apunkt/factbook.json
1
0
Fork 0
mirror of https://github.com/factbook/factbook.json.git synced 2026-06-10 18:55:12 +02:00
Code Issues Projects Releases Packages Wiki Activity Actions

up asia

Browse source
This commit is contained in:
Gerald Bauer 2014-07-13 11:53:40 +02:00
parent 17e6b797bc
commit dceaa0d895
23 changed files with 13966 additions and 0 deletions
Download patch file Download diff file Expand all files Collapse all files

643
asia/id-indonesia.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,643 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence shortly before Japan's surrender, but it required four years of sometimes brutal fighting, intermittent negotiations, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. A period of sometimes unruly parliamentary democracy ended in 1957 when President SOEKARNO declared martial law and instituted \"Guided Democracy.\" After an abortive coup in 1965 by alleged communist sympathizers, SOEKARNO was gradually eased from power. From 1967 until 1988, President SUHARTO ruled Indonesia with his \"New Order\" government. After rioting toppled Suharto in 1998, free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999. Indonesia is now the world's third most populous democracy, the world's largest archipelagic state, and the world's largest Muslim-majority nation. Current issues include: alleviating poverty, improving education, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing economic and financial reforms, stemming corruption, reforming the criminal justice system, holding the military and police accountable for human rights violations, addressing climate change, and controlling infectious diseases, particularly those of global and regional importance. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh, which led to democratic elections in Aceh in December 2006. Indonesia continues to face low intensity armed resistance in Papua by the separatist Free Papua Movement."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "5 00 S, 120 00 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Southeast Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "1,904,569 sq km",
"land": "1,811,569 sq km",
"water": "93,000 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly less than three times the size of Texas"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "2,830 km",
"border_countries": "Timor-Leste 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "54,716 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"text": "measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines",
"territorial_sea": "12 nm",
"exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm"
},
"climate": {
"text": "tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Indian Ocean 0 m",
"highest_point": "Puncak Jaya 4,884 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "12.34%",
"permanent_crops": "10.5%",
"other": "77.16% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "67,220 sq km (2005)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "2,019 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "113.3 cu km/yr (11%/19%/71%)",
"per_capita": "517.3 cu m/yr (2005)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires",
"volcanism": "Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world - some 76 are historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, western Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (elev. 2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption since 2010, has been deemed a \"Decade Volcano\" by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, and Tambora"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "Marine Life Conservation"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Indonesian(s)",
"adjective": "Indonesian"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Javanese 40.6%, Sundanese 15%, Madurese 3.3%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Betawi 2.4%, Bugis 2.4%, Banten 2%, Banjar 1.7%, other or unspecified 29.9% (2000 census)"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese)"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Muslim 86.1%, Protestant 5.7%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 1.8%, other or unspecified 3.4% (2000 census)"
},
"population": {
"text": "251,160,124 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "26.6% (male 34,049,541/female 32,844,509)",
"15_24_years": "17.1% (male 21,883,499/female 21,117,498)",
"25_54_years": "42.2% (male 53,766,202/female 52,325,932)",
"55_64_years": "7.6% (male 8,879,503/female 10,164,470)",
"65_years_and_over": "6.4% (male 7,038,904/female 9,090,066) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "51.8 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "43.8 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "7.9 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "12.6 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "28.9 years",
"male": "28.4 years",
"female": "29.5 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "0.99% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "17.38 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "6.31 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "-1.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "50.7% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "2.45% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "JAKARTA (capital) 9.121 million; Surabaya 2.509 million; Bandung 2.412 million; Medan 2.131 million; Semarang 1.296 million (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "1.02 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.89 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.78 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "1 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "22.5 (2007 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "220 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "26.06 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "30.47 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "21.42 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "71.9 years",
"male": "69.33 years",
"female": "74.59 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "2.2 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "61.9% (2012)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "2.6% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "0.29 physicians/1,000 population (2007)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "0.6 beds/1,000 population (2010)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 92% of population; rural: 74% of population; total: 82% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 8% of population; rural: 26% of population; total: 18% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 73% of population; rural: 39% of population; total: 54% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 27% of population; rural: 61% of population; total: 46% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "0.2% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "310,000 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "8,300 (2009 est.)"
},
"major_infectious_diseases": {
"degree_of_risk": "very high",
"food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever",
"vectorborne_diseases": "dengue fever and malaria",
"note": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "4.8% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "19.6% (2007)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "3% of GDP (2010)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "92.8%",
"male": "95.6%",
"female": "90.1% (2011 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "13 years",
"male": "13 years",
"female": "13 years (2011)"
},
"child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
"total_number": "4,026,285",
"percentage": "7 %",
"note": "data represents children ages 5-17 (2009 est.)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "22.2%",
"male": "21.6%",
"female": "23% (2009)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Republic of Indonesia",
"conventional_short_form": "Indonesia",
"local_long_form": "Republik Indonesia",
"local_short_form": "Indonesia",
"former": "Netherlands East Indies, Dutch East Indies"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "republic"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Jakarta",
"geographic_coordinates": "6 10 S, 106 49 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)",
"note": "Indonesia is divided into three time zones"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "31 provinces (provinsi-provinsi, singular - provinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat (West Java), Jawa Tengah (Central Java), Jawa Timur (East Java), Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan), Kalimantan Utara (North Kalimantan), Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan), Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan), Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands), Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands), Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara (North Maluku), Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara), Papua, Papua Barat (West Papua), Riau, Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi), Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi), Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra), Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra), Yogyakarta*",
"note": "following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, regencies and municipalities have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services"
},
"independence": {
"text": "17 August 1945 (declared)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day, 17 August (1945)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "August 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959; series of amendments concluded in 2002"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model and influenced by customary law"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government",
"head_of_government": "President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009)",
"cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the president",
"elections": "president and vice president elected for five-year terms (eligible for a second term) by direct vote of the citizenry; presidential election last held on 8 July 2009 (next to be held in 2014)",
"election_results": "Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected president; percent of vote - Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO 60.8%, MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri 26.8%, Jusuf KALLA 12.4%"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) is the upper house; it consists of members of the DPR and DPD and has role in inaugurating and impeaching the president and in amending the constitution but does not formulate national policy; House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (560 seats, members elected to serve five-year terms), formulates and passes legislation at the national level; House of Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD), constitutionally mandated role includes providing legislative input to DPR on issues affecting regions (132 members, four from each of Indonesia's origianal 30 provinces, two special regions, and one special capital city district)",
"elections": "last held on 9 April 2009 (next to be held in 2014)",
"election_results": "percent of vote by party - PD 20.9%, GOLKAR 14.5%, PDI-P 14.0%, PKS 7.9%, PAN 6.0%, PPP 5.3%, PKB 4.9%, GERINDRA 4.5%, HANURA 3.8%, others 18.2%; seats by party - PD 148, GOLKAR 107, PDI-P 94, PKS 57, PAN 46, PPP 37, PKB 28, GERINDRA 26, HANURA 17",
"note": "29 other parties received less than 2.5% of the vote so did not obtain any seats; because of election rules, the number of seats won does not always follow the percentage of votes received by parties"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges divided into 8 chambers); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission, appointed by president with concurrence of parliament; judges serve until retirement age; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president, 3 by Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70",
"subordinate_courts": "High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Democrat Party or PD [Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO]; Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR [Aburizal BAKRIE]; Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA [SUHARDI]; Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri]; National Awakening Party or PKB [Muhaiman ISKANDAR]; National Mandate Party or PAN [Hatta RAJASA]; People's Conscience Party or HANURA [WIRANTO]; Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Anis MATTA]; United Development Party or PPP [Suryadharma ALI]"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "Commission for the \"Disappeared\" and Victims of Violence or KontraS; Indonesia Corruption Watch or ICW; Indonesian Forum for the Environment or WALHI"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OECD (Enhanced Engagement, OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Dino Patti DJALAL",
"chancery": "2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 775-5200",
"fax": "[1] (202) 775-5365",
"consulates_general": "Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Kristen F. BAUER",
"embassy": "Jalan Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5, Jakarta 10110",
"mailing_address": "Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520",
"telephone": "[62] (21) 3435-9000",
"fax": "[62] (21) 386-2259",
"consulate_general": "Surabaya",
"presence_post": "Medan",
"consular_agent": "Bali"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries; red symbolizes courage, white represents purity",
"note": "similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "garuda (mythical bird)"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Indonesia Raya\" (Great Indonesia)",
"lyrics_music": "Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN",
"note": "adopted 1945"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, grew more than 6% annually in 2010-12. The government made economic advances under the first administration of President YUDHOYONO (2004-09), introducing significant reforms in the financial sector, including tax and customs reforms, the use of Treasury bills, and capital market development and supervision. During the global financial crisis, Indonesia outperformed its regional neighbors and joined China and India as the only G20 members posting growth in 2009. The government has promoted fiscally conservative policies, resulting in a debt-to-GDP ratio of less than 25%, a fiscal deficit below 3%, and historically low rates of inflation. Fitch and Moody's upgraded Indonesia's credit rating to investment grade in December 2011. Indonesia still struggles with poverty and unemployment, inadequate infrastructure, corruption, a complex regulatory environment, and unequal resource distribution among regions. The government in 2013 faces the ongoing challenge of improving Indonesia''s insufficient infrastructure to remove impediments to economic growth, labor unrest over wages, and reducing its fuel subsidy program in the face of high oil prices."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$1.237 trillion (2012 est.); $1.164 trillion (2011 est.); $1.093 trillion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$878.2 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "6.2% (2012 est.); 6.5% (2011 est.); 6.2% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$5,100 (2012 est.); $4,800 (2011 est.); $4,600 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "32.6% of GDP (2012 est.); 33.1% of GDP (2011 est.); 33% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "54.6%",
"government_consumption": "8.9%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "33.2%",
"investment_in_inventories": "2.2%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "24.3%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-25.8% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "14.4%",
"industry": "47%",
"services": "38.6% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "rubber and similar products, palm oil, poultry, beef, forest products, shrimp, cocoa, coffee, medicinal herbs, essential oil, fish and its similar products, and spices"
},
"industries": {
"text": "petroleum and natural gas, textiles, automotive, electrical appliances, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, medical instuments and appliances, handicrafts, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, processed food, jewelry, and tourism"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "5.2% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "118.1 million (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "38.9%",
"industry": "22.2%",
"services": "47.9% (2012 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "6.1% (2012 est.); 6.6% (2011 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "11.7% (2012 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "3.3%",
"highest_10%": "29.9% (2009)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "36.8 (2009); 39.4 (2005)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$164 billion",
"expenditures": "$180.9 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "18.7% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-1.9% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "23% of GDP (2012 est.); 22.6% of GDP (2011 est.)"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "4.3% (2012 est.); 5.4% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "6.37% (31 December 2010); 6.46% (31 December 2009)",
"note": "this figure represents the 3-month SBI rate; the Bank of Indonesia has not employed the one-month SBI since September 2010"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "11.8% (31 December 2012 est.); 12.4% (31 December 2011 est.)",
"note": "these figures represent the average annualized rate on working capital loans"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$87.04 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $79.73 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$355.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $317.3 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$350 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $307.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$426.8 billion (31 December 2012); $390.1 billion (31 December 2011); $360.4 billion (31 December 2010)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "-$20.73 billion (2012 est.); $2.069 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$187 billion (2012 est.); $191.1 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "Japan 15.9%, China 11.4%, Singapore 9%, South Korea 7.9%, US 7.8%, India 6.6%, Malaysia 5.9% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$178.5 billion (2012 est.); $157.3 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "China 15.3%, Singapore 13.6%, Japan 11.9%, Malaysia 6.4%, South Korea 6.2%, US 6.1%, Thailand 6% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$112.8 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $110.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$251.2 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $225.4 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$192.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $173.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$14.93 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $9.502 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar -; 9,386.6 (2012 est.); 8,770.43 (2011 est.); 9,090.4 (2010 est.); 10,389.9 (2009); 9,698.9 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "183.4 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "158 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "2.542 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "39.9 million kW (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "87% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "9.9% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "3.1% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "912,100 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "371,400 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "265,400 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "4 billion bbl (1 January 2013 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "935,300 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "1.322 million bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "142,400 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "407,700 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "82.8 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "41.35 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "41.25 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "3.994 trillion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "402.1 million Mt (2011 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "38.618 million (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "249.8 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "domestic service includes an interisland microwave system, an HF radio police net, and a domestic satellite communications system; international service good",
"domestic": "coverage provided by existing network has been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many located in remote areas; mobile-cellular subscribership growing rapidly",
"international": "country code - 62; landing point for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "mixture of about a dozen national TV networks - 2 public broadcasters, the remainder private broadcasters - each with multiple transmitters; more than 100 local TV stations; widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems; public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks as well as regional and local stations; overall, more than 700 radio stations with more than 650 privately operated (2008)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".id"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "1.344 million (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "20 million (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "673 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "186",
"over_3_047_m": "5",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "21",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "51",
"914_to_1_523_m": "72",
"under_914_m": "37 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "487",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "4",
"914_to_1_523_m": "23",
"under_914_m": "460 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "76 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "condensate 1,064 km; condensate/gas 150 km; gas 11,702 km; liquid petroleum gas 119 km; oil 7,767 km; oil/gas/water 77 km; refined products 728 km; unknown 53 km; water 44 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "5,042 km",
"narrow_gauge": "5,042 km 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified) (2008)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "496,607 km",
"paved": "283,102 km",
"unpaved": "213,505 km (2011)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "21,579 km (2011)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "1,340",
"by_type": "bulk carrier 105, cargo 618, chemical tanker 69, container 120, liquefied gas 28, passenger 49, passenger/cargo 77, petroleum tanker 244, refrigerated cargo 6, roll on/roll off 12, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 11",
"foreign_owned": "69 (China 1, France 1, Greece 1, Japan 8, Jordan 1, Malaysia 1, Norway 3, Singapore 46, South Korea 2, Taiwan 1, UK 2, US 2)",
"registered_in_other_countries": "95 (Bahamas 2, Cambodia 2, China 2, Hong Kong 10, Liberia 4, Marshall Islands 1, Mongolia 2, Panama 10, Singapore 60, Tuvalu 1, unknown 1) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"text": "Banjarmasin, Belawan, Kotabaru, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok"
},
"transportation_note": {
"text": "the International Maritime Bureau continues to report the territorial and offshore waters in the Strait of Malacca and South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; attacks have increased yearly since 2009; in 2012, 73 commercial vessels were boarded and 47 crew members taken hostage; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia; crews have been murdered or cast adrift"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Indonesian Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL); includes marines (Korps Marinir, KorMar), naval air arm), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU)), National Air Defense Command (Kommando Pertahanan Udara Nasional (Kohanudnas)) (2013)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18-45 years of age for voluntary military service, with selective conscription authorized; 2-year service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers); Indonesian citizens only (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "65,847,171",
"females_age_16_49": "63,228,017 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "54,264,299",
"females_age_16_49": "53,274,361 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "2,263,892",
"female": "2,191,267 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "0.9% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors; three stretches of land borders with Timor-Leste have yet to be delimited, two of which are in the Oecussi exclave area, and no maritime or Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) boundaries have been established between the countries; many refugees from Timor-Leste who left in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; all borders between Indonesia and Australia have been agreed upon bilaterally, but a 1997 treaty that would settle the last of their maritime and EEZ boundary has yet to be ratified by Indonesia's legislature; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches; land and maritime negotiations with Malaysia are ongoing, and disputed areas include the controversial Tanjung Datu and Camar Wulan border area in Borneo and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea; Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalizing their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau; EEZ negotiations with Vietnam are ongoing, and the two countries in Fall 2011 agreed to work together to reduce illegal fishing along their maritime boundary"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"idps": "180,000 (government offensives against rebels in Aceh; most IDPs in Aceh, Central Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi Provinces, and Maluku) (2011)"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; producer of methamphetamine and ecstasy"
}
}
}

617
asia/jp-japan.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,617 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "In 1603, after decades of civil warfare, the Tokugawa shogunate (a military-led, dynastic government) ushered in a long period of relative political stability and isolation from foreign influence. For more than two centuries this policy enabled Japan to enjoy a flowering of its indigenous culture. Japan opened its ports after signing the Treaty of Kanagawa with the US in 1854 and began to intensively modernize and industrialize. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Japan became a regional power that was able to defeat the forces of both China and Russia. It occupied Korea, Formosa (Taiwan), and southern Sakhalin Island. In 1931-32 Japan occupied Manchuria, and in 1937 it launched a full-scale invasion of China. Japan attacked US forces in 1941 - triggering America's entry into World War II - and soon occupied much of East and Southeast Asia. After its defeat in World War II, Japan recovered to become an economic power and an ally of the US. While the emperor retains his throne as a symbol of national unity, elected politicians hold actual decision-making power. Following three decades of unprecedented growth, Japan's economy experienced a major slowdown starting in the 1990s, but the country remains a major economic power. In March 2011, Japan's strongest-ever earthquake, and an accompanying tsunami, devastated the northeast part of Honshu island, killing thousands and damaging several nuclear power plants. The catastrophe hobbled the country's economy and its energy infrastructure, and tested its ability to deal with humanitarian disasters."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Eastern Asia, island chain between the North Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan, east of the Korean Peninsula"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "36 00 N, 138 00 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "377,915 sq km",
"land": "364,485 sq km",
"water": "13,430 sq km",
"note": "includes Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-gunto), Daito-shoto, Minami-jima, Okino-tori-shima, Ryukyu Islands (Nansei-shoto), and Volcano Islands (Kazan-retto)"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly smaller than California"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"text": "0 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "29,751 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "12 nm; between 3 nm and 12 nm in the international straits - La Perouse or Soya, Tsugaru, Osumi, and Eastern and Western Channels of the Korea or Tsushima Strait",
"contiguous_zone": "24 nm",
"exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm"
},
"climate": {
"text": "varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "mostly rugged and mountainous"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Hachiro-gata -4 m",
"highest_point": "Fujiyama 3,776 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "negligible mineral resources, fish",
"note": "with virtually no energy natural resources, Japan is the world's largest importer of coal and liquefied natural gas, as well as the second largest importer of oil"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "11.26%",
"permanent_crops": "0.81%",
"other": "87.93% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "25,000 sq km (2010)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "430 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "90.04 cu km/yr (20%/18%/62%)",
"per_capita": "714.3 cu m/yr (2007)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "many dormant and some active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic occurrences (mostly tremors but occasional severe earthquakes) every year; tsunamis; typhoons",
"volcanism": "both Unzen (elev. 1,500 m) and Sakura-jima (elev. 1,117 m), which lies near the densely populated city of Kagoshima, have been deemed \"Decade Volcanoes\" by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Asama, Honshu Island's most active volcano, Aso, Bandai, Fuji, Iwo-Jima, Kikai, Kirishima, Komaga-take, Oshima, Suwanosejima, Tokachi, Yake-dake, and Usu"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "air pollution from power plant emissions results in acid rain; acidification of lakes and reservoirs degrading water quality and threatening aquatic life; Japan is one of the largest consumers of fish and tropical timber, contributing to the depletion of these resources in Asia and elsewhere"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "strategic location in northeast Asia"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Japanese (singular and plural)",
"adjective": "Japanese"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Japanese 98.5%, Koreans 0.5%, Chinese 0.4%, other 0.6%",
"note": "up to 230,000 Brazilians of Japanese origin migrated to Japan in the 1990s to work in industries; some have returned to Brazil (2004)"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Japanese"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Shintoism 83.9%, Buddhism 71.4%, Christianity 2%, other 7.8%",
"note": "total adherents exceeds 100% because many people belong to both Shintoism and Buddhism (2005)"
},
"population": {
"text": "127,253,075 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "13.4% (male 8,808,568/female 8,204,514)",
"15_24_years": "9.7% (male 6,394,809/female 5,958,408)",
"25_54_years": "38.3% (male 24,149,308/female 24,588,409)",
"55_64_years": "13.8% (male 8,785,719/female 8,786,968)",
"65_years_and_over": "24.8% (male 13,656,792/female 17,919,580) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "61.6 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "21.1 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "40.5 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "2.5 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "45.8 years",
"male": "44.4 years",
"female": "47.2 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "-0.1% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "8.23 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "9.27 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "91.3% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "0.57% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "TOKYO (capital) 36.507 million; Osaka-Kobe 11.325 million; Nagoya 3.257 million; Fukuoka-Kitakyushu 2.809 million; Sapporo 2.673 million (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.06 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.08 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.06 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "0.98 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "1 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.76 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "0.95 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "29.4 (2007 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "5 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "2.17 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "2.4 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "1.92 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "84.19 years",
"male": "80.85 years",
"female": "87.71 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "1.39 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "54.3%",
"note": "percent of women aged 20-49 (2005)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "9.5% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "2.06 physicians/1,000 population (2006)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "13.7 beds/1,000 population (2009)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "less than 0.1% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "8,100 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "fewer than 100 (2009 est.)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "5% (2008)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "3.8% of GDP (2010)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "99%",
"male": "99%",
"female": "99% (2002)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "15 years",
"male": "16 years",
"female": "15 years (2010)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "8%",
"male": "8.9%",
"female": "7.1% (2011)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "none",
"conventional_short_form": "Japan",
"local_long_form": "Nihon-koku/Nippon-koku",
"local_short_form": "Nihon/Nippon"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "a parliamentary government with a constitutional monarchy"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Tokyo",
"geographic_coordinates": "35 41 N, 139 45 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+9 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "47 prefectures; Aichi, Akita, Aomori, Chiba, Ehime, Fukui, Fukuoka, Fukushima, Gifu, Gunma, Hiroshima, Hokkaido, Hyogo, Ibaraki, Ishikawa, Iwate, Kagawa, Kagoshima, Kanagawa, Kochi, Kumamoto, Kyoto, Mie, Miyagi, Miyazaki, Nagano, Nagasaki, Nara, Niigata, Oita, Okayama, Okinawa, Osaka, Saga, Saitama, Shiga, Shimane, Shizuoka, Tochigi, Tokushima, Tokyo, Tottori, Toyama, Wakayama, Yamagata, Yamaguchi, Yamanashi"
},
"independence": {
"text": "3 May 1947 (current constitution adopted as amendment to Meiji Constitution); notable earlier dates: 660 B.C. (traditional date of the founding of the nation by Emperor JIMMU); 29 November 1890 (Meiji Constitution provides for constitutional monarchy)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Birthday of Emperor AKIHITO, 23 December (1933)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "3 May 1947"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "civil law system based on German model; system also reflects Anglo-American influence and Japanese traditions; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "20 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "Emperor AKIHITO (since 7 January 1989)",
"head_of_government": "Prime Minister Shinzo ABE (since 26 December 2012); Deputy Prime Minister Taro ASO (since 26 December 2012)",
"cabinet": "Cabinet is appointed by the prime minister",
"elections": "Diet, the bicameral legislature, designates the prime minister; constitution requires that the prime minister commands parliamentary majority; following legislative elections, the leader of majority party or leader of majority coalition in House of Representatives usually becomes prime minister; the monarchy is hereditary"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "bicameral Diet or Kokkai consists of the House of Councillors or Sangi-in (242 seats - members elected for fixed six-year terms; 146 members in multi-seat constituencies and 96 by proportional representation) half elected every three years; and the House of Representatives or Shugi-in (480 seats - members elected for maximum four-year terms; 300 in single-seat constituencies; 180 members by proportional representation in 11 regional blocs); the prime minister has the right to dissolve the House of Representatives at any time with the concurrence of the cabinet",
"elections": "House of Councillors - last held on 21 July 2013 (next to be held in July 2016); House of Representatives - last held on 16 December 2012 (next to be held by 15 December 2016)",
"election_results": "House of Councillors - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - LPD 115, DPJ 59, New Komeito 20, Your Party 18, JCP 11, JRP 9, SDP 3, others 4, independents 3 House of Representatives - percent of vote by party (by proportional representation) - LDP 31.6%, DPJ 16.6%, JRP 22.2%, New Komeito 12.2%, Your Party 7.7%, JCP 4.4%, TRP 3.9%, others 1.4%; seats by party LDP 294, DPJ 57, JRP 54, New Komeito 31, Your Party 18, TPJ 9, JCP 8, others 4, independents 5"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Saiko saibansho (consists of the chief justice and 14 associate justices) note - the Supreme Court has jurisdiction in constitutional issues",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court chief justice designated by the Cabinet and appointed by the monarch; associate justices appointed by the Cabinet and confirmed by the monarch; all justices are reviewed in a popular referendum at the first general election of the House of Representatives following each judge's appointment and every 10 years afterward",
"subordinate_courts": "8 High Courts (Koto-saiban-sho), each with a Family Court (Katei-saiban-sho); 50 District Courts (Chiho saibansho), with 203 additional branches; 438 Summary Courts (Kani saibansho)"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Democratic Party of Japan or DPJ [Banri KAIEDA]; Japan Communist Party or JCP [Kazuo SHII]; Japan Restoration Party or JRP [Shintaro ISHIHARA]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Shinzo ABE]; New Komeito or NK [Natsuo YAMAGUCHI]; People's Life Party or PF [Ichiro OZAWA]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Mizuho FUKUSHIMA]; Tomorrow Party of Japan or TPJ [Tomoko ABE]; Your Party or YP [Yoshimi WATANABE]"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"other": "business groups; trade unions"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ADB, AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE (observer), CERN (observer), CICA (observer), CP, EAS, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-20, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE (partner), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC (observer), SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Kenichiro SASAE",
"chancery": "2520 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 238-6700",
"fax": "[1] (202) 328-2187",
"consulates_general": "Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Denver, Detroit, Agana (Guam), Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, Nashville (TN), New York, Portland (OR), San Francisco, Seattle",
"consulates": "Anchorage (AK), Saipan (Northern Mariana Islands)"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Kurt TONG",
"embassy": "1-10-5 Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-8420",
"mailing_address": "Unit 9800, Box 300, APO AP 96303-0300",
"telephone": "[81] (03) 3224-5000",
"fax": "[81] (03) 3505-1862",
"consulates_general": "Naha (Okinawa), Osaka-Kobe, Sapporo",
"consulates": "Fukuoka, Nagoya"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "white with a large red disk (representing the sun without rays) in the center"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "red sun disc; chrysanthemum"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Kimigayo\" (The Emperor\"s Reign)",
"lyrics_music": "unknown/Hiromori HAYASHI",
"note": "adopted 1999; in use as unofficial national anthem since 1883; oldest anthem lyrics in the world, dating to the 10th century or earlier; there is some opposition to the anthem because of its association with militarism and worship of the emperor"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "In the years following World War II, government-industry cooperation, a strong work ethic, mastery of high technology, and a comparatively small defense allocation (1% of GDP) helped Japan develop a technologically advanced economy. Two notable characteristics of the post-war economy were the close interlocking structures of manufacturers, suppliers, and distributors, known as keiretsu, and the guarantee of lifetime employment for a substantial portion of the urban labor force. Both features are now eroding under the dual pressures of global competition and domestic demographic change. Japan's industrial sector is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and fuels. A small agricultural sector is highly subsidized and protected, with crop yields among the highest in the world. While self-sufficient in rice production, Japan imports about 60% of its food on a caloric basis. For three decades, overall real economic growth had been spectacular - a 10% average in the 1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s, and a 4% average in the 1980s. Growth slowed markedly in the 1990s, averaging just 1.7%, largely because of the after effects of inefficient investment and an asset price bubble in the late 1980s that required a protracted period of time for firms to reduce excess debt, capital, and labor. Modest economic growth continued after 2000, but the economy has fallen into recession three times since 2008. A sharp downturn in business investment and global demand for Japan's exports in late 2008 pushed Japan into recession. Government stimulus spending helped the economy recover in late 2009 and 2010, but the economy contracted again in 2011 as the massive 9.0 magnitude earthquake and the ensuing tsunami in March disrupted manufacturing. The economy has largely recovered in the two years since the disaster, but reconstruction in the Tohoku region has been uneven. Newly-elected Prime Minister Shinzo ABE has declared the economy his government's top priority; he has pledged to reconsider his predecessor's plan to permanently close nuclear power plants and is pursuing an economic revitalization agenda of fiscal stimulus and regulatory reform and has said he will press the Bank of Japan to loosen monetary policy. Measured on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis that adjusts for price differences, Japan in 2012 stood as the fourth-largest economy in the world after second-place China, which surpassed Japan in 2001, and third-place India, which edged out Japan in 2012. The new government will continue a longstanding debate on restructuring the economy and reining in Japan's huge government debt, which exceeds 200% of GDP. Persistent deflation, reliance on exports to drive growth, and an aging and shrinking population are other major long-term challenges for the economy."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$4.704 trillion (2012 est.); $4.612 trillion (2011 est.); $4.638 trillion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$5.964 trillion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "2% (2012 est.); -0.6% (2011 est.); 4.7% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$36,900 (2012 est.); $36,100 (2011 est.); $36,200 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "21.6% of GDP (2012 est.); 22% of GDP (2011 est.); 23.5% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "60.9%",
"government_consumption": "20.5%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "21.2%",
"investment_in_inventories": "-0.6%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "14.7%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-16.6% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "1.1%",
"industry": "26.3%",
"services": "72.5% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "rice, sugar beets, vegetables, fruit; pork, poultry, dairy products, eggs; fish"
},
"industries": {
"text": "among world's largest and technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, electronic equipment, machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemicals, textiles, processed foods"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "2% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "65.55 million (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "3.9%",
"industry": "26.2%",
"services": "69.8% (2010 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "4.4% (2012 est.); 4.6% (2011 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "16% (2010)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "1.9%",
"highest_10%": "27.5% (2008)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "37.6 (2008); 24.9 (1993)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$2.001 trillion",
"expenditures": "$2.591 trillion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "33.5% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-9.9% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "214.3% of GDP (2012 est.); 205.3% of GDP (2011 est.)"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "1 April - 31 March"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "0% (2012 est.); -0.3% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "0.1% (31 December 2012); 0.3% (31 December 2009)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "1.48% (31 December 2012 est.); 1.48% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$6.176 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $6.636 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$13.12 trillion (31 December 2011 est.); $13.41 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$13.64 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $14.82 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$4.011 trillion (31 December 2012); $3.541 trillion (31 December 2011); $4.1 trillion (31 December 2010)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "$84.7 billion (2012 est.); $119.1 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$773.9 billion (2012 est.); $789.9 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "motor vehicles 13.6%; semiconductors 6.2%; iron and steel products 5.5%; auto parts 4.6%; plastic materials 3.5%; power generating machinery 3.5%"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "China 18%, US 17.7%, South Korea 7.7%, Thailand 5.5%, Hong Kong 5.1% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$830.6 billion (2012 est.); $794.4 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "petroleum 15.5%; liquid natural gas 5.7%; clothing 3.9%; semiconductors 3.5%; coal 3.5%; audio and visual apparatus 2.7% (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "China 21.3%, US 8.8%, Australia 6.4%, Saudi Arabia 6.2%, UAE 5%, South Korea 4.6%, Qatar 4% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$1.268 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.296 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$3.024 trillion (31 December 2012); $3.115 trillion (31 December 2011)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$202.8 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $160.9 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$1.049 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $927.8 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "yen (JPY) per US dollar -; 79.79 (2012 est.); 79.81 (2011 est.); 87.78 (2010 est.); 93.57 (2009); 103.58 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "936.2 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "859.7 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "284.5 million kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "63.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "17.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "7.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "2.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "17,480 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "3.384 million bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "44.12 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "3.861 million bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "4.464 million bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "366,800 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "949,800 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "3.276 billion cu m (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "112.6 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "109.9 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "20.9 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "1.164 billion Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "64.668 million (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "132.76 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "excellent domestic and international service",
"domestic": "high level of modern technology and excellent service of every kind",
"international": "country code - 81; numerous submarine cables provide links throughout Asia, Australia, the Middle East, Europe, and US; satellite earth stations - 7 Intelsat (Pacific and Indian Oceans), 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region), 2 Inmarsat (Pacific and Indian Ocean regions), and 8 SkyPerfect JSAT (2012)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "a mixture of public and commercial broadcast TV and radio stations; 6 national terrestrial TV networks including 1 public broadcaster; the large number of radio and TV stations available provide a wide range of choices; satellite and cable services provide access to international channels (2012)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".jp"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "64.453 million (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "99.182 million (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "175 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "142",
"over_3_047_m": "6",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "45",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "38",
"914_to_1_523_m": "28",
"under_914_m": "25 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "33",
"914_to_1_523_m": "5",
"under_914_m": "28 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "16 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "gas 4,456 km; oil 174 km; oil/gas/water 104 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "27,182 km",
"standard_gauge": "4,251 km 1.435-m gauge (4,251 km electrified)",
"dual_gauge": "486 km 1.435-1.067-m gauge (486 km electrified)",
"narrow_gauge": "96 km 1.372-m gauge (96 km electrified); 22,301 km 1.067-m gauge (15,222 km electrified); 48 km 0.762-m gauge (48 km electrified) (2009)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "1,210,251 km",
"paved": "973,234 km (includes 7,803 km of expressways)",
"unpaved": "237,017 km (2008)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "1,770 km (seagoing vessels use inland seas) (2010)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "684",
"by_type": "bulk carrier 168, cargo 34, carrier 3, chemical tanker 29, container 2, liquefied gas 58, passenger 11, passenger/cargo 117, petroleum tanker 152, refrigerated cargo 4, roll on/roll off 52, vehicle carrier 54",
"registered_in_other_countries": "3,122 (Bahamas 88, Bermuda 2, Burma 1, Cambodia 1, Cayman Islands 23, China 2, Cyprus 16, Honduras 4, Hong Kong 79, Indonesia 8, Isle of Man 19, Liberia 110, Luxembourg 3, Malaysia 2, Malta 5, Marshall Islands 59, Mongolia 2, Netherlands 1, Panama 2372, Philippines 77, Portugal 9, Saint Kitts and Nevis 2, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3, Sierra Leone 4, Singapore 164, South Korea 14, Tanzania 1, UK 5, Vanuatu 39, unknown 7) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"text": "Chiba, Kawasaki, Kobe, Mizushima, Moji, Nagoya, Osaka, Tokyo, Tomakomai, Yokohama"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Japanese Ministry of Defense (MOD): Ground Self-Defense Force (Rikujou Jieitai, GSDF), Maritime Self-Defense Force (Kaijou Jieitai, MSDF), Air Self-Defense Force (Koukuu Jieitai, ASDF) (2011)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; mandatory retirement at age 53 for senior enlisted personnel and at 62 years for senior service officers (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "27,301,443",
"females_age_16_49": "26,307,003 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "22,390,431",
"females_age_16_49": "21,540,322 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "623,365",
"female": "591,253 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "1% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the \"Northern Territories\" and in Russia as the \"Southern Kuril Islands,\" occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Japan and South Korea claim Liancourt Rocks (Take-shima/Tok-do) occupied by South Korea since 1954; China and Taiwan dispute both Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of the Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared exclusive economic zone in the East China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon prospecting"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"stateless_persons": "1,100 (2012)"
}
}
}

