31 December 2010); $11.77 billion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "$297.6 million (2012 est.); $2.505 million (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$27.58 billion (2012 est.); $29.59 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 20%, Italy 12%, Austria 7.9%, Croatia 6.2%, France 4.8%, Russia 4.6% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$28.01 billion (2012 est.); $31.05 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, chemicals, fuels and lubricants, food" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Italy 16.3%, Germany 16.2%, Austria 10.4%, Croatia 4.8%, Hungary 4% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$951.9 million (31 December 2012 est.); $991.3 million (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$53.88 billion (31 December 2012); $52.07 billion (31 December 2011)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$17.36 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $16.71 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$9.755 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $9.405 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -; 0.7778 (2012 est.); 0.7185 (2011 est.); 0.755 (2010 est.); 0.7198 (2009 est.); 0.6827 (2008 est.)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "15.61 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "11.6 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "10.14 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "8.014 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "3.4 million kW (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "42.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "21.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "34.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "1.8% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "5 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "NA bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "52,930 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "11,500 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "60,270 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "7 million cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "1.06 billion cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "1.053 billion cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "NA cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "17.42 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "872,800 (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "2.168 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "well-developed telecommunications infrastructure", + "domestic": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 150 telephones per 100 persons", + "international": "country code - 386 (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "public TV broadcaster, Radiotelevizija Slovenija (RTV), operates a system of national and regional TV stations; 35 domestic commercial TV stations operating nationally, regionally, and locally; about 60% of households are connected to multi-channel cable TV; public radio broadcaster operates 3 national and 4 regional stations; more than 75 regional and local commercial and non-commercial radio stations (2007)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".si" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "415,581 (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "1.298 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "16 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "7", + "over_3_047_m": "1", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "1", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "1", + "914_to_1_523_m": "3", + "under_914_m": "1 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "9", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "1", + "914_to_1_523_m": "3", + "under_914_m": "5 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 844 km; oil 5 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "1,228 km", + "standard_gauge": "1,228 km 1.435-m gauge (503 km electrified) (2007)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "38,925 km", + "paved": "38,925 km (includes 658 km of expressways) (2008)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "(there is some transport on the Drava River) (2012)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "registered_in_other_countries": "24 (Cyprus 5, Liberia 7, Malta 4, Marshall Islands 6, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1, Slovakia 1) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Koper" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Slovenian Armed Forces (Slovenska Vojska, SV): Forces Command (with ground units, naval element, air and air defense brigade); Administration for Civil Protection and Disaster Relief (ACPDR) (2013)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2003 (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "477,592", + "females_age_16_49": "464,301 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "392,075", + "females_age_16_49": "380,077 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "9,818", + "female": "9,395 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "1.7% of GDP (2005 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "since the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, Croatia and Slovenia have each claimed sovereignty over Pirin Bay and four villages, and Slovenia has objected to Croatia's claim of an exclusive economic zone in the Adriatic Sea; in 2009, however Croatia and Slovenia signed a binding international arbitration agreement to define their disputed land and maritime borders, which led to Slovenia lifting its objections to Croatia joining the EU; Slovenia continues to impose a hard border Schengen regime with Croatia, which joined the EU in 2013 but has not yet fulfilled Schengen requirements; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Slovenia has implemented the strict Schengen border rules to curb illegal migration and commerce through southeastern Europe while encouraging close cross-border ties with Croatia" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "minor transit point for cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western Europe, and for precursor chemicals" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/sk-slovakia.json b/europe/sk-slovakia.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b1327652 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/sk-slovakia.json @@ -0,0 +1,620 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Slovakia's roots can be traced to the 9th century state of Great Moravia. Subsequently, the Slovaks became part of the Hungarian Kingdom, where they remained for the next 1,000 years. Following the formation of the dual Austro-Hungarian monarchy in 1867, language and education policies favoring the use of Hungarian (Magyarization) resulted in a strengthening of Slovak nationalism and a cultivation of cultural ties with the closely related Czechs, who were under Austrian rule. After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the close of World War I, the Slovaks joined the Czechs to form Czechoslovakia. During the interwar period, Slovak nationalist leaders pushed for autonomy within Czechoslovakia, and in 1939 Slovakia became an independent state allied with Nazi Germany. Following World War II, Czechoslovakia was reconstituted and came under communist rule within Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe. In 1968, an invasion by Warsaw Pact troops ended the efforts of the country's leaders to liberalize communist rule and create \"socialism with a human face,\" ushering in a period of repression known as \"normalization.\" The peaceful \"Velvet Revolution\" swept the Communist Party from power at the end of 1989 and inaugurated a return to democratic rule and a market economy. On 1 January 1993, the country underwent a nonviolent \"velvet divorce\" into its two national components, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Slovakia joined both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004 and the euro zone on 1 January 2009." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Central Europe, south of Poland" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "48 40 N, 19 30 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "49,035 sq km", + "land": "48,105 sq km", + "water": "930 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "about twice the size of New Hampshire" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "1,474 km", + "border_countries": "Austria 91 km, Czech Republic 197 km, Hungary 676 km, Poland 420 km, Ukraine 90 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "0 km (landlocked)" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "text": "none (landlocked)" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "rugged mountains in the central and northern part and lowlands in the south" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Bodrok River 94 m", + "highest_point": "Gerlachovsky Stit 2,655 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "brown coal and lignite; small amounts of iron ore, copper and manganese ore; salt; arable land" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "28.36%", + "permanent_crops": "0.41%", + "other": "71.22% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "1,720 sq km (2007)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "50.1 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "0.69 cu km/yr (47%/51%/3%)", + "per_capita": "126.7 cu m/yr (2010)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "air pollution from metallurgical plants presents human health risks; acid rain damaging forests" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "landlocked; most of the country is rugged and mountainous; the Tatra Mountains in the north are interspersed with many scenic lakes and valleys" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Slovak(s)", + "adjective": "Slovak" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Slovak 85.8%, Hungarian 9.7%, Roma 1.7%, Ruthenian/Ukrainian 1%, other and unspecified 1.8% (2001 census)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Slovak (official) 83.9%, Hungarian 10.7%, Roma 1.8%, Ukrainian 1%, other or unspecified 2.6% (2001 census)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Roman Catholic 68.9%, Protestant 10.8%, Greek Catholic 4.1%, other or unspecified 3.2%, none 13% (2001 census)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "5,488,339 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "15.5% (male 435,635/female 416,223)", + "15_24_years": "12.6% (male 354,390/female 338,536)", + "25_54_years": "45.1% (male 1,246,625/female 1,229,929)", + "55_64_years": "13.3% (male 344,605/female 384,967)", + "65_years_and_over": "13.4% (male 278,659/female 458,770) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "38.9 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "20.9 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "18 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "5.6 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "38.4 years", + "male": "36.9 years", + "female": "39.9 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.09% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "10.27 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "9.69 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "0.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "54.7% of total population (2011)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0.06% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "BRATISLAVA (capital) 428,000 (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.01 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.89 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.6 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.94 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "27.3 (2010 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "6 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "6.35 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "7.4 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "5.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "76.24 years", + "male": "72.36 years", + "female": "80.31 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.39 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "79.8%", + "note": "percent of women aged 15-44 (1997)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "8.8% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "3 physicians/1,000 population (2007)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "6.5 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 99% of population; total: 100% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 0% of population; rural: 1% of population; total: 0% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "less than 0.1% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "fewer than 500 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 100 (2009 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "25.4% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "4.1% of GDP (2009)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "99.6%", + "male": "99.7%", + "female": "99.6% (2004)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "15 years", + "male": "14 years", + "female": "15 years (2011)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "33.2%", + "male": "33%", + "female": "33.6% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Slovak Republic", + "conventional_short_form": "Slovakia", + "local_long_form": "Slovenska republika", + "local_short_form": "Slovensko" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "parliamentary democracy" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Bratislava", + "geographic_coordinates": "48 09 N, 17 07 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "8 regions (kraje, singular - kraj); Banskobystricky, Bratislavsky, Kosicky, Nitriansky, Presovsky, Trenciansky, Trnavsky, Zilinsky" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "1 January 1993 (Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Constitution Day, 1 September (1992)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "ratified 1 September 1992, effective 1 January 1993; changed September 1998; amended February 2001", + "note": "the change in September 1998 allowed direct election of the president; the amendment of February 2001 allowed Slovakia to apply for NATO and EU membership" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; note - legal code modified to comply with the obligations of Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal system" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Ivan GASPAROVIC (since 15 June 2004)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Robert FICO (since 4 April 2012); Deputy Prime Ministers Robert KALINAK, Peter KAZIMIR, Miroslav LAJCAK (since 4 April 2012), Lubomir VAZNY (since 26 November 2012)", + "cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister", + "elections": "president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 21 March and 4 April 2009 (next to be held no later than April 2014); following National Council elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the president", + "election_results": "Ivan GASPAROVIC reelected president in runoff; percent of vote - Ivan GASPAROVIC 55.5%, Iveta RADICOVA 44.5%" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral National Council of the Slovak Republic or Narodna Rada Slovenskej Republiky (150 seats; members elected on the basis of proportional representation to serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 10 March 2012 (next to be held in 2016)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - Smer-SD 44.4%, KDH 8.8%, OLaNO 8.6%, Most-Hid 6.9%, SDKU-DS 6.1%, SaS 5.9%, other 19.3%; seats by party - Smer-SD 83, KDH 16, OLaNO 16, Most-Hid 13, SDKU-DS 11, SaS 11" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court of the Slovak Republic (consists of 78 judges - as of 2003 - organized into criminal, civil, commercial, and administrative divisions with 3- and 5-judge panels; Constitutional Court (consists of 13 judges)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judge candidates proposed by the Judicial Council of the Slovak Republic, a 17-member independent body to include the Supreme Court chief justice and presidential and governmental appointees; judges appointed by the president for life with mandatory retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the National Council of the Republic and appointed by the president; judges appointed for 12-year terms", + "subordinate_courts": "regional and district civil courts; Higher Military Court; military district courts; Court of Audit" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "parties_in_the_parliament": "Bridge or Most-Hid [Bela BUGAR]; Christian Democratic Movement or KDH [Jan FIGEL]; Direction-Social Democracy or Smer-SD [Robert FICO]; Freedom and Solidarity or SaS [Richard SULIK]; Ordinary People and Independent Personalities or OLaNO [Igor MATOVIC]; Slovak Democratic