610
asia/kg-kyrgyzstan.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,610 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "A Central Asian country of incredible natural beauty and proud nomadic traditions, most of Kyrgyzstan was formally annexed to Russia in 1876. The Kyrgyz staged a major revolt against the Tsarist Empire in 1916 in which almost one-sixth of the Kyrgyz population was killed. Kyrgyzstan became a Soviet republic in 1936 and achieved independence in 1991 when the USSR dissolved. Nationwide demonstrations in the spring of 2005 resulted in the ouster of President Askar AKAEV, who had run the country since 1990. Subsequent presidential elections in July 2005 were won overwhelmingly by former prime minister Kurmanbek BAKIEV. Over the next few years, the new president manipulated the parliament to accrue new powers for himself. In July 2009, after months of harassment against his opponents and media critics, BAKIEV won re-election in a presidential campaign that the international community deemed flawed. In April 2010, violent protests in Bishkek led to the collapse of the BAKIEV regime and his eventual fleeing to Minsk, Belarus. His successor, Roza OTUNBAEVA, served as transitional president until Almazbek ATAMBAEV was inaugurated in December 2011. Continuing concerns include: the trajectory of democratization, endemic corruption, poor interethnic relations, and terrorism."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Central Asia, west of China, south of Kazakhstan"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "41 00 N, 75 00 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "199,951 sq km",
"land": "191,801 sq km",
"water": "8,150 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly smaller than South Dakota"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "3,051 km",
"border_countries": "China 858 km, Kazakhstan 1,224 km, Tajikistan 870 km, Uzbekistan 1,099 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "0 km (landlocked)"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"text": "none (landlocked)"
},
"climate": {
"text": "dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan Mountains; subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "peaks of Tien Shan and associated valleys and basins encompass entire nation"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Kara-Daryya (Karadar'ya) 132 m",
"highest_point": "Jengish Chokusu (Pik Pobedy) 7,439 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "abundant hydropower; significant deposits of gold and rare earth metals; locally exploitable coal, oil, and natural gas; other deposits of nepheline, mercury, bismuth, lead, and zinc"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "6.38%",
"permanent_crops": "0.37%",
"other": "93.24%",
"note": "Kyrgyzstan has the world's largest natural-growth walnut forest (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "10,210 sq km (2005)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "23.62 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "8.01 cu km/yr (3%/4%/93%)",
"per_capita": "1,558 cu m/yr (2006)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "NA"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "water pollution; many people get their water directly from contaminated streams and wells; as a result, water-borne diseases are prevalent; increasing soil salinity from faulty irrigation practices"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "landlocked; entirely mountainous, dominated by the Tien Shan range; 94% of the country is 1,000 m above sea level with an average elevation of 2,750 m; many tall peaks, glaciers, and high-altitude lakes"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Kyrgyzstani(s)",
"adjective": "Kyrgyzstani"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Kyrgyz 64.9%, Uzbek 13.8%, Russian 12.5%, Dungan 1.1%, Ukrainian 1%, Uighur 1%, other 5.7% (1999 census)"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Kyrgyz (official) 64.7%, Uzbek 13.6%, Russian (official) 12.5%, Dungun 1%, other 8.2% (1999 census)"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Muslim 75%, Russian Orthodox 20%, other 5%"
},
"population": {
"text": "5,548,042 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "29.7% (male 842,511/female 805,295)",
"15_24_years": "19.4% (male 547,456/female 530,702)",
"25_54_years": "39.2% (male 1,063,702/female 1,111,423)",
"55_64_years": "6.8% (male 162,851/female 213,254)",
"65_years_and_over": "4.9% (male 104,129/female 166,719) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "52.7 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "46.4 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "6.4 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "15.7 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "25.4 years",
"male": "24.5 years",
"female": "26.4 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "0.97% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "23.67 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "6.83 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "-7.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "35.3% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "1.31% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "BISHKEK (capital) 854,000 (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.07 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.03 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "0.96 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.77 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.63 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "0.96 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "23.6 (2010 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "71 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "29.73 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "34.05 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "25.12 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "69.75 years",
"male": "65.58 years",
"female": "74.21 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "2.71 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "47.8% (2005/06)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "6.2% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "2.3 physicians/1,000 population (2007)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "5.06 beds/1,000 population (2007)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 99% of population; rural: 85% of population; total: 90% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 1% of population; rural: 15% of population; total: 10% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 94% of population; rural: 93% of population; total: 93% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 6% of population; rural: 7% of population; total: 7% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "0.3% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "9,800 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "fewer than 500 (2009 est.)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "15.5% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "2.7% (2006)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "5.8% of GDP (2010)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "99.2%",
"male": "99.5%",
"female": "99% (2009 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "12 years",
"male": "12 years",
"female": "13 years (2011)"
},
"child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
"total_number": "563,920",
"percentage": "40.3 %",
"note": "data represents children ages 5-17 (2007 est.)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "14.6%",
"male": "13.6%",
"female": "16.2% (2006)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Kyrgyz Republic",
"conventional_short_form": "Kyrgyzstan",
"local_long_form": "Kyrgyz Respublikasy",
"local_short_form": "Kyrgyzstan",
"former": "Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "republic"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Bishkek",
"geographic_coordinates": "42 52 N, 74 36 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "7 provinces (oblastlar, singular - oblasty) and 1 city* (shaar); Batken Oblasty, Bishkek Shaary*, Chuy Oblasty (Bishkek), Jalal-Abad Oblasty, Naryn Oblasty, Osh Oblasty, Talas Oblasty, Ysyk-Kol Oblasty (Karakol)",
"note": "administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)"
},
"independence": {
"text": "31 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day, 31 August (1991)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "27 June 2010"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "civil law system which includes features of French civil law and Russian Federation laws"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Almazbek ATAMBAEV (since 1 December 2011)",
"head_of_government": "Prime Minister Jantoro SATYBALDIEV (since 5 September 2012); First Deputy Prime Minister - Joomart OTORBAEV (since 5 September 2012); Deputy Prime Ministers - Tayyrbek SARPASHEV and Kamila TALIEVA (since 5 September 2012), Tokon MAMYTOV (since 19 June 2013)",
"cabinet": "Cabinet of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, appointed by the president; ministers in charge of defense and security are appointed solely by the president",
"elections": "president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held on 30 October 2011 (next to be held in 2017); prime minister nominated by the parliamentary party holding more than 50% of the seats; if no such party exists, the president selects the party that will form a coalition majority and government",
"election_results": "Almazbek ATAMBAEV elected president; percent of vote - Almazbek ATAMBAEV 63.2%, Adakhan MADUMAROV 14.7%, Kamchybek TASHIEV 14.3%, other 7.8%; Jantoro SATYBALDIEV elected prime minister; parliamentary vote - 111-2"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "unicameral Supreme Council or Jogorku Kengesh (120 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)",
"elections": "last held on 10 October 2010 (next to be held in 2015)",
"election_results": "Supreme Council - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Ata-Jurt 28, SDPK 26, Ar-Namys 25, Respublika 23, Ata-Meken 18"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of 25 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court and Constitutional Court judges appointed by the Supreme Council on the recommendation of the president; Supreme Court judges serve for 10 years, Constitutional Court judges serve for 15 years; mandatory retirement at age 70 for judges of both courts",
"subordinate_courts": "Higher Court of Arbitration; oblast (provincial) and city courts"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Ar-Namys (Dignity) Party [Feliks KULOV]; Ata-Jurt (Homeland) [Kamchybek TASHIEV, Akhmat KELDIBEKOV]; Ata-Meken (Fatherland) [Omurbek TEKEBAEV]; Butun Kyrgyzstan (All Kyrgyzstan) [Adakhan MADUMAROV]; Respublika [Omurbek BABANOV]; Social-Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan (SDPK) [Almazbek ATAMBAEV]"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "Adilet (Justice) Legal Clinic [Cholpon JAKUPOVA]; Citizens Against Corruption [Tolekan ISMAILOVA]; Coalition for Democracy and Civil Society [Dinara OSHURAKHUNOVA]; Kylym Shamy (Torch of the Century) [Aziza ABDIRASULOVA]; Precedent Partnership Group [Nurbek TOKTAKUNOV]; Societal Analysis Public Association [Rita KARASARTOVA]; Union of True Muslims [Nurlan MOTUEV]"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ADB, CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EITI (compliant country), FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Mukhtar JUMALIEV",
"chancery": "2360 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20008",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 449-9822",
"fax": "[1] (202) 386-7550",
"consulates": "New York"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Pamela SPRATLEN",
"embassy": "171 Prospect Mira, Bishkek 720016",
"mailing_address": "use embassy street address",
"telephone": "[996] (312) 551-241, (517) 777-217",
"fax": "[996] (312) 551-264"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "red field with a yellow sun in the center having 40 rays representing the 40 Kyrgyz tribes; on the obverse side the rays run counterclockwise, on the reverse, clockwise; in the center of the sun is a red ring crossed by two sets of three lines, a stylized representation of a \"tunduk\" - the crown of a traditional Kyrgyz yurt; red symbolizes bravery and valor, the sun evinces peace and wealth"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "gyrfalcon"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Kyrgyz Respublikasynyn Mamlekettik Gimni\" (National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic)",
"lyrics_music": "Djamil SADYKOV and Eshmambet KULUEV/Nasyr DAVLESOV and Kalyi MOLDOBASANOV",
"note": "adopted 1992"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Kyrgyzstan is a poor, mountainous country with a dominant agricultural sector. Cotton, tobacco, wool, and meat are the main agricultural products, although only tobacco and cotton are exported in any quantity. Industrial exports include gold, mercury, uranium, natural gas, and electricity. The economy depends heavily on gold exports - mainly from output at the Kumtor gold mine - and on remittances from Kyrgyzstani migrant workers primarily in Russia. Following independence, Kyrgyzstan was progressive in carrying out market reforms, such as an improved regulatory system and land reform. Kyrgyzstan was the first Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) country to be accepted into the World Trade Organization. Much of the government's stock in enterprises has been sold. Drops in production had been severe after the breakup of the Soviet Union in December 1991, but by mid-1995, production began to recover and exports began to increase. In 2005, the BAKIEV government and international financial institutions initiated a comprehensive medium-term poverty reduction and economic growth strategy. The government made steady strides in controlling its substantial fiscal deficit, nearly closing the gap between revenues and expenditures in 2006, before boosting expenditures more than 20% in 2007-08. GDP grew about 8% annually in 2007-08, partly due to higher gold prices internationally, but slowed to 2.9% in 2009. The overthrow of President BAKIEV in April 2010 and subsequent ethnic clashes left hundreds dead and damaged infrastructure. Shrinking trade and agricultural production, as well as the political instability caused by the change in government, caused GDP to contract 0.5% in 2010. The fiscal deficit widened to 11% of GDP in 2010, reflecting significant increases in crisis-related spending, including both rehabilitation of damaged infrastructure and bank recapitalization. The economy grew 5.7% in 2011, but slowed to around 1% in 2012, primarily due to an 83% decrease in production from Kumtor. As a result, the budget deficit increased at year's end. Progress in fighting corruption, improving transparency in licensing, business permits and taxations, restructuring domestic industry, and attracting foreign aid and investment are key to future growth."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$13.5 billion (2012 est.); $13.62 billion (2011 est.); $12.85 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$6.473 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "-0.9% (2012 est.); 6% (2011 est.); -0.5% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$2,400 (2012 est.); $2,500 (2011 est.); $2,300 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "2.4% of GDP (2012 est.); 19% of GDP (2011 est.); 18.5% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "86.5%",
"government_consumption": "20.7%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "25.7%",
"investment_in_inventories": "-0.5%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "53.3%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-85.7% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "20.8%",
"industry": "23.3%",
"services": "55.9% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "tobacco, cotton, potatoes, vegetables, grapes, fruits and berries; sheep, goats, cattle, wool"
},
"industries": {
"text": "small machinery, textiles, food processing, cement, shoes, sawn logs, refrigerators, furniture, electric motors, gold, rare earth metals"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "-20% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "2.344 million (2007)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "48%",
"industry": "12.5%",
"services": "39.5% (2005 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "8.6% (2011 est.); 18% (2004 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "33.7% (2011 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "2.8%",
"highest_10%": "27.8% (2009 est.)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "33.4 (2007); 29 (2001)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$1.908 billion",
"expenditures": "$2.138 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "29.5% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-3.5% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "2.7% (2012 est.); 16.5% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "13.73% (22 December 2011 est.); 2.5% (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "28.43% (31 December 2012 est.); 34.07% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$1.372 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.151 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$1.952 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.654 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$932.5 million (31 December 2012 est.); $761.6 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$165 million (31 December 2011); $79 million (31 December 2010); $71.84 million (31 December 2009)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "-$546.3 million (2012 est.); -$252.4 million (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$2 billion (2012 est.); $2.271 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "gold, cotton, wool, garments, meat, tobacco; mercury, uranium, electricity; machinery; shoes"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "Uzbekistan 28.8%, Kazakhstan 22%, Russia 14.6%, China 7%, UAE 6.3%, Afghanistan 5.7% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$4.981 billion (2012 est.); $3.936 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "oil and gas, machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "China 55.9%, Russia 17.7%, Kazakhstan 6.4% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$2.066 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.835 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$3.722 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $5.486 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$1.572 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.312 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$39.6 million (31 December 2012 est.); $39.6 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "soms (KGS) per US dollar -; 47.005 (2012 est.); 46.144 (2011 est.); 45.964 (2010 est.); 42.905 (2009); 36.108 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "14.9 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "7.29 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "2.62 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "535 million kWh (2008 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "3.64 million kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "20.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "79.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "1,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "2,387 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "40 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "2,607 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "16,640 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "5,902 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "28,940 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "12.5 million cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "462.5 million cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "NA (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "450 million cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "5.663 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "4.131 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "502,000 (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "6.277 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "telecommunications infrastructure is being upgraded; loans from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) are being used to install a digital network, digital radio-relay stations, and fiber-optic links",
"domestic": "fixed-line penetration remains low and concentrated in urban areas; multiple mobile-cellular service providers with growing coverage; mobile-cellular subscribership was about 115 per 100 persons in 2011",
"international": "country code - 996; connections with other CIS countries by landline or microwave radio relay and with other countries by leased connections with Moscow international gateway switch and by satellite; satellite earth stations - 2 (1 Intersputnik, 1 Intelsat); connected internationally by the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "state-run TV broadcaster operates 2 nationwide networks and 6 regional stations; roughly 20 private TV stations operating with most rebroadcasting other channels; state-run radio broadcaster operates 2 networks; about 20 private radio stations (2007)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".kg"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "115,573 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "2.195 million (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "28 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "18",
"over_3_047_m": "1",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "3",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "11",
"under_914_m": "3 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "10",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "1",
"914_to_1_523_m": "1",
"under_914_m": "8 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "gas 480 km; oil 16 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "470 km",
"broad_gauge": "470 km 1.520-m gauge (2008)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "34,000 km (2003)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "600 km (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"text": "Balykchy (Ysyk-Kol or Rybach'ye)"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Ground Forces, Air Force (includes Air Defense Forces) (2013)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary male military service in the Armed Forces or Interior Ministry; service obligation - 1 year, with optional fee-based 3-year service in the callup mobilization reserve; women may volunteer at age 19; 16-17 years of age for military cadets, who cannot take part in military operations (2013)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "1,456,881",
"females_age_16_49": "1,470,317 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "1,119,224",
"females_age_16_49": "1,257,263 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "56,606",
"female": "54,056 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "2.8% of GDP (2011)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "Kyrgyzstan has yet to ratify the 2001 boundary delimitation with Kazakhstan; disputes in Isfara Valley delay completion of delimitation with Tajikistan; delimitation of 130 km of border with Uzbekistan is hampered by serious disputes over enclaves and other areas"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"idps": "172,000 (June 2010 violence in southern Kyrgyzstan between the Kyrgyz majority and the Uzbek minority) (2012)",
"stateless_persons": "15,473 (2012); note - most stateless people were born in Kyrgystan, have lived there many years, or are married to a Kyrgyz citizen; in 2009, Kyrgyzstan adopted a national action plan to speed up the exchange of old Soviet passports for Kyrgyz ones; stateless people are unable to register marriages and births, to travel within the country or abroad, to own property, or to receive social benefits"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy for CIS markets; limited government eradication of illicit crops; transit point for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russia and the rest of Europe; major consumer of opiates"
}
}
}

559
asia/kp-north-korea.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,559 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "An independent kingdom for much of its long history, Korea was occupied by Japan beginning in 1905 following the Russo-Japanese War. Five years later, Japan formally annexed the entire peninsula. Following World War II, Korea was split with the northern half coming under Soviet-sponsored communist control. After failing in the Korean War (1950-53) to conquer the US-backed Republic of Korea (ROK) in the southern portion by force, North Korea (DPRK), under its founder President KIM Il Sung, adopted a policy of ostensible diplomatic and economic \"self-reliance\" as a check against outside influence. The DPRK demonized the US as the ultimate threat to its social system through state-funded propaganda, and molded political, economic, and military policies around the core ideological objective of eventual unification of Korea under Pyongyang's control. KIM Il Sung's son, KIM Jong Il, was officially designated as his father's successor in 1980, assuming a growing political and managerial role until the elder KIM's death in 1994. KIM Jong Un was publicly unveiled as his father's successor in September 2010. Following KIM Jong Il's death in December 2011, the regime began to take actions to transfer power to KIM Jong Un and KIM has now assumed many his father's former titles and duties. After decades of economic mismanagement and resource misallocation, the DPRK since the mid-1990s has relied heavily on international aid to feed its population. The DPRK began to ease restrictions to allow semi-private markets, starting in 2002, but then sought to roll back the scale of economic reforms in 2005 and 2009. North Korea's history of regional military provocations; proliferation of military-related items; long-range missile development; WMD programs including tests of nuclear devices in 2006, 2009, and 2013; and massive conventional armed forces are of major concern to the international community."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Eastern Asia, northern half of the Korean Peninsula bordering the Korea Bay and the Sea of Japan, between China and South Korea"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "40 00 N, 127 00 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "120,538 sq km",
"land": "120,408 sq km",
"water": "130 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly smaller than Mississippi"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "1,671.5 km",
"border_countries": "China 1,416 km, South Korea 238 km, Russia 17.5 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "2,495 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "12 nm",
"exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm",
"note": "military boundary line 50 nm in the Sea of Japan and the exclusive economic zone limit in the Yellow Sea where all foreign vessels and aircraft without permission are banned"
},
"climate": {
"text": "temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "mostly hills and mountains separated by deep, narrow valleys; coastal plains wide in west, discontinuous in east"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Sea of Japan 0 m",
"highest_point": "Paektu-san 2,744 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, iron ore, copper, gold, pyrites, salt, fluorspar, hydropower"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "19.08%",
"permanent_crops": "1.7%",
"other": "79.22% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "14,600 sq km (2003)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "77.15 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "8.66 cu km/yr (10%/13%/76%)",
"per_capita": "360.6 cu m/yr (2005)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "late spring droughts often followed by severe flooding; occasional typhoons during the early fall",
"volcanism": "Changbaishan (elev. 2,744 m) (also known as Baitoushan, Baegdu or P'aektu-san), on the Chinese border, is considered historically active"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water; waterborne disease; deforestation; soil erosion and degradation"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "Law of the Sea"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "strategic location bordering China, South Korea, and Russia; mountainous interior is isolated and sparsely populated"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Korean(s)",
"adjective": "Korean"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "racially homogeneous; there is a small Chinese community and a few ethnic Japanese"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Korean"
},
"religions": {
"text": "traditionally Buddhist and Confucianist, some Christian and syncretic Chondogyo (Religion of the Heavenly Way)",
"note": "autonomous religious activities now almost nonexistent; government-sponsored religious groups exist to provide illusion of religious freedom"
},
"population": {
"text": "24,720,407 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "21.7% (male 2,726,275/female 2,650,143)",
"15_24_years": "16.4% (male 2,059,388/female 2,005,987)",
"25_54_years": "43.8% (male 5,411,221/female 5,415,744)",
"55_64_years": "8.5% (male 988,922/female 1,108,156)",
"65_years_and_over": "9.5% (male 798,363/female 1,556,208) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "45.2 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "31.5 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "13.7 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "7.3 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "33.2 years",
"male": "31.6 years",
"female": "34.8 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "0.53% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "14.49 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "9.15 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "-0.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "60.3% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "0.63% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "PYONGYANG (capital) 2.843 million (2011)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.03 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.03 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "1 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.89 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.51 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "0.94 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "81 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "25.34 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "28.1 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "22.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "69.51 years",
"male": "65.65 years",
"female": "73.55 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "1.99 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "68.6% (2002)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "2% of GDP (2009)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "3.29 physicians/1,000 population (2003)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "13.2 beds/1,000 population (2002)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 99% of population; rural: 97% of population; total: 98% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 1% of population; rural: 3% of population; total: 2% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 86% of population; rural: 71% of population; total: 80% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 14% of population; rural: 29% of population; total: 20% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "NA"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "NA"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "NA"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "3.9% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "20.6% (2004)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "NA"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "100%",
"male": "100%",
"female": "100% (2008 est.)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Democratic People's Republic of Korea",
"conventional_short_form": "North Korea",
"local_long_form": "Choson-minjujuui-inmin-konghwaguk",
"local_short_form": "Choson",
"abbreviation": "DPRK"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "Communist state one-man dictatorship"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Pyongyang",
"geographic_coordinates": "39 01 N, 125 45 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+9 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 2 municipalities (si, singular and plural)",
"provinces": "Chagang-do (Chagang), Hamgyong-bukto (North Hamgyong), Hamgyong-namdo (South Hamgyong), Hwanghae-bukto (North Hwanghae), Hwanghae-namdo (South Hwanghae), Kangwon-do (Kangwon), P'yongan-bukto (North P'yongan), P'yongan-namdo (South P'yongan), Yanggang-do (Yanggang)",
"municipalities": "Nason-si, P'yongyang-si (Pyongyang)"
},
"independence": {
"text": "15 August 1945 (from Japan)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Founding of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), 9 September (1948)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "adopted 1948; revised several times"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "civil law system based on the Prussian model; system influenced by Japanese traditions and Communist legal theory"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "17 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "KIM Jong Un (since 17 December 2011); note - the rubberstamp Supreme People's Assembly (SPA) reelected KIM Yong Nam in 2009 president of its Presidium with responsibility of representing state and receiving diplomatic credentials",
"head_of_government": "Premier PAK Pong-ju (since 2 April 2013); Vice Premiers: HAN Kwang Bok (since 7 June 2010), JO Pyong Ju (since 7 June 2010), JON Ha Chol (since 7 June 2010), KANG Nung Su (since 7 June 2010), KANG Sok Ju (since 23 September 2010), KIM In Sik (since 13 April 2012), KIM Rak Hui (since 7 June 2010), KIM Yong Jin (since 6 January 2012), PAK Su Gil (since 18 September 2009), RI Chol Man (since 13 April 2012), RI Mu Yong (since 31 May 2011), RI Sung Ho (since 13 April 2012), RO Tu Chol (since 3 September 2003)",
"cabinet": "Naegak (cabinet) members, except for Minister of People's Armed Forces, are appointed by SPA",
"elections": "last election held in April 2012; date of next election NA",
"election_results": "KIM Jong Un elected unopposed"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "unicameral Supreme People's Assembly or Ch'oego Inmin Hoeui (687 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)",
"elections": "last held on 8 March 2009 (next to be held in March 2014)",
"election_results": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; ruling party approves a list of candidates who are elected without opposition; a token number of seats are reserved for minor parties"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Central Court (consists of the chief justice and two \"People's Assessors\" and for some cases, 3 judges)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "judges elected by the Supreme People's Assembly for 5-year terms",
"subordinate_courts": "provincial, municipal, military, special courts; people' courts (lowest level)"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"major_party": "Korean Workers' Party or KWP [KIM Jong Un]; ",
"minor_parties": "Chondoist Chongu Party [RYU Mi Yong] (under KWP control); Social Democratic Party [KIM Yong Dae] (under KWP control)"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "none"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ARF, FAO, G-77, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IFAD, IFRCS, IHO, IMO, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"text": "none; North Korea has a Permanent Mission to the UN in New York"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"text": "none; note - Swedish Embassy in Pyongyang represents the US as consular protecting power"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red band is edged in white; on the hoist side of the red band is a white disk with a red five-pointed star; the broad red band symbolizes revolutionary traditions; the narrow white bands stands for purity, strength, and dignity; the blue bands signify sovereignty, peace, and friendship; the red star represents socialism"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "red star"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Aegukka\" (Patriotic Song)",
"lyrics_music": "PAK Se Yong/KIM Won Gyun",
"note": "adopted 1947; both North Korea and South Korea's anthems share the same name and have a vaguely similar melody but have different lyrics; the North Korean anthem is also known as \"Ach'imun pinnara\" (Let Morning Shine)"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "North Korea, one of the world's most centrally directed and least open economies, faces chronic economic problems. Industrial capital stock is nearly beyond repair as a result of years of underinvestment, shortages of spare parts, and poor maintenance. Large-scale military spending draws off resources needed for investment and civilian consumption. Industrial and power output have stagnated for years at a fraction of pre-1990 levels. Frequent weather-related crop failures aggravated chronic food shortages caused by on-going systemic problems, including a lack of arable land, collective farming practices, poor soil quality, insufficient fertilization, and persistent shortages of tractors and fuel. Large-scale international food aid deliveries as well as aid from China has allowed the people of North Korea to escape widespread starvation since famine threatened in 1995, but the population continues to suffer from prolonged malnutrition and poor living conditions. Since 2002, the government has allowed private \"farmers' markets\" to begin selling a wider range of goods. It also permitted some private farming - on an experimental basis - in an effort to boost agricultural output. In December 2009, North Korea carried out a redenomination of its currency, capping the amount of North Korean won that could be exchanged for the new notes, and limiting the exchange to a one-week window. A concurrent crackdown on markets and foreign currency use yielded severe shortages and inflation, forcing Pyongyang to ease the restrictions by February 2010. In response to the sinking of the South Korean destroyer Cheonan and the shelling of Yeonpyeong Island, South Korea's government cut off most aid, trade, and bilateral cooperation activities, with the exception of operations at the Kaesong Industrial Complex. In 2012, KIM Jong Un's first year of leadership, the North displayed increased focus on the economy by renewing its commitment to special economic zones with China, negotiating a new payment structure to settle its $11 billion Soviet-era debt to Russia, and purportedly proposing new agricultural and industrial policies to boost domestic production. The North Korean government often highlights its goal of becoming a \"strong and prosperous\" nation and attracting foreign investment, a key factor for improving the overall standard of living. Nevertheless, firm political control remains the government's overriding concern, which likely will inhibit fundamental reforms of North Korea's current economic system."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$40 billion (2011 est.); $40 billion (2010 est.); $40 billion (2009 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2011 US dollars; North Korea does not publish reliable National Income Accounts data; the data shown here are derived from purchasing power parity (PPP) GDP estimates for North Korea that were made by Angus MADDISON in a study conducted for the OECD; his figure for 1999 was extrapolated to 2011 using estimated real growth rates for North Korea's GDP and an inflation factor based on the US GDP deflator; the results were rounded to the nearest $10 billion."
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$28 billion (2009 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "0.8% (2011 est.); -0.5% (2010 est.); -0.9% (2009 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$1,800 (2011 est.); $1,800 (2010 est.); $1,900 (2009 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2011 US dollars"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "23.3%",
"industry": "42.9%",
"services": "33.8% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "rice, corn, potatoes, soybeans, pulses; cattle, pigs, pork, eggs"
},
"industries": {
"text": "military products; machine building, electric power, chemicals; mining (coal, iron ore, limestone, magnesite, graphite, copper, zinc, lead, and precious metals), metallurgy; textiles, food processing; tourism"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "NA%"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "12.2 million",
"note": "estimates vary widely (2009 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "35%",
"industry_and_services": "65% (2008 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "NA%"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "NA%"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "NA%",
"highest_10%": "NA%"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$3.2 billion",
"expenditures": "$3.3 billion (2007 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "11.4% of GDP",
"note": "excludes earnings from state-operated enterprises (2007 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-0.4% of GDP (2007 est.)"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "NA%"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$4.707 billion (2011); $3.704 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "minerals, metallurgical products, manufactures (including armaments), textiles, agricultural and fishery products"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "China 67.2%, South Korea 19.4%, India 3.6% (2011 est.)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$4.33 billion (2011 est.); $2.934 billion (2010 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "petroleum, coking coal, machinery and equipment, textiles, grain"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "China 61.6%, South Korea 20%, European Union 4% (2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$12.5 billion (2001 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "North Korean won (KPW) per US dollar (market rate); 155.5 (2012 est.); 156.1 (2011 est.); 145 (2010 est.); 3,630 (December 2008); 140 (2007)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "20.45 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "17.12 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "9.5 million kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "47.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "52.6% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "8,432 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "9,133 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "15,070 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "7,967 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "63.69 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "1.18 million (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "1 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "adequate system; nationwide fiber-optic network; mobile-cellular service expanding beyond Pyongyang",
"domestic": "fiber-optic links installed down to the county level; telephone directories unavailable; GSM mobile-cellular service initiated in 2002 but suspended in 2004; Orascom Telecom Holding, an Egyptian company, launched W-CDMA mobile service on 15 December 2008 for the Pyongyang area, has expanded service to several large cities and now has a 1-million-person subscriber base",
"international": "country code - 850; satellite earth stations - 2 (1 Intelsat - Indian Ocean, 1 Russian - Indian Ocean region); other international connections through Moscow and Beijing (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "no independent media; radios and TVs are pre-tuned to government stations; 4 government-owned TV stations; the Korean Workers' Party owns and operates the Korean Central Broadcasting Station, and the state-run Voice of Korea operates an external broadcast service; the government prohibits listening to and jams foreign broadcasts (2008)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".kp"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "8 (2012)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "82 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "39",
"over_3_047_m": "3",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "22",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "8",
"914_to_1_523_m": "2",
"under_914_m": "4 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "43",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "3",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "17",
"914_to_1_523_m": "15",
"under_914_m": "8 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "23 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "oil 6 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "5,242 km",
"standard_gauge": "5,242 km 1.435-m gauge (3,500 km electrified) (2009)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "25,554 km",
"paved": "724 km",
"unpaved": "24,830 km (2006)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "2,250 km (most navigable only by small craft) (2011)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "158",
"by_type": "bulk carrier 6, cargo 131, carrier 1, chemical tanker 1, container 4, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 12, refrigerated cargo 2",
"foreign_owned": "13 (Belgium 1, China 3, Nigeria 1, Singapore 1, South Korea 1, Syria 4, UAE 2)",
"registered_in_other_countries": "6 (Mongolia 1, Sierra Leone 2, unknown 3) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"text": "Ch'ongjin, Haeju, Hungnam (Hamhung), Namp'o, Senbong, Songnim, Sonbong (formerly Unggi), Wonsan"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "North Korean People's Army: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force; civil security forces (2005)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18 is presumed to be the legal minimum age for compulsory military service; 16-17 is the presumed legal minimum age for voluntary service (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "6,515,279",
"females_age_16_49": "6,418,693 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "4,836,567",
"females_age_16_49": "5,230,137 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "207,737",
"female": "204,553 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "NA"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "risking arrest, imprisonment, and deportation, tens of thousands of North Koreans cross into China to escape famine, economic privation, and political oppression; North Korea and China dispute the sovereignty of certain islands in Yalu and Tumen rivers; Military Demarcation Line within the 4-km-wide Demilitarized Zone has separated North from South Korea since 1953; periodic incidents in the Yellow Sea with South Korea which claims the Northern Limiting Line as a maritime boundary; North Korea supports South Korea in rejecting Japan's claim to Liancourt Rocks (Tok-do/Take-shima)"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"idps": "undetermined (periodic flooding and famine during mid-1990s) (2007)"
},
"trafficking_in_persons": {
"current_situation": "North Korea is a source country for men, women, and children who are subjected to forced labor, forced marriage, and sex trafficking; in the recent past, many North Korean women and girls lured by promises of food, jobs, and freedom migrated to China illegally to escape poor social and economic conditions only to be forced into prostitution, marriage, or exploitative labor arrangements; North Koreans do not have a choice in the work the government assigns them and are not free to change jobs at will; many North Korean workers recruited to work abroad under bilateral contracts with foreign governments are subjected to forced labor and reportedly face government reprisals if they try to escape or complain to outsiders; thousands of North Koreans, including children, are subjected to forced labor in prison camps",
"tier_rating": "Tier 3 - North Korea does not fully comply with minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; the government has conducted no known investigations, prosecutions, or convictions of trafficking offenders or officials complicit in forced labor or forced prostitution; the government also has reported no efforts to identify or assist trafficking victims and continues to deny human trafficking is a problem; authorities provide no discernible protection services to trafficking victims and does not permit NGOs to assist victims (2013)"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "for years, from the 1970s into the 2000s, citizens of the Democratic People's Republic of (North) Korea (DPRK), many of them diplomatic employees of the government, were apprehended abroad while trafficking in narcotics, including two in Turkey in December 2004; police investigations in Taiwan and Japan in recent years have linked North Korea to large illicit shipments of heroin and methamphetamine, including an attempt by the North Korean merchant ship Pong Su to deliver 150 kg of heroin to Australia in April 2003"
}
}
}

619
asia/kr-south-korea.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,619 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "An independent kingdom for much of its long history, Korea was occupied by Japan beginning in 1905 following the Russo-Japanese War. In 1910, Tokyo formally annexed the entire Peninsula. Korea regained its independence following Japan's surrender to the United States in 1945. After World War II, a democratic-based government (Republic of Korea, ROK) was set up in the southern half of the Korean Peninsula while a communist-style government was installed in the north (Democratic People's Republic of Korea, DPRK). During the Korean War (1950-53), US troops and UN forces fought alongside ROK soldiers to defend South Korea from a DPRK invasion supported by China and the Soviet Union. A 1953 armistice split the peninsula along a demilitarized zone at about the 38th parallel. PARK Chung-hee took over leadership of the country in a 1961 coup. During his regime, from 1961 to 1979, South Korea achieved rapid economic growth, with per capita income rising to roughly 17 times the level of North Korea. South Korea held its first free presidential election under a revised democratic constitution in 1987, with former ROK Army general ROH Tae-woo winning a close race. In 1993, KIM Young-sam (1993-98) became South Korea's first civilian president. South Korea today is a fully functioning modern democracy. LEE Myung-bak (2008-2013) pursued a policy of global engagement , highlighted by Seoul's hosting of the G-20 summit in November 2010 and the Nuclear Security Summit in March 2012. South Korea also secured a non-permanent seat (2013-14) on the UN Security Council and will host the 2018 Winter Olympic Games. President PARK Geun-hye took office in February 2013 and is South Korea's first female leader. Serious tensions with North Korea have punctuated inter-Korean relations in recent years, including the North's sinking of the South Korean warship Cheonan in March 2010 and its artillery attack on South Korean soldiers and citizens in November 2010. In January 2013, South Korea assumed a nonpermanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2013-14 term."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Eastern Asia, southern half of the Korean Peninsula bordering the Sea of Japan and the Yellow Sea"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "37 00 N, 127 30 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "99,720 sq km",
"land": "96,920 sq km",
"water": "2,800 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly larger than Indiana"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "238 km",
"border_countries": "North Korea 238 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "2,413 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "12 nm; between 3 nm and 12 nm in the Korea Strait",
"contiguous_zone": "24 nm",
"exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm",
"continental_shelf": "not specified"
},
"climate": {
"text": "temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "mostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in west and south"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Sea of Japan 0 m",
"highest_point": "Halla-san 1,950 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower potential"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "14.93%",
"permanent_crops": "2.06%",
"other": "83% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "8,804 sq km (2003)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "69.7 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "25.47 cu km/yr (26%/12%/62%)",
"per_capita": "548.7 cu m/yr (2003)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; low-level seismic activity common in southwest",
"volcanism": "Halla (elev. 1,950 m) is considered historically active although it has not erupted in many centuries"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "air pollution in large cities; acid rain; water pollution from the discharge of sewage and industrial effluents; drift net fishing"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "strategic location on Korea Strait"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Korean(s)",
"adjective": "Korean"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "homogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese)"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Korean, English (widely taught in junior high and high school)"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Christian 31.6% (Protestant 24%, Roman Catholic 7.6%), Buddhist 24.2%, other or unknown 0.9%, none 43.3% (2010 survey)"
},
"population": {
"text": "48,955,203 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "14.6% (male 3,717,701/female 3,424,490)",
"15_24_years": "13.6% (male 3,525,050/female 3,117,198)",
"25_54_years": "47.8% (male 11,925,181/female 11,491,841)",
"55_64_years": "11.7% (male 2,842,996/female 2,907,730)",
"65_years_and_over": "12.3% (male 2,469,093/female 3,533,923) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "37.1 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "20.4 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "16.7 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "6 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "39.7 years",
"male": "38.2 years",
"female": "41 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "0.18% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "8.33 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "6.5 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "83.2% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "0.71% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "SEOUL (capital) 9.778 million; Busan (Pusan) 3.439 million; Incheon (Inch'on) 2.572 million; Daegu (Taegu) 2.458 million; Daejon (Taejon) 1.497 million (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.07 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.09 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.13 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.98 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.69 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "1 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "29.6 (2008 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "16 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "4.01 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "4.21 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "3.79 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "79.55 years",
"male": "76.4 years",
"female": "82.91 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "1.24 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "80%",
"note": "percent of women aged 15-44 (2009)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "6.9% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "1.97 physicians/1,000 population (2008)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "10.3 beds/1,000 population (2009)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 88% of population; total: 98% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 0% of population; rural: 12% of population; total: 2% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "less than 0.1% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "9,500 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "fewer than 500 (2009 est.)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "7.7% (2008)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "5.1% of GDP (2009)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "97.9%",
"male": "99.2%",
"female": "96.6% (2002)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "17 years",
"male": "18 years",
"female": "16 years (2010)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "9.6%",
"male": "12.1%",
"female": "8.1% (2011)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Republic of Korea",
"conventional_short_form": "South Korea",
"local_long_form": "Taehan-min'guk",
"local_short_form": "Han'guk",
"abbreviation": "ROK"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "republic"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Seoul",
"geographic_coordinates": "37 33 N, 126 59 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+9 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "9 provinces (do, singular and plural), 6 metropolitan cities (gwangyoksi, singular and plural), 1 special city, and 1 special self-governing city",
"provinces": "Chungbuk (North Chungcheong), Chungnam (South Chungcheong), Gangwon, Gyeonggi, Gyeongbuk (North Gyeongsang), Gyeongnam (South Gyeongsang), Jeju, Jeonbuk (North Jeolla), Jeonnam (South Jeolla)",
"metropolitan_cities": "Busan (Pusan), Daegu (Taegu), Daejon (Taejon), Gwangju (Kwangju), Incheon (Inch'on), Ulsan",
"special_city": "Seoul",
"special_self_governing_city": "Sejong"
},
"independence": {
"text": "15 August 1945 (from Japan)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Liberation Day, 15 August (1945)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "17 July 1948; note - amended or rewritten many times; current constitution approved 29 October 1987"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "mixed legal system combining European civil law, Anglo-American law, and Chinese classical thought"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "19 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President PARK Geun-hye (since 25 February 2013)",
"head_of_government": "Prime Minister CHUNG Hong-won (since 26 February 2013); Deputy Prime Minister HYUN Oh-seok (since 26 June 2013)",
"cabinet": "State Council appointed by the president on the prime minister's recommendation",
"elections": "president elected by popular vote for a single five-year term; PARK Geun-hye elected on 19 December 2012; next election to be held in December 2017; prime minister appointed by president with consent of National Assembly",
"election_results": "PARK Geun-Hye elected president on 19 December 2012; percent of vote - PARK Geun-Hye (NFP) 51.6%, MOON Jae-In (DUP) 48%, others 0.4%"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "unicameral National Assembly or Gukhoe (300 seats; 246 members elected in single-seat constituencies, 54 elected by proportional representation; members serve four-year terms)",
"elections": "last held on 11 April 2012 (next to be held in April 2016)",
"election_results": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NFP 152, DUP 127, UPP 13, LFP 5, independents 3"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court of South Korea (consists of a chief justice and 13 justices); Constitutional Court (consists of a court head and 8 justices)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court chief justice appointed by the president with the consent of the National Assembly; other justices appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the chief justice and consent of the National Assembly; position of the chief justice is a 6-year non-renewable term; other justices serve 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court justices appointed - 3 by the president, 3 by the National Assembly, and 3 by the Supreme Court chief justice; court head serves until retirement at age 70, while other justices serve 6-year renewable terms with mandatory retirement at age 65",
"subordinate_courts": "High Courts; District Courts; Branch Courts (organized undeer the Branch Courts); specialized courts for family and administrative issues"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Democratic Party or DP (formerly the Democratic United Party or DUP) [KIM Han-gil]; Liberty Forward Party or LFP (now part of the NFP); New Frontier Party (NFP) or Saenuri (formerly Grand National Party) [HWANG Woo-yea]; Progressive Justice Party or PJP [ROH Hoe-chan and CHO Joon-ho]; United Progressive Party or UPP [LEE Jung-hee]"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "Catholic Priests' Association for Justice; Citizen's Coalition for Economic Justice; Federation of Korean Industries; Federation of Korean Trade Unions; Korean Confederation of Trade Unions; Korean Veterans' Association; Lawyers for a Democratic Society; National Council of Churches; People's Solidarity for Participatory Democracy"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ADB, AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, CD, CICA, CP, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE (partner), Paris Club (associate), PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNMOGIP, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador AHN Ho-young",
"chancery": "2450 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 939-5600",
"fax": "[1] (202) 797-0595",
"consulates_general": "Anchorage (AK)"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Sung Y. KIM",
"embassy": "188 Sejong-daero, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-710",
"mailing_address": "US Embassy Seoul, Unit 15550, APO AP 96205-5550",
"telephone": "[82] (2) 397-4200",
"fax": "[82] (2) 725-0152"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the center; there is a different black trigram from the ancient I Ching (Book of Changes) in each corner of the white field; the Korean national flag is called Taegukki; white is a traditional Korean color and represents peace and purity; the blue section represents the negative cosmic forces of the yin, while the red symbolizes the opposite positive forces of the yang; each trigram (kwae) denotes one of the four universal elements, which together express the principle of movement and harmony"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "taegeuk (yin yang symbol)"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Aegukga\" (Patriotic Song)",
"lyrics_music": "YUN Ch'i-Ho or AN Ch'ang-Ho/AHN Eaktay",
"note": "adopted 1948, well known by 1910; both North Korea and South Korea's anthems share the same name and have a vaguely similar melody but have different lyrics"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "South Korea over the past four decades has demonstrated incredible growth and global integration to become a high-tech industrialized economy. In the 1960s, GDP per capita was comparable with levels in the poorer countries of Africa and Asia. In 2004, South Korea joined the trillion dollar club of world economies, and is currently the world's 12th largest economy. Initially, a system of close government and business ties, including directed credit and import restrictions, made this success possible. The government promoted the import of raw materials and technology at the expense of consumer goods, and encouraged savings and investment over consumption. The Asian financial crisis of 1997-98 exposed longstanding weaknesses in South Korea's development model including high debt/equity ratios and massive short-term foreign borrowing. GDP plunged by 6.9% in 1998, and then recovered by 9% in 1999-2000. Korea adopted numerous economic reforms following the crisis, including greater openness to foreign investment and imports. Growth moderated to about 4% annually between 2003 and 2007. Korea''s export focused economy was hit hard by the 2008 global economic downturn, but quickly rebounded in subsequent years, reaching 6.3% growth in 2010. The US-South Korea Free Trade Agreement was ratified by both governments in 2011 and went into effect in March 2012. Throughout 2012 the economy experienced sluggish growth because of market slowdowns in the United States, China, and the Eurozone. The incoming administration in 2013, following the December 2012 presidential election, is likely to face the challenges of balancing heavy reliance on exports with developing domestic-oriented sectors, such as services. The South Korean economy''s long term challenges include a rapidly aging population, inflexible labor market, and heavy reliance on exports - which comprise half of GDP."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$1.64 trillion (2012 est.); $1.608 trillion (2011 est.); $1.552 trillion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$1.156 trillion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "2% (2012 est.); 3.6% (2011 est.); 6.3% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$32,800 (2012 est.); $32,300 (2011 est.); $31,400 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "31.4% of GDP (2012 est.); 31.9% of GDP (2011 est.); 32.4% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "53.5%",
"government_consumption": "15.8%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "26.7%",
"investment_in_inventories": "0.8%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "56.5%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-53.4% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "2.7%",
"industry": "39.8%",
"services": "57.5% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "rice, root crops, barley, vegetables, fruit; cattle, pigs, chickens, milk, eggs; fish"
},
"industries": {
"text": "electronics, telecommunications, automobile production, chemicals, shipbuilding, steel"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.7% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "25.5 million (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "6.2%",
"industry": "23.8%",
"services": "70% (2012 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "3.2% (2012 est.); 3.4% (2011 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "16.5% (2011 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "6.4%",
"highest_10%": "37.7% (2011)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "41.9 (2011); 35.8 (2000)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$276.5 billion",
"expenditures": "$260.1 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "23.9% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "1.4% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "36.7% of GDP (2012 est.); 36.2% of GDP (2011 est.)"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "2.2% (2012 est.); 4% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "1.5% (31 December 2011); 1.25% (31 December 2009)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "5.39% (31 December 2012 est.); 5.77% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$392 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $369.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$1.596 trillion (31 December 2012); $1.484 trillion (31 December 2011)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$1.219 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.098 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$1.024 trillion (31 December 2012); $994.3 billion (31 December 2011); $1.089 trillion (31 December 2010)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "$3.14 billion (2012 est.); $26.51 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$552.6 billion (2012 est.); $551.8 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "semiconductors, wireless telecommunications equipment, motor vehicles, computers, steel, ships, petrochemicals"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "China 24.4%, US 10.1%, Japan 7.1% (2011 est.)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$514.2 billion (2012 est.); $520.1 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil, steel, transport equipment, organic chemicals, plastics"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "China 16.5%, Japan 13%, US 8.5%, Saudi Arabia 7.1%, Australia 5% (2011 est.)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$327 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $306.4 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$413.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $398.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$138.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $133.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$327.5 billion (31 December 2012); $190.4 billion (31 December 2011)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "South Korean won (KRW) per US dollar -; 1,126.47 (2012 est.); 1,108.29 (2011 est.); 1,156.1 (2010 est.); 1,276.93 (2009); 1,101.7 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "459.5 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "455.1 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2011)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2011)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "80.59 million kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "69.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "22% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "1.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "19,990 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "2.59 million bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "NA bbl"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "2.83 million bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "2.26 million bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "907,100 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "753,900 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "539.3 million cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "45.9 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "46.83 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "5.748 billion cu m (1 January 2013 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "579 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "29.468 million (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "52.507 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "excellent domestic and international services featuring rapid incorporation of new technologies",
"domestic": "fixed-line and mobile-cellular services widely available with a combined telephone subscribership of roughly 170 per 100 persons; rapid assimilation of a full range of telecommunications technologies leading to a boom in e-commerce",
"international": "country code - 82; numerous submarine cables provide links throughout Asia, Australia, the Middle East, Europe, and US; satellite earth stations - 66 (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "multiple national TV networks with 2 of the 3 largest networks publicly operated; the largest privately owned network, Seoul Broadcasting Service (SBS), has ties with other commercial TV networks; cable and satellite TV subscription services available; publicly operated radio broadcast networks and many privately owned radio broadcasting networks, each with multiple affiliates, and independent local stations (2010)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".kr"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "315,697 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "39.4 million (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "111 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "71",
"over_3_047_m": "4",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "19",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "12",
"914_to_1_523_m": "13",
"under_914_m": "23 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "40",
"914_to_1_523_m": "2",
"under_914_m": "38 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "466 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "gas 2,216 km; oil 16 km; refined products 889 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "3,381 km",
"standard_gauge": "3,381 km 1.435-m gauge (1,843 km electrified) (2008)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "103,029 km",
"paved": "80,642 km (includes 3,367 km of expressways)",
"unpaved": "22,387 km (2008)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "1,600 km (most navigable only by small craft) (2011)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "786",
"by_type": "bulk carrier 191, cargo 235, carrier 8, chemical tanker 130, container 72, liquefied gas 44, passenger 5, passenger/cargo 15, petroleum tanker 55, refrigerated cargo 15, roll on/roll off 10, vehicle carrier 6",
"foreign_owned": "31 (China 6, France 2, Japan 14, Taiwan 1, US 8)",
"registered_in_other_countries": "457 (Bahamas 1, Cambodia 10, Ghana 1, Honduras 6, Hong Kong 3, Indonesia 2, Kiribati 1, Liberia 2, Malta 2, Marshall Islands 41, North Korea 1, Panama 373, Philippines 1, Russia 1, Singapore 3, Tuvalu 1, unknown 8) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"major_ports": "Incheon, Pohang, Busan, Ulsan, Yeosu",
"container_ports": "Busan (16,163,842), Kwangyang (2,061,958), Incheon (1,924,644)"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Republic of Korea Army, Navy (includes Marine Corps), Air Force (2011)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "20-30 years of age for compulsory military service, with middle school education required; conscript service obligation - 21 months (Army, Marines), 23 months (Navy), 24 months (Air Force); 18-26 years of age for voluntary military service; women, in service since 1950, admitted to 7 service branches, including infantry, but excluded from artillery, armor, anti-air, and chaplaincy corps; HIV-positive individuals are exempt from military service (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "13,185,794",
"females_age_16_49": "12,423,496 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "10,864,566",
"females_age_16_49": "10,168,709 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "365,760",
"female": "321,225 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "2.7% of GDP (2006)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "Military Demarcation Line within the 4-km-wide Demilitarized Zone has separated North from South Korea since 1953; periodic incidents with North Korea in the Yellow Sea over the Northern Limit Line, which South Korea claims as a maritime boundary; South Korea and Japan claim Liancourt Rocks (Tok-do/Take-shima), occupied by South Korea since 1954"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"stateless_persons": "179 (2012)"
}
}
}