and Christian Union-Democratic Party or SDKU-DS [Pavol FRESO]", + "selected_parties_outside_the_parliament": "Civic Conservative Party or OKS [Ondrej DOSTAL]; Nation and Justice - Our Party or NAS [Anna BELOUSOVOVA]; Party of the Democratic Left or SDL [Jozef DURICA]; Party of the Hungarian Coalition or SMK [Jozsef BERENYI]; People's Party - Movement for a Democratic Slovakia or LS-HZDS [Vladimir MECIAR]; People's Party - Our Slovakia or LSNS [Marian KOTLEBA]; Slovak National Party or SNS [Andrej DANKO]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "Association of Towns and Villages or ZMOS; Confederation of Trade Unions or KOZ; Entrepreneurs Association of Slovakia or ZPS; Federation of Employers' Associations of the Slovak Republic; Medical Trade Association or LOZ; National Union of Employers or RUZ; Slovak Chamber of Commerce and Industry or SOPK; The Business Alliance of Slovakia or PAS" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Peter KMEC", + "chancery": "3523 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 237-1054", + "fax": "[1] (202) 237-6438", + "consulates_general": "Los Angeles, New York" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Theodore SEDGWICK", + "embassy": "Hviezdoslavovo Namestie 4, 81102 Bratislava", + "mailing_address": "P.O. Box 309, 814 99 Bratislava", + "telephone": "[421] (2) 5443-3338", + "fax": "[421] (2) 5441-8861" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red derive from the Pan-Slav colors; the Slovakian coat of arms (consisting of a red shield bordered in white and bearing a white double-barred cross of St. Cyril and St. Methodius surmounting three blue hills) is centered over the bands but offset slightly to the hoist side", + "note": "the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "double-barred cross (Cross of St. Cyril and St. Methodius) surmounting three peaks" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Nad Tatrou sa blyska\" (Lightning Over the Tatras)", + "lyrics_music": "Janko MATUSKA/traditional", + "note": "adopted 1993, in use since 1844; the anthem's music is based on the Slovak folk song \"Kopala studienku\"" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Slovakia has made significant economic reforms since its separation from the Czech Republic in 1993. Reforms to the taxation, healthcare, pension, and social welfare systems helped Slovakia consolidate its budget and get on track to join the EU in 2004 after a period of relative stagnation in the early and mid 1990s and to adopt the euro in January 2009. Major privatizations are nearly complete, the banking sector is almost entirely in foreign hands, and the government has helped facilitate a foreign investment boom with business friendly policies. Slovakia's economic growth exceeded expectations in 2001-08 despite a general European slowdown. Foreign direct investment (FDI), especially in the automotive and electronic sectors, fueled much of the growth until 2008. Cheap and skilled labor, low taxes, no dividend taxes, a relatively liberal labor code, and a favorable geographical location are Slovakia's main advantages for foreign investors. The economy contracted 5% in 2009 primarily as a result of smaller inflows of FDI and reduced demand for Slovakia''s exports before rebounding in 2010-11, but growth slowed in 2012 due to weakening external demand. The government of Prime Minister Robert FICO in 2012 implemented tax increases on higher-earning individuals and corporations, effectively scrapping Slovakia''s flat tax to help meet budget deficit targets of 4.9% of GDP in 2012 and 3% of GDP in 2013." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$134.1 billion (2012 est.); $131.4 billion (2011 est.); $127.3 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$91.92 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "2% (2012 est.); 3.2% (2011 est.); 4.4% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$24,600 (2012 est.); $24,200 (2011 est.); $23,500 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "23% of GDP (2012 est.); 23.9% of GDP (2011 est.); 19.1% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "57.3%", + "government_consumption": "17.6%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "21.5%", + "investment_in_inventories": "-0.8%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "95.6%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-90.6% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "3.8%", + "industry": "37%", + "services": "59.2% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit; pigs, cattle, poultry; forest products" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "metal and metal products; food and beverages; electricity, gas, coke, oil, nuclear fuel; chemicals and manmade fibers; machinery; paper and printing; earthenware and ceramics; transport vehicles; textiles; electrical and optical apparatus; rubber products" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "6.2% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "2.724 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "3.5%", + "industry": "27%", + "services": "69.4% (December 2009)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "13.6% (2012 est.); 13.2% (2011 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "21% (2002)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "4.4%", + "highest_10%": "22.4% (2009 est.)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "26 (2005); 26.3 (1996)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$30.41 billion", + "expenditures": "$34.4 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "33.1% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-4.3% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "52.1% of GDP (2012 est.); 43.3% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "data cover general Government Gross Debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by Government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social security funds." + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "3.6% (2012 est.); 3.9% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "1.75% (31 December 2011 est.); 1.75% (31 December 2010 est.)", + "note": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks from the euro area; Slovakia became a member of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) on 1 January 2009" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "3.47% (31 December 2012 est.); 3.91% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$37.14 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $34.64 billion (31 December 2011 est.)", + "note": "see entry for the European Union for money supply in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 17 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$52.73 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $52.99 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$68.47 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $68.04 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$4.736 billion (31 December 2011); $4.15 billion (31 December 2010); $4.672 billion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "$535.2 million (2012 est.); $52.86 million (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$80.67 billion (2012 est.); $78.5 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and electrical equipment 35.9%, vehicles 21%, base metals 11.3%, chemicals and minerals 8.1%, plastics 4.9% (2009 est.)" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 22.4%, Czech Republic 14.6%, Poland 8.6%, Hungary 7.8%, Austria 7.1%, France 5.6%, Italy 4.9%, UK 4.1% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$75.99 billion (2012 est.); $75.1 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and transport equipment 31%, mineral products 13%, vehicles 12%, base metals 9%, chemicals 8%, plastics 6% (2009 est.)" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 18.5%, Czech Republic 17.9%, Russia 9.9%, Austria 7.7%, Hungary 7.2%, Poland 6%, South Korea 4.3% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$2.519 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $2.462 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$68.44 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $68.61 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$61.49 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $58.69 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$11.54 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $11.61 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -; 0.7778 (2012 est.); 0.7185 (2011 est.); 0.755 (2010 est.); 0.7198 (2009 est.); 0.6827 (2008 est.)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "27.7 billion kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "28.76 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "10.5 billion kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "10.9 billion kWh (2011 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "7.155 million kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "37.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "25.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "22% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "2.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "5,781 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "300 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "114,100 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "9 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "136,100 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "83,910 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "78,640 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "25,630 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "116 million cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "6.468 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "7 million cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "6.743 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "14.16 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "34.54 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "1.056 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "5.983 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "Slovakia has a modern telecommunications system that has expanded dramatically in recent years with the growth in cellular services", + "domestic": "analog system is now receiving digital equipment and is being enlarged with fiber-optic cable, especially in the larger cities; 3 companies provide nationwide cellular services", + "international": "country code - 421; 3 international exchanges (1 in Bratislava and 2 in Banska Bystrica) are available; Slovakia is participating in several international telecommunications projects that will increase the availability of external services (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "state-owned public broadcaster, Radio and Television of Slovakia (RTVS), operates 3 national TV stations and multiple national and regional radio networks; roughly 35 privately owned TV stations operating nationally, regionally, and locally; about 40% of households are connected to multi-channel cable or satellite TV; more than 20 privately owned radio stations (2008)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".sk" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "1.384 million (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "4.063 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "35 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "21", + "over_3_047_m": "2", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "2", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "3", + "914_to_1_523_m": "3", + "under_914_m": "11 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "14", + "914_to_1_523_m": "9", + "under_914_m": "5 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "1 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 6,774 km; oil 419 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "3,622 km", + "broad_gauge": "99 km 1.520-m gauge", + "standard_gauge": "3,473 km 1.435-m gauge (1,615 km electrified)", + "narrow_gauge": "50 km 1.000-m or 0.750-m gauge (2008)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "43,761 km", + "paved": "38,085 km (includes 384 km of expressways)", + "unpaved": "5,676 km (2008)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "172 km (on Danube River) (2009)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "11", + "by_type": "cargo 9, refrigerated cargo 2", + "foreign_owned": "11 (Germany 3, Ireland 1, Italy 2, Montenegro 1, Slovenia 1, Turkey 1, Ukraine 2) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Bratislava, Komarno" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic (Ozbrojene Sily Slovenskej Republiky): Land Forces (Pozemne Sily), Air Forces (Vzdusne Sily) (2010)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "18-30 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription in peacetime suspended in 2006; women are eligible to serve (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "1,405,310", + "females_age_16_49": "1,369,897 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "1,156,113", + "females_age_16_49": "1,139,380 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "31,646", + "female": "30,219 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "1.08% of GDP (2005 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "bilateral government, legal, technical and economic working group negotiations continued in 2006 between Slovakia and Hungary over Hungary's completion of its portion of the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Slovakia has implemented the strict Schengen border rules" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "stateless_persons": "1,523 (2013)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western Europe; producer of synthetic drugs for regional market; consumer of ecstasy" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/tr-turkey.json b/europe/tr-turkey.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..14c97268 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/tr-turkey.json @@ -0,0 +1,636 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the Anatolian remnants of the defeated Ottoman Empire by national hero Mustafa KEMAL, who was later honored with the title Ataturk or \"Father of the Turks.\" Under his authoritarian leadership, the country adopted wide-ranging social, legal, and political reforms. After a period of one-party rule, an experiment with multi-party politics led to the 1950 election victory of the opposition Democratic Party and the peaceful transfer of power. Since then, Turkish political parties have multiplied, but democracy has been fractured by periods of instability and intermittent military coups (1960, 1971, 1980), which in each case eventually resulted in a return of political power to civilians. In 1997, the military again helped engineer the ouster - popularly dubbed a \"post-modern coup\" - of the then Islamic-oriented government. Turkey intervened militarily on Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island and has since acted as patron state to the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus,\" which only Turkey recognizes. A separatist insurgency begun in 1984 by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) - now known as the Kurdistan People's Congress or Kongra-Gel (KGK) - has dominated the Turkish military's attention and claimed more than 30,000 lives. After the capture of the group's leader in 1999, the insurgents largely withdrew from Turkey mainly to northern Iraq. In 2004, KGK announced an end to its ceasefire and attacks attributed to the KGK increased. Turkey joined the UN in 1945 and in 1952 it became a member of NATO. In 1964, Turkey became an associate member of the European Community. Over the past decade, it has undertaken many reforms to strengthen its democracy and economy; it began accession membership talks with the European Union in 2005." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Southeastern Europe and Southwestern Asia (that portion of Turkey west of the Bosporus is geographically part of Europe), bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "39 00 N, 35 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Middle East" + }, + "area": { + "total": "783,562 sq km", + "land": "769,632 sq km", + "water": "13,930 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly larger than Texas" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "2,648 km", + "border_countries": "Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 352 km, Syria 822 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "7,200 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "6 nm in the Aegean Sea; 12 nm in Black Sea and in Mediterranean Sea", + "exclusive_economic_zone": "in Black Sea only: to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former USSR" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "high central plateau (Anatolia); narrow coastal plain; several mountain ranges" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m", + "highest_point": "Mount Ararat 5,166 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestite (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "26.21%", + "permanent_crops": "3.94%", + "other": "69.84% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "53,400 sq km (2012)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "211.6 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "40.1 cu km/yr (14%/10%/76%)", + "per_capita": "572.9 cu m/yr (2008)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van", + "volcanism": "limited volcanic activity; its three historically active volcanoes; Ararat, Nemrut Dagi, and Tendurek Dagi have not erupted since the 19th century or earlier" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; concern for oil spills from increasing Bosporus ship traffic" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "Environmental Modification" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "strategic location controlling the Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas; Mount Ararat, the legendary landing place of Noah's ark, is in the far eastern portion of the country" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Turk(s)", + "adjective": "Turkish" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Turkish 70-75%, Kurdish 18%, other minorities 7-12% (2008 est.)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Turkish (official), Kurdish, other minority languages" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (mostly Christians and Jews)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "80,694,485 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "25.9% (male 10,682,900/female 10,201,965)", + "15_24_years": "17% (male 6,979,955/female 6,703,689)", + "25_54_years": "42.7% (male 17,375,544/female 17,097,927)", + "55_64_years": "7.9% (male 3,189,731/female 3,169,450)", + "65_years_and_over": "6.6% (male 2,422,983/female 2,870,341) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "49.3 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "38.3 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "11 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "9.1 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "29.2 years", + "male": "28.8 years", + "female": "29.6 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "1.16% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "17.22 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "6.11 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "0.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "71.5% of total population (2011)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "2.4% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "Istanbul 10.378 million; ANKARA (capital) 3.846 million; Izmir 2.679 million; Bursa 1.559 million; Adana 1.339 million (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.02 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "1.01 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.84 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "1.02 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "22.9 (2003 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "20 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "22.23 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "23.29 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "21.12 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "73.03 years", + "male": "71.09 years", + "female": "75.07 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "2.1 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "73% (2008)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "6.7% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "1.45 physicians/1,000 population (2008)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "2.5 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 99% of population; total: 100% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 0% of population; rural: 1% of population; total: 0% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 97% of population; rural: 75% of population; total: 90% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 3% of population; rural: 25% of population; total: 10% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "less than 0.1%; note - no country specific models provided (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "4,600 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "fewer than 200 (2009 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "27.8% (2008)" + }, + "children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": { + "text": "3.5% (2004)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "2.9% of GDP (2006)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "94.1%", + "male": "97.9%", + "female": "90.3% (2011 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "14 years", + "male": "14 years", + "female": "13 years (2010)" + }, + "child_labor_children_ages_5_14": { + "total_number": "321,866", + "percentage": "3 %", + "note": "data represents children ages 6-14 (2006 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "18.4%", + "male": "17.1%", + "female": "20.7% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Turkey", + "conventional_short_form": "Turkey", + "local_long_form": "Turkiye Cumhuriyeti", + "local_short_form": "Turkiye" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "republican parliamentary democracy" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Ankara", + "geographic_coordinates": "39 56 N, 32 52 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "81 provinces (iller, singular - ili); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyonkarahisar, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Duzce, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Igdir, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir (Smyrna), Kahramanmaras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mersin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanliurfa, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon (Trebizond), Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Republic Day, 29 October (1923)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "7 November 1982; amended several times; note - amendment passed by referendum 21 October 2007 concerning presidential elections" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system based on various European legal systems notably the Swiss civil code; note - member of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), although Turkey claims limited derogations on the ratified European Convention on Human Rights" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Abdullah GUL (since 28 August 2007)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 14 March 2003)", + "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister", + "elections": "president elected directly for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament", + "election_results": "on 28 August 2007 the National Assembly elected Abdullah GUL president on the third ballot; National Assembly vote - 339", + "note": "in October 2007 Turkish voters approved a referendum package of constitutional amendments including a provision for direct presidential elections" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral Grand National Assembly of Turkey or Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi (550 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 12 June 2011 (next to be held by June 2015)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - AKP 49.8%, CHP 25.9%, MHP 13%, independents 6.6%, other 4.7%; seats by party - AKP 326, CHP 135, MHP 53, independents 36; note - only parties surpassing the 10% threshold are entitled to parliamentary seats" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Constitutional Court (consists of 17 members); Supreme Court of Appeals organized into 15 divisions with 38 civil and criminal chambers and consisting of 250 high judges and 440 rapporteur judges)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president from among candidates submitted by plenary assemblies of other courts, the Higher Education Council, senior government administrators, and lawyers; judges appointed for 12-year, non-renewable terms and with mandatory retirement at age 65; Supreme Court of Appeals judges appointed by the Supreme Council of Judges and Public Prosecutors; judge tenure NA", + "subordinate_courts": "Council of State (Danistay); Court of Accounts (Sayistay); Military High Court of Appeals; Military High Administrative Court" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Democratic Left Party or DSP [Masum TURKER]; Democratic Party or DP [Namik Kemal ZEYBEK]; Equality and Democracy Party or EDP [Ziva HALIS]; Felicity Party or SP [Mustafa KAMALAK] (sometimes translated as Contentment Party); Freedom and Solidarity Party or ODP [Alper TAS]; Grand Unity Party or BBP [Yalcin TOPCU]; Justice and Development Party or AKP [Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN]; Nationalist Movement Party or MHP [Devlet BAHCELI]; Peace and Democracy Party or BDP [Selahattin DEMIRTAS]; Republican People's Party or CHP [Kemal KILICDAROGLU]; Turkey Party or TP [Abdullatif SENER]; ", + "note": "the parties listed above are some of the more significant of the 61 parties that Turkey had according to the Ministry of Interior statistics current as of May 2009" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "Confederation of Businessmen and Industrialists of Turkey or TUSKON [Rizanur MERAL]; Confederation of Public Sector Unions or KESK [Lami OZGEN]; Confederation of Revolutionary Workers Unions or DISK [Tayfun GORGUN]; Independent Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or MUSIAD [Omer Cihad VARDAN]; Moral Rights Workers Union or Hak-Is [Mahmut ARSLAN]; Turkish Confederation of Employers' Unions or TISK [Tugrul KUDATGOBILIK]; Turkish Confederation of Labor or Turk-Is [Mustafa KUMLU]; Turkish Confederation of Tradesmen and Craftsmen or TESK [Bendevi PALANDOKEN]; Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or TUSIAD [Umit BOYNER]; Turkish Union of Chambers of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges or TOBB [M. Rifat HISARCIKLIOGLU]" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, D-8, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EU (candidate country), FAO, FATF, G-20, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club (associate), PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Namik TAN", + "chancery": "2525 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 612-6700", + "fax": "[1] (202) 612-6744", + "consulates_general": "Chicago, Houston, New York, Newton (MA)" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Francis J. RICCIARDONE, Jr.", + "embassy": "110 Ataturk Boulevard, Kavaklidere, 06100 Ankara", + "mailing_address": "PSC 93, Box 5000, APO AE 09823", + "telephone": "[90] (312) 455-5555", + "fax": "[90] (312) 467-0019", + "consulates_general": "Istanbul", + "consulates": "Adana; note - there is a Consular Agent in Izmir" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "red with a vertical white crescent moon (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening; the flag colors and designs closely resemble those on the banner of the Ottoman Empire, which preceded modern-day Turkey; the crescent moon and star serve as insignia for the Turks, as well as being traditional symbols of Islam; according to legend, the flag represents the reflection of the moon and a star in a pool of blood of Turkish warriors" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "star and crescent" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Istiklal Marsi\" (Independence March)", + "lyrics_music": "Mehmet Akif ERSOY/Zeki UNGOR", + "note": "lyrics adopted 1921, music adopted 1932; the anthem's original music was adopted in 1924; a new composition was agreed upon in 1932" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Turkey's largely free-market economy is increasingly driven by its industry and service sectors, although its traditional agriculture sector still accounts for about 25% of employment. An aggressive privatization program has reduced state involvement in basic industry, banking, transport, and communication, and an emerging cadre of middle-class entrepreneurs is adding dynamism to the economy and expanding production beyond the traditional textiles and clothing sectors. The automotive, construction, and electronics industries, are rising in importance and have surpassed textiles within Turkey's export mix. Oil began to flow through the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline in May 2006, marking a major milestone that will bring up to 1 million barrels per day from the Caspian to market. Several gas pipelines projects also are moving forward to help transport Central Asian gas to Europe through Turkey, which over the long term will help address Turkey's dependence on imported oil and gas to meet 97% of its energy needs. After Turkey experienced a severe financial crisis in 2001, Ankara adopted financial and fiscal reforms as part of an IMF program. The reforms strengthened the country's economic fundamentals and ushered in an era of strong growth - averaging more than 6% annually until 2008. Global economic conditions and tighter fiscal policy caused GDP to contract in 2009, but Turkey's well-regulated financial markets and banking system helped the country weather the global financial crisis and GDP rebounded strongly to 9.2% in 2010, as exports returned to normal levels following the recession. Growth dropped to approximately 3% in 2012. Turkey's public sector debt to GDP ratio has fallen to about 40%, and at least one rating agency upgraded Turkey's debt to investment grade in 2012. Turkey remains dependent on often volatile, short-term investment to finance its large trade deficit. The stock value of FDI stood at $117 billion at year-end 2012. Inflows have slowed because of continuing economic turmoil in Europe, the source of much of Turkey's FDI. Turkey's relatively high current account deficit, uncertainty related to monetary policy-making, and political turmoil within Turkey's neighborhood leave the economy vulnerable to destabilizing shifts in investor confidence." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$1.142 trillion (2012 est.); $1.113 trillion (2011 est.); $1.026 trillion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$794.5 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "2.6% (2012 est.); 8.5% (2011 est.); 9.2% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$15,200 (2012 est.); $15,000 (2011 est.); $14,000 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "20.4% of GDP (2012 est.); 23.6% of GDP (2011 est.); 19.6% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "70%", + "government_consumption": "14.7%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "20.3%", + "investment_in_inventories": "0.1%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "26.4%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-31.6% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "9.1%", + "industry": "27%", + "services": "63.9% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, hazelnuts, pulses, citrus; livestock" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "textiles, food processing, autos, electronics, mining (coal, chromate, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "1.7% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "27.34 million", + "note": "about 1.2 million Turks work abroad (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "25.5%", + "industry": "26.2%", + "services": "48.4% (2010)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "9.2% (2012 est.); 9.8% (2011 est.)", + "note": "underemployment amounted to 4% in 2008" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "16.9% (2010)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "2.1%", + "highest_10%": "30.3% (2008)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "40.2 (2010); 43.6 (2003)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$184.7 billion", + "expenditures": "$200.7 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "23.2% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-2% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "36.1% of GDP (2012 est.); 40% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "data cover central government debt, and excludes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "8.9% (2012 est.); 6.5% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "5.25% (31 December 2011); 15% (22 December 2009)" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "19% (31 December 2012 est.); 17% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$85.23 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $71.95 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$386.