625
asia/kz-kazakhstan.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,625 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "Ethnic Kazakhs, a mix of Turkic and Mongol nomadic tribes who migrated into the region in the 13th century, were rarely united as a single nation. The area was conquered by Russia in the 18th century, and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1936. During the 1950s and 1960s agricultural \"Virgin Lands\" program, Soviet citizens were encouraged to help cultivate Kazakhstan's northern pastures. This influx of immigrants (mostly Russians, but also some other deported nationalities) skewed the ethnic mixture and enabled non-ethnic Kazakhs to outnumber natives. Non-Muslim ethnic minorities departed Kazakhstan in large numbers from the mid-1990s through the mid-2000s and a national program has repatriated about a million ethnic Kazakhs thus far back to Kazakhstan. These trends have allowed Kazakhs to become the titular majority again. This dramatic demographic shift has also undermined the previous religious diversity and made the country more than 70 percent Muslim. Kazakhstan's economy is larger than those of all the other Central Asian states largely due to the country's vast natural resources. Current issues include: developing a cohesive national identity; managing Islamic revivalism; expanding the development of the country's vast energy resources and exporting them to world markets; diversifying the economy outside the oil, gas, and mining sectors; enhancing Kazakhstan's economic competitiveness; developing a multiparty parliament and advancing political and social reform; and strengthening relations with neighboring states and other foreign powers."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Central Asia, northwest of China; a small portion west of the Ural (Zhayyq) River in eastern-most Europe"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "48 00 N, 68 00 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "2,724,900 sq km",
"land": "2,699,700 sq km",
"water": "25,200 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly less than four times the size of Texas"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "12,185 km",
"border_countries": "China 1,533 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,224 km, Russia 6,846 km, Turkmenistan 379 km, Uzbekistan 2,203 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "0 km (landlocked); note - Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea, now split into two bodies of water (1,070 km), and the Caspian Sea (1,894 km)"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"text": "none (landlocked)"
},
"climate": {
"text": "continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "vast flat steppe extending from the Volga in the west to the Altai Mountains in the east and from the plains of western Siberia in the north to oases and deserts of Central Asia in the south"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Vpadina Kaundy -132 m",
"highest_point": "Khan Tangiri Shyngy (Pik Khan-Tengri) 6,995 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "major deposits of petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "8.82%",
"permanent_crops": "0.03%",
"other": "91.15% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "20,660 sq km (2010)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "107.5 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "21.14 cu km/yr (4%/30%/66%)",
"per_capita": "1,304 cu m/yr (2010)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "earthquakes in the south; mudslides around Almaty"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "radioactive or toxic chemical sites associated with former defense industries and test ranges scattered throughout the country pose health risks for humans and animals; industrial pollution is severe in some cities; because the two main rivers that flowed into the Aral Sea have been diverted for irrigation, it is drying up and leaving behind a harmful layer of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then picked up by the wind and blown into noxious dust storms; pollution in the Caspian Sea; soil pollution from overuse of agricultural chemicals and salination from poor infrastructure and wasteful irrigation practices"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "landlocked; Russia leases approximately 6,000 sq km of territory enclosing the Baykonur Cosmodrome; in January 2004, Kazakhstan and Russia extended the lease to 2050"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Kazakhstani(s)",
"adjective": "Kazakhstani"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Kazakh (Qazaq) 63.1%, Russian 23.7%, Uzbek 2.8%, Ukrainian 2.1%, Uighur 1.4%, Tatar 1.3%, German 1.1%, other 4.5% (2009 census)"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Kazakh (Qazaq, state language) 64.4%, Russian (official, used in everyday business, designated the \"language of interethnic communication\") 95% (2001 est.)"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Muslim 70.2%, Christian 26.2% (Russian Orthodox 23.9%, other Christian 2.3%), Buddhist 0.1%, other 0.2%, atheist 2.8%, unspecified 0.5% (2009 Census)"
},
"population": {
"text": "17,736,896 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "24.7% (male 2,199,491/female 2,189,036)",
"15_24_years": "16.9% (male 1,525,851/female 1,475,988)",
"25_54_years": "42.6% (male 3,666,941/female 3,881,320)",
"55_64_years": "8.9% (male 691,253/female 894,562)",
"65_years_and_over": "6.8% (male 415,903/female 796,551) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "48 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "38.1 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "9.9 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "10.1 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "29.5 years",
"male": "28.1 years",
"female": "30.9 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.2% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "20.03 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "8.43 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "0.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "53.6% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "0.87% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "Almaty 1.383 million; ASTANA (capital) 650,000 (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "0.94 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.01 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.03 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "0.94 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.77 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.52 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "0.92 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "27.6 (2010 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "51 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "22.32 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "25.07 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "19.75 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "69.94 years",
"male": "64.66 years",
"female": "74.88 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "2.38 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "51% (2011)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "4.3% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "3.88 physicians/1,000 population (2007)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "7.6 beds/1,000 population (2009)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 99% of population; rural: 90% of population; total: 95% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 1% of population; rural: 10% of population; total: 5% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 97% of population; rural: 98% of population; total: 97% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 3% of population; rural: 2% of population; total: 3% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "0.1% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "13,000 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "fewer than 500 (2009 est.)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "23.7% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "4.9% (2006)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "3.1% of GDP (2009)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "99.7%",
"male": "99.8%",
"female": "99.7% (2009 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "15 years",
"male": "15 years",
"female": "16 years (2012)"
},
"child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
"total_number": "59,254",
"percentage": "2 % (2006 est.)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "4.6%",
"male": "4.2%",
"female": "5% (2011)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Republic of Kazakhstan",
"conventional_short_form": "Kazakhstan",
"local_long_form": "Qazaqstan Respublikasy",
"local_short_form": "Qazaqstan",
"former": "Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "republic; authoritarian presidential rule, with little power outside the executive branch"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Astana",
"geographic_coordinates": "51 10 N, 71 25 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)",
"note": "Kazakhstan is divided into two time zones"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "14 provinces (oblystar, singular - oblys) and 3 cities* (qalalar, singular - qala); Almaty Oblysy, Almaty Qalasy*, Aqmola Oblysy (Astana), Aqtobe Oblysy, Astana Qalasy*, Atyrau Oblysy, Batys Qazaqstan Oblysy [West Kazakhstan] (Oral), Bayqongyr Qalasy [Baykonur]*, Mangghystau Oblysy (Aqtau), Ongtustik Qazaqstan Oblysy [South Kazakhstan] (Shymkent), Pavlodar Oblysy, Qaraghandy Oblysy, Qostanay Oblysy, Qyzylorda Oblysy, Shyghys Qazaqstan Oblysy [East Kazakhstan] (Oskemen), Soltustik Qazaqstan Oblysy [North Kazakhstan] (Petropavlovsk), Zhambyl Oblysy (Taraz)",
"note": "administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses); in 1995, the Governments of Kazakhstan and Russia entered into an agreement whereby Russia would lease for a period of 20 years an area of 6,000 sq km enclosing the Baykonur space launch facilities and the city of Bayqongyr (Baykonur, formerly Leninsk); in 2004, a new agreement extended the lease to 2050"
},
"independence": {
"text": "16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day, 16 December (1991)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "first post-independence constitution adopted 28 January 1993; new constitution adopted by national referendum 30 August 1995, amended May 2007 and February 2011"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "civil law system influenced by Roman-Germanic law and by the theory and practice of the Russian Federation"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Nursultan Abishuly NAZARBAYEV (chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 22 February 1990, elected president 1 December 1991)",
"head_of_government": "Prime Minister Serik AKHMETOV (since 24 September 2012); First Deputy Prime Minister Bakytzhan SAGINTAYEV (since 16 January 2013); Deputy Prime Ministers Yerbol ORYNBAYEV (since 29 October 2007), Kairat KELIMBETOV (since 20 January 2011), Aset ISEKESHEV (since 25 September 2012)",
"cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president",
"elections": "president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held on 3 April 2011 (next to be held in 2016); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president, with Mazhilis approval; note - constitutional amendments of May 2007 shortened the presidential term from seven years to five years and established a two-consecutive-term limit; NAZARBAYEV has official status as the \"First President of Kazakhstan\" and is allowed an unlimited amount of terms",
"note": "constitutional amendments of February 2011 moved election date from 2012 to April 2011 but kept five-year term; subsequent election to take place in 2016",
"election_results": "Nursultan Abishuly NAZARBAYEV reelected president; percent of vote - Nursultan Abishuly NAZARBAYEV 95.5%, other 4.5%"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (47 seats; 15 members are appointed by the president; 32 members elected by local assemblies; members serve six-year terms, but elections are staggered with half of the members up for re-election every three years) and the Mazhilis (107 seats; 9 out of the 107 Mazhilis members elected by the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan, a presidentially appointed advisory body designed to represent the country's ethnic minorities; non-appointed members are popularly elected to serve five-year terms)",
"elections": "Senate - (indirect) last held in August 2011 (next to be held in 2014); Mazhilis - last held on 15 January 2012 (next to be held in 2017)",
"election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Nur Otan 16; Mazhilis - percent of vote by party - Nur-Otan 81%, Ak Zhol 7.5%, Communist People's Party 7.2%, other 4.3%; seats by party - Nur-Otan 83, Ak Zhol 8, Communist People's Party 7"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court of the Republic (consists of 44 members); Constitutional Council (consists of 7 members)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges proposed by the president of ther epublic on recommendation of the Supreme Judicial Council, and confirmed by the Senate; judge tenure NA; Constitutional Council - the president of the republic, the Senate chairperson, the Majilis chairperson each appoints one member for a 3-year term and each appoints one member for a 6-year term; chairperson of the Constitutional Council appointed by the president of the republic for a 6-year term",
"subordinate_courts": "regional and local courts"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Adilet (Justice) [Maksut NARIKBAYEV, Tolegen SYDYKHOV, Bakhytbek AKHMETZHAN, Yerkin ONGARBAYEV] (formerly Democratic Party of Kazakhstan); Ak Zhol Party (Bright Path) [Azat PERUASHEV]; Alga [Vladimir KOZLOV] (unregistered and banned as extremist in November 2012); Auyl (Village) [Gani KALIYEV]; Azat (Freedom) Party [Bolat ABILOV] (formerly True Ak Zhol Party); Azat NSDP [co-chaired by Bolat ABILOV and Zharmakhan TUYAKBAY]; Azat and NSDP united in 2009, but the authorities have refused to register Azat NSDP as a single party; Communist Party of Kazakhstan or KPK [Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN] (suspended by court decision); Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan [Vladislav KOSAREV]; National Social Democratic Party or NSDP [Zharmakhan TUYAKBAY]; Nur Otan (Fatherland's Ray of Light) [Nursultan NAZARBAYEV, Nurlan NIGMATULIN] (the Agrarian, Asar, and Civic parties merged with Otan); Patriots' Party [Gani KASYMOV]; Rukhaniyat (Spirituality) [Altynshash ZHAGANOVA]"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "Adil-Soz [Tamara KALEYEVA]; Almaty Helsinki Committee [Ninel FOKINA]; Confederation of Free Trade Unions [Sergei BELKIN]; For Fair Elections [Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, Sabit ZHUSUPOV, Sergey DUVANOV, Ibrash NUSUPBAYEV]; Kazakhstan International Bureau on Human Rights [Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, Chairman of Bureau's Council, Roza AKYLBEKOVA, director]; Khalyk Maidany (Peoples' Front) - an informal union between the unregistered Alga Party, the unregistered Communist Party of Kazakhstan, and several opposition-oriented civil society groups, banned in November 2012 [no formal leader]; Pan-National Social Democratic Party of Kazakhstan [Zharmakhan TUYAKBAY]; Pensioners Movement or Pokoleniye [Irina SAVOSTINA, chairwoman]; Republican Network of International Monitors [Daniyar LIVAZOV]; Transparency International [Sergey ZLOTNIKOV]"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ADB, CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EITI (candidate country), FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer), ZC"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Kayrat UMAROV",
"chancery": "1401 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 232-5488",
"fax": "[1] (202) 232-5845",
"consulates_general": "New York"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Kenneth FAIRFAX",
"embassy": "Rakhymzhan Koshkarbayev Ave. No 3, Astana 010010",
"mailing_address": "use embassy street address",
"telephone": "[7] (7172) 70-21-00",
"fax": "[7] (7172) 54-09-14"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "a gold sun with 32 rays above a soaring golden steppe eagle, both centered on a sky blue background; the hoist side displays a national ornamental pattern \"koshkar-muiz\" (the horns of the ram) in gold; the blue color is of religious significance to the Turkic peoples of the country, and so symbolizes cultural and ethnic unity; it also represents the endless sky as well as water; the sun, a source of life and energy, exemplifies wealth and plenitude; the sun's rays are shaped like grain, which is the basis of abundance and prosperity; the eagle has appeared on the flags of Kazakh tribes for centuries and represents freedom, power, and the flight to the future"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "golden eagle"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Menin Qazaqstanim\" (My Kazakhstan)",
"lyrics_music": "Zhumeken NAZHIMEDENOV and Nursultan NAZARBAYEV/Shamshi KALDAYAKOV",
"note": "adopted 2006; President Nursultan NAZARBAYEV played a role in revising the lyrics"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Kazakhstan, geographically the largest of the former Soviet republics, excluding Russia, possesses enormous fossil fuel reserves and plentiful supplies of other minerals and metals, such as uranium, copper, and zinc. It also has a large agricultural sector featuring livestock and grain. In 2002 Kazakhstan became the first country in the former Soviet Union to receive an investment-grade credit rating. Extractive industries have been and will continue to be the engine of Kazakhstan's growth, although the country is aggressively pursuing diversification strategies. Landlocked, with restricted access to the high seas, Kazakhstan relies on its neighbors to export its products, especially oil and grain. Although its Caspian Sea ports, pipelines, and rail lines carrying oil have been upgraded, civil aviation and roadways continue to need attention. Telecoms are improving, but require considerable investment, as does the information technology base. Supply and distribution of electricity can be erratic because of regional dependencies, but the country is moving forward with plans to improve reliability of electricity and gas supply to its population. At the end of 2007, global financial markets froze up and the loss of capital inflows to Kazakhstani banks caused a credit crunch. The subsequent and sharp fall of oil and commodity prices in 2008 aggravated the economic situation, and Kazakhstan plunged into recession. While the global financial crisis took a significant toll on Kazakhstan's economy, it has rebounded well, helped by prudent government measures. GDP increased 7.5% year-on-year in 2011, and 5.0% in 2012. Rising commodity prices have helped the recovery. Despite solid macroeconomic indicators, the government realizes that its economy suffers from an overreliance on oil and extractive industries, the so-called \"Dutch disease.\" In response, Kazakhstan has embarked on an ambitious diversification program, aimed at developing targeted sectors like transport, pharmaceuticals, telecommunications, petrochemicals and food processing. In 2010 Kazakhstan joined the Belarus-Kazakhstan-Russia Customs Union in an effort to boost foreign investment and improve trade relationships and is planning to accede to the World Trade Organization in 2013."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$235.6 billion (2012 est.); $224.3 billion (2011 est.); $208.6 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$196.4 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "5% (2012 est.); 7.5% (2011 est.); 7.3% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$14,100 (2012 est.); $13,700 (2011 est.); $13,000 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "28.3% of GDP (2012 est.); 30.5% of GDP (2011 est.); 28% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "45.5%",
"government_consumption": "11.6%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "21.1%",
"investment_in_inventories": "2.5%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "48.4%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-30% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "5.2%",
"industry": "37.9%",
"services": "56.9% (2011 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "grain (mostly spring wheat and barley), potatoes, vegetables, melons; livestock"
},
"industries": {
"text": "oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, uranium, iron and steel; tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors, construction materials"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.3% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "8.54 million (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "25.8%",
"industry": "11.9%",
"services": "62.3% (2012)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "5.3% (2012 est.); 5.4% (2011 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "5.3% (2011 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "3.9%",
"highest_10%": "23.7% (2011 est.)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "28.9 (2011); 31.5 (2003)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$39.19 billion",
"expenditures": "$44.96 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "20% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-2.9% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "13.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 12.6% of GDP (2011 est.)"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "5.1% (2012 est.); 8.4% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "5.5% (31 December 2012 est.); 7.5% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "6.6% (31 December 2012 est.); 6.71% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$25.82 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $25.97 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$70.36 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $65.71 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$83.08 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $75.05 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$35.6 billion (31 December 2012); $43.3 billion (31 December 2011); $60.74 billion (31 December 2010)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "$12.69 billion (2012 est.); $13.6 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$93.07 billion (2012 est.); $88.47 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "oil and oil products, natural gas, ferrous metals, chemicals, machinery, grain, wool, meat, coal"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "China 21%, Russia 9.9%, France 9.3%, Germany 6.9%, Italy 5%, Canada 4.8%, Ukraine 4.7%, Romania 4.1% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$47.89 billion (2012 est.); $41.16 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, metal products, foodstuffs"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "Russia 31.6%, China 26.6%, Germany 6%, Ukraine 4.4% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$28.28 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $29.33 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$137.1 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $125.2 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$108.3 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $94.79 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$22.84 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $20.84 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "tenge (KZT) per US dollar -; 149.11 (2012 est.); 146.62 (2011 est.); 147.36 (2010 est.); 147.5 (2009); 120.25 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "90.53 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "88.11 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "1.8 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "3.7 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "18.73 million kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "88.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "11.8% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "1.635 million bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "1.078 million bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "122,600 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "30 billion bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "301,500 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "244,200 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "92,880 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "94,430 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "20.2 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "10.2 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "8.1 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "3.7 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "2.407 trillion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "184.5 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "4.266 million (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "25.24 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "inherited an outdated telecommunications network from the Soviet era requiring modernization",
"domestic": "intercity by landline and microwave radio relay; number of fixed-line connections is gradually increasing and fixed-line teledensity now roughly 25 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular usage has increased rapidly and the subscriber base now exceeds 140 per 100 persons",
"international": "country code - 7; international traffic with other former Soviet republics and China carried by landline and microwave radio relay and with other countries by satellite and by the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (2008)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "state owns nearly all radio and TV transmission facilities and operates national TV and radio networks; nearly all nationwide TV networks are wholly or partly owned by the government; some former state-owned media outlets have been privatized; households with satellite dishes have access to foreign media; a small number of commercial radio stations operate along with state-run radio stations; recent legislation requires all media outlets to register with the government and all TV providers to broadcast in digital format by 2015 (2008)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".kz"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "67,464 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "5.299 million (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "96 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "63",
"over_3_047_m": "10",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "25",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "15",
"914_to_1_523_m": "5",
"under_914_m": "8 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "33",
"over_3_047_m": "5",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "7",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "3",
"914_to_1_523_m": "5",
"under_914_m": "13 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "3 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "condensate 658 km; gas 12,432 km; oil 11,313 km; refined products 1,095 km; water 1,465 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "15,079 km",
"broad_gauge": "15,079 km 1.520-m gauge (4,000 km electrified) (2008)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "93,612 km",
"paved": "84,100 km",
"unpaved": "9,512 km (2008)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "4,000 km (on the Ertis (Irtysh) River (80%) and Syr Darya (Syrdariya) River) (2010)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "11",
"by_type": "cargo 1, petroleum tanker 8, refrigerated cargo 1, specialized tanker 1",
"foreign_owned": "3 (Austria 1, Ireland 1, Turkey 1) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"text": "Aqtau (Shevchenko), Atyrau (Gur'yev), Oskemen (Ust-Kamenogorsk), Pavlodar, Semey (Semipalatinsk)"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Kazakhstan Armed Forces: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Mobile Forces, Air Defense Forces (2013)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation is 2 years; 19 is the legal minimum age for voluntary service; military cadets in intermediate (ages 15-17) and higher (ages 17-21) education institutes are classified as military service personnel (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "4,163,629",
"females_age_16_49": "4,179,051 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "2,909,999",
"females_age_16_49": "3,528,169 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "125,322",
"female": "119,541 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "1.1% of GDP (2010)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "Kyrgyzstan has yet to ratify the 2001 boundary delimitation with Kazakhstan; field demarcation of the boundaries commenced with Uzbekistan in 2004 and with Turkmenistan in 2005; ongoing demarcation with Russia began in 2007; demarcation with China was completed in 2002; creation of a seabed boundary with Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea remains under discussion; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the sea"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"stateless_persons": "6,935 (2012)"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "significant illicit cultivation of cannabis for CIS markets, as well as limited cultivation of opium poppy and ephedra (for the drug ephedrine); limited government eradication of illicit crops; transit point for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russia and the rest of Europe; significant consumer of opiates"
}
}
}

589
asia/la-laos.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,589 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "Modern-day Laos has its roots in the ancient Lao kingdom of Lan Xang, established in the 14th century under King FA NGUM. For 300 years Lan Xang had influence reaching into present-day Cambodia and Thailand, as well as over all of what is now Laos. After centuries of gradual decline, Laos came under the domination of Siam (Thailand) from the late 18th century until the late 19th century when it became part of French Indochina. The Franco-Siamese Treaty of 1907 defined the current Lao border with Thailand. In 1975, the communist Pathet Lao took control of the government ending a six-century-old monarchy and instituting a strict socialist regime closely aligned to Vietnam. A gradual, limited return to private enterprise and the liberalization of foreign investment laws began in 1988. Laos became a member of ASEAN in 1997 and the WTO in 2013."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Southeastern Asia, northeast of Thailand, west of Vietnam"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "18 00 N, 105 00 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Southeast Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "236,800 sq km",
"land": "230,800 sq km",
"water": "6,000 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly larger than Utah"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "5,083 km",
"border_countries": "Burma 235 km, Cambodia 541 km, China 423 km, Thailand 1,754 km, Vietnam 2,130 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "0 km (landlocked)"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"text": "none (landlocked)"
},
"climate": {
"text": "tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April)"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "mostly rugged mountains; some plains and plateaus"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Mekong River 70 m",
"highest_point": "Phu Bia 2,817 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstones"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "5.91%",
"permanent_crops": "0.42%",
"other": "93.67% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "3,100 sq km (2005)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "333.5 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "3.49 cu km/yr (4%/5%/91%)",
"per_capita": "588.9 cu m/yr (2005)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "floods, droughts"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "unexploded ordnance; deforestation; soil erosion; most of the population does not have access to potable water"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "landlocked; most of the country is mountainous and thickly forested; the Mekong River forms a large part of the western boundary with Thailand"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Lao(s) or Laotian(s)",
"adjective": "Lao or Laotian"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Lao 55%, Khmou 11%, Hmong 8%, other (over 100 minor ethnic groups) 26% (2005 census)"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Lao (official), French, English, various ethnic languages"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Buddhist 67%, Christian 1.5%, other and unspecified 31.5% (2005 census)"
},
"population": {
"text": "6,695,166 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "35.5% (male 1,198,288/female 1,178,180)",
"15_24_years": "21.3% (male 706,679/female 716,368)",
"25_54_years": "34.6% (male 1,143,265/female 1,174,102)",
"55_64_years": "4.9% (male 160,650/female 166,605)",
"65_years_and_over": "3.7% (male 113,301/female 137,728) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "63.8 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "57.6 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "6.2 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "16.1 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "21.6 years",
"male": "21.4 years",
"female": "21.9 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.63% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "25.23 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "7.86 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "-1.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "34.3% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "4.41% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "VIENTIANE (capital) 799,000 (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.02 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "0.99 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "0.98 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.96 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.82 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "0.99 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "470 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "56.13 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "61.91 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "50.11 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "63.14 years",
"male": "61.2 years",
"female": "65.17 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "2.98 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "38.4% (2005)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "4.5% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "0.27 physicians/1,000 population (2005)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "0.7 beds/1,000 population (2010)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 77% of population; rural: 62% of population; total: 67% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 23% of population; rural: 38% of population; total: 33% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 89% of population; rural: 50% of population; total: 63% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 11% of population; rural: 50% of population; total: 37% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "0.2% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "8,500 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "fewer than 200 (2009 est.)"
},
"major_infectious_diseases": {
"degree_of_risk": "very high",
"food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever",
"vectorborne_diseases": "dengue fever and malaria",
"note": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "2.6% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "31.6% (2006)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "3.3% of GDP (2010)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "72.7%",
"male": "82.5%",
"female": "63.2% (2005 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "10 years",
"male": "11 years",
"female": "10 years (2011)"
},
"child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
"total_number": "175,138",
"percentage": "11 % (2006 est.)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Lao People's Democratic Republic",
"conventional_short_form": "Laos",
"local_long_form": "Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao",
"local_short_form": "Pathet Lao (unofficial)"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "Communist state"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Vientiane (Viangchan)",
"geographic_coordinates": "17 58 N, 102 36 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "16 provinces (khoueng, singular and plural) and 1 capital city* (nakhon luang, singular and plural); Attapu, Bokeo, Bolikhamxai, Champasak, Houaphan, Khammouan, Louangnamtha, Louangphabang, Oudomxai, Phongsali, Salavan, Savannakhet, Viangchan (Vientiane)*, Viangchan, Xaignabouli, Xekong, Xiangkhouang"
},
"independence": {
"text": "19 July 1949 (from France)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Republic Day, 2 December (1975)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "promulgated 14 August 1991; amended in 2003"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "civil law system similar in form to the French system"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Lt. Gen. CHOUMMALI Saignason (since 8 June 2006); Vice President BOUN-GNANG Volachit (since 8 June 2006)",
"head_of_government": "Prime Minister THONGSING Thammavong (since 24 December 2010); First Deputy Prime Minister Maj. Gen. ASANG Laoli (since May 2002), Deputy Prime Ministers Maj. Gen. DOUANGCHAI Phichit (since 8 June 2006), SOMSAVAT Lengsavat (since 26 February 1998), and THONGLOUN Sisoulit (since 27 March 2001)",
"cabinet": "Ministers appointed by president, approved by National Assembly",
"elections": "president and vice president elected by National Assembly for five-year terms; election last held on 30 April 2011 (next to be held in 2016); prime minister nominated by the president and elected by the National Assembly for five-year term",
"election_results": "CHOUMMALI Saignason elected president; BOUN-GNANG Volachit elected vice president; percent of National Assembly vote - NA; THONGSING Thammavong elected prime minister; percent of National Assembly vote - NA"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "unicameral National Assembly (132 seats; members elected by popular vote from a list of candidates selected by the Lao People's Revolutionary Party to serve five-year terms)",
"elections": "last held on 30 April 2011 (next to be held in 2016)",
"election_results": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - LPRP 128, independents 4"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "People's Supreme Court (consists of NA judges)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "president of People's Supreme Court elected by National Assembly on recommendation of National Assembly Standing Committee; vice president of People's Supreme Court and judges appointed by National Assembly Standing Committee; term of office NA",
"subordinate_courts": "provincial, municipal, district, and military courts"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Lao People's Revolutionary Party or LPRP [CHOUMMALI Saignason]; other parties proscribed"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "NA"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ADB, ARF, ASEAN, CP, EAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO (subscriber), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador SENG Soukhathivong",
"chancery": "2222 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 332-6416",
"fax": "[1] (202) 332-4923"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Karen B. STEWART",
"embassy": "19 Rue Bartholonie, That Dam, Vientiane",
"mailing_address": "American Embassy Vientiane, APO AP 96546",
"telephone": "[856] 21-26-7000",
"fax": "[856] 21-26-7190"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "three horizontal bands of red (top), blue (double width), and red with a large white disk centered in the blue band; the red bands recall the blood shed for liberation; the blue band represents the Mekong River and prosperity; the white disk symbolizes the full moon against the Mekong River, but also signifies the unity of the people under the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, as well as the country's bright future"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "elephant"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Pheng Xat Lao\" (Hymn of the Lao People)",
"lyrics_music": "SISANA Sisane/THONGDY Sounthonevichit",
"note": "music adopted 1945, lyrics adopted 1975; the anthem's lyrics were changed following the 1975 Communist revolution that overthrew the monarchy"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "The government of Laos, one of the few remaining one-party communist states, began decentralizing control and encouraging private enterprise in 1986. The results, starting from an extremely low base, were striking - growth averaged 6% per year from 1988-2008 except during the short-lived drop caused by the Asian financial crisis that began in 1997. Laos' growth exceeded 7% per year during 2008-12. Despite this high growth rate, Laos remains a country with an underdeveloped infrastructure, particularly in rural areas. It has a basic, but improving, road system, and limited external and internal land-line telecommunications. Electricity is available 75% of the country. Laos' economy is heavily dependent on capital-intensive natural resource exports. The labor force, however, still relies on agriculture, dominated by rice cultivation in lowland areas, which accounts for about 30% of GDP and 75% of total employment. Economic growth has reduced official poverty rates from 46% in 1992 to 26% in 2010. The economy also has benefited from high-profile foreign direct investment in hydropower, copper and gold mining, logging, and construction though some projects in these industries have drawn criticism for their environmental impacts. Laos gained Normal Trade Relations status with the US in 2004. On the fiscal side, Laos initiated a VAT tax system in 2010. Simplified investment procedures and expanded bank credits for small farmers and small entrepreneurs will improve Laos'' economic prospects. The government appears committed to raising the country''s profile among investors, opening the country''s first stock exchange in 2011 and participating in regional economic cooperation initiatives. Laos was admitted to the WTO in 2012. The World Bank has declared that Laos'' goal of graduating from the UN Development Program''s list of least-developed countries by 2020 is achievable."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$19.52 billion (2012 est.); $18.02 billion (2011 est.); $16.68 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$9.217 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "8.3% (2012 est.); 8% (2011 est.); 8.1% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$3,100 (2012 est.); $2,900 (2011 est.); $2,700 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "25.9% of GDP (2012 est.); 25% of GDP (2011 est.); 24.7% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "68%",
"government_consumption": "9.8%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "29.2%",
"investment_in_inventories": "0%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "39.1%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-46.1% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "26%",
"industry": "34%",
"services": "40% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "sweet potatoes, vegetables, corn, coffee, sugarcane, tobacco, cotton, tea, peanuts, rice; cassava (manioc), water buffalo, pigs, cattle, poultry"
},
"industries": {
"text": "mining (copper, tin, gold, and gypsum); timber, electric power, agricultural processing, rubber, construction, garments, cement, tourism"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "14% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "3.69 million (2010 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "75.1%",
"industry_and_services": "NA (2010 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "2.5% (2009 est.); 2.4% (2005 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "26% (2010 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "3.3%",
"highest_10%": "30.3% (2008)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "36.7 (2008); 34.6 (2002)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$2.028 billion",
"expenditures": "$2.211 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "22% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-2% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "48.4% of GDP (2012 est.); 49.1% of GDP (2011 est.)"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "1 October - 30 September"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "4.3% (2012 est.); 7.6% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "4.3% (31 December 2010); 4% (31 December 2009)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "22.3% (31 December 2012 est.); 21.9% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$1.169 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $979.5 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$3.556 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $3.155 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$4.07 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $2.672 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "$30.5 million (2012 est.); $90.2 million (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$1.984 billion (2012 est.); $1.854 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "wood products, coffee, electricity, tin, copper, gold, cassava"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "Thailand 32.8%, China 20.7%, Vietnam 14% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$2.744 billion (2012 est.); $2.423 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, vehicles, fuel, consumer goods"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "Thailand 63.2%, China 16.5%, Vietnam 5.6% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$796.9 million (31 December 2012 est.); $757.2 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$6.288 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $6.158 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "kips (LAK) per US dollar -; 8,013.3 (2012 est.); 8,030.1 (2011 est.); 8,258.8 (2010 est.); 8,516.04 (2009); 8,760.69 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "1.553 billion kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "2.23 billion kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "341 million kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "999 million kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "1.855 million kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "2.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "97.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "3,391 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2010 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "1,918 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "1.189 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "107,600 (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "5.481 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "service to general public is improving; the government relies on a radiotelephone network to communicate with remote areas",
"domestic": "4 service providers with mobile cellular usage growing very rapidly",
"international": "country code - 856; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region) and a second to be developed by China (2012)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "6 TV stations operating out of Vientiane - 3 government-operated and the others commercial; 17 provincial stations operating with nearly all programming relayed via satellite from the government-operated stations in Vientiane; Chinese and Vietnamese programming relayed via satellite from Lao National TV; broadcasts available from stations in Thailand and Vietnam in border areas; multi-channel satellite and cable TV systems provide access to a wide range of foreign stations; state-controlled radio with state-operated Lao National Radio (LNR) broadcasting on 5 frequencies - 1 AM, 1 SW, and 3 FM; LNR's AM and FM programs are relayed via satellite constituting a large part of the programming schedules of the provincial radio stations; Thai radio broadcasts available in border areas and transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are also accessible (2012)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".la"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "1,532 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "300,000 (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "41 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "8",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "3",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "4",
"914_to_1_523_m": "1 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "33",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "2",
"914_to_1_523_m": "9",
"under_914_m": "22 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "refined products 540 km (2013)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "39,568 km",
"paved": "530 km",
"unpaved": "39,038 km (2007)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "4,600 km (primarily on the Mekong River and its tributaries; 2,900 additional km are intermittently navigable by craft drawing less than 0.5 m) (2012)"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Lao People's Armed Forces (LPAF): Lao People's Army (LPA; includes Riverine Force), Air Force (2011)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - minimum 18-months (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "1,574,362",
"females_age_16_49": "1,607,856 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "1,111,629",
"females_age_16_49": "1,190,035 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "71,400",
"female": "73,038 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "0.2% of GDP (2012)"
},
"military_note": {
"text": "serving one of the world's least developed countries, the Lao People's Armed Forces (LPAF) is small, poorly funded, and ineffectively resourced; its mission focus is border and internal security, primarily in countering ethnic Hmong insurgent groups; together with the Lao People's Revolutionary Party and the government, the Lao People's Army (LPA) is the third pillar of state machinery, and as such is expected to suppress political and civil unrest and similar national emergencies, but the LPA also has upgraded skills to respond to avian influenza outbreaks; there is no perceived external threat to the state and the LPA maintains strong ties with the neighboring Vietnamese military (2008)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to check the spread of avian flu; talks continue on completion of demarcation with Thailand but disputes remain over islands in the Mekong River; concern among Mekong River Commission members that China's construction of dams on the Mekong River and its tributaries will affect water levels; Cambodia and Vietnam are concerned about Laos' extensive upstream dam construction"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "estimated opium poppy cultivation in 2008 was 1,900 hectares, about a 73% increase from 2007; estimated potential opium production in 2008 more than tripled to 17 metric tons; unsubstantiated reports of domestic methamphetamine production; growing domestic methamphetamine problem (2007)"
}
}
}