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $346.2 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$552.3 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $456.4 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$201.8 billion (31 December 2011); $306.7 billion (31 December 2010); $225.7 billion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$59.74 billion (2012 est.); -$77.24 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$163.4 billion (2012 est.); $143.5 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "apparel, foodstuffs, textiles, metal manufactures, transport equipment" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Germany 8.6%, Iraq 7.1%, Iran 6.5%, UK 5.7%, UAE 5.4%, Russia 4.4%, Italy 4.2%, France 4.1% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$228.9 billion (2012 est.); $232.5 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, fuels, transport equipment" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Russia 11.3%, Germany 9%, China 9%, US 6%, Italy 5.6%, Iran 5.1% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$119.2 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $88.21 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$336.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $307 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$152.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $140.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$30.95 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $26.86 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "Turkish liras (TRY) per US dollar -; 1.796 (2012 est.); 1.675 (2011 est.); 1.5028 (2010 est.); 1.55 (2009); 1.3179 (2008)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "201.2 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "155.2 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "1.918 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "1.144 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "44.76 million kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "65.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "32.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "2.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "45,740 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "284,400 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "270.4 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "343,400 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "706,100 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "68,450 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "297,400 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "761 million cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "44.71 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "713 million cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "43.9 billion cu m (2011 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "6.173 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "263.5 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "15.211 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "65.322 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "comprehensive telecommunications network undergoing rapid modernization and expansion, especially in mobile-cellular services", + "domestic": "additional digital exchanges are permitting a rapid increase in subscribers; the construction of a network of technologically advanced intercity trunk lines, using both fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay, is facilitating communication between urban centers; remote areas are reached by a domestic satellite system; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity is roughly 100 telephones per 100 persons", + "international": "country code - 90; international service is provided by the SEA-ME-WE-3 submarine cable and by submarine fiber-optic cables in the Mediterranean and Black Seas that link Turkey with Italy, Greece, Israel, Bulgaria, Romania, and Russia; satellite earth stations - 12 Intelsat; mobile satellite terminals - 328 in the Inmarsat and Eutelsat systems (2010)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) operates multiple TV and radio networks and stations; multiple privately owned national television stations and up to 300 private regional and local television stations; multi-channel cable TV subscriptions available; more than 1,000 private radio broadcast stations (2009)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".tr" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "7.093 million (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "27.233 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "98 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "91", + "over_3_047_m": "16", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "38", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "17", + "914_to_1_523_m": "16", + "under_914_m": "4 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "7", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "1", + "914_to_1_523_m": "4", + "under_914_m": "2 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "20 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 11,102 km; oil 3,651 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "8,699 km", + "standard_gauge": "8,699 km 1.435-m gauge (1,928 km electrified) (2008)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "352,046 km", + "paved": "313,151 km (includes 2,010 km of expressways)", + "unpaved": "38,895 km (2008)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "1,200 km (2010)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "629", + "by_type": "bulk carrier 102, cargo 281, chemical tanker 80, container 42, liquefied gas 6, passenger 2, passenger/cargo 60, petroleum tanker 25, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 29, specialized tanker 1", + "foreign_owned": "1 (Italy 1)", + "registered_in_other_countries": "645 (Albania 1, Antigua and Barbuda 7, Azerbaijan 1, Bahamas 3, Barbados 1, Belize 16, Brazil 1, Cambodia 15, Comoros 8, Cook Islands 4, Curacao 5, Cyprus 1, Dominica 1, Georgia 14, Italy 4, Kazakhstan 1, Liberia 16, Malta 233, Marshall Islands 70, Moldova 18, Panama 62, Russia 101, Saint Kitts and Nevis 18, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13, Sierra Leone 9, Slovakia 1, Tanzania 13, Togo 4, Tuvalu 1, unknown 3) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Aliaga, Ambarli, Diliskelesi, Eregli, Izmir, Kocaeli (Izmit), Mersin (Icel), Limani, Yarimca" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Turkish Armed Forces (TSK): Turkish Land Forces (Turk Kara Kuvvetleri), Turkish Naval Forces (Turk Deniz Kuvvetleri; includes naval air and naval infantry), Turkish Air Forces (Turk Hava Kuvvetleri) (2013)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "21-41 years of age for male compulsory military service; 18 years of age for voluntary service; 15 months conscript obligation for non-university graduates, 6-12 months for university graduates; conscripts are called to register at age 20, for service at 21; women serve in the Turkish Armed Forces only as officers; reserve obligation to age 41; under a law passed in November 2011, men aged 30 and older who have worked 3 years in foreign countries may pay $16,200 in lieu of mandatory military service (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "21,079,077", + "females_age_16_49": "20,558,696 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "17,664,510", + "females_age_16_49": "17,340,816 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "700,079", + "female": "670,328 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "5.3% of GDP (2005 est.)" + }, + "military_note": { + "text": "the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) has incrementally asserted its supremacy over the military since first taking power in 2002 and has reduced the role of the Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) in internal security, increasing the responsibility of the Turkish National Police (TNP) in combating its Kurdish insurgency; the TSK leadership continues to play a role in politics and considers itself guardian of Turkey's secular state; primary domestic threats are listed as fundamentalism (with the definition in some dispute with the civilian government), separatism (Kurdish discontent), and the extreme left wing; Ankara strongly opposed establishment of an autonomous Kurdish region; an overhaul of the Turkish Land Forces Command (TLFC) taking place under the \"Force 2014\" program is to produce 20-30% smaller, more highly trained forces characterized by greater mobility and firepower and capable of joint and combined operations; the TLFC has taken on increasing international peacekeeping responsibilities, and took charge of a NATO International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) command in Afghanistan in April 2007; the Turkish Navy is a regional naval power that wants to develop the capability to project power beyond Turkey's coastal waters; the Navy is heavily involved in NATO, multinational, and UN operations; its roles include control of territorial waters and security for sea lines of communications; the Turkish Air Force adopted an \"Aerospace and Missile Defense Concept\" in 2002 and has initiated project work on an integrated missile defense system; Air Force priorities include attaining a modern deployable, survivable, and sustainable force structure, and establishing a sustainable command and control system (2008)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greece in the Aegean Sea; status of north Cyprus question remains; Syria and Iraq protest Turkish hydrological projects to control upper Euphrates waters; Turkey has expressed concern over the status of Kurds in Iraq; in 2009, Swiss mediators facilitated an accord reestablishing diplomatic ties between Armenia and Turkey, but neither side has ratified the agreement and the rapprochement effort has faltered; Turkish authorities have complained that blasting from quarries in Armenia might be damaging the medieval ruins of Ani, on the other side of the Arpacay valley;" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "refugees_country_of_origin": "11,322 (Iraq) (2012); 463,885 (Syria) (2013)", + "idps": "at least 954,000-1.2 million (displaced from 1984-2005 because of fighting between Kurdish PKK and Turkish military; most IDPs are Kurds from eastern and southeastern provinces; no information available on persons displaced by development projects) (2012)", + "stateless_persons": "780 (2012)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "key transit route for Southwest Asian heroin to Western Europe and, to a lesser extent, the US - via air, land, and sea routes; major Turkish and other international trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert imported morphine base into heroin exist in remote regions of Turkey and near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and over output of poppy straw concentrate; lax enforcement of money-laundering controls" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/ua-ukraine.json b/europe/ua-ukraine.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9f6d5d8a --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/ua-ukraine.json @@ -0,0 +1,634 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Ukraine was the center of the first eastern Slavic state, Kyivan Rus, which during the 10th and 11th centuries was the largest and most powerful state in Europe. Weakened by internecine quarrels and Mongol invasions, Kyivan Rus was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and eventually into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The cultural and religious legacy of Kyivan Rus laid the foundation for Ukrainian nationalism through subsequent centuries. A new Ukrainian state, the Cossack Hetmanate, was established during the mid-17th century after an uprising against the Poles. Despite continuous Muscovite pressure, the Hetmanate managed to remain autonomous for well over 100 years. During the latter part of the 18th century, most Ukrainian ethnographic territory was absorbed by the Russian Empire. Following the collapse of czarist Russia in 1917, Ukraine was able to achieve a short-lived period of independence (1917-20), but was reconquered and forced to endure a brutal Soviet rule that engineered two forced famines (1921-22 and 1932-33) in which over 8 million died. In World War II, German and Soviet armies were responsible for some 7 to 8 million more deaths. Although final independence for Ukraine was achieved in 1991 with the dissolution of the USSR, democracy and prosperity remained elusive as the legacy of state control and endemic corruption stalled efforts at economic reform, privatization, and civil liberties. A peaceful mass protest \"Orange Revolution\" in the closing months of 2004 forced the authorities to overturn a rigged presidential election and to allow a new internationally monitored vote that swept into power a reformist slate under Viktor YUSHCHENKO. Subsequent internal squabbles in the YUSHCHENKO camp allowed his rival Viktor YANUKOVYCH to stage a comeback in parliamentary elections and become prime minister in August of 2006. An early legislative election, brought on by a political crisis in the spring of 2007, saw Yuliya TYMOSHENKO, as head of an \"Orange\" coalition, installed as a new prime minister in December 2007. Viktor YANUKOVUYCH was elected president in a February 2010 run-off election that observers assessed as meeting most international standards. The following month, Ukraine's parliament, the Rada, approved a vote of no-confidence prompting Yuliya TYMOSHENKO to resign from her post as prime minister. In October 2012, Ukraine held Rada elections, widely criticized by Western observers as flawed due to use of government resources to favor ruling party candidates, interference with media access, and harassment of opposition candidates." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Poland, Romania, and Moldova in the west and Russia in the east" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "49 00 N, 32 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "603,550 sq km", + "land": "579,330 sq km", + "water": "24,220 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly smaller than Texas" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "4,566 km", + "border_countries": "Belarus 891 km, Hungary 103 km, Moldova 940 km, Poland 428 km, Romania (south) 176 km, Romania (southwest) 362 km, Russia 1,576 km, Slovakia 90 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "2,782 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm", + "continental_shelf": "200 m or to the depth of exploitation" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the country, hot in the south" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and plateaus, mountains being found only in the west (the Carpathians), and in the Crimean Peninsula in the extreme south" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Black Sea 0 m", + "highest_point": "Hora Hoverla 2,061 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber, arable land" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "53.85%", + "permanent_crops": "1.48%", + "other": "44.67% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "21,750 sq km (2010)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "139.6 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "19.24 cu km/yr (24%/69%/7%)", + "per_capita": "415.7 cu m/yr (2010)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "inadequate supplies of potable water; air and water pollution; deforestation; radiation contamination in the northeast from 1986 accident at Chornobyl' Nuclear Power Plant" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second-largest country in Europe" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Ukrainian(s)", + "adjective": "Ukrainian" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Ukrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan 0.5%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian 0.3%, Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001 census)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Ukrainian (official) 67%, Russian 24%, other (includes small Romanian-, Polish-, and Hungarian-speaking minorities) 9%" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Ukrainian Orthodox - Kyiv Patriarchate 50.4%, Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate 26.1%, Ukrainian Greek Catholic 8%, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox 7.2%, Roman Catholic 2.2%, Protestant 2.2%, Jewish 0.6%, other 3.2% (2006 est.)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "44,573,205 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "13.9% (male 3,180,376/female 3,004,250)", + "15_24_years": "12.1% (male 2,758,374/female 2,645,879)", + "25_54_years": "45% (male 9,693,346/female 10,355,403)", + "55_64_years": "13.5% (male 2,573,283/female 3,426,840)", + "65_years_and_over": "15.6% (male 2,269,784/female 4,665,670) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "41.9 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "20.5 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "21.4 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "4.7 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "40.3 years", + "male": "37.1 years", + "female": "43.5 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.63% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "9.52 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "15.75 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "-0.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "68.9% of total population (2011)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "-0.26% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "KYIV (capital) 2.779 million; Kharkiv 1.455 million; Dnipropetrovsk 1.013 million; Odesa 1.009 million; Donetsk 971,000 (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.07 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "0.93 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.75 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.49 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.85 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "23.1", + "note": "Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2007 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "32 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "8.24 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "10.31 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "6.03 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "68.93 years", + "male": "63.41 years", + "female": "74.8 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.29 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "66.7% (2007)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "7.7% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "3.13 physicians/1,000 population (2006)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "8.7 beds/1,000 population (2009)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 98% of population; rural: 98% of population; total: 98% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 2% of population; rural: 2% of population; total: 2% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 96% of population; rural: 89% of population; total: 94% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 4% of population; rural: 11% of population; total: 6% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "1.1% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "350,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "24,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "21.3% (2008)" + }, + "children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": { + "text": "0.9% (2002)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "5.3% of GDP (2007)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "99.7%", + "male": "99.8%", + "female": "99.7% (2011 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "15 years", + "male": "15 years", + "female": "15 years (2011)" + }, + "child_labor_children_ages_5_14": { + "total_number": "356,213", + "percentage": "7 % (2005 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "18.6%", + "male": "18.6%", + "female": "18.7% (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "none", + "conventional_short_form": "Ukraine", + "local_long_form": "none", + "local_short_form": "Ukrayina", + "former": "Ukrainian National Republic, Ukrainian State, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "republic" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Kyiv (Kiev)", + "note": "pronounced KAY-yiv", + "geographic_coordinates": "50 26 N, 30 31 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "24 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast'), 1 autonomous republic* (avtonomna respublika), and 2 municipalities (mista, singular - misto) with oblast status**; Cherkasy, Chernihiv, Chernivtsi, Crimea or Avtonomna Respublika Krym* (Simferopol'), Dnipropetrovs'k, Donets'k, Ivano-Frankivs'k, Kharkiv, Kherson, Khmel'nyts'kyy, Kirovohrad, Kyiv**, Kyiv, Luhans'k, L'viv, Mykolayiv, Odesa, Poltava, Rivne, Sevastopol'**, Sumy, Ternopil', Vinnytsya, Volyn' (Luts'k), Zakarpattya (Uzhhorod), Zaporizhzhya, Zhytomyr", + "note": "administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "24 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union); notable earlier dates: ca. 982 (VOLODYMYR I consolidates Kyivan Rus), 1648 (establishment of Cossack Hetmanate)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Independence Day, 24 August (1991); note - 22 January 1918, the day Ukraine first declared its independence (from Soviet Russia) and the day the short-lived Western and Greater (Eastern) Ukrainian republics united (1919), is now celebrated as Unity Day" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "adopted 28 June 1996" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Viktor YANUKOVYCH (since 25 February 2010)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Mykola AZAROV (since 11 March 2010); First Deputy Prime Minister Serhiy ARBUZOV (since 24 December 2012); Deputy Prime Ministers Yuriy BOYKO, Kostyantyn HRYSHCHENKO, Oleksandr VILKUL (all since 24 December 2012)", + "cabinet": "Cabinet of Ministers nominated by the president", + "note": "there is also a National Security and Defense Council or NSDC originally created in 1992 as the National Security Council; the NSDC staff is tasked with developing national security policy on domestic and international matters and advising the president; a Presidential Administration helps draft presidential edicts and provides policy support to the president", + "elections": "president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 17 January 2010 with runoff on 7 February 2010 (next to be held in October 2015)", + "election_results": "Viktor YANUKOVYCH elected president; percent of vote - Viktor YANUKOVYCH 48.9%, Yuliya TYMOSHENKO 45.5%, other 5.6%" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral Supreme Council or Verkhovna Rada (450 seats; 50% of seats allocated on a proportional basis to those parties that gain 5% or more of the national electoral vote and 50% to members elected in single mandate districts; members serve five-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 28 October 2012 (next to be held fall 2017)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - Party of Regions 30%, Batkivshchyna 25.5%, UDAR 14%, CPU 13.2%, Svoboda 10.4%, other parties 6.9%; seats by party - Party of Regions 185, Batkivshchyna 101, UDAR 40, Svoboda 37, CPU 32, United Center 3, People's Party 2, Radical 1, Union 1, independents 43, vacant 5; composition as of mid-April 2013 - Party of Regions 207, Batkivshchyna 95, UDAR 42, Svoboda 36, CPU 32, independents 32, vacant 6" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Ukraine (consists of 95 judges organized into civil, criminal, commercial, and administrative chambers, and a military panel); Constitutional Court (consists of 18 justices)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges proposed by the Supreme Council of Justice or SCJ (a 20-member independent body of judicial officials and other appointees) and appointed by presidential decree; judges initially appointed for 5 years and, if approved by the SCJ, serve until mandatory retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court justices appointed - 6 each by the president, by the SCU, and by the Verkhovna Rada; justices appointed for 9-year non-renewable terms", + "subordinate_courts": "specialized high courts; Courts of Cassation; Courts of Appeal; regional, district, city, and town courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Batkivshchyna (All-Ukrainian Union \"Fatherland\") [Yuliya TYMOSHENKO]; Communist Party of Ukraine or CPU [Petro SYMONENKO]; European Party of Ukraine [Mykola KATERYNCHUK]; Front of Change [Arseniy YATSENYUK]; Our Ukraine [Viktor YUSHCHENKO]; Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs [Anatoliy KINAKH]; Party of Regions [Mykola AZAROV, chairman]; Party of the Defenders of the Fatherland [Yuriy KARMAZIN]; People's Movement of Ukraine (Rukh) [Borys TARASYUK]; People's Party [Volodymyr LYTVYN]; Peoples' Self-Defense Party [Oleh NOVIKOV]; Progressive Socialist Party [Natalya VITRENKO]; Radical Party [Oleh LYASHKO]; Reforms and Order Party [Viktor PYNZENYK]; Republican Party Sobor [Anatoliy MATVIYENKO]; Social Democratic Party (United) or SDPU(o) [Yuriy ZAHORODNIY]; Socialist Party of Ukraine or SPU [Oleksandr MOROZ]; Svoboda [Oleh TYAHNYBOK]; Ukraine-Forward! [Natalia KOROLEVSKA]; Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reforms or UDAR [Vitaliy KLYCHKO]; Ukrainian People's Party [Yuriy KOSTENKO]; Union [Lev MIRIMSKY]; United Center [Viktor BALOHA]; Viche [Inna BOHOSLOVSKA]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "Committee of Voters of Ukraine [Aleksandr CHERNENKO]; OPORA [Olha AIVAZOVSKA]" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "Australia Group, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CICA (observer), CIS (participating member, has not signed the 1993 CIS charter although it participates in meetings), EAEC (observer), EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Oleksandr MOTSYK", + "chancery": "3350 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 349-2920", + "fax": "[1] (202) 333-0817", + "consulates_general": "Chicago, New York, San Francisco" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador John F. TEFFT", + "embassy": "4 Igor Sikorsky Street, 04112 Kyiv", + "mailing_address": "5850 Kyiv Place, Washington, DC 20521-5850", + "telephone": "[380] (44) 521-5000", + "fax": "[380] (44) 521-5155" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow represent grain fields under a blue sky" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "trident (tryzub)" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Shche ne vmerla Ukraina\" (Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished)", + "lyrics_music": "Paul CHUBYNSKYI/Mikhail VERBYTSKYI", + "note": "music adopted 1991, lyrics adopted 2003; the song was first performed in 1864 at the Ukraine Theatre in Lviv; the lyrics, originally written in 1862, were revised in 2003" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was the most important economic component of the former Soviet Union, producing about four times the output of the next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil generated more than one-fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics. Likewise, its diversified heavy industry supplied the unique equipment (for example, large diameter pipes) and raw materials to industrial and mining sites (vertical drilling apparatus) in other regions of the former USSR. Shortly after independence in August 1991, the Ukrainian Government liberalized most prices and erected a legal framework for privatization, but widespread resistance to reform within the government and the legislature soon stalled reform efforts and led to some backtracking. Output by 1999 had fallen to less than 40% of the 1991 level. Ukraine's dependence on Russia for energy supplies and the lack of significant structural reform have made the Ukrainian economy vulnerable to external shocks. Ukraine depends on imports to meet about three-fourths of its annual oil and natural gas requirements and 100% of its nuclear fuel needs. After a two-week dispute that saw gas supplies cutoff to Europe, Ukraine agreed to 10-year gas supply and transit contracts with Russia in January 2009 that brought gas prices to \"world\" levels. The strict terms of the contracts have further hobbled Ukraine's cash-strapped state gas company, Naftohaz. Outside institutions - particularly the IMF - have encouraged Ukraine to quicken the pace and scope of reforms to foster economic growth. Ukrainian Government officials eliminated most tax and customs privileges in a March 2005 budget law, bringing more economic activity out of Ukraine's large shadow economy, but more improvements are needed, including fighting corruption, developing capital markets, and improving the legislative framework. Ukraine's economy was buoyant despite political turmoil between the prime minister and president until mid-2008. Real GDP growth exceeded 7% in 2006-07, fueled by high global prices for steel - Ukraine's top export - and by strong domestic consumption, spurred by rising pensions and wages. A drop in steel prices and Ukraine's exposure to the global financial crisis due to aggressive foreign borrowing lowered growth in 2008. Ukraine reached an agreement with the IMF for a $16.4 billion Stand-By Arrangement in November 2008 to deal with the economic crisis, but the program quickly stalled due to the Ukrainian Government's lack of progress in implementing reforms. The economy contracted nearly 15% in 2009, among the worst economic performances in the world. In April 2010, Ukraine negotiated a price discount on Russian gas imports in exchange for extending Russia's lease on its naval base in Crimea. In August 2010, Ukraine, under the YANUKOVYCH Administration, reached a new agreement with the IMF for a $15.1 billion Stand-By Agreement. Economic growth resumed in 2010 and 2011, buoyed by exports. After initial disbursements, the IMF program stalled in early 2011 due to the Ukrainian Government's lack of progress in implementing key gas sector reforms, namely gas tariff increases. Economic growth slowed in the second half of 2012 with Ukraine finishing the year in technical recession following two consecutive quarters of negative growth." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$340.7 billion (2012 est.); $340.2 billion (2011 est.); $323.4 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$176.2 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.2% (2012 est.); 5.2% (2011 est.); 4.1% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$7,500 (2012 est.); $7,500 (2011 est.); $7,100 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "9.9% of GDP (2012 est.); 14.5% of GDP (2011 est.); 16.3% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "70.8%", + "government_consumption": "19.4%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "18.9%", + "investment_in_inventories": "-0.6%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "50.9%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-59.3% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "10.2%", + "industry": "31.6%", + "services": "58.2% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "grain, sugar beets, sunflower seeds, vegetables; beef, milk" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food processing" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "-2.1% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "22.11 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "5.6%", + "industry": "26%", + "services": "68.4% (2012)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "7.5% (2012 est.); 7.9% (2011 est.)", + "note": "officially registered; large number of unregistered or underemployed workers" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "24.1% (2010)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "3.8%", + "highest_10%": "22.5% (2011 est.)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "28.2 (2009); 29 (1999)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$55.75 billion", + "expenditures": "$63.37 billion", + "note": "this is the planned, consolidated budget (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "31.6% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-4.3% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "36.6% of GDP (2012 est.); 36.3% of GDP (2011 est.)", + "note": "the total public debt of $64.5 billion consists of: domestic public debt ($23.8 billion); external public debt ($26.1 billion); and sovereign guarantees ($14.6 billion)" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "0.6% (2012 est.); 8% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "7.5% (31 January 2012 est.); 11.97% (31 December 2010 est.)" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "18.39% (31 December 2012 est.); 15.95% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$40.44 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $38.93 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$97.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $85.33 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$129.6 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $121 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$25.56 billion (31 December 2011); $39.46 billion (31 December 2010); $16.79 billion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$14.4 billion (2012 est.); -$10.25 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$69.81 billion (2012 est.); $69.42 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "ferrous and nonferrous metals, fuel and petroleum products, chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, food products" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Russia 23.7%, Turkey 6%, China 4.1% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$90.3 billion (2012 est.); $85.67 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "energy, machinery and equipment, chemicals" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Russia 19.4%, China 10.2%, Germany 9.6%, Belarus 7.8%, Poland 7.1% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$24.55 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $31.79 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$135 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $126.2 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$54.46 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $50.33 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$7.853 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $6.898 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "hryvnia (UAH) per US dollar -; 7.991 (2012 est.); 7.9676 (2011 est.); 7.9356 (2010 est.); 7.7912 (2009); 4.9523 (2008)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "198.1 billion kWh (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "175.3 billion kWh (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "3.852 billion kWh (2012 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "1.894 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "54.38 million kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "64.