623
asia/lk-sri-lanka.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,623 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "The first Sinhalese arrived in Sri Lanka late in the 6th century B.C., probably from northern India. Buddhism was introduced in about the mid-third century B.C., and a great civilization developed at the cities of Anuradhapura (kingdom from circa 200 B.C. to circa A.D. 1000) and Polonnaruwa (from about 1070 to 1200). In the 14th century, a south Indian dynasty established a Tamil kingdom in northern Sri Lanka. The coastal areas of the island were controlled by the Portuguese in the 16th century and by the Dutch in the 17th century. The island was ceded to the British in 1796, became a crown colony in 1802, and was formally united under British rule by 1815. As Ceylon, it became independent in 1948; its name was changed to Sri Lanka in 1972. Tensions between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil separatists erupted into war in 1983. After two decades of fighting, the government and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) formalized a cease-fire in February 2002 with Norway brokering peace negotiations. Violence between the LTTE and government forces intensified in 2006, but the government regained control of the Eastern Province in 2007. By May 2009, the government announced that its military had defeated the remnants of the LTTE. Since the end of the conflict, the government has enacted an ambitious program of economic development projects, many of which are financed by loans from the Government of China. In addition to efforts to reconstruct its economy, the government has resettled more than 95% of those civilians who were displaced during the final phase of the conflict and released the vast majority of former LTTE combatants captured by Government Security Forces. At the same time, there has been little progress on more contentious and politically difficult issues such as reaching a political settlement with Tamil elected representatives and holding accountable those alleged to have been involved in human rights violations at the end of the war."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Southern Asia, island in the Indian Ocean, south of India"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "7 00 N, 81 00 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "65,610 sq km",
"land": "64,630 sq km",
"water": "980 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly larger than West Virginia"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"text": "0 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "1,340 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "12 nm",
"contiguous_zone": "24 nm",
"exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm",
"continental_shelf": "200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin"
},
"climate": {
"text": "tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October)"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in south-central interior"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Indian Ocean 0 m",
"highest_point": "Pidurutalagala 2,524 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay, hydropower"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "18.29%",
"permanent_crops": "14.94%",
"other": "66.77% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "5,700 sq km (2003)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "52.8 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "12.95 cu km/yr (6%/6%/87%)",
"per_capita": "638.8 cu m/yr (2005)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "occasional cyclones and tornadoes"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations threatened by poaching and urbanization; coastal degradation from mining activities and increased pollution; freshwater resources being polluted by industrial wastes and sewage runoff; waste disposal; air pollution in Colombo"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "Marine Life Conservation"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "strategic location near major Indian Ocean sea lanes"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Sri Lankan(s)",
"adjective": "Sri Lankan"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Sinhalese 73.8%, Sri Lankan Moors 7.2%, Indian Tamil 4.6%, Sri Lankan Tamil 3.9%, other 0.5%, unspecified 10% (2001 census provisional data)"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language) 18%, other 8%",
"note": "English, spoken competently by about 10% of the population, is commonly used in government and is referred to as the link language in the constitution"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Buddhist (official) 69.1%, Muslim 7.6%, Hindu 7.1%, Christian 6.2%, unspecified 10% (2001 census provisional data)"
},
"population": {
"text": "21,675,648 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "24.8% (male 2,741,879/female 2,632,613)",
"15_24_years": "15.1% (male 1,659,566/female 1,615,616)",
"25_54_years": "42.4% (male 4,484,738/female 4,697,355)",
"55_64_years": "9.3% (male 939,174/female 1,084,108)",
"65_years_and_over": "8.4% (male 778,629/female 1,041,970) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "50.7 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "37.9 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "12.8 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "7.8 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "31.4 years",
"male": "30.3 years",
"female": "32.5 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "0.89% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "16.64 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "6.01 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "-1.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "15.1% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "1.36% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "COLOMBO (capital) 681,000 (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.03 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "0.95 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.87 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.75 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "0.96 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "22.6",
"note": "Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2000 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "35 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "9.24 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "10.21 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "8.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "76.15 years",
"male": "72.64 years",
"female": "79.79 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "2.15 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "68% (2006/07)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "3% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "0.49 physicians/1,000 population (2006)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "3.1 beds/1,000 population (2004)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 99% of population; rural: 90% of population; total: 91% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 1% of population; rural: 10% of population; total: 9% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 88% of population; rural: 93% of population; total: 92% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 12% of population; rural: 7% of population; total: 8% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "less than 0.1% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "2,800 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "fewer than 200 (2009 est.)"
},
"major_infectious_diseases": {
"degree_of_risk": "high",
"food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A",
"vectorborne_disease": "dengue fever",
"water_contact_disease": "leptospirosis",
"animal_contact_disease": "rabies (2013)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "5.1% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "21.6% (2009)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "2% of GDP (2010)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "91.2%",
"male": "92.6%",
"female": "90% (2010 census)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "14 years",
"male": "14 years",
"female": "14 years (2011)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "19.4%",
"male": "16.3%",
"female": "24.7% (2010)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka",
"conventional_short_form": "Sri Lanka",
"local_long_form": "Shri Lanka Prajatantrika Samajavadi Janarajaya/Ilankai Jananayaka Choshalichak Kutiyarachu",
"local_short_form": "Shri Lanka/Ilankai",
"former": "Serendib, Ceylon"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "republic"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Colombo",
"geographic_coordinates": "6 55 N, 79 50 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+5.5 (10.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)",
"note": "Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte (legislative capital)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "9 provinces; Central, Eastern, North Central, Northern, North Western, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, Western"
},
"independence": {
"text": "4 February 1948 (from the UK)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day, 4 February (1948)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "adopted 16 August 1978, certified 31 August 1978; amended many times, most recently in 2010"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "mixed legal system of Roman-Dutch civil law, English common law, and Jaffna Tamil customary law"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Mahinda Percy RAJAPAKSA (since 19 November 2005); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; Dissanayake Mudiyanselage JAYARATNE holds the largely ceremonial title of prime minister (since 21 April 2010)",
"head_of_government": "President Mahinda Percy RAJAPAKSA (since 19 November 2005)",
"cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the president in consultation with the prime minister",
"elections": "president elected by popular vote for a six-year term, eligible for a second term; election last held on 26 January 2010 (next to be held in 2016)",
"election_results": "Mahinda Percy RAJAPAKSA reelected president for second term; percent of vote - Mahinda Percy RAJAPAKSA 57.88%, Sarath FONSEKA 40.15%, other 1.97%"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "unicameral Parliament (225 seats; members elected by popular vote on the basis of an open-list, proportional representation system by electoral district to serve six-year terms)",
"elections": "last held on 8 April 2010 with a repoll in two electorates held on 20 April 2010 (next to be held by April 2016)",
"election_results": "percent of vote by alliance or party - United People's Freedom Alliance 60.93%, United National Party 29.34%, Democratic National Alliance 5.49%, Tamil National Alliance 2.9%, other 1.34%; seats by alliance or party - United People's Freedom Alliance 144, United National Party 60, Tamil National Alliance 14, Democratic National Alliance 7"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court of the Republic (consists of the chief justice and 10 justices); note - the court has exclusive jurisdiction to review legislation",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "the chief justice appointed by the president; the other justices appointed by the president with the advice of the chief justice; all justices hold office until age 65",
"subordinate_courts": "Court of Appeals; High Courts; Magistrate's Courts; municipal and primary courts"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Coalitions and leaders: Democratic National Alliance, led by General (Retired) Sarath FONSEKA; Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna or JVP [Somawansa AMARASINGHE]; Tamil National Alliance led by Illandai Tamil Arasu Kachchi [R. SAMPANTHAN]; United National Front led by United National Party [Ranil WICKREMESINGHE]; United People's Freedom Alliance led by Sri Lanka Freedom Party [Mahinda RAJAPAKSA]"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "Buddhist clergy; labor unions; hard-line nationalist Sinhalese groups such as the National Movement Against Terrorism; Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ABEDA, ADB, ARF, BIMSTEC, C, CD, CP, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OPCW, PCA, SAARC, SACEP, SCO (dialogue member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Jaliya Chitran WICKRAMASURIYA",
"chancery": "2148 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 483-4025 through 4028",
"fax": "[1] (202) 232-7181",
"consulates_general": "Los Angeles",
"consulates": "New York"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Michele J. SISON",
"embassy": "210 Galle Road, Colombo 3",
"mailing_address": "P. O. Box 106, Colombo",
"telephone": "[94] (11) 249-8500",
"fax": "[94] (11) 243-7345"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other larger panel depicts a yellow lion holding a sword on a dark red rectangular field that also displays a yellow bo leaf in each corner; the yellow field appears as a border around the entire flag and extends between the two panels; the lion represents Sinhalese ethnicity, the strength of the nation, and bravery; the sword demonstrates the sovereignty of the nation; the four bo leaves - symbolizing Buddhism and its influence on the country - stand for the four virtues of kindness, friendliness, happiness, and equanimity; orange signifies Sri Lankan Tamils, green the Sri Lankan Moors; dark red represents the European Burghers, but also refers to the rich colonial background of the country; yellow denotes other ethnic groups; also referred to as the Lion Flag"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "lion"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Sri Lanka Matha\" (Mother Sri Lanka)",
"lyrics_music": "Ananda SAMARKONE",
"note": "adopted 1951"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Sri Lanka continues to experience strong economic growth following the end of the 26-year conflict with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). The government has been pursuing large-scale reconstruction and development projects in its efforts to spur growth in war-torn and disadvantaged areas, develop small and medium enterprises and increase agricultural productivity. The government's high debt payments and bloated civil service have contributed to historically high budget deficits, but fiscal consolidation efforts and strong GDP growth in recent years have helped bring down the government's fiscal deficit. However, low tax revenues are a major concern. The 2008-09 global financial crisis and recession exposed Sri Lanka''s economic vulnerabilities and nearly caused a balance of payments crisis. Growth slowed to 3.5% in 2009. Economic activity rebounded with the end of the war and an IMF agreement, resulting in two straight years of 8% growth in 2010-11. Growth moderated to about 6% in 2012. Agriculture slowed due to a drought and weak global demand affected exports and trade. In early 2012, Sri Lanka floated the rupee, resulting in a sharp depreciation, and took steps to curb imports. A large trade deficit remains a concern. Strong remittances from Sri Lankan workers abroad have helped to offset the trade deficit."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$128.4 billion (2012 est.); $120.6 billion (2011 est.); $111.4 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$59.41 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "6.4% (2012 est.); 8.2% (2011 est.); 8% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$6,200 (2012 est.); $5,900 (2011 est.); $5,500 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "23.8% of GDP (2012 est.); 22.1% of GDP (2011 est.); 25.3% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "69.6%",
"government_consumption": "13.5%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "28.9%",
"investment_in_inventories": "1.8%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "22.8%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-36.5% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "11.1%",
"industry": "31.5%",
"services": "57.5% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "rice, sugarcane, grains, pulses, oilseed, spices, vegetables, fruit, tea, rubber, coconuts; milk, eggs, hides, beef; fish"
},
"industries": {
"text": "processing of rubber, tea, coconuts, tobacco and other agricultural commodities; telecommunications, insurance, banking; tourism, shipping; clothing, textiles; cement, petroleum refining, information technology services, construction"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "10.3% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "8.194 million (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "31.8%",
"industry": "25.8%",
"services": "42.4% (June 2012)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "5.2% (2012 est.); 4.2% (2011 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "8.9% (2010 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "1.6%",
"highest_10%": "39.5% (2009)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "49 (2010); 46 (1995)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$7.868 billion",
"expenditures": "$11.63 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "13.2% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-6.3% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "77.7% of GDP (2012 est.); 78.4% of GDP (2011 est.)",
"note": "covers central government debt, and excludes debt instruments directly owned by government entities other than the treasury (e.g. commercial bank borrowings of a government corporation); the data includes treasury debt held by foreign entities as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement; sub-national entities are usually not permitted to sell debt instruments"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "7.5% (2012 est.); 6.7% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "7.5% (19 December 2012 est.); 7% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "13.25% (31 December 2012 est.); 9.41% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$3.539 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $3.852 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$21.89 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $18.88 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$28.86 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $26.53 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$16.92 billion (31 December 2012); $19.44 billion (31 December 2011); $19.92 billion (31 December 2010)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "-$4.737 billion (2012 est.); -$4.638 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$9.785 billion (2012 est.); $10.56 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "textiles and apparel, tea and spices; rubber manufactures; precious stones; coconut products, fish"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "US 22.6%, UK 9.8%, India 6.4%, Belgium 5.2%, Germany 4.8%, Italy 4.3% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$17.32 billion (2012 est.); $18.24 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "petroleum, textiles, machinery and transportation equipment, building materials, mineral products, foodstuffs"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "India 21.3%, China 16.5%, Singapore 8.6%, Iran 7.7%, UAE 4.4%, Malaysia 4.3% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$6.831 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $6.748 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$26.87 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $23.98 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "Sri Lankan rupees (LKR) per US dollar -; 127.6 (2012 est.); 110.57 (2011 est.); 113.06 (2010 est.); 114.95 (2009); 108.33 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "11.52 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "10 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "3.139 million kW (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "53.8% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "44.6% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "1.6% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "41,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "50,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "89,620 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "48,140 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "0 cu m (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "0 cu m (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "14.09 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "2.832 million (2013)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "19.336 million (2013)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "telephone services have improved significantly and are available in most parts of the country",
"domestic": "national trunk network consists mostly of digital microwave radio relay; fiber-optic links now in use in Colombo area and fixed wireless local loops have been installed; competition is strong in mobile cellular systems and mobile cellular subscribership is increasing",
"international": "country code - 94; the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cables provide connectivity to Asia, Australia, Middle East, Europe, US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "government operates 8 TV channels and a radio network; multi-channel satellite and cable TV subscription services available; 35 private TV stations and about 50 radio stations (2012)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".lk"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "9,552 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "1.777 million (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "19 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "15",
"over_3_047_m": "2",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "6",
"914_to_1_523_m": "7 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "4",
"914_to_1_523_m": "1",
"under_914_m": "3 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "1 (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "1,449 km",
"broad_gauge": "1,449 km 1.676-m gauge (2007)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "91,907 km (2008)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "160 km (primarily on rivers in southwest) (2012)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "21",
"by_type": "bulk carrier 4, cargo 13, chemical tanker 1, container 1, petroleum tanker 2",
"foreign_owned": "8 (Germany 8) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"text": "Colombo"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Sri Lanka Army, Sri Lanka Navy, Sri Lanka Air Force (2013)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18-22 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; 5-year service obligation (Air Force) (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "5,342,147",
"females_age_16_49": "5,466,409 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "4,177,432",
"females_age_16_49": "4,574,833 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "167,026",
"female": "162,587 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "2.9% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "none"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"idps": "118,376 (civil war; more than half displaced prior to 2008; many of the more than 470,000 IDPs registered as returnees had not reached durable solutions as of September 2012) (2012)"
},
"trafficking_in_persons": {
"current_situation": "Sri Lanka is primarily a source and, to a much lesser extent, a destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; some Sri Lankan adults and children who migrate willingly to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Jordan, Bahrain, Lebanon, Iraq, Afghanistan, Malaysia, and Singapore to work as domestic servants, construction workers, or garment factory workers face conditions indicative of forced labor; some Sri Lankan women are forced into prostitution in Jordan, Singapore, Maldives, and other countries; within Sri Lanka, women and children are subjected to sex trafficking in brothels, while other children are forced to work in the agriculture, fireworks, and fish-drying industries",
"tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List - Sri Lanka does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; law enforcement efforts and victim protection, particularly identification, are very weak, with no reported prosecutions or convictions under the country's penal code article prohibiting human trafficking; government employees' complicity in trafficking offenses remains a problem; the government has not approved its draft standard operating procedures for identifying trafficking victims and referring them to protective services, consequently, victims may have been punished for crimes committed as a direct result of being trafficked; the government adopted an anti-trafficking action plan in 2012 (2013)"
}
}
}

617
asia/mm-myanmar.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,617 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "Various ethnic Burmese and ethnic minority city-states or kingdoms occupied the present borders through the 19th century. Over a period of 62 years (1824-1886), Britain conquered Burma and incorporated the country into its Indian Empire. Burma was administered as a province of India until 1937 when it became a separate, self-governing colony; in 1948, Burma attained independence from the Commonwealth. Gen. NE WIN dominated the government from 1962 to 1988, first as military ruler, then as self-appointed president, and later as political kingpin. In response to widespread civil unrest, NE WIN resigned in 1988, but within months the military crushed student-led protests and took power. Multiparty legislative elections in 1990 resulted in the main opposition party - the National League for Democracy (NLD) - winning a landslide victory. Instead of handing over power, the junta placed NLD leader (and Nobel Peace Prize recipient) AUNG SAN SUU KYI (ASSK) under house arrest from 1989 to 1995, 2000 to 2002, and from May 2003 to November 2010. In late September 2007, the ruling junta brutally suppressed protests over increased fuel prices led by prodemocracy activists and Buddhist monks, killing at least 13 people and arresting thousands for participating in the demonstrations. In early May 2008, Burma was struck by Cyclone Nargis, which left over 138,000 dead and tens of thousands injured and homeless. Despite this tragedy, the junta proceeded with its May constitutional referendum, the first vote in Burma since 1990. Parliamentary elections held in November 2010, considered flawed by many in the international community, saw the ruling Union Solidarity and Development Party garner over 75% of the seats. Parliament convened in January 2011 and selected former Prime Minister THEIN SEIN as president. Although the vast majority of national-level appointees named by THEIN SEIN are former or current military officers, the government has initiated a series of political and economic reforms leading to a substantial opening of the long-isolated country. These reforms have included allowing ASSK to contest parliamentary by-elections on 1 April 2012, releasing hundreds of political prisoners, reaching preliminary peace agreements with 10 of the 11 major armed ethnic groups, enacting laws that provide better protections for basic human rights, and gradually reducing restrictions on freedom of the press, association, and civil society. At least due in part to these reforms, ASSK now serves as an elected Member of Parliament and chair of the Committee for Rule of Law and Tranquility. Most political parties have begun building their institutions in preparation for the next round of general elections in 2015. The country is preparing to chair the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 2014."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Bangladesh and Thailand"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "22 00 N, 98 00 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Southeast Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "676,578 sq km",
"land": "653,508 sq km",
"water": "23,070 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly smaller than Texas"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "5,876 km",
"border_countries": "Bangladesh 193 km, China 2,185 km, India 1,463 km, Laos 235 km, Thailand 1,800 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "1,930 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "12 nm",
"contiguous_zone": "24 nm",
"exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm",
"continental_shelf": "200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin"
},
"climate": {
"text": "tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Andaman Sea 0 m",
"highest_point": "Hkakabo Razi 5,881 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas, hydropower"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "15.94%",
"permanent_crops": "2.16%",
"other": "81.89% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "21,100 sq km (2004)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "1,168 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "33.23 cu km/yr (10%/1%/89%)",
"per_capita": "728.6 cu m/yr (2005)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides common during rainy season (June to September); periodic droughts"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and water; inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute to disease"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Burmese (singular and plural)",
"adjective": "Burmese"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian 2%, Mon 2%, other 5%"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Burmese (official)",
"note": "minority ethnic groups have their own languages"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic 1%), Muslim 4%, Animist 1%, other 2%"
},
"population": {
"text": "55,167,330 (July 2013 est.)",
"note": "estimates for this country take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "26.7% (male 7,514,233/female 7,227,893)",
"15_24_years": "18.6% (male 5,183,653/female 5,060,385)",
"25_54_years": "42.8% (male 11,724,297/female 11,879,420)",
"55_64_years": "6.7% (male 1,754,397/female 1,963,051)",
"65_years_and_over": "5.2% (male 1,244,758/female 1,615,243) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "43.1 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "35.7 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "7.5 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "13.4 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "27.6 years",
"male": "27 years",
"female": "28.2 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.05% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "18.89 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "8.05 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "-0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "32.6% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "2.49% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "RANGOON (capital) 4.259 million; Mandalay 1.009 million; Nay Pyi Taw 992,000 (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.06 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.02 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "0.99 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.9 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.77 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "0.99 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "200 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "46.31 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "52.91 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "39.31 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "65.6 years",
"male": "63.24 years",
"female": "68.09 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "2.21 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "46% (2009/10)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "2% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "0.46 physicians/1,000 population (2008)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "0.6 beds/1,000 population (2006)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 93% of population; rural: 78% of population; total: 83% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 7% of population; rural: 22% of population; total: 17% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 83% of population; rural: 73% of population; total: 76% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 17% of population; rural: 27% of population; total: 24% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "0.6% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "240,000 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "18,000 (2009 est.)"
},
"major_infectious_diseases": {
"degree_of_risk": "very high",
"food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever",
"vectorborne_diseases": "dengue fever, malaria, and Japanese encephalitis",
"water_contact_disease": "leptospirosis",
"animal_contact_disease": "rabies",
"note": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "4% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "22.6% (2010)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "0.8% of GDP (2011)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "92.7%",
"male": "95.1%",
"female": "90.4% (2011 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "9 years (2007)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Union of Burma",
"conventional_short_form": "Burma",
"local_long_form": "Pyidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw (translated by the US Government as Union of Myanma and by the Burmese as Union of Myanmar)",
"local_short_form": "Myanma Naingngandaw",
"former": "Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma",
"note": "since 1989 the military authorities in Burma, and the current parliamentary government, have promoted the name Myanmar as a conventional name for their state; the US Government has not adopted the name, which is a derivative of the Burmese short-form name Myanma Naingngandaw"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "parliamentary government took power in March 2011"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Rangoon (Yangon)",
"geographic_coordinates": "16 48 N, 96 09 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+6.5 (11.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)",
"note": "Nay Pyi Taw is the administrative capital"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "7 regions (taing-myar, singular - taing) and 7 states (pyi ne-myar, singular - pyi ne)",
"regions": "Ayeyarwady, Bago, Magway, Mandalay, Sagaing, Taninthayi, Yangon",
"states": "Chin, Kachin, Kayah, Kayin, Mon, Rakhine (Arakan), Shan",
"union_territory": "Nay Pyi Taw"
},
"independence": {
"text": "4 January 1948 (from the UK)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day, 4 January (1948); Union Day, 12 February (1947)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "approved by referendum 29 May 2008; reformed by a series of acts in 2011"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "mixed legal system of English common law (as introduced in codifications designed for colonial India) and customary law"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President THEIN SEIN (since 4 February 2011); Vice President SAI MOUK KHAM (since 3 February 2011); Vice President NYAN HTUN (since 15 August 2012)",
"head_of_government": "President THEIN SEIN (since 4 February 2011)",
"cabinet": "cabinet is appointed by the president and confirmed by the parliament",
"elections": "THEIN SEIN elected president by the parliament from among three vice presidents; the upper house, the lower house, and military members of the parliament each nominate one vice president (president serves a five-year term)"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "bicameral, consists of the House of Nationalities [Amyotha Hluttaw] (224 seats, 168 directly elected and 56 appointed by the military; members serve five-year terms) and the House of Representatives [Pythu Hluttaw] (440 seats, 330 directly elected and 110 appointed by the military; members serve five-year terms)",
"elections": "last held on 7 November 2010 (next to be held in December 2015)",
"election_results": "House of Nationalities - percent of vote by party - USDP 74.8%, others (NUP, SNDP, RNDP, NDF, AMRDP) 25.2%; seats by party - USDP 129, others 39; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - USDP 79.6%, others (NUP, SNDP, RNDP, NDF, AMRDP) 20.4%; seats by party - USDP 259, others 71"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court of the Union (consists of the chief justice and 7-11 judges)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "chief justice and judges nominated by the president, with approval of the Pythu Hlattaw, and appointed by the president; judges normally serve until mandatory retirement at age 70",
"subordinate_courts": "High Courts of the Region; High Courts of the State; Court of the Self-Administered Division; Court of the Self-Administered Zone; district and township courts; special courts (for juvenile, municipal, and traffic offenses); courts martial"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "All Mon Region Democracy Party or AMRDP [NAING NGWE THEIN]; National Democratic Force or NDF [KHIN MAUNG SWE, Dr.THAN NYEIN]; National League for Democracy or NLD [AUNG SAN SUU KYI]; National Unity Party or NUP [TUN YE]; Rakhine Nationalities Development Party or RNDP [Dr. AYE MG]; Shan Nationalities Democratic Party or SNDP [SAI AIKE PAUNG]; Shan Nationalities League for Democracy or SNLD [HKUN HTUN OO]; Union Solidarity and Development Party or USDP [SHWE MANN, HTAY OO]; numerous smaller parties"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"thai_border": "Ethnic Nationalities Council or ENC; Federation of Trade Unions-Burma or FTUB (exile trade union and labor advocates); National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma or NCGUB (self-proclaimed government in exile) [\"Prime Minister\" Dr. SEIN WIN] consists of individuals, some legitimately elected to the People's Assembly in 1990 (the group fled to a border area and joined insurgents in December 1990 to form a parallel government in exile); National Council-Union of Burma or NCUB (exile coalition of opposition groups); United Nationalities Federal Council (UNFC)",
"inside_burma": "Karen National Union or KNU; Karenni National People's Party or KNPP; United Wa State Army or UWSA; 88 Generation Students (pro-democracy movement); several other Chin, Karen, Mon, and Shan factions",
"note": "freedom of expression has been highly restricted in Burma; the restrictions are being relaxed by the government; political groups, other than parties approved by the government, are limited in number"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ADB, ARF, ASEAN, BIMSTEC, CP, EAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), NAM, OPCW (signatory), SAARC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires YE LWIN",
"chancery": "2300 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 332-3344",
"fax": "[1] (202) 332-4351",
"consulates_general": "none; Burma has a Mission to the UN in New York"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Derek J. MITCHELL",
"embassy": "110 University Avenue, Kamayut Township, Rangoon",
"mailing_address": "Box B, APO AP 96546",
"telephone": "[95] (1) 536-509, 535-756, 538-038",
"fax": "[95] (1) 511-069"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "design consists of three equal horizontal stripes of yellow (top), green, and red; centered on the green band is a large white five-pointed star that partially overlaps onto the adjacent colored stripes; the design revives the triband colors used by Burma from 1943-45, during the Japanese occupation"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "chinthe (mythical lion)"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Kaba Ma Kyei\" (Till the End of the World, Myanmar)",
"lyrics_music": "SAYA TIN",
"note": "adopted 1948; Burma is among a handful of non-European nations that have anthems rooted in indigenous traditions; the beginning portion of the anthem is a traditional Burmese anthem before transitioning into a Western-style orchestrated work"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Burma is a resource-rich country but still suffers from pervasive government controls, inefficient economic policies, corruption, and rural poverty. Burma is the poorest country in Southeast Asia; approximately 32% of the population lives in poverty. Corruption is prevalent and significant resources are concentrated in the extractive industries are concentrated in a few hands. The Burmese government has initiated notable economic reforms. In October 2011, 11 private banks were allowed to trade foreign currency. On April 2, 2012, Burma's multiple exchange rates were abolished and the Central Bank of Myanmar established a managed float of the Burmese kyat. In November 2012, President THEIN SEIN signed a new Foreign Investment Law. Despite these reforms, the Burmese government has not yet embarked on broad-based macro-economic reforms or addressed key impediments to economic development such as Burma's opaque revenue collection system. Key benchmarks of economic progress would include steps to ensure the independence of the Central Bank, provide budget allocation for social services, and enact laws to protect intellectual and real property. In recent years, foreign investors have shied away from nearly every sector except for natural gas, power generation, timber, and mining. The exploitation of natural resources does not benefit the population at large. The most productive sectors will continue to be in extractive industries - especially oil and gas, mining, and timber - with the latter two causing significant environmental degradation. Other areas, such as manufacturing, tourism, and services, struggle in the face of poor infrastructure, unpredictable trade policies, undeveloped human resources (the result of neglected health and education systems), endemic corruption, and inadequate access to capital for investment. The US initially imposed sanctions on Burma in response to the 1988 military crackdown and the regime's refusal to honor the democratic opposition National League for Democracy's 1990 landslide election victory under the leadership of AUNG SAN SUU KYI. In 2003, the US moved from broad-based to more targeted sanctions. In July 2012, as a result of reforms undertaken by President THEIN SEIN and his nominally civilian government, the US broadly eased restrictions on new investment in and the export of financial services to Burma. In November 2012, the US eased the import bank on Burmese products to the US with the exception of jadeite and rubies. Although the Burmese government has good economic relations with its neighbors, significant improvements in economic governance, the business climate, and the political situation are needed to promote serious foreign investment."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$90.93 billion (2012 est.); $85.54 billion (2011 est.); $81.11 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$53.14 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "6.3% (2012 est.); 5.5% (2011 est.); 5.3% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$1,400 (2012 est.); $1,400 (2011 est.); $1,300 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "13.3% of GDP (2012 est.); 16% of GDP (2011 est.); 19.9% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "79.6%",
"government_consumption": "3.7%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "16.3%",
"investment_in_inventories": "0.3%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "0.2%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-0.2% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "38.8%",
"industry": "19.3%",
"services": "41.8% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "rice, pulses, beans, sesame, groundnuts, sugarcane; fish and fish products; hardwood"
},
"industries": {
"text": "agricultural processing; wood and wood products; copper, tin, tungsten, iron; cement, construction materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer; oil and natural gas; garments, jade and gems"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "8.6% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "33.41 million (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "70%",
"industry": "7%",
"services": "23% (2001)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "5.4% (2012 est.); 5.5% (2011 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "32.7% (2007 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "2.8%",
"highest_10%": "32.4% (1998)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$2.271 billion",
"expenditures": "$4.487 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "4.3% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-4.2% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "1 April - 31 March"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "1.5% (2012 est.); 5% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "9.95% (31 December 2010 est.); 12% (31 December 2009 est.)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "13% (31 December 2012 est.); 16.33% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$11.54 million (31 December 2012 est.); $8.91 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$15.66 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $11.83 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "-$891.2 million (2012 est.); $96.1 million (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$8.23 billion (2012 est.); $8.113 billion (2011 est.)",
"note": "official export figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of timber, gems, narcotics, rice, and other products smuggled to Thailand, China, and Bangladesh"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "natural gas, wood products, pulses, beans, fish, rice, clothing, jade and gems"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "Thailand 40.5%, India 14.7%, China 14.2%, Japan 7.4% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$7.477 billion (2012 est.); $5.921 billion (2011 est.)",
"note": "import figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of consumer goods, diesel fuel, and other products smuggled in from Thailand, China, Malaysia, and India"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "fabric, petroleum products, fertilizer, plastics, machinery, transport equipment; cement, construction materials, crude oil; food products, edible oil"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "China 37%, Thailand 20.2%, Singapore 8.7%, South Korea 8.7%, Japan 8.2%, Malaysia 4.6% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$7.551 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $7.017 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$5.614 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $7.766 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "kyats (MMK) per US dollar -; 853.476 (2012 est.); 815 (2011 est.); 5.58 (2010 est.); 1,055 (2009); 1,205 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "5.708 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "3.794 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "1.86 million kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "67.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "32.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "20,200 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "880 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "50 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "16,700 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "40,620 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "12,730 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "12.1 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "3.29 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "8.81 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "283.2 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "12.8 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "521,100 (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "1.244 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "meets minimum requirements for local and intercity service for business and government",
"domestic": "system barely capable of providing basic service; mobile-cellular phone system is grossly underdeveloped",
"international": "country code - 95; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 optical telecommunications submarine cable that provides links to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2, Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and ShinSat (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "government controls all domestic broadcast media; 2 state-controlled TV stations with 1 of the stations controlled by the armed forces; 2 pay-TV stations are joint state-private ventures; access to satellite TV is limited; 1 state-controlled domestic radio station and 9 FM stations that are joint state-private ventures; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available in parts of Burma; the Voice of America (VOA), Radio Free Asia (RFA), BBC Burmese service, the Democratic Voice of Burma (DVB), and Radio Australia use shortwave to broadcast in Burma; VOA, RFA, and DVB produce daily TV news programs that are transmitted by satellite to audiences in Burma"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".mm"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "1,055 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "110,000 (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "64 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "36",
"over_3_047_m": "12",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "11",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "12",
"under_914_m": "1 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "28",
"over_3_047_m": "1",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "4",
"914_to_1_523_m": "10",
"under_914_m": "13 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "11 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "gas 3,739 km; oil 551 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "5,031 km",
"narrow_gauge": "5,031 km 1.000-m gauge (2008)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "34,377 km (includes 358 km of expressways) (2010)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "12,800 km (2011)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "29",
"by_type": "cargo 22, passenger 2, passenger/cargo 3, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 1",
"foreign_owned": "2 (Germany 1, Japan 1)",
"registered_in_other_countries": "3 (Panama 3) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"major_seaports": "Moulmein, Sittwe",
"river_ports": "Rangoon (Rangoon River)"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Myanmar Armed Forces (Tatmadaw): Army (Tatmadaw Kyi), Navy (Tatmadaw Yay), Air Force (Tatmadaw Lay) (2013)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18-35 years of age (men) and 18-27 years of age (women) for voluntary military service; no conscription (a 2010 law reintroducing conscription has not yet entered into force); service obligation 2 years; male (ages 18-45) and female (ages 18-35) professionals (including doctors, engineers, mechanics) serve up to 3 years; service terms may be stretched to 5 years in an officially declared emergency; Burma signed the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) on 15 August 1991; on 27 June 2012, the regime signed a Joint Action Plan on prevention of child recruitment; in February 2013, the military formed a new task force to address forced child conscription, which reportedly continues (2013)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "14,747,845",
"females_age_16_49": "14,710,871 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "10,451,515",
"females_age_16_49": "11,181,537 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "522,478",
"female": "506,388 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "4.8% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "over half of Burma's population consists of diverse ethnic groups who have substantial numbers of kin in neighboring countries; the Naf River on the border with Bangladesh serves as a smuggling and illegal transit route; Bangladesh struggles to accommodate 29,000 Rohingya, Burmese Muslim minority from Arakan State, living as refugees in Cox's Bazar; Burmese border authorities are constructing a 200 km (124 mi) wire fence designed to deter illegal cross-border transit and tensions from the military build-up along border with Bangladesh in 2010; Bangladesh referred its maritime boundary claims with Burma and India to the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea; Burmese forces attempting to dig in to the largely autonomous Shan State to rout local militias tied to the drug trade, prompts local residents to periodically flee into neighboring Yunnan Province in China; fencing along the India-Burma international border at Manipur's Moreh town is in progress to check illegal drug trafficking and movement of militants; 140,000 mostly Karen refugees fleeing civil strife, political upheaval and economic stagnation in Burma live in remote camps in Thailand near the border"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"idps": "more than 454,200 (government offensives against armed ethnic minority groups near its borders with China and Thailand) (2012)",
"stateless_persons": "808,075 (2012); note - Burma's main group of stateless people is the Rohingya, Muslims living in northern Rakhine State; the Burmese Government does not recognize the Rohingya as a \"national race\" and stripped them of their citizenship under the 1982 Citizenship law, categorizing them as \"non-national\" or \"foreign residents\"; native-born but non-indigenous people, such as Indians, and children born in Thailand to Burmese parents are also stateless; the Burmese Government does not grant citizenship to children born outside of the country to Burmese parents who left the country illegally or fled persecution"
},
"trafficking_in_persons": {
"current_situation": "Burma is a source country for women, children, and men trafficked for the purpose of forced labor, and for women and children subjected to sex trafficking in other countries; poor economic conditions have led to increased legal and illegal migration of Burmese adults and children throughout East Asia and parts of the Middle East, where they are subject to forced labor and sex trafficking; men are forced to work in the fishing and construction industries, while women and girls are forced into prostitution or domestic servitude; some Burmese economic migrants seeking work in Thailand are subsequently subjected to forced labor or sexual exploitation; military personnel and insurgent militias unlawfully conscript child soldiers and continue to be the leading perpetrators of forced labor inside the country; Burmese children are also forced to work in tea shops, home industries, on plantations, and as beggars",
"tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List - Burma does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking, but it is making significant efforts to do so; anti-trafficking law enforcement efforts focus on the recruitment and transport of Burmese women and girls across international boundaries for forced marriages and sex trafficking; efforts to combat trafficking within Burma remain weak; forced labor of civilians and the recruitment of child soldiers by both military and private entities remain serious problems; the government continues modest efforts to provide temporary shelter and facilitate safe passage to Burmese victims repatriated from abroad, but its overall victim protection efforts are inadequate; in 2012, the government signed a UN-backed action plan for the identification, release, and rehabilitation of children in the Burmese military; as a result, some child soldiers have been released, but the government has not taken steps to prevent recruitment (2013)"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "world's third largest producer of illicit opium with an estimated production in 2009 of 250 metric tons, a decrease of 27%, and poppy cultivation in 2009 totaled 17,000 hectares, a 24% decrease from 2008; production in the United Wa State Army's areas of greatest control remains low; Shan state is the source of 94.5% of Burma's poppy cultivation; lack of government will to take on major narcotrafficking groups and lack of serious commitment against money laundering continues to hinder the overall antidrug effort; major source of methamphetamine and heroin for regional consumption\r\n (2008)"
}
}
}

599
asia/mn-mongolia.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,599 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "The Mongols gained fame in the 13th century when under Chinggis KHAAN they established a huge Eurasian empire through conquest. After his death the empire was divided into several powerful Mongol states, but these broke apart in the 14th century. The Mongols eventually retired to their original steppe homelands and in the late 17th century came under Chinese rule. Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing and a communist regime was installed in 1924. The modern country of Mongolia, however, represents only part of the Mongols' historical homeland; more ethnic Mongolians live in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China than in Mongolia. Following a peaceful democratic revolution, the ex-communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) won elections in 1990 and 1992, but was defeated by the Democratic Union Coalition (DUC) in the 1996 parliamentary election. The MPRP won an overwhelming majority in the 2000 parliamentary election, but the party lost seats in the 2004 election and shared power with democratic coalition parties from 2004-08. The MPRP regained a solid majority in the 2008 parliamentary elections but nevertheless formed a coalition government with the Democratic Party that lasted until January 2012. In 2009, current President ELBEGDORJ of the Democratic Party was elected to office. In 2010, the MPRP voted to retake the name of the Mongolian People's Party (MPP), a name it used in the early 1920s. Shortly thereafter, a new party was formed by former president ENKHBAYAR, which adopted the MPRP name. In the 2012 Parliamentary elections, a coalition of four political parties led by the Democratic Party, gained control of the Parliament."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Northern Asia, between China and Russia"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "46 00 N, 105 00 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "1,564,116 sq km",
"land": "1,553,556 sq km",
"water": "10,560 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly smaller than Alaska"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "8,220 km",
"border_countries": "China 4,677 km, Russia 3,543 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "0 km (landlocked)"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"text": "none (landlocked)"
},
"climate": {
"text": "desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Hoh Nuur 560 m",
"highest_point": "Nayramadlin Orgil (Huyten Orgil) 4,374 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "0.39%",
"permanent_crops": "0%",
"other": "99.61% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "843 sq km (2003)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "34.8 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "0.55 cu km/yr (13%/43%/44%)",
"per_capita": "196.8 cu m/yr (2009)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "dust storms; grassland and forest fires; drought; \"zud,\" which is harsh winter conditions"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "limited natural freshwater resources in some areas; the policies of former Communist regimes promoted rapid urbanization and industrial growth that had negative effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of environmental laws severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation, overgrazing, and the converting of virgin land to agricultural production increased soil erosion from wind and rain; desertification and mining activities had a deleterious effect on the environment"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Mongolian(s)",
"adjective": "Mongolian"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Mongol (mostly Khalkha) 94.9%, Turkic (mostly Kazakh) 5%, other (including Chinese and Russian) 0.1% (2000)"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Khalkha Mongol 90% (official), Turkic, Russian (1999)"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Buddhist Lamaist 50%, Shamanist and Christian 6%, Muslim 4%, none 40% (2004)"
},
"population": {
"text": "3,226,516 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "26.9% (male 442,850/female 425,017)",
"15_24_years": "19% (male 311,460/female 302,286)",
"25_54_years": "44.5% (male 716,893/female 719,508)",
"55_64_years": "5.5% (male 85,545/female 93,234)",
"65_years_and_over": "4% (male 56,241/female 73,482) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "45.1 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "39.6 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "5.5 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "18.1 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "26.9 years",
"male": "26.5 years",
"female": "27.3 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.44% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "20.34 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "5.98 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "68.5% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "2.81% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "ULAANBAATAR (capital) 949,000 (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.03 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "1 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.92 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.77 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "1 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "63 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "34.78 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "37.66 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "31.76 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "68.95 years",
"male": "66.46 years",
"female": "71.56 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "2.18 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "55% (2010)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "5.4% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "2.76 physicians/1,000 population (2008)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "5.8 beds/1,000 population (2010)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 53% of population; total: 82% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 0% of population; rural: 47% of population; total: 18% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 64% of population; rural: 29% of population; total: 51% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 36% of population; rural: 71% of population; total: 49% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "less than 0.1% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "fewer than 500 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "fewer than 100 (2009 est.)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "14.4% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "5.3% (2005)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "5.5% of GDP (2011)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "97.4%",
"male": "96.8%",
"female": "97.9% (2011 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "14 years",
"male": "14 years",
"female": "15 years (2011)"
},
"child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
"total_number": "106,203",
"percentage": "18 % (2005 est.)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "20%",
"male": "19.5%",
"female": "20.7% (2003)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "none",
"conventional_short_form": "Mongolia",
"local_long_form": "none",
"local_short_form": "Mongol Uls",
"former": "Outer Mongolia"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "parliamentary"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Ulaanbaatar",
"geographic_coordinates": "47 55 N, 106 55 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "21 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1 municipality* (singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan-Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan (Zavkhan), Govi-Altay, Govisumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs"
},
"independence": {
"text": "11 July 1921 (from China)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day/Revolution Day, 11 July (1921)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "13 January 1992"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "civil law system influenced by Soviet and Romano-Germanic legal systems; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ (since 18 June 2009)",
"head_of_government": "Prime Minister Norov ALTANKHUYAG (since 9 August 2012); Deputy Prime Minister Dendev TERBISHDAGVA (since 20 August 2012)",
"cabinet": "Cabinet nominated by the prime minister in consultation with the president and confirmed by the State Great Hural (parliament)",
"elections": "presidential candidates nominated by political parties represented in State Great Hural and elected by popular vote for a four-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 26 June 2013 (next to be held in June 2017); following legislative elections, leaders of the majority party or a majority coalition usually elect the prime minister of the State Great Hural",
"election_results": "in elections in June 2013, Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ elected president; percent of vote - Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ 50.2%, Badmaanyambuu BAT-ERDENE 42%, Natsag UDVAL 6.5%, others 1.3%"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "unicameral State Great Hural (76 seats; of which 48 members are directly elected from 26 electoral districts, while 28 members are proportionally elected based on a party's share of the total votes; all serve four-year terms)",
"elections": "last held on 28 June 2012 (next to be held in June 2016)",
"election_results": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - DP 33, MPP 25, Justice Coalition 11, others 5, vacant 2"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of the Chief Justice and 16 judges organized into civil, criminal, and administrative chambers); Constitutional Court or Tsets (consists of a chairman and 8 members)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court chief justice and judges appointed by the president upon recommendation to the State Great Hural by the General Council of Courts; term of appointment is for life; chairman of the Constitutional Court elected from among its members; members appointed by the State Great Heral upon nominations - 3 each by the president, the State Great Hural, and the Supreme Court; term of appointment is 6 years; chairmanship limited to a single renewable 3-year term",
"subordinate_courts": "aimag (provincial) and capital city appellate courts; soum, inter-soum, and district courts; Administrative Cases Courts (established in 2004)"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Civil Will-Green Party or CWGP [Dangaasuren EHKHBAT]; Democratic Party or DP [Norov ALTANHUYAG]; Justice Coalition (is made up of MPRP and MNDP); Mongolian Natinal Democratic party or MNDP [ENKHSAIKHAN Mendsaikhan]; Mongolian People's Party or MPP [O. ENKHTUVSHIN]; Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambar ENKHBAYAR]"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"other": "human rights groups; women's groups"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ADB, ARF, CD, CICA, CP, EBRD, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, OSCE, SCO (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Bulgaa ALTANGEREL",
"chancery": "2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 333-7117",
"fax": "[1] (202) 298-9227",
"consulates_general": "New York, San Francisco"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Piper Anne Wind CAMPBELL",
"embassy": "Big Ring Road, 11th Micro Region, Ulaanbaatar, 14171 Mongolia",
"mailing_address": "PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002; P.O. Box 341, Ulaanbaatar-14192",
"telephone": "[976] 7007-6001",
"fax": "[976] 7007-6016"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem (\"soyombo\" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol); blue represents the sky, red symbolizes progress and prosperity"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "soyombo emblem"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Mongol ulsyn toriin duulal\" (National Anthem of Mongolia)",
"lyrics_music": "Tsendiin DAMDINSUREN/Bilegiin DAMDINSUREN and Luvsanjamts MURJORJ",
"note": "music adopted 1950, lyrics adopted 2006; the anthem's lyrics have been altered on numerous occasions"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Mongolia's extensive mineral deposits and attendant growth in mining-sector activities have transformed Mongolia's economy, which traditionally has been dependent on herding and agriculture. Mongolia's copper, gold, coal, molybdenum, fluorspar, uranium, tin, and tungsten deposits, among others, have attracted foreign direct investment. Soviet assistance, at its height one-third of GDP, disappeared almost overnight in 1990 and 1991 at the time of the dismantlement of the USSR. The following decade saw Mongolia endure both deep recession, because of political inaction and natural disasters, as well as economic growth, because of reform-embracing, free-market economics and extensive privatization of the formerly state-run economy. The country opened a fledgling stock exchange in 1991. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization in 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade regimes. Growth averaged nearly 9% per year in 2004-08 largely because of high copper prices globally and new gold production. By late 2008, Mongolia was hit hard by the global financial crisis. Slower global economic growth hurt the country's exports, notably copper, and slashed government revenues. As a result, Mongolia's real economy contracted 1.3% in 2009. In early 2009, the International Monetary Fund reached a $236 million Stand-by Arrangement with Mongolia and the country has largely emerged from the crisis with better regulations and closer supervision. The banking sector strengthened but weaknesses remain. In October 2009, Mongolia passed long-awaited legislation on an investment agreement to develop the Oyu Tolgoi mine, considered to be among the world's largest untapped copper deposits. Recent calls by nationalist politicians to renegotiate the investment agreement, however, have called into question the attractiveness of Mongolia as a destination for foreign direct investment. Negotiations to develop the massive Tavan Tolgoi coal field face similar obstacles. The economy grew by 6.4% in 2010, 17.5% in 2011, and by more than 12.3% in 2012, largely on the strength of commodity exports to nearby countries and high government spending domestically. Mongolia's economy, however, faces near-term economic risks from the government's loose fiscal policies, which are contributing to high inflation, and uncertainties in foreign demand for Mongolian exports. Trade with China represents more than half of Mongolia's total external trade - China receives more than 90% of Mongolia's exports. Mongolia purchases 95% of its petroleum products and a substantial amount of electric power from Russia, leaving it vulnerable to price increases. Due to severe winter weather in 2009-10, Mongolia lost 22% of its total livestock, and meat prices doubled. Inflation remained higher than 10% for much of 2010-12, due in part to higher food and fuel prices. The economic slowdown in China during 2011-2012 resulted in fewer Mongolian exports, a widened trade gap, and decreased government revenues, putting pressure on Mongolian fiscal policy. Remittances from Mongolians working abroad, particularly in South Korea, are significant."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$15.44 billion (2012 est.); $13.75 billion (2011 est.); $11.7 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$10.26 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "12.3% (2012 est.); 17.5% (2011 est.); 6.4% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$5,500 (2012 est.); $4,900 (2011 est.); $4,200 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "51.1%",
"government_consumption": "14.5%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "48.3%",
"investment_in_inventories": "13.9%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "58.6%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-86.4% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "14%",
"industry": "29.9%",
"services": "56.1% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "wheat, barley, vegetables, forage crops; sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses"
},
"industries": {
"text": "construction and construction materials; mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, tin, tungsten, and gold); oil; food and beverages; processing of animal products, cashmere and natural fiber manufacturing"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "9% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "1.037 million (2011 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "33%",
"industry": "10.6%",
"services": "56.4% (2011)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "9% (2011 est.); 13% (2010)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "29.8% (2011 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "3%",
"highest_10%": "28.4% (2008)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "36.5 (2008); 32.8 (2002)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$3.228 billion",
"expenditures": "$4.091 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "31.5% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-8.4% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "14.2% (2012 est.); 9.5% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "13.25% (31 December 2012); 12.25% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "18.2% (31 December 2012 est.); 15.5% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$1.318 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.247 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$5.456 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $4.592 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$5.007 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $4.04 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$1.29 billion (31 December 2012); $1.579 billion (31 December 2011); $1.093 billion (31 December 2010)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "-$2.354 billion (2012 est.); -$1.781 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$4.385 billion (2012 est.); $4.816 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "copper, apparel, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals, coal, crude oil"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "China 88.9%, Canada 4.1% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$6.739 billion (2012 est.); $6.598 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, fuel, cars, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, cigarettes and tobacco, appliances, soap and detergent"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "China 37.6%, Russia 25.7%, US 9.4%, South Korea 6.1%, Japan 4.9% (2012)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$3.423 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $2.564 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$4.62 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $4.715 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$50 million (31 December 2012 est.); $94.5 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "togrog/tugriks (MNT) per US dollar -; 1,357.6 (2012 est.); 1,265.5 (2011 est.); 1,357.1 (2010 est.); 1,442.8 (2009); 1,170 (2007)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "4.48 billion kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "4.217 billion kWh (2010)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "262.9 million kWh (2010)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "833,200 kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "99.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "6,983 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "5,260 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "NA bbl"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "21,610 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2010 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "15,730 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "11,790 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "9.436 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "187,600 (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "2.942 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "network is improving with international direct dialing available in many areas; a fiber-optic network has been installed that is improving broadband and communication services between major urban centers with multiple companies providing inter-city fiber-optic cable services",
"domestic": "very low fixed-line teledensity; there are multiple mobile-cellular providers and subscribership is increasing",
"international": "country code - 976; satellite earth stations - 7 (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "following a law passed in 2005, Mongolia's state-run radio and TV provider converted to a public service provider; also available are private radio and TV broadcasters, as well as multi-channel satellite and cable TV providers; more than 100 radio stations, including some 20 via repeaters for the public broadcaster; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2008)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".mn"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "20,084 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "330,000 (2008)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "44 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "15",
"over_3_047_m": "2",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "10",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "3 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "29",
"over_3_047_m": "2",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "2",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "24",
"under_914_m": "1 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "1 (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "1,908 km",
"broad_gauge": "1,908 km 1.520-m gauge",
"note": "the railway is 50 percent owned by the Russian State Railway (2010)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "49,249 km",
"paved": "3,015 km",
"unpaved": "46,234 km (2010)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "580 km (the only waterway in operation is Lake Hovsgol) (135 km); Selenge River (270 km) and Orhon River (175 km) are navigable but carry little traffic; lakes and rivers freeze in winter, they are open from May to September) (2010)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "57",
"by_type": "bulk carrier 21, cargo 25, chemical tanker 1, container 2, liquefied gas 2, passenger/cargo 2, roll on/roll off 3, vehicle carrier 1",
"foreign_owned": "44 (Indonesia 2, Japan 2, North Korea 1, Russia 2, Singapore 3, Ukraine 1, Vietnam 33) (2010)"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Mongolian Armed Forces (Mongol ulsyn zevsegt huchin): Mongolian Army (includes Mongolian Air and Air Defense, which is to become a separate service in 2015); there is no navy (2013)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18-25 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation is 12 months in land or air defense forces or police; a small portion of Mongolian land forces (2.5 percent) is comprised of contract soldiers; women cannot be deployed overseas for military operations (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "898,546",
"females_age_16_49": "891,192 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "726,199",
"females_age_16_49": "756,628 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "30,829",
"female": "29,648 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "0.8% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "none"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"stateless_persons": "220 (2012)"
}
}
}

576
asia/mv-maldives.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,576 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "A sultanate since the 12th century, the Maldives became a British protectorate in 1887. It became a republic in 1968, three years after independence. President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM dominated the islands' political scene for 30 years, elected to six successive terms by single-party referendums. Following political demonstrations in the capital Male in August 2003, the president and his government pledged to embark upon democratic reforms including a more representative political system and expanded political freedoms. Progress was sluggish, however, and many promised reforms were slow to be realized. Nonetheless, political parties were legalized in 2005. In June 2008, a constituent assembly - termed the \"Special Majlis\" - finalized a new constitution, which was ratified by the president in August. The first-ever presidential elections under a multi-candidate, multi-party system were held in October 2008. GAYOOM was defeated in a runoff poll by Mohamed NASHEED, a political activist who had been jailed several years earlier by the former regime. President NASHEED faced a number of challenges including strengthening democracy and combating poverty and drug abuse. In early February 2012, after several weeks of street protests following his sacking of a top judge, NASHEED resigned the presidency and handed over power to Vice President Mohammed WAHEED Hassan Maniku. In mid-2012, the Commission of National Inquiry was set by the Government to probe events leading to the regime change. Though no evidence of a coup was found, the report recommended the need to strengthen the country's democratic institutions to avert similar events in the future, and to further investigate alleged police misconduct during the crisis. Maldives officials have played a prominent role in international climate change discussions (due to the islands' low elevation and the threat from sea-level rise) on the United Nations Human Rights Council, and in encouraging regional cooperation, especially between India and Pakistan."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Southern Asia, group of atolls in the Indian Ocean, south-southwest of India"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "3 15 N, 73 00 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "298 sq km",
"land": "298 sq km",
"water": "0 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "about 1.7 times the size of Washington, DC"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"text": "0 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "644 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"text": "measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines",
"territorial_sea": "12 nm",
"contiguous_zone": "24 nm",
"exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm"
},
"climate": {
"text": "tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "flat, with white sandy beaches"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Indian Ocean 0 m",
"highest_point": "unnamed location on Viligili in the Addu Atholhu 2.4 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "fish"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "10%",
"permanent_crops": "10%",
"other": "80% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "0 sq km NA (2003)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "0.03 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "0.01 cu km/yr (95%/5%/0%)",
"per_capita": "18.44 cu m/yr (2008)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "tsunamis; low elevation of islands makes them sensitive to sea level rise"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "depletion of freshwater aquifers threatens water supplies; global warming and sea level rise; coral reef bleaching"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "1,190 coral islands grouped into 26 atolls (200 inhabited islands, plus 80 islands with tourist resorts); archipelago with strategic location astride and along major sea lanes in Indian Ocean"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Maldivian(s)",
"adjective": "Maldivian"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "South Indians, Sinhalese, Arabs"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Dhivehi (official, dialect of Sinhala, script derived from Arabic), English (spoken by most government officials)"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Sunni Muslim (official)"
},
"population": {
"text": "393,988 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "21.1% (male 42,352/female 40,686)",
"15_24_years": "24.2% (male 56,016/female 39,443)",
"25_54_years": "46% (male 108,025/female 73,074)",
"55_64_years": "4.5% (male 9,379/female 8,431)",
"65_years_and_over": "4.2% (male 7,961/female 8,621) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "50.8 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "43.3 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "7.4 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "13.4 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "26.7 years",
"male": "27 years",
"female": "26.2 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "-0.11% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "15.38 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "3.8 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "-12.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "41.2% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "3.91% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "MALE (capital) 120,000 (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.44 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "1.53 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "1.17 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.94 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "1.34 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "23.9",
"note": "Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2009 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "60 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "25.5 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "27.95 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "22.93 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "74.92 years",
"male": "72.65 years",
"female": "77.31 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "1.78 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "34.7% (2009)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "6.3% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "1.6 physicians/1,000 population (2007)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "4.3 beds/1,000 population (2009)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 97% of population; total: 98% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 0% of population; rural: 3% of population; total: 2% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 98% of population; rural: 97% of population; total: 97% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 2% of population; rural: 3% of population; total: 3% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "less than 0.1% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "fewer than 100 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "fewer than 100 (2009 est.)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "12.9% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "17.8% (2009)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "7.2% of GDP (2011)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "98.4%",
"male": "98.4%",
"female": "98.4% (2006 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "13 years",
"male": "12 years",
"female": "13 years (2003)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "22.2%",
"male": "15.5%",
"female": "30.5% (2006)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Republic of Maldives",
"conventional_short_form": "Maldives",
"local_long_form": "Dhivehi Raajjeyge Jumhooriyyaa",
"local_short_form": "Dhivehi Raajje"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "republic"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Male",
"geographic_coordinates": "4 10 N, 73 30 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "7 provinces and 1 municipality*; Dhekunu (South), Maale*, Mathi Dhekunu (Upper South), Mathi Uthuru (Upper North), Medhu (Central), Medhu Dhekunu (South Central), Medhu Uthuru (North Central), Uthuru (North)"
},
"independence": {
"text": "26 July 1965 (from the UK)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day, 26 July (1965)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "new constitution ratified 7 August 2008"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "Islamic religious legal system with English common law influences, primarily in commercial matters"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Mohamed WAHEED Hassan Maniku (since 7 February 2012); Vice President Mohamed Waheed DEEN (since 22 February 2012); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government",
"head_of_government": "President Mohamed WAHEED Hassan Maniku (since 7 February 2012)",
"cabinet": "Cabinet of Ministers is appointed by the president",
"elections": "president elected by direct vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 7 September 2013 with a second round vote scheduled for 28 September 2013 (next election to be held in 2018)",
"election_results": "7 September 2013 first round results: Mohamed NASHEED 45.45%, Abdulla YAMIN 25.35%, Qasim IBRAHIM 24.07%, Mohamed Waheed HASSAN (incumbent) 5.1%"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "unicameral Parliament or People's Majlis (77 seats; members elected by direct vote to serve five-year terms); note - the Majlis in February 2009 passed legislation that increased the number of seats to 77 from 50",
"elections": "last held on 9 May 2009 (next to be held in 2014)",
"election_results": "percent of vote - NA; seats by party as of February 2013 - MDP 29, PPM 18, DRP 14, JP 6, PA 2, DQP 1, independents 7"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and 6 judges)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the president in consultation with the Judicial Service Commission - a separate body of selected high government officials and the public - and upon confirmation by voting members of the People's Council; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70",
"subordinate_courts": "High Court; Criminal, Civil, Family, Juvenile, and Drug Courts; Magistrate Courts (on each of the inhabited islands)"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Adhaalath (Justice) Party or AP [Sheikh Imran ABDULLA]; Dhivehi Qaumee Party or DQP [Hassan SAEED]; Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party (Maldivian People's Party) or DRP [Ahmed THASMEEN Ali]; Gaumee Itthihaad Party (National Unity Party) or GIP [Mohamed WAHEED]; Islamic Democratic Party or IDP; Maldives Development Alliance or MDA [Ahmed SIYAM]; Maldives National Congress or MNC [Ali AMJAD]; Maldives Reform Movement or MRM [Mohamed MUNAWWAR]; Maldivian Democratic Party or MDP [Moosa MANIKU]; Maldivian Labor Party or MLP [Ahmed MOOSA]; Maldivian Social Democratic Party or MSDP [Reeko Ibrahim MANIKU]; Meedhu Dhaaira; People's Alliance or PA [Moosa ZAMEERI]; People's Party or PP [Ahmed RIYAZ]; Poverty Alleviation Party or PAP; Progressive Party of Maldives or PPM [Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM]; Republican (Jumhooree) Party or JP [Gasim IBRAHIM]; Social Liberal Party or SLP [Mazian RASHEED]"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"other": "various unregistered political parties"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ADB, AOSIS, C, CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Ahmed SAREER",
"chancery": "800 2nd Avenue, Suite 400E, New York, NY 10017",
"telephone": "[1] (212) 599-6194",
"fax": "[1] (212) 599-6195"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"text": "the US does not have an embassy in Maldives; the US Ambassador to Sri Lanka, Ambassador Michele J. SISON, is accredited to Maldives and makes periodic visits"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "red with a large green rectangle in the center bearing a vertical white crescent moon; the closed side of the crescent is on the hoist side of the flag; red recalls those who have sacrificed their lives in defense of their country, the green rectangle represents peace and prosperity, and the white crescent signifies Islam"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "coconut palm, yellowfin tuna"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Gaumee Salaam\" (National Salute)",
"lyrics_music": "Mohamed Jameel DIDI/Wannakuwattawaduge DON AMARADEVA",
"note": "lyrics adopted 1948, music adopted 1972; between 1948 and 1972, the lyrics were sung to the tune of \"Auld Lang Syne\""
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Tourism, Maldives' largest economic activity, accounts for 28% of GDP and more than 60% of foreign exchange receipts. Fishing is the second leading sector, but the fish catch has dropped sharply in recent years. Agriculture and manufacturing continue to play a lesser role in the economy, constrained by the limited availability of cultivable land and the shortage of domestic labor. Lower than expected tourist arrivals and fish exports, combined with high government spending on social needs, subsidies, and civil servant salaries contributed to a balance of payments crisis, which was temporarily eased with a $79.3 million IMF Stand-By agreement. However, after the first two disbursements, the IMF withheld subsequent disbursements due to concerns over Maldives' growing budget deficit, and the government has been seeking other sources of budgetary support ever since. A new Goods and Services Tax (GST) on tourism introduced in January 2011, on general goods and services in October 2011, and a new Business Profit Tax introduced in July 2011 have provided a boost to revenue. Economic growth slowed to 3.4% of GDP in 2012, compared to 7.0% in 2011 because of slower tourist arrivals and weak global conditions. Diversifying the economy beyond tourism and fishing, reforming public finance, increasing employment opportunities, and combating corruption, cronyism, and a growing drug problem are major near-term challenges facing the government. Gross foreign reserves at the end of November 2012 were approximately $356 million, compared with $326 million in 2011, and were sufficient to finance only 2.6 months of imports. Over the longer term Maldivian authorities worry about the impact of erosion and possible global warming on their low-lying country; 80% of the area is 1 meter or less above sea level."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$3.106 billion (2012 est.); $3.001 billion (2011 est.); $2.803 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$2.209 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "3.5% (2012 est.); 7% (2011 est.); 7.1% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$9,400 (2012 est.); $9,200 (2011 est.); $8,800 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "3%",
"industry": "17%",
"services": "80% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "coconuts, corn, sweet potatoes; fish"
},
"industries": {
"text": "tourism, fish processing, shipping, boat building, coconut processing, woven mats, rope, handicrafts, coral and sand mining"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "-0.9% (2004 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "152,500 (2010)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "11%",
"industry": "23%",
"services": "65% (2006 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "28% (2012 est.); 14.5% (2010 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "16% (2008)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "1.2%",
"highest_10%": "33.3% (FY09/10)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$638 million",
"expenditures": "$917 million (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "28.9% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-12.6% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "5.1% (2012 est.); 16.7% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "7% (31 December 2012 est.); 6.96% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "10.5% (31 December 2012 est.); 10.2% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$547.1 million (31 December 2012 est.); $531.4 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$1.298 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.237 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$1.559 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.601 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$555 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "-$600 million (2012 est.); $437 million (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$283 million (2012 est.); $316 million (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "fish"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "France 18.6%, Thailand 15.5%, UK 11.2%, Sri Lanka 10%, US 9.2%, Italy 8%, Germany 6.3% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$1.406 billion (2012 est.); $1.314 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "petroleum products, clothing, intermediate and capital goods"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "Singapore 21.4%, UAE 20.3%, India 9.5%, Malaysia 7.5%, China 5.9%, Thailand 5.6%, Sri Lanka 5.1% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$356 million (30 November 2012 est.); $326 million (30 November 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$890.8 million (2012 est.); $684.2 million (2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "rufiyaa (MVR) per US dollar -; 15.39 (2011); 14.602 (2011); 12.8 (2008); 12.8 (2007)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "300 million kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "279 million kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "62,010 kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "100% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "6,875 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "6,088 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "0 cu m (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "0 cu m (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "919,000 Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "24,100 (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "530,400 (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "telephone services have improved; inter-atoll communication through microwave links; all inhabited islands and resorts are connected with telephone and fax service",
"domestic": "each island now has at least 1 public telephone, and there are mobile-cellular networks with a rapidly expanding subscribership that has reached 135 per 100 persons",
"international": "country code - 960; linked to international submarine cable Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG); satellite earth station - 3 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "state-owned radio and TV monopoly until recently; state-owned TV operates 2 channels; 3 privately owned TV stations; state owns Voice of Maldives and operates both an entertainment and a music-based station; 5 privately owned radio stations (2012)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".mv"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "3,296 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "86,400 (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "9 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "7",
"over_3_047_m": "1",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "1",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "1",
"914_to_1_523_m": "4 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "2",
"914_to_1_523_m": "2 (2013)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "88 km",
"paved_roads": "88 km - 60 km in Male; 14 km on Addu Atolis; 14 km on Laamu",
"note": "island roads are mainly compacted coral (2013)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "18",
"by_type": "bulk carrier 1, cargo 14, petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 2",
"foreign_owned": "4 (Singapore 4)",
"registered_in_other_countries": "4 (Panama 2, Tuvalu 1, unknown 1) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"text": "Male"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Maldives National Defense Force (MNDF): Marine Corps, Security Protection Group, Coast Guard (2010)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18-28 years of age for voluntary service; no conscription; 10th grade or equivalent education required; must not be a member of a political party (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "156,319",
"females_age_16_49": "98,815 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "135,374",
"females_age_16_49": "85,181 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "4,167",
"female": "3,595 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "5% of GDP (2009)"
},
"military_note": {
"text": "the Maldives National Defense Force (MNDF), with its small size and with little serviceable equipment, is inadequate to prevent external aggression and is primarily tasked to reinforce the Maldives Police Service (MPS) and ensure security in the exclusive economic zone (2008)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "none"
},
"trafficking_in_persons": {
"current_situation": "Maldives is a destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking and a source country for Maldivian children subjected to human trafficking within the country; Bangladeshi and Indian migrants working both legally and illegally in the construction and service sectors face conditions of forced labor, including fraudulent recruitment, confiscation of identity and travel documents, nonpayment of wages, and debt bondage; a small number of women from Sri Lanka, Thailand, India, China, the Philippines, Bangladesh, Eastern Europe, and former Soviet states are trafficked to Maldives for sexual exploitation; some Maldivian children are transported to the capital for forced domestic service, where they may also be sexually abused",
"tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List - Maldives does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; the government does not have laws prohibiting all human trafficking offenses but introduced an anti-trafficking law to the legislature in December 2012, approved an anti-trafficking plan for 2012-13, and formed an anti-trafficking steering committee in May 2012; the government reported that it prosecuted some sex trafficking cases but did not take concrete actions to protect trafficking victims and prevent trafficking; the government continues to lack systematic procedures for identifying trafficking victims among vulnerable populations and referring them to protective services; officials continue to confuse human trafficking with human smuggling and the presence of undocumented migrants (2013)"
}
}
}