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "25.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "10% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "0.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "73,180 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "160 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "143,600 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "395 million bbl (1 January 2012 es)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "262,200 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "320,600 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "76,140 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "148,900 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "19.36 billion cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "53.16 billion cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "2.6 billion cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "36.4 billion cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "1.104 trillion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "275.5 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "12.681 million (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "55.576 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "Ukraine's telecommunication development plan emphasizes improving domestic trunk lines, international connections, and the mobile-cellular system", + "domestic": "at independence in December 1991, Ukraine inherited a telephone system that was antiquated, inefficient, and in disrepair; more than 3.5 million applications for telephones could not be satisfied; telephone density is rising and the domestic trunk system is being improved; about one-third of Ukraine's networks are digital and a majority of regional centers now have digital switching stations; improvements in local networks and local exchanges continue to lag; the mobile-cellular telephone system's expansion has slowed, largely due to saturation of the market which has reached 125 mobile phones per 100 people", + "international": "country code - 380; 2 new domestic trunk lines are a part of the fiber-optic Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) system and 3 Ukrainian links have been installed in the fiber-optic Trans-European Lines (TEL) project that connects 18 countries; additional international service is provided by the Italy-Turkey-Ukraine-Russia (ITUR) fiber-optic submarine cable and by an unknown number of earth stations in the Intelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik satellite systems (2010)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "Ukraine's state-controlled nationwide TV broadcast channel (UT1) and a number of privately owned TV networks provide basic TV coverage; multi-channel cable and satellite TV services are available; Russian television broadcasts have a small audience nationwide, but larger audiences in the eastern and southern regions; Ukraine's radio broadcast market, a mix of independent and state-owned networks, is comprised of some 300 stations (2007)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".ua" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "2.173 million (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "7.77 million (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "187 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "108", + "over_3_047_m": "13", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "42", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "22", + "914_to_1_523_m": "3", + "under_914_m": "28 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "79", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "5", + "914_to_1_523_m": "5", + "under_914_m": "69 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "9 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 36,720 km; oil 4,514 km; refined products 4,363 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "21,684 km", + "broad_gauge": "21,684 km 1.524-m gauge (9,854 km electrified) (2009)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "169,496 km", + "paved": "165,844 km (includes 15 km of expressways)", + "unpaved": "3,652 km (2009)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "1,672 km (most on Dnieper River) (2012)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "134", + "by_type": "bulk carrier 3, cargo 98, chemical tanker 1, passenger 6, passenger/cargo 5, petroleum tanker 8, refrigerated cargo 11, specialized tanker 2", + "registered_in_other_countries": "172 (Belize 6, Cambodia 35, Comoros 10, Cyprus 3, Dominica 1, Georgia 10, Liberia 10, Malta 29, Marshall Islands 1, Moldova 14, Mongolia 1, Panama 8, Russia 12, Saint Kitts and Nevis 8, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 12, Sierra Leone 5, Slovakia 2, unknown 5) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Feodosiya (Theodosia), Illichivsk, Mariupol', Mykolayiv, Odesa, Yuzhnyy" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air Forces (2013)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "18-25 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation is 12 months for Army and Air Force, 18 months for Navy (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "10,984,394", + "females_age_16_49": "11.26 million (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "6,893,551", + "females_age_16_49": "8,792,504 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "246,397", + "female": "234,916 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "1.6% of GDP (2012)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "1997 boundary delimitation treaty with Belarus remains unratified due to unresolved financial claims, stalling demarcation and reducing border security; delimitation of land boundary with Russia is complete with preparations for demarcation underway; the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov remains unresolved despite a December 2003 framework agreement and ongoing expert-level discussions; Moldova and Ukraine operate joint customs posts to monitor transit of people and commodities through Moldova's break-away Transnistria Region, which remains under the auspices of an Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe-mandated peacekeeping mission comprised of Moldovan, Transnistrian, Russian, and Ukrainian troops; the ICJ ruled largely in favor of Romania in its dispute submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Serpilor (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary delimitation; Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "stateless_persons": "35,000 (2012); note - citizens of the former USSR who were permanently resident in Ukraine were granted citizenship upon Ukraine's independence in 1991, but some missed this window of opportunity; people arriving after 1991, Crimean Tatars, ethnic Koreans, people with expired Soviet passports, and people with no documents have difficulty acquiring Ukrainian citizenship; following the fall of the Soviet Union in 1989, thousands of Crimean Tatars and their descendants deported from Ukraine under the STALIN regime returned to their homeland, some being stateless and others holding the citizenship of Uzbekistan or other former Soviet republics; a 1998 bilateral agreement between Ukraine and Uzbekistan simplified the process of renouncing Uzbek citizenship and obtaining Ukrainian citizenship" + }, + "trafficking_in_persons": { + "current_situation": "Ukraine is a source, transit, and, increasingly, destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; Ukrainian victims are sex trafficked within Ukraine as well as in Russia, Poland, Iraq, Spain, Turkey, Cyprus, Seychelles, Portugal, the Czech Republic, Israel, Italy, the United Arab Emirates, Montenegro, UK, and Tunisia; foreigners from Moldova, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Cameroon, and Azerbaijan are victims of labor trafficking in Ukraine; Ukrainian recruiters most often target Ukrainians from rural areas with limited job prospects by using fraud, coercion, and debt bondage", + "tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List - Ukraine does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government reduced its anti-trafficking law enforcement efforts in 2012; as a result of the dismantling of the specialized anti-trafficking police unit in 2011, the number of trafficking investigations, prosecutions, and convictions have decreased; fewer victims are identified and the national referral mechanism does not function effectively in many regions, resulting in few victims being granted victim status by the government; the government did not fund any anti-trafficking protection activities in 2012 and continues to rely on international donors to assist victims (2013)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for CIS consumption; some synthetic drug production for export to the West; limited government eradication program; used as transshipment point for opiates and other illicit drugs from Africa, Latin America, and Turkey to Europe and Russia; Ukraine has improved anti-money-laundering controls, resulting in its removal from the Financial Action Task Force's (FATF's) Noncooperative Countries and Territories List in February 2004; Ukraine's anti-money-laundering regime continues to be monitored by FATF" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/world.json b/world.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6d09f098 --- /dev/null +++ b/world.json @@ -0,0 +1,432 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Globally, the 20th century was marked by: (a) two devastating world wars; (b) the Great Depression of the 1930s; (c) the end of vast colonial empires; (d) rapid advances in science and technology, from the first airplane flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina (US) to the landing on the moon; (e) the Cold War between the Western alliance and the Warsaw Pact nations; (f) a sharp rise in living standards in North America, Europe, and Japan; (g) increased concerns about environmental degradation including deforestation, energy and water shortages, declining biological diversity, and air pollution; (h) the onset of the AIDS epidemic; and (i) the ultimate emergence of the US as the only world superpower. The planet's population continues to explode: from 1 billion in 1820 to 2 billion in 1930, 3 billion in 1960, 4 billion in 1974, 5 billion in 1987, 6 billion in 1999, and 7 billion in 2012. For the 21st century, the continued exponential growth in science and technology raises both hopes (e.g., advances in medicine) and fears (e.g., development of even more lethal weapons of war)." + } + }, + "geo": { + "geographic_overview": { + "text": "The surface of the earth is approximately 70.9% water and 29.1% land. The former portion is divided into large water bodies termed oceans. The World Factbook recognizes and describes five oceans, which are in decreasing order of size: the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Arctic Ocean.; The land portion is generally divided into several, large, discrete landmasses termed continents. Depending on the convention used, the number of continents can vary from five to seven. The most common classification recognizes seven, which are (from largest to smallest): Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia. Asia and Europe are sometimes lumped together into a Eurasian continent resulting in six continents. Alternatively, North and South America are sometimes grouped as simply the Americas, resulting in a continent total of six (or five, if the Eurasia designation is used).; North America is commonly understood to include the island of Greenland, the isles of the Caribbean, and to extend south all the way to the Isthmus of Panama. The easternmost extent of Europe is generally defined as being the Ural Mountains and the Ural River; on the southeast the Caspian Sea; and on the south the Caucasus Mountains, the Black Sea, and the Mediterranean. Portions of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkey fall within both Europe and Asia, but in every instance the larger section is in Asia. These countries are considered part of both continents. Armenia and Cyprus, which lie completely in Western Asia, are geopolitically European countries.; Asia usually incorporates all the islands of the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The islands of the Pacific are often lumped with Australia into a \"land mass\" termed Oceania or Australasia. Africa's northeast extremity is frequently delimited at the Isthmus of Suez, but for geopolitical purposes, the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula is often included as part of Africa.; Although the above groupings are the most common, different continental dispositions are recognized or taught in certain parts of the world, with some arrangements more heavily based on cultural spheres rather than physical geographic considerations." + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Political Map of the World , Physical Map of the World , Standard Time\n Zones of the World , World Oceans" + }, + "area": { + "total": "510.072 million sq km", + "land": "148.94 million sq km", + "water": "361.132 million sq km", + "note": "70.9% of the world's surface is water, 29.1% is land" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "land area about 16 times the size of the US", + "top_fifteen_world_factbook_entities_ranked_by_size": "Pacific Ocean 155.557 million sq km; Atlantic Ocean 76.762 million sq km; Indian Ocean 68.556 million sq km; Southern Ocean 20.327 million sq km; Russia 17,098,242 sq km; Arctic Ocean 14.056 million sq km; Antarctica 14 million sq km; Canada 9,984,670 sq km; United States 9,826,675 sq km; China 9,596,961 sq km; Brazil 8,514,877 sq km; Australia 7,741,220 sq km; European Union 4,324,782 sq km; India 3,287,263 sq km; Argentina 2,780,400 sq km", + "top_ten_largest_water_bodies": "Pacific Ocean 155.557 million sq km; Atlantic Ocean 76.762 million sq km; Indian Ocean 68.556 million sq km; Southern Ocean 20.327 million sq km; Arctic Ocean 14.056 million sq km; Coral Sea 4,184,100 sq km; South China Sea 3,595,900 sq km; Caribbean Sea 2.834 million sq km; Bering Sea 2.52 million sq km; Mediterranean Sea 2.469 million sq km", + "top_ten_largest_landmasses": "Asia 44,568,500 sq km; Africa 30.065 million sq km; North America 24.473 million sq km; South America 17.819 million sq km; Antarctica 14 million sq km; Europe 9.948 million sq km; Australia 7,741,220 sq km; Greenland 2,166,086 sq km; New Guinea 785,753 sq km; Borneo 751,929 sq km", + "top_ten_largest_islands": "Greenland 2,166,086 sq km; New Guinea (Indonesia, Papua New Guinea) 785,753 sq km; Borneo (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia) 751,929 sq km; Madagascar 587,713 sq km; Baffin Island (Canada) 507,451 sq km; Sumatra (Indonesia) 472,784 sq km; Honshu (Japan) 227,963 sq km; Victoria Island (Canada) 217,291 sq km; Great Britain (United Kingdom) 209,331 sq km; Ellesmere Island (Canada) 196,236 sq km" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "text": "the land boundaries in the world total 251,060 km (not counting shared boundaries twice); two nations, China and Russia, each border 14 other countries", + "note": "46 nations and other areas are landlocked, these include: Afghanistan, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Czech Republic, Ethiopia, Holy See (Vatican City), Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malawi, Mali, Moldova, Mongolia, Nepal, Niger, Paraguay, Rwanda, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, South Sudan, Swaziland, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Uzbekistan, West Bank, Zambia, Zimbabwe; two of these, Liechtenstein and Uzbekistan, are doubly landlocked" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "356,000 km", + "note": "95 nations and other entities are islands that border no other countries, they include: American Samoa, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Baker Island, Barbados, Bermuda, Bouvet Island, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Christmas Island, Clipperton Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Comoros, Cook Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Cuba, Curacao, Cyprus, Dominica, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Faroe Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Greenland, Grenada, Guam, Guernsey, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Howland