639
asia/my-malaysia.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,639 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "During the late 18th and 19th centuries, Great Britain established colonies and protectorates in the area of current Malaysia; these were occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945. In 1948, the British-ruled territories on the Malay Peninsula except Singapore formed the Federation of Malaya, which became independent in 1957. Malaysia was formed in 1963 when the former British colonies of Singapore, as well as Sabah and Sarawak on the northern coast of Borneo, joined the Federation. The first several years of the country's independence were marred by a communist insurgency, Indonesian confrontation with Malaysia, Philippine claims to Sabah, and Singapore's withdrawal in 1965. During the 22-year term of Prime Minister MAHATHIR bin Mohamad (1981-2003), Malaysia was successful in diversifying its economy from dependence on exports of raw materials to the development of manufacturing, services, and tourism. Prime Minister Mohamed NAJIB bin Abdul Razak (in office since April 2009) has continued these pro-business policies and has introduced some civil reforms."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Southeastern Asia, peninsula bordering Thailand and northern one-third of the island of Borneo, bordering Indonesia, Brunei, and the South China Sea, south of Vietnam"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "2 30 N, 112 30 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Southeast Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "329,847 sq km",
"land": "328,657 sq km",
"water": "1,190 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly larger than New Mexico"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "2,669 km",
"border_countries": "Brunei 381 km, Indonesia 1,782 km, Thailand 506 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "4,675 km (Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia 2,607 km)"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "12 nm",
"exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm",
"continental_shelf": "200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation; specified boundary in the South China Sea"
},
"climate": {
"text": "tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "coastal plains rising to hills and mountains"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Indian Ocean 0 m",
"highest_point": "Gunung Kinabalu 4,100 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "tin, petroleum, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, bauxite"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "5.44%",
"permanent_crops": "17.49%",
"other": "77.07% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "3,800 sq km (2009)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "580 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "11.2 cu km/yr (35%/43%/22%)",
"per_capita": "414 cu m/yr (2005)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "flooding; landslides; forest fires"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "air pollution from industrial and vehicular emissions; water pollution from raw sewage; deforestation; smoke/haze from Indonesian forest fires"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "strategic location along Strait of Malacca and southern South China Sea"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Malaysian(s)",
"adjective": "Malaysian"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Malay 50.4%, Chinese 23.7%, indigenous 11%, Indian 7.1%, others 7.8% (2004 est.)"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Bahasa Malaysia (official), English, Chinese (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai",
"note": "in East Malaysia there are several indigenous languages; most widely spoken are Iban and Kadazan"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Muslim (or Islam - official) 60.4%, Buddhist 19.2%, Christian 9.1%, Hindu 6.3%, Confucianism, Taoism, other traditional Chinese religions 2.6%, other or unknown 1.5%, none 0.8% (2000 census)"
},
"population": {
"text": "29,628,392 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "29.1% (male 4,433,911/female 4,186,635)",
"15_24_years": "17% (male 2,552,709/female 2,487,366)",
"25_54_years": "41.3% (male 6,195,754/female 6,027,160)",
"55_64_years": "7.4% (male 1,112,529/female 1,069,036)",
"65_years_and_over": "5.3% (male 739,696/female 823,596) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "45.9 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "38.1 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "7.8 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "12.8 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "27.4 years",
"male": "27.2 years",
"female": "27.6 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.51% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "20.41 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "4.97 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "-0.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population",
"note": "does not reflect net flow of an unknown number of illegal immigrants from other countries in the region (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "72.8% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "2.49% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "KUALA LUMPUR (capital) 1.493 million; Klang 1.071 million; Johor Bahru 958,000 (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.07 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.06 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.03 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "1.03 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.89 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "1.03 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "29 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "14.12 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "16.32 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "11.77 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "74.28 years",
"male": "71.51 years",
"female": "77.24 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "2.61 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "49% (2004)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "4.4% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "0.94 physicians/1,000 population (2008)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "1.8 beds/1,000 population (2010)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 99% of population; total: 100% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 0% of population; rural: 1% of population; total: 0% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 96% of population; rural: 95% of population; total: 96% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 4% of population; rural: 5% of population; total: 4% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "0.5% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "100,000 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "5,800 (2009 est.)"
},
"major_infectious_diseases": {
"degree_of_risk": "intermediate",
"food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial diarrhea",
"vectorborne_diseases": "dengue fever",
"water_contact_disease": "leptospirosis",
"note": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "14% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "12.9% (2006)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "5.1% of GDP (2010)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "93.1%",
"male": "95.4%",
"female": "90.7% (2010 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "13 years",
"male": "12 years",
"female": "13 years (2005)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "11.3% (2010)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "none",
"conventional_short_form": "Malaysia",
"local_long_form": "none",
"local_short_form": "Malaysia",
"former": "Federation of Malaya"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "constitutional monarchy",
"note": "nominally headed by paramount ruler (commonly referred to as the king) and a bicameral Parliament consisting of a nonelected upper house and an elected lower house; all Peninsular Malaysian states have hereditary rulers (commonly referred to as sultans) except Melaka (Malacca) and Pulau Pinang (Penang); those two states along with Sabah and Sarawak in East Malaysia have governors appointed by government; powers of state governments are limited by federal constitution; under terms of federation, Sabah and Sarawak retain certain constitutional prerogatives (e.g., right to maintain their own immigration controls)"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Kuala Lumpur",
"geographic_coordinates": "3 10 N, 101 42 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)",
"note": "Putrajaya is referred to as an administrative center not the capital; Parliament meets in Kuala Lumpur"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "13 states (negeri-negeri, singular - negeri); Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pulau Pinang, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor, Terengganu; and 1 federal territory (Wilayah Persekutuan) with 3 components, Kuala Lumpur, Labuan, and Putrajaya"
},
"independence": {
"text": "31 August 1957 (from the UK)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day 31 August (1957) (independence of Malaya); Malaysia Day 16 September (1963) (formation of Malaysia)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "31 August 1957; amended many times"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "mixed legal system of English common law, Islamic law, and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court at request of supreme head of the federation"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "21 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "King Tuanku ABDUL HALIM Mu'adzam Shah (selected on 13 December 2011; installed on 11 April 2012); the position of the king is primarily ceremonial",
"head_of_government": "Prime Minister Mohamed NAJIB bin Abdul Najib Razak (since 3 April 2009); Deputy Prime Minister MUHYIDDIN bin Mohamed Yassin (since 9 April 2009)",
"cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the prime minister from among the members of Parliament with consent of the king",
"elections": "kings are elected by and from the hereditary rulers of nine of the states for five-year terms; selection is based on the principle of rotation among rulers of states; elections were last held on 14 October 2011 (next to be held in 2016); prime ministers are designated from among the members of the House of Representatives; following legislative elections, the leader who commands the support of the majority of members in the House becomes prime minister (since independence this has been the leader of the UMNO party)",
"election_results": "Tuanku Abdul HALIM Mu'adzam Shah elected king by fellow hereditary rulers of nine states; Mohamed NAJIB bin Abdul Najib Razak was sworn in as prime minister after former Prime Minister ABDULLAH Ahmad Badawi stepped down; ABDULLAH also stepped down as UMNO president; there was no party election for the post of president; the party passed the reins to NAJIB who was the deputy president"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlimen consists of Senate or Dewan Negara (70 seats; 44 members appointed by the king, 26 elected by 13 state legislatures to serve three-year terms with a two term limit) and House of Representatives or Dewan Rakyat (222 seats; members elected in 222 constituencies in a first-pass-the-post system to serve up to five-year terms)",
"elections": "House of Representatives - last held on 5 May 2013 (next to be held by May 2018)",
"election_results": "House of Representatives - percent of vote - BN coalition 59.9%, opposition parties 40%, others 0.1%; seats - BN coalition 133, opposition parties 89"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Federal Court (consists of the chief justice and 4 judges) note - Malaysia has a dual judicial hierarchy of civil and religious (sharia) courts",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Federal Court justices appointed by the monarch on advice of the prime minister; judges serve till age 65",
"subordinate_courts": "Court of Appeal; High Court; Sessions Court; Magistrates' Court"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"national_front_barisan_nasional_or_bn_ruling_coalition_consists_of_the_following_parties": "Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia Party or GERAKAN [KOH Tsu Koon]; Liberal Democratic Party (Parti Liberal Demokratik - Sabah) or LDP [LIEW Vui Keong]; Malaysian Chinese Association (Persatuan China Malaysia) or MCA [CHUA Soi Lek]; Malaysian Indian Congress (Kongres India Malaysia) or MIC [Govindasamy PALANIVEL]; Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah or PBRS [Joseph KURUP]; Parti Bersatu Sabah or PBS [Joseph PAIRIN Kitingan]; Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu or PBB [Abdul TAIB Mahmud]; Parti Rakyat Sarawak or PRS [James MASING]; Sarawak United People's Party (Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sarawak) or SUPP [Peter CHIN Fah Kui]; United Malays National Organization or UMNO [NAJIB bin Abdul Razak]; United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organization (Pertubuhan Pasko Momogun Kadazan Dusun Bersatu) or UPKO [Bernard DOMPOK]; People's Progressive Party (Parti Progresif Penduduk Malaysia) or PPP [M.Kayveas]; ",
"people_s_alliance_pakatan_rakyat_or_pr_opposition_coalition_consists_of_the_following_parties": "Democratic Action Party (Parti Tindakan Demokratik) or DAP [KARPAL Singh]; Islamic Party of Malaysia (Parti Islam se Malaysia) or PAS [Abdul HADI Awang; People's Justice Party (Parti Keadilan Rakyat) or PKR [WAN AZIZAH Wan Ismail]; Sarawak National Party or SNAP [Edwin DUNDANG]; ",
"notable_independent_parties": "Sabah Progressive Party (Parti Progresif Sabah) or SAPP [YONG Teck Lee]; State Reform Pary (Parti Reformasi Negeri) or STAR [Jeffery KITINGAN]"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "Bar Council; BERSIH (electoral reform coalition); PEMBELA (Muslim NGO coalition); PERKASA (defense of Malay rights); ",
"other": "religious groups; women's groups; youth groups"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, C, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador OTHMAN Bin Hashim",
"chancery": "3516 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 572-9700",
"fax": "[1] (202) 572-9882",
"consulates_general": "Los Angeles, New York"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Lee MCCLENNY",
"embassy": "376 Jalan Tun Razak, 50400 Kuala Lumpur",
"mailing_address": "US Embassy Kuala Lumpur, APO AP 96535-8152",
"telephone": "[60] (3) 2168-5000",
"fax": "[60] (3) 2148-5801"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "14 equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with white (bottom); there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a yellow crescent and a yellow 14-pointed star; the flag is often referred to as Jalur Gemilang (Stripes of Glory); the 14 stripes stand for the equal status in the federation of the 13 member states and the federal government; the 14 points on the star represent the unity between these entities; the crescent is a traditional symbol of Islam; blue symbolizes the unity of the Malay people and yellow is the royal color of Malay rulers",
"note": "the design is based on the flag of the US"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "tiger"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Negaraku\" (My Country)",
"lyrics_music": "collective, led by Tunku ABDUL RAHMAN/Pierre Jean DE BERANGER",
"note": "adopted 1957; the full version is only performed in the presence of the king; the tune, which was adopted from a popular French melody titled \"La Rosalie,\" was originally the anthem of the state of Perak"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Malaysia, a middle-income country, has transformed itself since the 1970s from a producer of raw materials into an emerging multi-sector economy. Under current Prime Minister NAJIB, Malaysia is attempting to achieve high-income status by 2020 and to move farther up the value-added production chain by attracting investments in Islamic finance, high technology industries, biotechnology, and services. NAJIB's Economic Transformation Program (ETP) is a series of projects and policy measures intended to accelerate the country's economic growth. The government has also taken steps to liberalize some services sub-sectors. The NAJIB administration also is continuing efforts to boost domestic demand and reduce the economy''s dependence on exports. Nevertheless, exports - particularly of electronics, oil and gas, palm oil and rubber - remain a significant driver of the economy. As an oil and gas exporter, Malaysia has profited from higher world energy prices, although the rising cost of domestic gasoline and diesel fuel, combined with strained government finances, has forced Kuala Lumpur to begin to reduce government subsidies. The government is also trying to lessen its dependence on state oil producer Petronas. The oil and gas sector supplies about 35% of government revenue in 2011. Bank Negera Malaysia (central bank) maintains healthy foreign exchange reserves, and a well-developed regulatory regime has limited Malaysia''s exposure to riskier financial instruments and the global financial crisis. Nevertheless, Malaysia could be vulnerable to a fall in commodity prices or a general slowdown in global economic activity because exports are a major component of GDP. In order to attract increased investment, NAJIB has raised possible revisions to the special economic and social preferences accorded to ethnic Malays under the New Economic Policy of 1970, but he has encountered significant opposition, especially from Malay nationalists and other vested interests."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$506.7 billion (2012 est.); $479.7 billion (2011 est.); $456.5 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$303.5 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "5.6% (2012 est.); 5.1% (2011 est.); 7.2% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$17,200 (2012 est.); $16,600 (2011 est.); $16,000 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "34% of GDP (2012 est.); 34.3% of GDP (2011 est.); 34.3% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "48.9%",
"government_consumption": "13.5%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "25.7%",
"investment_in_inventories": "0.1%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "87.1%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-75.3% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "11.4%",
"industry": "40.2%",
"services": "48.3% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "Peninsular Malaysia - palm oil, rubber, cocoa, rice; Sabah - palm oil, subsistence crops; rubber, timber; Sarawak - palm oil, rubber, timber; pepper"
},
"industries": {
"text": "Peninsular Malaysia - rubber and oil palm processing and manufacturing, petroleum and natural gas, light manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, medical technology, electronics and semi-conductors, timber processing; Sabah - logging, petroleum and natural gas production; Sarawak - agriculture processing, petroleum and natural gas production, logging"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "3.8% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "12.9 million (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "11.1%",
"industry": "36%",
"services": "53.5% (2012 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "3% (2012 est.); 3.1% (2011 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "3.8% (2009 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "1.8%",
"highest_10%": "34.7% (2009 est.)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "46.2 (2009); 49.2 (1997)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$67.31 billion",
"expenditures": "$80.89 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "22.2% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-4.5% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "53.3% of GDP (2012 est.); 51.6% of GDP (2011 est.)",
"note": "this figure is based on the amount of federal government debt, RM501.6 billion ($167.2 billion) in 2012; this includes Malaysian Treasury bills and other government securities, as well as loans raised externally and bonds and notes issued overseas; this figure excludes debt issued by non-financial public enterprises and guaranteed by the federal government, which was an additional $47.7 billion in 2012"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "1.7% (2012 est.); 3.2% (2011 est.)",
"note": "approximately 30% of goods are price-controlled"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "3% (31 December 2011); 2.83% (31 December 2010)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "4.7% (31 December 2012 est.); 4.83% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$93.89 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $81.28 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$458.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $382.2 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$410.3 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $354.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$414 billion (31 December 2011); $410.5 billion (31 December 2010); $256 billion (31 December 2009)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "$22.8 billion (2012 est.); $32.03 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$247 billion (2012 est.); $227.6 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "semiconductors and electronic equipment, palm oil, petroleum and liquefied natural gas, wood and wood products, palm oil, rubber, textiles, chemicals, solar panels"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "Singapore 13.6%, China 12.6%, Japan 11.8%, US 8.7%, Thailand 5.4%, Hong Kong 4.3%, India 4.2%, Australia 4.1% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$181.6 billion (2012 est.); $179.2 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "electronics, machinery, petroleum products, plastics, vehicles, iron and steel products, chemicals"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "China 15.1%, Singapore 13.3%, Japan 10.3%, US 8.1%, Thailand 6%, Indonesia 5.1%, South Korea 4.1% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$139.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $133.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$99.93 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $94.47 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$125.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $114.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$119.2 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $106.2 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "ringgits (MYR) per US dollar -; 3.0888 (2012 est.); 3.06 (2011 est.); 3.22 (2010 est.); 3.52 (2009); 3.33 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "118 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "112 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "88 million kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "33 million kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "25.24 million kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "91.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "8.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "603,400 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "269,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "199,100 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "2.9 billion bbl (1 January 2013 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "649,700 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "542,900 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "213,800 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "178,200 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "66.5 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "35.7 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "31.99 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "2.94 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "2.35 trillion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "181.9 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "4.243 million (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "36.661 million (2012)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "modern system featuring good intercity service on Peninsular Malaysia provided mainly by microwave radio relay and an adequate intercity microwave radio relay network between Sabah and Sarawak via Brunei; international service excellent",
"domestic": "domestic satellite system with 2 earth stations; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 140 per 100 persons",
"international": "country code - 60; landing point for several major international submarine cable networks that provide connectivity to Asia, Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean, 1 Pacific Ocean) (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "state-owned TV broadcaster operates 2 TV networks with relays throughout the country, and the leading private commercial media group operates 4 TV stations with numerous relays throughout the country; satellite TV subscription service is available; state-owned radio broadcaster operates multiple national networks as well as regional and local stations; many private commercial radio broadcasters and some subscription satellite radio services are available; about 55 radio stations overall (2012)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".my"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "422,470 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "15.355 million (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "114 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "39",
"over_3_047_m": "8",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "8",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "7",
"914_to_1_523_m": "8",
"under_914_m": "8 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "75",
"914_to_1_523_m": "6",
"under_914_m": "69 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "4 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "condensate 354 km; gas 6,439 km; liquid petroleum gas 155 km; oil 1,937 km; oil/gas/water 43 km; refined products 114 km; water 26 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "1,849 km",
"standard_gauge": "57 km 1.435-m gauge (57 km electrified)",
"narrow_gauge": "1,792 km 1.000-m gauge (150 km electrified) (2008)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "98,721 km",
"paved": "80,280 km (includes 1,821 km of expressways)",
"unpaved": "18,441 km (2004)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "7,200 km (Peninsular Malaysia 3,200 km; Sabah 1,500 km; Sarawak 2,500 km) (2011)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "315",
"by_type": "bulk carrier 11, cargo 83, carrier 2, chemical tanker 47, container 41, liquefied gas 34, passenger/cargo 4, petroleum tanker 86, roll on/roll off 2, vehicle carrier 5",
"foreign_owned": "26 (Denmark 1, Hong Kong 8, Japan 2, Russia 2, Singapore 13)",
"registered_in_other_countries": "82 (Bahamas 13, India 1, Indonesia 1, Isle of Man 6, Malta 1, Marshall Islands 11, Panama 12, Papua New Guinea 1, Philippines 1, Saint Kitts and Nevis 1, Singapore 27, Thailand 3, US 2, unknown 2) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"text": "Bintulu, Johor Bahru, George Town (Penang), Port Kelang (Port Klang), Tanjung Pelepas"
},
"transportation_note": {
"text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports that the territorial and offshore waters in the Strait of Malacca and South China Sea remain high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; in the past, commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia; crews have been murdered or cast adrift; increased naval patrols since 2005 in the Strait of Malacca resulted in no reported incidents in 2010"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Malaysian Armed Forces (Angkatan Tentera Malaysia, ATM): Malaysian Army (Tentera Darat Malaysia), Royal Malaysian Navy (Tentera Laut Diraja Malaysia, TLDM), Royal Malaysian Air Force (Tentera Udara Diraja Malaysia, TUDM) (2013)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "17 years 6 months of age for voluntary military service (younger with parental consent and proof of age); mandatory retirement age 60; women serve in the Malaysian Armed Forces; no conscription (2013)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "7,501,518",
"females_age_16_49": "7,315,999 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "6,247,306",
"females_age_16_49": "6,175,274 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "265,008",
"female": "254,812 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "2.03% of GDP (2005 est.)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "while the 2002 \"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea\" has eased tensions over the Spratly Islands, it is not the legally binding \"code of conduct\" sought by some parties; Malaysia was not party to the March 2005 joint accord among the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam on conducting marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; disputes continue over deliveries of fresh water to Singapore, Singapore's land reclamation, bridge construction, and maritime boundaries in the Johor and Singapore Straits; in 2008, ICJ awarded sovereignty of Pedra Branca (Pulau Batu Puteh/Horsburgh Island) to Singapore, and Middle Rocks to Malaysia, but did not rule on maritime regimes, boundaries, or disposition of South Ledge; land and maritime negotiations with Indonesia are ongoing, and disputed areas include the controversial Tanjung Datu and Camar Wulan border area in Borneo and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea; separatist violence in Thailand's predominantly Muslim southern provinces prompts measures to close and monitor border with Malaysia to stem terrorist activities; Philippines retains a dormant claim to Malaysia's Sabah State in northern Borneo; per Letters of Exchange signed in 2009, Malaysia in 2010 ceded two hydrocarbon concession blocks to Brunei in exchange for Brunei's sultan dropping claims to the Limbang corridor, which divides Brunei; piracy remains a problem in the Malacca Strait"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"refugees_country_of_origin": "84,671 (Burma) (2012)",
"stateless_persons": "40,001 (2012); note - Malaysia's stateless population consists of Rohingya refugees from Burma, ethnic Indians, and the children of Filipino and Indonesian illegal migrants; Burma stripped the Rohingya of their nationality in 1982; Filipino and Indonesian children who have not have been registered for birth certificates by their parents or who received birth certificates stamped \"foreigner\" are not eligible to go to government schools; these children are vulnerable to statelessness should they not be able to apply to their parents' country of origin for a passport"
},
"trafficking_in_persons": {
"current_situation": "Malaysia is a destination and, to a lesser extent, a source and transit country for women and children subjected to conditions of forced labor and women and children subjected to sex trafficking; Malaysia is mainly a destination country for foreign workers who migrate willingly from countries including Indonesia, Nepal, India, Thailand, China, the Philippines, Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Vietnam but subsequently encounter forced labor or debt bondage at the hands of their employers in the domestic, agricultural, construction, plantation, and industrial sectors; a small number of Malaysian citizens were reportedly trafficked internally and abroad to Singapore, China, and Japan for commercial sexual exploitation; refugees are also vulnerable to trafficking; some officials are reportedly complicit in facilitating trafficking",
"tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List - Malaysia does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government has made no tangible improvements to its inadequate system for identifying and protecting trafficking victims, such as amending its laws to allow victims to reside in NGO shelters; trafficking victims identified by Malaysian authorities are forcibly detained in government facilities, where they are provided with limited, if any, access to legal or psychological assistance by the government or NGOs; increasing efforts are being made to investigate and prosecute trafficking offenders, notably in the area of labor trafficking, though convictions of sex trafficking offenders has decreased; many front-line officials continue to lack the ability to recognize indicators of human trafficking, hindering the investigation of cases and the identification of victims; although the confiscation of passports by employers is illegal, the government has not prosecuted any employers who confiscated migrants' passports or travel documents or confined them to the workplace (2013)"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "drug trafficking prosecuted vigorously and carries severe penalties; heroin still primary drug of abuse, but synthetic drug demand remains strong; continued ecstasy and methamphetamine producer for domestic users and, to a lesser extent, the regional drug market"
}
}
}

601
asia/np-nepal.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,601 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "In 1951, the Nepali monarch ended the century-old system of rule by hereditary premiers and instituted a cabinet system of government. Reforms in 1990 established a multiparty democracy within the framework of a constitutional monarchy. An insurgency led by Maoist extremists broke out in 1996. The ensuing 10-year civil war between insurgents and government forces witnessed the dissolution of the cabinet and parliament and assumption of absolute power by the king. Several weeks of mass protests in April 2006 were followed by several months of peace negotiations between the Maoists and government officials, and culminated in a November 2006 peace accord and the promulgation of an interim constitution. Following a nationwide election in April 2008, the newly formed Constituent Assembly (CA) declared Nepal a federal democratic republic and abolished the monarchy at its first meeting the following month. The CA elected the country's first president in July. Between 2008 and 2011 there have been four different coalition governments, led twice by the United Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist, which received a plurality of votes in the Constituent Assembly election, and twice by the Communist Party of Nepal-United Marxist-Leninist. In August 2011, Baburam BHATTARAI of the United Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) became prime minister. After the CA failed to draft a constitution by the May 2012 deadline, BHATTARAI dissolved the CA and called for new elections. Months of negotiations failed to produce a new election date. Finally, in March 2013, the chief justice of Nepal's Supreme Court, Khil Raj REGMI, was sworn in as Chairman of the Interim Council of Ministers for Elections to lead an interim government and charged with holding Constituent Assembly elections by December 2013."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Southern Asia, between China and India"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "28 00 N, 84 00 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "147,181 sq km",
"land": "143,351 sq km",
"water": "3,830 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly larger than Arkansas"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "2,926 km",
"border_countries": "China 1,236 km, India 1,690 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "0 km (landlocked)"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"text": "none (landlocked)"
},
"climate": {
"text": "varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "Tarai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south, central hill region, rugged Himalayas in north"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Kanchan Kalan 70 m",
"highest_point": "Mount Everest 8,850 m (highest point in Asia)"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "quartz, water, timber, hydropower, scenic beauty, small deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "16%",
"permanent_crops": "0.8%",
"other": "83.2% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "11,680 sq km (2003)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "210.2 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "9.5 cu km/yr (2%/0%/98%)",
"per_capita": "334.7 cu m/yr (2006)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "severe thunderstorms; flooding; landslides; drought and famine depending on the timing, intensity, and duration of the summer monsoons"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "deforestation (overuse of wood for fuel and lack of alternatives); contaminated water (with human and animal wastes, agricultural runoff, and industrial effluents); wildlife conservation; vehicular emissions"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "Marine Life Conservation"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "landlocked; strategic location between China and India; contains eight of world's 10 highest peaks, including Mount Everest and Kanchenjunga - the world's tallest and third tallest - on the borders with China and India respectively"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Nepali (singular and plural)",
"adjective": "Nepali"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Chhettri 15.5%, Brahman-Hill 12.5%, Magar 7%, Tharu 6.6%, Tamang 5.5%, Newar 5.4%, Muslim 4.2%, Kami 3.9%, Yadav 3.9%, other 32.7%, unspecified 2.8% (2001 census)"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Nepali (official) 47.8%, Maithali 12.1%, Bhojpuri 7.4%, Tharu (Dagaura/Rana) 5.8%, Tamang 5.1%, Newar 3.6%, Magar 3.3%, Awadhi 2.4%, other 10%, unspecified 2.5% (2001 census)",
"note": "many in government and business also speak English (2001 est.)"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Hindu 80.6%, Buddhist 10.7%, Muslim 4.2%, Kirant 3.6%, other 0.9% (2001 census)"
},
"population": {
"text": "30,430,267 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "32.6% (male 5,045,989/female 4,859,274)",
"15_24_years": "22.6% (male 3,444,428/female 3,431,127)",
"25_54_years": "34.9% (male 5,015,145/female 5,593,248)",
"55_64_years": "5.5% (male 820,014/female 860,439)",
"65_years_and_over": "4.5% (male 630,853/female 729,750) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "66.1 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "57.6 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "8.5 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "11.7 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "22.4 years",
"male": "21.7 years",
"female": "23.2 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.81% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "21.48 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "6.68 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "3.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "17% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "3.62% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "KATHMANDU (capital) 990,000 (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "0.88 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.95 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.87 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "0.96 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "20.1",
"note": "Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2011 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "170 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "41.76 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "41.8 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "41.71 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "66.86 years",
"male": "65.57 years",
"female": "68.19 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "2.36 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "49.7% (2011)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "5.5% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "0.21 physicians/1,000 population (2004)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "5 beds/1,000 population (2006)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 93% of population; rural: 88% of population; total: 89% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 7% of population; rural: 12% of population; total: 11% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 48% of population; rural: 27% of population; total: 31% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 52% of population; rural: 73% of population; total: 69% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "0.4% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "64,000 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "4,700 (2009 est.)"
},
"major_infectious_diseases": {
"degree_of_risk": "high",
"food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever",
"vectorborne_disease": "Japanese encephalitis, malaria, and dengue fever (2013)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "1.4% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "29.1% (2011)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "4.7% of GDP (2010)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "57.4%",
"male": "71.1%",
"female": "46.7% (2011 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "9 years",
"male": "10 years",
"female": "8 years (2002)"
},
"child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
"total_number": "2,467,549",
"percentage": "34 % (2008 est.)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal",
"conventional_short_form": "Nepal",
"local_long_form": "Sanghiya Loktantrik Ganatantra Nepal",
"local_short_form": "Nepal"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "federal democratic republic"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Kathmandu",
"geographic_coordinates": "27 43 N, 85 19 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+5.75 (10.75 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "14 zones (anchal, singular and plural); Bagmati, Bheri, Dhawalagiri, Gandaki, Janakpur, Karnali, Kosi, Lumbini, Mahakali, Mechi, Narayani, Rapti, Sagarmatha, Seti"
},
"independence": {
"text": "1768 (unified by Prithvi Narayan SHAH)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Republic Day, 29 May"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "15 January 2007 (interim Constitution); note - in April 2008, the Constituent Assembly (CA) was elected as an interim parliament to draft and promulgate a new constitution by May 2010; the deadline was extended four times, mostly recently until May 2012 when the CA was dissolved without completing a new constitution"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "English common law and Hindu legal concepts"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Ram Baran YADAV (since 23 July 2008); Vice President Paramananda JHA (since 23 July 2008)",
"head_of_government": "note: on 14 March 2013, the chief justice of Nepal's Supreme Court, Khil Raj REGMI, was sworn in as Chairman of the Interim Council of Ministers for Elections to lead an interim government and charged with holding Constituent Assembly elections by December 2013",
"cabinet": "cabinet was formed in August-September 2011 by a majority coalition made up of the United Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist, Madhesi People's Rights Forum-Democratic, Madhesi People's Rights Forum-Republic, Madhesi People's Rights Forum-Nepal, Terai-Madhes Democratic Party, and several smaller parties",
"elections": "president elected by Parliament; term extends until the new constitution is promulgated; president elected on 21 July 2008; date of next election NA",
"election_results": "Ram Baran YADAV elected president by the Constituent Assembly in a second round of voting on 21 July 2008; Ram Baran YADAV 308, Ram Jaja Prasad SINGH 282"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"note": "in May 2012 Prime Minister Baburam BHATTARAI dissolved the previous unicameral Constituent Assembly unicameral Constituent Assembly (601 seats; 240 members elected by direct popular vote, 335 by proportional representation, and 26 appointed by the Cabinet (Council of Ministers)",
"elections": "last held on 10 April 2008; note - the Constituent Assembly failed to draft a new constitution by the 27 May 2012 deadline; as of early 2013, the parties were in negotiations to hold elections for a new Constituent Assembly",
"election_results": "percent of vote by party - CPN-M 38%, NC 19%, CPN-UML 18%, Madhesi People's Right Forum-Nepal 9%, other 11%; seats by party - CPN-M 229, NC 115, CPN-UML 108, Madhesi People's Rights Forum-Nepal 54, Terai Madhes Democratic Party 21, other smaller parties 74; note - 26 seats filled by the new Cabinet are included in the totals above"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and up to 14 judges note - Nepal's judiciary was restructured under its 2007 Interim Constitution",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "the Supreme Court chief justice appointed by the prime minister on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council; other judges are appointed by the prime minister on the recommendation of the Judicial Council; judges serve until age 65",
"subordinate_courts": "appellate and district courts"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Chure Bhawar Rastriya Ekata Party [Himalaya Bhakta PRADHANGA]; Communist Party of Nepal-Marxist Leninist or CPN-ML [C.P. MAINALI]; Communist Party of Nepal-Marxist Leninist Samaibadi [Jaqat Bahadur BOGATI]; Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist or CPN-M [Mohan BAIDYA, also known as KIRAN]; Communist Party of Nepal-Unified [Raj Singh SHRIS]; Communist Party of Nepal-United [Chandra Dev JOSHI]; Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist-Leninist or CPN-UML [Jhalanath KHANAL]; Dalit Janajati Party [Vishwendraman PASHWAN]; Federal Democratic National Forum [Khagendra MAKHAIM]; Federal Democratic National Forum - Tharuhat [Rukmini CHAUDHARY]; Federal Democratic National Party [Ravindra THING]; Federal Socialist Party [Ashok RAI]; Federal Sadbhayana Party [Anil JHAL]; Janta Dal United [Biswonath Prasad AGRAWAL]; Madhesi People's Rights Forum-Democratic [Bijay Kumar GACHHADAR]; Madhesi People's Rights Forum-Nepal [Upendra YADAV]; Madhesi People's Rights Forum-Republic [Raj Kishore YADAV]; National Madhes Socialist Party [Sharat Singh BHANDARI]; Nepal Loktantrik Samajbadi Dal [Laxmi Lal CHAUDBARY]; Nepal Pariwar Dal [Eknath DHAKAL]; Nepal Workers and Peasants Party [Narayan Man BIJUKCHHE]; Nepali Congress or NC [Sushil KOIRALA]; Nepali Janata Dal [Hari Charan SAH]; Newa Rastriya Party [Keshav Man SHAKYA]; Rastriya Janamorcha [Chitra Bahadur K.C.]; Rastriya Janamukti Party [Malwar Singh THAPA]; Rastriya Janashakti Party or RJP [Surya Bahadur THAPA]; Rastriya Prajantantra Party [Pashupati Shumsher RANA]; Rastriya Prajantantra Party Nepal [Kamal THAPA]; Sadbhavana Party [Rajendra MAHATO]; Sadbhavana Party-Anandi Devi [Sarita GIRI]; Samajbadi Prajatantrik Janata Party Nepal [Prem Bahadur SINGH]; Social Democratic Party [Chaitanya SUBBA]; Terai Madhes Democratic Party [Mahantha THAKUR]; Terai Madhes Democratic Party-Nepal [Mahendra YADAVI]; Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) [Pushpa Kamal DAHAL, also known as PRACHANDA]"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"other": "small armed groups along the southern border with India; a variety of groups advocating regional autonomy for individual ethnic groups"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ADB, BIMSTEC, CD, CP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNMIT, UNOCI, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Shankar Prasad SHARMA",
"chancery": "2131 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 667-4550",
"fax": "[1] (202) 667-5534",
"consulates_general": "New York"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Peter W. BODDE",
"embassy": "Maharajgunj, Kathmandu",
"mailing_address": "use embassy street address",
"telephone": "[977] (1) 400-7200",
"fax": "[977] (1) 400-7272"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "red with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping right triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a white stylized moon and the larger, lower triangle displays a white 12-pointed sun; the color red represents the rhododendron (Nepal's national flower) and is a sign of victory and bravery, the blue border signifies peace and harmony; the two right triangles are a combination of two single pennons (pennants) that originally symbolized the Himalaya Mountains while their charges represented the families of the king (upper) and the prime minister, but today they are understood to denote Hinduism and Buddhism, the country's two main religions; the moon represents the serenity of the Nepalese people and the shade and cool weather in the Himalayas, while the sun depicts the heat and higher temperatures of the lower parts of Nepal; the moon and the sun are also said to express the hope that the nation will endure as long as these heavenly bodies",
"note": "Nepal is the only country in the world whose flag is not rectangular or square"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "rhododendron blossom"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Sayaun Thunga Phool Ka\" (Hundreds of Flowers)",
"lyrics_music": "Pradeep Kumar RAI/Ambar GURUNG",
"note": "adopted 2007; after the abolition of the monarchy in 2006, a new anthem was required because of the previous anthem's praise for the king"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in the world, with about one-quarter of its population living below the poverty line. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for three-fourths of the population and accounting for a little over one-third of GDP. Industrial activity mainly involves the processing of agricultural products, including pulses, jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain. Nepal has considerable scope for exploiting its potential in hydropower, with an estimated 42,000 MW of feasible capacity, but political instability hampers foreign investment. Additional challenges to Nepal's growth include its landlocked geographic location, civil strife and labor unrest, and its susceptibility to natural disaster."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$41.22 billion (2012 est.); $39.4 billion (2011 est.); $37.93 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$19.42 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "4.6% (2012 est.); 3.9% (2011 est.); 4.8% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$1,300 (2012 est.); $1,300 (2011 est.); $1,300 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "76%",
"government_consumption": "10.7%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "20%",
"investment_in_inventories": "14.9%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "10%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-33.4% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "38.1%",
"industry": "15.3%",
"services": "46.6% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "pulses, rice, corn, wheat, sugarcane, jute, root crops; milk, water buffalo meat"
},
"industries": {
"text": "tourism, carpets, textiles; small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; cigarettes, cement and brick production"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "3% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "18 million",
"note": "severe lack of skilled labor (2009 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "75%",
"industry": "7%",
"services": "18% (2010 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "46% (2008 est.); 42% (2004 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "25.2% (2011 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "3.2%",
"highest_10%": "29.5% (2011)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "32.8 (2010); 47.2 (2008 est.)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$3.5 billion",
"expenditures": "$4.7 billion (FY11/12)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "18% of GDP (FY11/12)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-6.2% of GDP (FY11/12)"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "16 July - 15 July"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "9.5% (2012 est.); 9.5% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "6% (31 December 2010 est.); 6.5% (31 December 2009 est.)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "8% (31 December 2012 est.); 8% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$3.105 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $2.723 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$12.12 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $12.14 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$11.88 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $10.67 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$4.529 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $4.843 billion (31 December 2010); $5.485 billion (31 December 2009 est.)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "$93 million (2012 est.); $49 million (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$1.066 billion (2012 est.); $998.9 million (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "clothing, pulses, carpets, textiles, juice, pashima, jute goods"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "India 55.7%, US 10.1%, Germany 4.4% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$5.92 billion (2012 est.); $5.665 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "petroleum products, machinery and equipment, gold, electrical goods, medicine"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "India 51%, China 34.5% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$3.631 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $2.925 billion (2010 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$3.956 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $3.673 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "Nepalese rupees (NPR) per US dollar -; 85.197 (2012 est.); 74.02 (2011 est.); 73.16 (2010 est.); 77.44 (2009); 65.21 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "3.431 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "5.349 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "74 million kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "717,000 kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "7.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "92.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "18,430 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "17,250 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "3.359 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "834,000 (2013)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "18.138 million (2013)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "poor telephone and telegraph service; fair radiotelephone communication service and mobile-cellular telephone network",
"domestic": "mobile-cellular telephone subscribership base is increasing with roughly 90% of the population living in areas covered by mobile carriers",
"international": "country code - 977; radiotelephone communications; microwave and fiber landlines to India; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "state operates 2 TV stations as well as national and regional radio stations; roughly 30 independent TV channels are registered with only about half in regular operation; nearly 400 FM radio stations are licensed with roughly 300 operational (2007)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".np"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "41,256 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "577,800 (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "47 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "11",
"over_3_047_m": "1",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "3",
"914_to_1_523_m": "6",
"under_914_m": "1 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "36",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "1",
"914_to_1_523_m": "6",
"under_914_m": "29 (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "59 km",
"narrow_gauge": "59 km 0.762-m gauge (2008)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "17,282 km",
"paved": "10,142 km",
"unpaved": "7,140 km (2007)"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Nepal Army (2012)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; 15 years of age for military training; no conscription (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "6,941,152",
"females_age_16_49": "7,618,397 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "5,260,878",
"females_age_16_49": "5,947,512 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "380,172",
"female": "367,103 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "1.3% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "joint border commission continues to work on contested sections of boundary with India, including the 400 square kilometer dispute over the source of the Kalapani River; India has instituted a stricter border regime to restrict transit of Maoist insurgents and illegal cross-border activities"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"refugees_country_of_origin": "15,0000-20,000 (Tibet/China); about 43,000 (Bhutan) (2012)",
"idps": "50,000 (remaining from ten-year Maoist insurgency that officially ended in 2006; figure does not include people displaced since 2007 by inter-communal violence and insecurity in the Terai region) (2012)",
"stateless_persons": "800,000 (2011); note - in 2007-2008 the government distributed 2.6 million citizenship certificates to the 3.4 million people without one; the remaining 800,000 without citizenship certificates are not necessarily stateless, and the UNHCR is working with the Nepali Government to clarify their situation; lesser numbers of Bhutanese Hindu refugees of Nepali origin (the Lhotsampa) who were stripped of Bhutanese nationality and forced to flee their country in the late 1980s and early 1990s - and undocumented Tibetan refugees who arrived in Nepal prior to the 1990s - are considered stateless"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "illicit producer of cannabis and hashish for the domestic and international drug markets; transit point for opiates from Southeast Asia to the West"
}
}
}