Island, Iceland, Isle of Man, Jamaica, Jan Mayen, Japan, Jarvis Island, Jersey, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Kiribati, Madagascar, Maldives, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mayotte, Federated States of Micronesia, Midway Islands, Montserrat, Nauru, Navassa Island, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Palmyra Atoll, Paracel Islands, Philippines, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Singapore, Sint Maarten, Solomon Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Spratly Islands, Sri Lanka, Svalbard, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Virgin Islands, Wake Island, Wallis and Futuna, Taiwan" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "text": "a variety of situations exist, but in general, most countries make the following claims measured from the mean low-tide baseline as described in the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea: territorial sea - 12 nm, contiguous zone - 24 nm, and exclusive economic zone - 200 nm; additional zones provide for exploitation of continental shelf resources and an exclusive fishing zone; boundary situations with neighboring states prevent many countries from extending their fishing or economic zones to a full 200 nm" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "a wide equatorial band of hot and humid tropical climates - bordered north and south by subtropical temperate zones - that separate two large areas of cold and dry polar climates" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "the greatest ocean depth is the Mariana Trench at 10,924 m in the Pacific Ocean" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Bentley Subglacial Trench (Antarctica) -2,555 m", + "note": "in the oceanic realm, Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench is the lowest point, lying -10,924 m below the surface of the Pacific Ocean", + "highest_point": "Mount Everest 8,850 m", + "top_ten_highest_mountains_measured_from_sea_level": "Mount Everest (China-Nepal) 8,850 m; K2 (Pakistan) 8,611 m; Kanchenjunga (India-Nepal) 8,598 m; Lhotse (Nepal) 8,516 m; Makalu (China-Nepal) 8,463 m; Cho Oyu (China-Nepal) 8,201 m; Dhaulagiri (Nepal) 8,167 m; Manaslu (Nepal) 8,163 m; Nanga Parbat (Pakistan) 8,125 m; Anapurna (Nepal) 8,091 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "the rapid depletion of nonrenewable mineral resources, the depletion of forest areas and wetlands, the extinction of animal and plant species, and the deterioration in air and water quality (especially in some countries of Eastern Europe, the former USSR, and China) pose serious long-term problems that governments and peoples are only beginning to address" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "10.43%", + "permanent_crops": "1.15%", + "other": "88.42% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "3,096,621.45 sq km (2011 est.)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "53,789.29 cu km (2011)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones); natural disasters (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions)", + "volcanism": "volcanism is a fundamental driver and consequence of plate tectonics, the physical process reshaping the Earth's lithosphere; the world is home to more than 1,500 potentially active volcanoes, with over 500 of these having erupted in historical times; an estimated 500 million people live near these volcanoes; associated dangers include lava flows, lahars (mudflows), pyroclastic flows, ash clouds, ash fall, ballistic projectiles, gas emissions, landslides, earthquakes, and tsunamis; in the 1990s, the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, created a list of 16 volcanoes worthy of special study because of their great potential for destruction: Avachinsky-Koryaksky (Russia), Colima (Mexico), Etna (Italy), Galeras (Colombia), Mauna Loa (United States), Merapi (Indonesia), Nyiragongo (Democratic Republic of the Congo), Rainier (United States), Sakurajima (Japan), Santa Maria (Guatemala), Santorini (Greece), Taal (Philippines), Teide (Spain), Ulawun (Papua New Guinea), Unzen (Japan), Vesuvius (Italy)" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "large areas subject to overpopulation, industrial disasters, pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances), loss of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of wildlife, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion; global warming becoming a greater concern" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "the world is now thought to be about 4.55 billion years old, just about one-third of the 13.8-billion-year age estimated for the universe" + } + }, + "people": { + "languages": { + "text": "Mandarin Chinese 12.44%, Spanish 4.85%, English 4.83%, Arabic 3.25%, Hindi 2.68%, Bengali 2.66%, Portuguese 2.62%, Russian 2.12%, Japanese 1.8%, Standard German 1.33%, Javanese 1.25% (2009 est.)", + "note_1": "percents are for \"first language\" speakers only; the six UN languages - Arabic, Chinese (Mandarin), English, French, Russian, and Spanish (Castilian) - are the mother tongue or second language of about half of the world's population, and are the official languages in more than half the states in the world; some 150 to 200 languages have more than a million speakers", + "note_2": "all told, there are an estimated 7,100 languages spoken in the world; aproximately 80% of these languages are spoken by less than 100,000 people; about 50 languages are spoken by only 1 person; communities that are isolated from each other in mountainous regions often develop multiple languages; Papua New Guinea, for example, boasts about 836 separate languages", + "note_3": "approximately 2,300 languages are spoken in Asia, 2,150, in Africa, 1,311 in the Pacific, 1,060 in the Americas, and 280 in Europe" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Christian 33.39% (of which Roman Catholic 16.85%, Protestant 6.15%, Orthodox 3.96%, Anglican 1.26%), Muslim 22.74%, Hindu 13.8%, Buddhist 6.77%, Sikh 0.35%, Jewish 0.22%, Baha'i 0.11%, other religions 10.95%, non-religious 9.66%, atheists 2.01% (2010 est.)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "7,095,217,980 (July 2013 est.)", + "top_ten_most_populous_countries_in_millions": "China 1,349.59; India 1,220.80; United States 316.67; Indonesia 251.16; Brazil 201.01; Pakistan 193.24; Nigeria 174.51; Bangladesh 163.65; Russia 142.50; Japan 127.25" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "26% (male 953,496,513/female 890,372,474)", + "15_24_years": "16.8% (male 614,574,389/female 579,810,490)", + "25_54_years": "40.6% (male 1,454,831,900/female 1,426,721,773)", + "55_64_years": "8.4% (male 291,435,881/female 305,185,398)", + "65_years_and_over": "8.2% (male 257,035,416/female 321,753,746) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "52 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "39.9 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "12.1 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "8.3 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "29.4 years", + "male": "28.7 years", + "female": "30.2 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "1.095%", + "note": "this rate results in about 148 net additions to the worldwide population every minute or 2.5 every second (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "18.9 births/1,000 population", + "note": "this rate results in about 255 worldwide births per minute or 4.3 births every second (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "7.9 deaths/1,000 population", + "note": "this rate results in about 107 worldwide deaths per minute or 1.8 deaths every second (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "50.5% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "1.85% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)", + "ten_largest_urban_agglomerations": "Tokyo (Japan) - 36,669,000; Delhi (India) - 22,157,000; Sao Paulo (Brazil) - 20,262,000; Mumbai (India) - 20,041,000; Mexico City (Mexico) - 19,460,000; New York-Newark (US) - 19,425,000; Shanghai (China) - 16,575,000; Kolkata (India) - 15,552,000; Dhaka (Bangladesh) - 14,648,000; Karachi (Pakistan) - 13,125,000 (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.07 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.07 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.02 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.96 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.8 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "1.01 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "37.61 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "39.39 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "35.69 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "68.09 years", + "male": "66.09 years", + "female": "70.24 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "2.45 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "2.94 beds/1,000 population (2005)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 96% of population; rural: 81% of population; total: 89% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 4% of population; rural: 19% of population; total: 11% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 79% of population; rural: 47% of population; total: 63% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 21% of population; rural: 53% of population; total: 37% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.8% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "33.3 million (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "1.8 million (2009 est.)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "84.1%", + "male": "88.6%", + "female": "79.7%", + "note": "almost three-quarters of the world's 775 million illiterate adults are found in only ten countries (in descending order: India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Egypt, Brazil, Indonesia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo); of all the illiterate adults in the world, two-thirds are women; extremely low literacy rates are concentrated in South and West Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa (2010 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "12 years", + "male": "12 years", + "female": "12 years (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "195 countries, 72 dependent areas and other entities" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "the legal systems of nearly all countries are generally modeled upon elements of five main types: civil law (including French law, the Napoleonic Code, Roman law, Roman-Dutch law, and Spanish law); common law (including United States law); customary law; mixed or pluralistic law; and religious law (including Islamic law); an additional type of legal system - international law - governs the conduct of independent nations in their relationships with one another" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "all members of the UN are parties to the statute that established the International Court of Justice (ICJ) or World Court; 54 countries have accepted jurisdiction of the ICJ as compulsory with reservations and 14 countries have accepted ICJ jurisdiction as compulsory without reservations; states parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICCt) are those countries that have ratified or acceded to the Rome Statute, the treaty that established the Court; a total of 121 (effective 1 July 2012) countries have accepted jurisdiction of the ICCt (see Appendix B for a clarification on the differing mandates of the ICJ and ICCt)" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "The international financial crisis of 2008-09 led to the first downturn in global output since 1946 and presented the world with a major new challenge: determining what mix of fiscal and monetary policies to follow to restore growth and jobs, while keeping inflation and debt under control. Financial stabilization and stimulus programs that started in 2009-11, combined with lower tax revenues in 2009-10, required most countries to run large budget deficits. Treasuries issued new public debt - totaling $7.6 trillion since 2008 - to pay for the additional expenditures. To keep interest rates low, most central banks monetized that debt, injecting large sums of money into their economies - between December 2008 and December 2012 the global money supply increased by more than 31%. Governments now are faced with the difficult task of spurring current growth and employment without saddling their economies with so much debt that they sacrifice long-term growth and financial stability. And when economic activity picks up, central banks will confront the difficult task of containing inflation without raising interest rates so high they snuff out further growth.; ; Fiscal and monetary data for 2012 are currently available for 180 countries, which together account for 98.5% of World GDP. Of the 180 countries, 85 pursued unequivocally expansionary policies, boosting government spending while also expanding their money supply relatively rapidly - faster than the world average of 4.1%; 37 followed restrictive fiscal and monetary policies, reducing government spending and holding money growth to less than the 4.1% average; and the remaining 58 followed a mix of counterbalancing fiscal and monetary policies, either reducing government spending while accelerating money growth, or boosting spending while curtailing money growth.; ; (For more information, see attached spreadsheet, Fiscal and Monetary Data, 2008-2012.); ; In 2012, fiscal policy shifted towards greater austerity for a majority of the countries. In an attempt to attack their deficit and debt problems head-on, nearly 5 out of 6 countries slowed the rate of growth of government spending, and 1 in 3 countries actually lowered the level of their expenditures. The global growth rate for government expenditures dropped from 5.9% in 2010 and 10.1% in 2011, to just 1.4% in 2012. Roughly 1 out of 3 central banks tightened monetary policy, decelerating the rate of growth of their money supply, and about 1 out of 7 actually withdrew money from circulation. Growth of the global money supply, as measured by the narrowly defined M1, slowed from 8.7% in 2009 and 10.4% in 2010 to 5.2% in 2011 and 4.1% in 2012.; ; These policy choices significantly affected economic performance. The global budget deficit narrowed to roughly $2.7 trillion in 2012, or 3.8% of World GDP. But growth of the world economy slipped from 5.1% in 2010 and 3.7% in 2011, to just 3.1% in 2012. And world unemployment increased to 9.2%.; ; Countries with expansionary fiscal and monetary policies achieved significantly higher rates of growth, lower unemployment, higher growth of tax revenues, and greater success reducing the public debt burden than those countries that chose contractionary policies. In 2012, the 85 countries that followed a pro-growth approach achieved a median GDP growth rate of 4.9%, compared to just 0.8% for the 37 countries with restrictive fiscal and monetary policies, a difference of more than 4 percentage points. Among the 85, China grew 7.8%, Indonesia 6.0%, Mexico 4.0%, Russia 3.4%, Turkey 3.0%, the United States 2.2%, and Canada 1.9%, while among the 37, Brazil grew 1.3%, Germany 0.7%, France 0.1%, Belgium -0.2%, Netherlands -0.5%, Spain -1.4%, and Italy -2.3%. The median unemployment rate for the 37 countries jumped to 11.5%, while the median for the pro-growth countries held steady at 7.3%.; ; Faster GDP growth and lower unemployment rates translated into increased tax revenues and a lower debt burden. Revenues for the 85 expansionary countries grew at a median rate of 10.8%, whereas tax revenues fell at a median rate of 6.2% for the 37 countries that chose austere economic policies. Budget balances improved for about half of the 37, but, for most, debt grew faster than GDP, and the median level of their public debt as a share of GDP increased 2.5 percentage points, to 57.8%. On the other hand, budget balances deteriorated for most of the 85 pro-growth countries, but GDP growth outpaced increases in debt, and the median level of public debt as a share of GDP actually declined slightly (-0.1 percentage points).; ; The world recession has suppressed inflation rates - world inflation declined 1.0 percentage point in 2012 to about 4.0%. At the same time, the median inflation rate for the 85 pro-growth countries, at 5.5%, was 2.5 percentage points higher than that for the countries that followed more austere fiscal and monetary policies. Overall, the latter countries also improved their current account balances by shedding imports; as a result, current account balances deteriorated for most of the countries that pursued pro-growth policies. Slower growth of world income reduced import demand and crude oil prices fell. Consequently, the dollar value of world trade grew just 1% in 2012, compared with 18% in 2011.; ; Beyond the current global slowdown, the world faces several long-standing economic challenges. The addition of 80 million people each year to an already overcrowded globe is exacerbating the problems of pollution, waste-disposal, epidemics, water-shortages, famine, over-fishing of oceans, deforestation, desertification, and depletion of non-renewable resources. The nation-state, as a bedrock economic-political institution, is steadily losing control over international flows of people, goods, services, funds, and technology. The introduction of the euro as the common currency of much of Western Europe in January 1999, while paving the way for an integrated economic powerhouse, has created economic risks because the participating nations have varying income levels and growth rates, and hence, require a different mix of monetary and fiscal policies. Governments, especially in Western Europe, face the difficult political problem of channeling resources away from welfare programs in order to increase investment and strengthen incentives to seek employment. Because of their own internal problems and priorities, the industrialized countries are unable to devote sufficient resources to deal effectively with the poorer areas of the world, which, at least from an economic point of view, are becoming further marginalized. The terrorist attacks on the US on 11 September 2001 accentuated a growing risk to global prosperity - the diversion of resources away from capital investments to counter-terrorist programs.; ; Despite these vexing problems, the world economy also shows great promise. Technology has made possible further advances in a wide range of fields, from agriculture, to medicine, alternative energy, metallurgy, and transportation. Improved global communications have greatly reduced the costs of international trade, helping the world gain from the international division of labor, raise living standards, and reduce income disparities among nations. Much of the resilience of the world economy in the aftermath of the financial crisis resulted from government and central bank leaders around the globe working in concert to stem the financial onslaught, knowing well the lessons of past economic failures." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$84.97 trillion (2012 est.); $82.47 trillion (2011 est.); $79.45 trillion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "GWP (gross world product): $71.83 trillion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "3% (2012 est.); 3.8% (2011 est.); 5.1% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$12,700 (2012 est.); $12,500 (2011 est.); $12,200 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "62%", + "government_consumption": "18.5%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "19.4%", + "investment_in_inventories": "0.5%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "29.3%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-29.7% (2011 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "5.9%", + "industry": "30.7%", + "services": "63.4% (2012 est.)" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "dominated by the onrush of technology, especially in computers, robotics, telecommunications, and medicines and medical equipment; most of these advances take place in OECD nations; only a small portion of non-OECD countries have succeeded in rapidly adjusting to these technological forces; the accelerated development of new technologies is complicating already grim environmental problems" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "3.9% (2011 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "3.297 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "35.3%", + "industry": "22.7%", + "services": "42% (2008)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "9% (2012 est.); 8.4% (2011 est.)", + "note": "30% combined unemployment and underemployment in many non-industrialized countries; developed countries typically 4%-12% unemployment (2007 est.)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "2.8%", + "highest_10%": "28.2% (2007 est.)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "39 (2007 est.); 37.2 (1998 est.)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$20.69 trillion", + "expenditures": "$23.38 trillion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "28.9% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-3.8% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "64.5% of GDP (2012 est.); 63.4% of GDP (2011 est.)" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "world average 4.1% (2012 est.); developed countries 2.3% (2011 est.); developing countries 5.3% (2012 est.)", + "note": "the above estimates are weighted averages; inflation in developed countries is 0% to 4% typically, in developing countries, 5% to 10% typically; national inflation rates vary widely in individual cases; inflation rates have declined for most countries for the last several years, held in check by increasing international competition from several low wage countries, and by soft demand as a result of the world financial crisis (2012 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$27.02 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $25.53 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$81.68 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $77.49 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$108.7 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $101.7 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$47.04 trillion (31 December 2011); $56.37 trillion (31 December 2010); $48.71 trillion (31 December 2009 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$18.26 trillion (2012 est.); $18 trillion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services", + "top_ten_share_of_world_trade": "electrical machinery, including computers 14.8%; mineral fuels, including oil, coal, gas, and refined products 14.4%; nuclear reactors, boilers, and parts 14.2%; cars, trucks, and buses 8.9%; scientific and precision instruments 3.5%; plastics 3.4%; iron and steel 2.7%; organic chemicals 2.6%; pharmaceutical products 2.6%; diamonds, pearls, and precious stones 1.9%" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$17.84 trillion (2012 est.); $17.65 trillion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services", + "top_ten_share_of_world_trade": "see listing for exports" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$72.85 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $69.6 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)", + "note": "this figure is the sum total of all countries' external debt, both public and private" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$21.89 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $20.43 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$23.11 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $21.54 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "21.33 trillion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "19.54 trillion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "631.4 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "696.6 billion kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "5.144 billion kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "66.6% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "7.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "18.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "4.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "84.53 million bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "41.01 million bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "43.78 million bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "1.532 trillion bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "82.96 million bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "87.63 million bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "22.81 million bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "21.35 million bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "3.401 trillion cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "3.294 trillion cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "1.15 trillion cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "1.448 trillion cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "208.4 trillion cu m (1 January 2011 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "31.68 billion Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "1.2 billion (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "6 billion (2011)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "2.1 billion (2010)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "total airports - 41,821 (2013)", + "top_ten_by_passengers": "Atlanta (ATL) - 95,672,104; Beijing (PEK) - 81,908,740; London (LHR) - 70,051,902; Tokyo (HND) - 67,824,747; Chicago (ORD) - 67,124,607; Los Angeles (LAX) - 63,849,335; Paris (CDG) - 61,478,475; Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) - 58,887,570; Dubai (DXB) - 58,392,171; Jakarta (CGK) - 57,839,056 (2013)", + "top_ten_by_cargo_metric_tons": "Hong Kong (HKG) - 4,120,348; Memphis (MEM) - 4,053,865; Shanghai (PVG) - 2,969,554; Anchorage (ANC) - 2,470,147; Incheon (ICN) - 2,461,229; Dubai (DXB) - 2,294,614; Louisville (SDF) - 2,186,937; Frankfurt (FRA) - 2,067,698; Tokyo (NRT) - 2,014,500; Paris (CDG) - 1,940,850 (2013) (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "6,524 (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "1,139,615 km (2008)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "102,260,304 km (2008)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "671,886 km", + "top_ten_longest_rivers": "Nile (Africa) 6,693 km; Amazon (South America) 6,436 km; Mississippi-Missouri (North America) 6,238 km; Yenisey-Angara (Asia) 5,981 km; Ob-Irtysh (Asia) 5,569 km; Yangtze (Asia) 5,525 km; Yellow (Asia) 4,671 km; Amur (Asia) 4,352 km; Lena (Asia) 4,345 km; Congo (Africa) 4,344 km", + "note": "the areas of the lakes are subject to seasonal variation; only the Caspian Sea is saline, the rest are fresh water", + "top_ten_largest_natural_lakes_by_surface_area": "Caspian Sea (Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan) 372,960 sq km; Lake Superior (Canada, United States) 82,414 sq km; Lake Victoria (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda) 69,490 sq km; Lake Huron (Canada, United States) 59,596 sq km; Lake Michigan (United States) 57,441 sq km; Lake Tanganyika (Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Zambia) 32,890 sq km; Great Bear Lake (Canada) 31,800 sq km; Lake Baikal (Russia) 31,494 sq km; Lake Nyasa (Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania) 30,044 sq km; Great Slave Lake (Canada) 28,400 sq km" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "top_ten_container_ports_as_measured_by_twenty_foot_equivalent_units_teus_throughput": "Shanghai (China) - 31,739,000; Singapore (Singapore) - 29,937,700; Hong Kong (China) - 24,384,000; Shenzhen (China) - 22,570,800; Busan (South Korea) - 16,163,842; Ningbo (China) - 14,719,200; Guangzhou (China) - 14,260,400; Qingdao (China) - 13,020,100; Dubai (UAE) - 12,617,595; - Rotterdam (Netherlands) - 11,876,920 (2011)" + }, + "transportation_note": { + "text": "the International Maritime Bureau (IMB) reports that 2011 saw a very slight (1%) decrease in global pirate activities with marginally fewer people taken hostage at sea; in 2011, pirates attacked a total of 439 ships world-wide including hijacking 45 ships, capturing 802 seafarers, and killing eight; while the Horn of Africa remains the most dangerous area for maritime shipping, accounting for more than 50% of all attacks in 2011, a number of attacks also occurred in the coastal waters of Indonesia, the South China Sea, Bangladesh, and West Africa; as of July 2012, there were 189 attacks worldwide with 20 hijackings; the Horn of Africa remains the most dangerous region in 2012 with 70 attacks, 13 hijackings, 212 hostages seized; as of July 2012, Somali pirates held 11 vessels and 174 hostages; the decrease in successful pirate attacks is due, in part, to more aggressive anti-piracy operations by international naval forces as well as the increased use of armed security teams aboard merchant ships" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "roughly 2.1% of GDP of gross world product (2012 est.)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "stretching over 250,000 km, the world's 322 international land boundaries separate 195 independent states and 71 dependencies, areas of special sovereignty, and other miscellaneous entities; ethnicity, culture, race, religion, and language have divided states into separate political entities as much as history, physical terrain, political fiat, or conquest, resulting in sometimes arbitrary and imposed boundaries; most maritime states have claimed limits that include territorial seas and exclusive economic zones; overlapping limits due to adjacent or opposite coasts create the potential for 430 bilateral maritime boundaries of which 209 have agreements that include contiguous and non-contiguous segments; boundary, borderland/resource, and territorial disputes vary in intensity from managed or dormant to violent or militarized; undemarcated, indefinite, porous, and unmanaged boundaries tend to encourage illegal cross-border activities, uncontrolled migration, and confrontation; territorial disputes may evolve from historical and/or cultural claims, or they may be brought on by resource competition; ethnic and cultural clashes continue to be responsible for much of the territorial fragmentation and internal displacement of the estimated 6.6 million people and cross-border displacements of 8.6 million refugees around the world as of early 2006; just over one million refugees were repatriated in the same period; other sources of contention include access to water and mineral (especially hydrocarbon) resources, fisheries, and arable land; armed conflict prevails not so much between the uniformed armed forces of independent states as between stateless armed entities that detract from the sustenance and welfare of local populations, leaving the community of nations to cope with resultant refugees, hunger, disease, impoverishment, and environmental degradation" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "text": "the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimated that as of the end of 2012 there were 45.2 million people forcibly displaced worldwide; this includes 15.4 million refugees, 937,000 asylum seekers, and 28.8 million IDPs (2012)" + }, + "trafficking_in_persons": { + "current_situation": "approximately 800,000 people, mostly women and children, are trafficked annually across national borders, not including the millions who are trafficked within their own countries; at least 80% of the victims are female and up to 50% are minors; 75% of all victims are trafficked into commercial sexual exploitation; almost two-thirds of the global victims are trafficked intra-regionally within East Asia and the Pacific (260,000 to 280,000 people) and Europe and Eurasia (170,000 to 210,000 people) (2012)", + "tier_2_watch_list": "(44 countries) Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Bahrain, Barbados, Belarus, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Federated States of Micronesia, The Gambia, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Kenya, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Marshall Islands, Morocco, Namibia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uruguay, Venezuela", + "tier_3": "(21 countries) Algeria, Central African Republic, China, Democratic Republic of Congo, Cuba, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Guinea-Bissau, Iran, North Korea, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Papua New Guinea, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Uzbekistan, Yemen, Zimbabwe (2013)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "cocaine": "worldwide coca leaf cultivation in 2007 amounted to 232,500 hectares; Colombia produced slightly more than two-thirds of the worldwide crop, followed by Peru and Bolivia; potential pure cocaine production decreased 7% to 865 metric tons in 2007; Colombia conducts an aggressive coca eradication campaign, but both Peruvian and Bolivian Governments are hesitant to eradicate coca in key growing areas; 551 metric tons of export-quality cocaine (85% pure) is documented to have been seized or destroyed in 2005; US consumption of export quality cocaine is estimated to have been in excess of 380 metric tons", + "opiates": "worldwide illicit opium poppy cultivation continued to increase in 2007, with a potential opium production of 8,400 metric tons, reaching the highest levels recorded since estimates began in mid-1980s; Afghanistan is world's primary opium producer, accounting for 95% of the global supply; Southeast Asia - responsible for 9% of global opium - saw marginal increases in production; Latin America produced 1% of global opium, but most was refined into heroin destined for the US market; if all potential opium was processed into pure heroin, the potential global production would be 1,000 metric tons of heroin in 2007" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file