634
asia/ph-philippines.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,634 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "The Philippine Islands became a Spanish colony during the 16th century; they were ceded to the US in 1898 following the Spanish-American War. In 1935 the Philippines became a self-governing commonwealth. Manuel QUEZON was elected president and was tasked with preparing the country for independence after a 10-year transition. In 1942 the islands fell under Japanese occupation during World War II, and US forces and Filipinos fought together during 1944-45 to regain control. On 4 July 1946 the Republic of the Philippines attained its independence. A 20-year rule by Ferdinand MARCOS ended in 1986, when a \"people power\" movement in Manila (\"EDSA 1\") forced him into exile and installed Corazon AQUINO as president. Her presidency was hampered by several coup attempts that prevented a return to full political stability and economic development. Fidel RAMOS was elected president in 1992. His administration was marked by increased stability and by progress on economic reforms. In 1992, the US closed its last military bases on the islands. Joseph ESTRADA was elected president in 1998. He was succeeded by his vice-president, Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO, in January 2001 after ESTRADA's stormy impeachment trial on corruption charges broke down and another \"people power\" movement (\"EDSA 2\") demanded his resignation. MACAPAGAL-ARROYO was elected to a six-year term as president in May 2004. Her presidency was marred by several corruption allegations but the Philippine economy was one of the few to avoid contraction following the 2008 global financial crisis, expanding each year of her administration. Benigno AQUINO III was elected to a six-year term as president in May 2010. The Philippine Government faces threats from several groups, some of which are on the US Government's Foreign Terrorist Organization list. Manila has waged a decades-long struggle against ethnic Moro insurgencies in the southern Philippines, which has led to a peace accord with the Moro National Liberation Front and ongoing peace talks with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front. The decades-long Maoist-inspired New People's Army insurgency also operates through much of the country. The Philippines faces increased tension with China over disputed territorial and maritime claims in the South China Sea."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Philippine Sea and the South China Sea, east of Vietnam"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "13 00 N, 122 00 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Southeast Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "300,000 sq km",
"land": "298,170 sq km",
"water": "1,830 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly larger than Arizona"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"text": "0 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "36,289 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from coastline as defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South China Sea up to 285 nm in breadth",
"exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm",
"continental_shelf": "to depth of exploitation"
},
"climate": {
"text": "tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October)"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Philippine Sea 0 m",
"highest_point": "Mount Apo 2,954 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "18%",
"permanent_crops": "17.33%",
"other": "64.67% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "18,790 sq km (2006)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "479 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "81.56 cu km/yr (8%/10%/82%)",
"per_capita": "859.9 cu m/yr (2009)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six cyclonic storms each year; landslides; active volcanoes; destructive earthquakes; tsunamis",
"volcanism": "significant volcanic activity; Taal (elev. 311 m), which has shown recent unrest and may erupt in the near future, has been deemed a \"Decade Volcano\" by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Mayon (elev. 2,462 m), the country's most active volcano, erupted in 2009 forcing over 33,000 to be evacuated; other historically active volcanoes include Biliran, Babuyan Claro, Bulusan, Camiguin, Camiguin de Babuyanes, Didicas, Iraya, Jolo, Kanlaon, Makaturing, Musuan, Parker, Pinatubo and Ragang"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "uncontrolled deforestation especially in watershed areas; soil erosion; air and water pollution in major urban centers; coral reef degradation; increasing pollution of coastal mangrove swamps that are important fish breeding grounds"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "the Philippine archipelago is made up of 7,107 islands; favorably located in relation to many of Southeast Asia's main water bodies: the South China Sea, Philippine Sea, Sulu Sea, Celebes Sea, and Luzon Strait"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Filipino(s)",
"adjective": "Philippine"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Tagalog 28.1%, Cebuano 13.1%, Ilocano 9%, Bisaya/Binisaya 7.6%, Hiligaynon Ilonggo 7.5%, Bikol 6%, Waray 3.4%, other 25.3% (2000 census)"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Filipino (official; based on Tagalog) and English (official); eight major dialects - Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinan"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Catholic 82.9% (Roman Catholic 80.9%, Aglipayan 2%), Muslim 5%, Evangelical 2.8%, Iglesia ni Kristo 2.3%, other Christian 4.5%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.6%, none 0.1% (2000 census)"
},
"population": {
"text": "105,720,644 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "34% (male 18,339,398/female 17,607,472)",
"15_24_years": "19.1% (male 10,259,385/female 9,896,090)",
"25_54_years": "36.8% (male 19,550,257/female 19,369,177)",
"55_64_years": "5.7% (male 2,772,003/female 3,239,659)",
"65_years_and_over": "4.4% (male 2,023,118/female 2,664,085) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "61.4 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "55.1 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "6.3 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "15.9 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "23.3 years",
"male": "22.8 years",
"female": "23.8 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.84% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "24.62 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "4.95 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "-1.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "48.8% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "2.16% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "MANILA (capital) 11.449 million; Davao 1.48 million; Cebu City 845,000; Zamboanga 827,000 (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "1.01 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.86 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.76 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "1 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "23.1 (2008 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "99 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "18.19 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "20.59 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "15.66 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "72.21 years",
"male": "69.26 years",
"female": "75.31 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "3.1 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "48.9% (2011)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "3.6% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "1.15 physicians/1,000 population (2004)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "0.5 beds/1,000 population (2009)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 93% of population; rural: 92% of population; total: 92% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 7% of population; rural: 8% of population; total: 8% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 79% of population; rural: 69% of population; total: 74% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 21% of population; rural: 31% of population; total: 26% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "less than 0.1% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "8,700 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "fewer than 200 (2009 est.)"
},
"major_infectious_diseases": {
"degree_of_risk": "high",
"food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever",
"vectorborne_diseases": "dengue fever and malaria",
"water_contact_disease": "leptospirosis (2013)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "6.3% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "20.7% (2008)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "2.7% of GDP (2009)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "95.4%",
"male": "95%",
"female": "95.8% (2008 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "11 years",
"male": "11 years",
"female": "12 years (2009)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "17.4%",
"male": "16.2%",
"female": "19.3% (2009)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Republic of the Philippines",
"conventional_short_form": "Philippines",
"local_long_form": "Republika ng Pilipinas",
"local_short_form": "Pilipinas"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "republic"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Manila",
"geographic_coordinates": "14 36 N, 120 58 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "80 provinces and 39 chartered cities",
"provinces": "Abra, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Aklan, Albay, Antique, Apayao, Aurora, Basilan, Bataan, Batanes, Batangas, Biliran, Benguet, Bohol, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Camiguin, Capiz, Catanduanes, Cavite, Cebu, Compostela, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental, Dinagat Islands, Eastern Samar, Guimaras, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Isabela, Kalinga, Laguna, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, La Union, Leyte, Maguindanao, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro Occidental, Mindoro Oriental, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, Mountain Province, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, North Cotabato, Northern Samar, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Palawan, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Quirino, Rizal, Romblon, Samar, Sarangani, Siquijor, Sorsogon, South Cotabato, Southern Leyte, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Tarlac, Tawi-Tawi, Zambales, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay",
"chartered_cities": "Angeles, Antipolo, Bacolod, Baguio, Butuan, Cagayan de Oro, Caloocan, Cebu, Cotabato, Dagupan, Davao, General Santos, Iligan, Iloilo, Lapu-Lapu, Las Pinas, Lucena, Makati, Malabon, Mandaluyong, Mandaue, Manila, Marikina, Muntinlupa, Naga, Navotas, Olongapo, Ormoc, Paranaque, Pasay, Pasig, Puerto Princesa, Quezon, San Juan, Santiago, Tacloban, Taguig, Valenzuela, Zamboanga (2012)"
},
"independence": {
"text": "12 June 1898 (independence proclaimed from Spain); 4 July 1946 (from the US)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day, 12 June (1898); note - 12 June 1898 was date of declaration of independence from Spain; 4 July 1946 was date of independence from US"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "mixed legal system of civil, common, Islamic, and customary law"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Benigno AQUINO (since 30 June 2010); Vice President Jejomar BINAY (since 30 June 2010); note - president is both chief of state and head of government",
"head_of_government": "President Benigno AQUINO (since 30 June 2010)",
"cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the president with consent of Commission of Appointments",
"elections": "president and vice president elected on separate tickets by popular vote for a single six-year term; election held on 10 May 2010 (next election to be held in May 2016)",
"election_results": "Benigno AQUINO elected president; percent of vote - Benigno AQUINO 42.1%, Joseph ESTRADA 26.3%, seven others 31.6%; Jejomar BINAY elected vice president; percent of vote Jejomar BINAY 41.6%, Manuel ROXAS 39.6%, six others 18.8%"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "bicameral Congress or Kongreso consists of the Senate or Senado (24 seats - one-half elected every three years; members elected at large by popular vote to serve six-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Kapulungan Ng Nga Kinatawan (287 seats - 230 members in one tier representing districts and 57 sectoral party-list members in a second tier representing special minorities elected on the basis of one seat for every 2% of the total vote but with each party limited to three seats); a party represented in one tier may not hold seats in the other tier; all House members are elected by popular vote to serve three-year terms",
"note": "the constitution limits the House of Representatives to 250 members; the number of members allowed was increased, however, through legislation when in April 2009 the Philippine Supreme Court ruled that additional party members could sit in the House of Representatives if they received the required number of votes",
"elections": "Senate - elections last held on 13 May 2013 (next to be held in May 2016); House of Representatives - elections last held on 13 May 2013 (next to be held in May 2016)",
"election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by party for 2013 election - UNA 26.94%, NP 15.3%, LP 11.32%, NPC 10.15%, LDP 5.38%, PDP-Laban 4.95%, others 9.72%, independents 16.24%; seats by party after 2013 election - UNA 5, NP 5, LP 4, Lakas 2, NPC 2, LDP 1, PDP-Laban 1, PRP 1, independents 3; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - LP 38.3%, NPC 17.4%, UNA 11.4%, NUP 8.7%, NP 8.5%, Lakas 5.3%, independents 6.0%, others 4.4%; seats by party - LP 110, NPC 43, NUP 24, NP 17, Lakas 14, UNA 8, independents 6, others 12; party-list 57"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of a chief justice and 14 associate justices)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "justices are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council, a constitutionally-created, 6-member body that recommends Supreme Court nominees; justices serve until age 70",
"subordinate_courts": "Court of Appeals; Sandiganbayan (special court for corruption cases of government officials); Court of Tax Appeals; regional, metropolitan, and municipal trial courts; sharia courts"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (Struggle of Filipino Democrats) or LDP [Edgardo ANGARA]; Lakas ng EDSA-Christian Muslim Democrats or Lakas-CMD [Manuel \"Mar\" ROXAS]; Liberal Party or LP [Manuel ROXAS]; Nacionalista Party or NP [Manuel \"Manny\" VILLAR]; Nationalist People's Coalition or NPC [Frisco SAN JUAN]; PDP-Laban [Aquilino PIMENTEL]; People's Reform Party [Miriam Defensor SANTIAGO]; Puwersa ng Masang Pilipino (Force of the Philippine Masses) or PMP [Joseph ESTRADA]; ",
"note": "United Nationalist Alliance or [UNA] - PDP-Laban and PMP coalition for the 2013 election"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "Black and White Movement [Vicente ROMANO]; Kilosbayan [Jovito SALONGA]"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ADB, APEC, APT, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CD, CICA (observer), CP, EAS, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSTAH, NAM, OAS (observer), OPCW, PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNMIT, UNMOGIP, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Jose L. CUISIA Jr.",
"chancery": "1600 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 467-9300",
"fax": "[1] (202) 467-9417",
"consulates_general": "Chicago, Honolulu, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, Tamuning (Guam)"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Harry K. THOMAS Jr.",
"embassy": "1201 Roxas Boulevard, Ermita 1000, Manila",
"mailing_address": "PSC 500, FPO AP 96515-1000",
"telephone": "[63] (2) 301-2000",
"fax": "[63] (2) 301-2017"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red; a white equilateral triangle is based on the hoist side; the center of the triangle displays a yellow sun with eight primary rays; each corner of the triangle contains a small, yellow, five-pointed star; blue stands for peace and justice, red symbolizes courage, the white equal-sided triangle represents equality; the rays recall the first eight provinces that sought independence from Spain, while the stars represent the three major geographical divisions of the country: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao; the design of the flag dates to 1897",
"note": "in wartime the flag is flown upside down with the red band at the top"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "Philippine eagle"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Lupang Hinirang\" (Chosen Land)",
"lyrics_music": "Jose PALMA (revised by Felipe PADILLA de Leon)/Julian FELIPE",
"note": "music adopted 1898, original Spanish lyrics adopted 1899, Filipino (Tagalog) lyrics adopted 1956; although the original lyrics were written in Spanish, later English and Filipino versions were created; today, only the Filipino version is used"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Philippine GDP growth, which cooled from 7.6% in 2010 to 3.9% in 2011, expanded to 6.6% in 2012 - meeting the government's targeted 6%-7% growth range. The 2012 expansion partly reflected a rebound from depressed 2011 export and public sector spending levels. The economy has weathered global economic and financial downturns better than its regional peers due to minimal exposure to troubled international securities, lower dependence on exports, relatively resilient domestic consumption, large remittances from four- to five-million overseas Filipino workers, and a rapidly expanding business process outsourcing industry. The current account balance had recorded consecutive surpluses since 2003; international reserves are at record highs; the banking system is stable; and the stock market was Asia's second best-performer in 2012. Efforts to improve tax administration and expenditure management have helped ease the Philippines' tight fiscal situation and reduce high debt levels. The Philippines received several credit rating upgrades on its sovereign debt in 2012, and has had little difficulty tapping domestic and international markets to finance its deficits. Achieving a higher growth path nevertheless remains a pressing challenge. Economic growth in the Philippines averaged 4.5% during the MACAPAGAL-ARROYO administration but poverty worsened during her term. Growth has accelerated under the AQUINO government, but with limited progress thus far in bringing down unemployment, which hovers around 7%, and improving the quality of jobs. Underemployment is nearly 20% and more than 40% of the employed are estimated to be working in the informal sector. The AQUINO administration has been working to boost the budgets for education, health, cash transfers to the poor, and other social spending programs, and is relying on the private sector to help fund major infrastructure projects under its Public-Private Partnership program. Long term challenges include reforming governance and the judicial system, building infrastructure, improving regulatory predictability, and the ease of doing business, attracting higher levels of local and foreign investments. The Philippine Constitution and the other laws continue to restrict foreign ownership in important activities/sectors (such as land ownership and public utilities)."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$431.3 billion (2012 est.); $404.7 billion (2011 est.); $389.4 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$250.4 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "6.6% (2012 est.); 3.9% (2011 est.); 7.6% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$4,500 (2012 est.); $4,300 (2011 est.); $4,200 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "21.3% of GDP (2012 est.); 23.6% of GDP (2011 est.); 25% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "74.2%",
"government_consumption": "10.5%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "19.4%",
"investment_in_inventories": "-0.9%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "30.8%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-34% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "11.8%",
"industry": "31.1%",
"services": "57.1% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "sugarcane, coconuts, rice, corn, bananas, cassavas, pineapples, mangoes; pork, eggs, beef; fish"
},
"industries": {
"text": "electronics assembly, garments, footwear, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products, food processing, petroleum refining, fishing"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "6.8% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "40.42 million (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "32%",
"industry": "15%",
"services": "53% (2012 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "7% (2012 est.); 7% (2011 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "26.5% (2009 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "2.6%",
"highest_10%": "33.6% (2009 est.)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "44.8 (2009); 46.6 (2003)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$36.35 billion",
"expenditures": "$42.1 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "14.5% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-2.3% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "51.5% of GDP (2012 est.); 51% of GDP (2011 est.)",
"note": "data cover debt issued by the national government, and excludes debt instruments issued by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by social security institutions, government-owned and controlled corporations, the Central Bank, and local government units"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "3.1% (2012 est.); 4.7% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "5.3% (31 December 2012 est.); 5.6% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "5.68% (31 December 2012 est.); 6.66% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$38.93 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $33.97 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$132.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $126 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$129.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $112.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$266.3 billion (31 December 2012); $198.4 billion (31 December 2011); $202.2 billion (31 December 2010)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "$9.65 billion (2012 est.); $6.988 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$46.28 billion (2012 est.); $38.28 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "semiconductors and electronic products, transport equipment, garments, copper products, petroleum products, coconut oil, fruits"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "Japan 19%, US 14.2%, China 11.8%, Singapore 9.4%, Hong Kong 9.2%, South Korea 5.5%, Thailand 4.7% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$61.49 billion (2012 est.); $55.25 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "electronic products, mineral fuels, machinery and transport equipment, iron and steel, textile fabrics, grains, chemicals, plastic"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "US 11.5%, China 10.8%, Japan 10.4%, South Korea 7.3%, Singapore 7.1%, Thailand 5.6%, Saudi Arabia 5.6%, Indonesia 4.4%, Malaysia 4% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$83.83 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $75.3 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$74.87 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $76.04 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$30.38 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $27.58 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$8.435 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $6.59 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "Philippine pesos (PHP) per US dollar -; 42.229 (2012 est.); 43.313 (2011 est.); 45.11 (2010 est.); 47.68 (2009); 44.439 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "67.74 billion kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "64.52 billion kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "16.36 million kW (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "66.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "21.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "12.8% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "26,640 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "28,090 bbl/day (2010 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "176,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "138.5 million bbl (1 January 2013 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "181,300 bbl/day (2010 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "315,600 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "17,810 bbl/day (2010 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "147,900 bbl/day (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "3.91 billion cu m (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "2.86 billion cu m (2010)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "98.54 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "85.63 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "3.556 million (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "94.19 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "good international radiotelephone and submarine cable services; domestic and interisland service adequate",
"domestic": "telecommunications infrastructure includes the following platforms: fixed-line, mobile cellular, cable TV, over-the-air TV, radio and Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT), fiber-optic cable, and satellite; mobile-cellular communications now dominate the industry",
"international": "country code - 63; a series of submarine cables together provide connectivity to Asia, US, the Middle East, and Europe; multiple international gateways (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "multiple national private TV and radio networks; multi-channel satellite and cable TV systems available; more than 350 TV stations - 4 major TV networks operating nationwide with 1 being government-owned; some 1100 cable TV providers and some 1,200 radio stations broadcasting; the Philippines is scheduled to complete the switch from analog to digital broadcasting by the end of 2015 (2012)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".ph"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "425,812 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "8.278 million (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "247 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "89",
"over_3_047_m": "4",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "8",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "33",
"914_to_1_523_m": "34",
"under_914_m": "10 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "158",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "3",
"914_to_1_523_m": "56",
"under_914_m": "99 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "2 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "gas 567 km; oil 138 km; refined products 185 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "995 km",
"narrow_gauge": "995 km 1.067-m gauge (484 km are in operation) (2010)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "213,151 km",
"paved": "54,481 km",
"unpaved": "158,670 km (2009)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "3,219 km (limited to vessels with draft less than 1.5 m) (2011)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "446",
"by_type": "bulk carrier 76, cargo 152, carrier 12, chemical tanker 27, container 17, liquefied gas 5, passenger 7, passenger/cargo 65, petroleum tanker 44, refrigerated cargo 20, roll on/roll off 11, vehicle carrier 10",
"foreign_owned": "159 (Bermuda 47, China 4, Denmark 2, Germany 2, Greece 5, Japan 77, Malaysia 1, Netherlands 17, Singapore 1, South Korea 1, Taiwan 1, UAE 1)",
"registered_in_other_countries": "7 (Cyprus 1, Panama 5, unknown 1) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"text": "Batangas, Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Liman, Manila"
},
"transportation_note": {
"text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; numerous commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia; crews have been murdered or cast adrift"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP): Army, Navy (includes Marine Corps), Air Force (2013)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "17-23 years of age (officers 20-24) for voluntary military service; no conscription; applicants must be single male or female Philippine citizens with either 72 college credit hours (enlisted) or a baccalaureate degree (officers) (2013)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "25,614,135",
"females_age_16_49": "25,035,061 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "20,142,940",
"females_age_16_49": "21,427,792 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "1,060,319",
"female": "1,021,069 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "0.9% of GDP (2005 est.)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "Philippines claims sovereignty over Scarborough Reef (also claimed by China together with Taiwan) and over certain of the Spratly Islands, known locally as the Kalayaan (Freedom) Islands, also claimed by China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam; the 2002 \"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea,\" has eased tensions in the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally binding \"code of conduct\" desired by several of the disputants; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; Philippines retains a dormant claim to Malaysia's Sabah State in northern Borneo based on the Sultanate of Sulu's granting the Philippines Government power of attorney to pursue a sovereignty claim on his behalf; maritime delimitation negotiations continue with Palau"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"idps": "at least 843,000 (government troops fighting the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, the Abu Sayyaf Group, and the New People's Army; clan feuds; natural disasters (December 2012 Typhoon Bopha)) (2013)",
"stateless_persons": "6,015 (2012)"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "domestic methamphetamine production has been a growing problem in recent years despite government crackdowns; major consumer of amphetamines; longstanding marijuana producer mainly in rural areas where Manila's control is limited"
}
}
}

633
asia/pk-pakistan.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,633 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world and dating back at least 5,000 years, spread over much of what is presently Pakistan. During the second millennium B.C., remnants of this culture fused with the migrating Indo-Aryan peoples. The area underwent successive invasions in subsequent centuries from the Persians, Greeks, Scythians, Arabs (who brought Islam), Afghans, and Turks. The Mughal Empire flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries; the British came to dominate the region in the 18th century. The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state of Pakistan (with West and East sections) and largely Hindu India was never satisfactorily resolved, and India and Pakistan fought two wars - in 1947-48 and 1965 - over the disputed Kashmir territory. A third war between these countries in 1971 - in which India capitalized on Islamabad's marginalization of Bengalis in Pakistani politics - resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. In response to Indian nuclear weapons testing, Pakistan conducted its own tests in 1998. India-Pakistan relations have been rocky since the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, but both countries are taking small steps to put relations back on track. In February 2008, Pakistan held parliamentary elections and in September 2008, after the resignation of former President MUSHARRAF, elected Asif Ali ZARDARI to the presidency. Pakistani government and military leaders are struggling to control domestic insurgents, many of whom are located in the tribal areas adjacent to the border with Afghanistan. In January 2012, Pakistan assumed a nonpermanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2012-13 term."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the west and China in the north"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "30 00 N, 70 00 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "796,095 sq km",
"land": "770,875 sq km",
"water": "25,220 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly less than twice the size of California"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "6,774 km",
"border_countries": "Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km, India 2,912 km, Iran 909 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "1,046 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "12 nm",
"contiguous_zone": "24 nm",
"exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm",
"continental_shelf": "200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin"
},
"climate": {
"text": "mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest; Balochistan plateau in west"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Indian Ocean 0 m",
"highest_point": "K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) 8,611 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "26.02%",
"permanent_crops": "1.05%",
"other": "72.93% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "199,900 sq km (2008)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "246.8 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "183.5 cu km/yr (5%/1%/94%)",
"per_capita": "1,038 cu m/yr (2008)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August)"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff; limited natural freshwater resources; most of the population does not have access to potable water; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "Marine Life Conservation"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "controls Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass, traditional invasion routes between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Pakistani(s)",
"adjective": "Pakistani"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Punjabi 44.68%, Pashtun (Pathan) 15.42%, Sindhi 14.1%, Sariaki 8.38%, Muhajirs 7.57%, Balochi 3.57%, other 6.28%"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Saraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official; lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski, and other 8%"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Muslim (official) 96.4% (Sunni 85-90%, Shia 10-15%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 3.6% (2010 est.)"
},
"population": {
"text": "193,238,868 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "34% (male 33,774,720/female 31,967,787)",
"15_24_years": "21.6% (male 21,560,699/female 20,223,691)",
"25_54_years": "35.1% (male 35,272,193/female 32,587,417)",
"55_64_years": "5% (male 4,767,260/female 4,832,047)",
"65_years_and_over": "4.3% (male 3,877,418/female 4,375,636) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "61.8 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "54.7 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "7.1 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "14.1 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "22.2 years",
"male": "22.2 years",
"female": "22.3 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.52% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "23.76 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "6.69 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "-1.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "36.2% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "2.68% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "Karachi 13.125 million; Lahore 7.132 million; Faisalabad 2.849 million; Rawalpindi 2.026 million; ISLAMABAD (capital) 832,000 (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.06 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.07 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "1.08 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.98 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.89 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "1.06 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "22.7 (2007 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "260 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "59.35 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "62.56 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "55.97 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "66.71 years",
"male": "64.84 years",
"female": "68.66 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "2.96 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "27% (2007/08)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "2.2% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "0.81 physicians/1,000 population (2009)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "0.6 beds/1,000 population (2010)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 96% of population; rural: 89% of population; total: 92% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 4% of population; rural: 11% of population; total: 8% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 72% of population; rural: 34% of population; total: 48% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 28% of population; rural: 66% of population; total: 52% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "0.1% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "98,000 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "5,800 (2009 est.)"
},
"major_infectious_diseases": {
"degree_of_risk": "high",
"food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever",
"vectorborne_diseases": "dengue fever and malaria",
"animal_contact_disease": "rabies",
"note": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "5.5% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "30.9% (2011)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "2.4% of GDP (2010)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "54.9%",
"male": "68.6%",
"female": "40.3% (2009 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "8 years",
"male": "8 years",
"female": "7 years (2011)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "7.7%",
"male": "7%",
"female": "10.5% (2008)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Islamic Republic of Pakistan",
"conventional_short_form": "Pakistan",
"local_long_form": "Jamhuryat Islami Pakistan",
"local_short_form": "Pakistan",
"former": "West Pakistan"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "federal republic"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Islamabad",
"geographic_coordinates": "33 41 N, 73 03 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "4 provinces, 1 territory*, and 1 capital territory**; Balochistan, Federally Administered Tribal Areas*, Islamabad Capital Territory**, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly North-West Frontier Province), Punjab, Sindh",
"note": "the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir region consists of two administrative entities: Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan"
},
"independence": {
"text": "14 August 1947 (from British India)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Republic Day, 23 March (1956)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "12 April 1973; suspended 5 July 1977, restored 30 December 1985; suspended 15 October 1999, restored in stages in 2002; amended 31 December 2003; suspended 3 November 2007; restored 15 December 2007; last amended 28 February 2012"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "common law system with Islamic law influence"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal; note - there are joint electorates and reserved parliamentary seats for women and non-Muslims"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Mamnoon HUSSAIN (since 9 September 2013)",
"head_of_government": "Prime Minister Mohammad Nawaz SHARIF (since 5 June 2013)",
"cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the president upon the advice of the prime minister",
"elections": "president elected by secret ballot through an Electoral College comprising the members of the Senate, National Assembly, and provincial assemblies for a five-year term; election last held on 9 September 2013 (next to be held in 2018); prime minister selected by the National Assembly",
"election_results": "Mamnoon HUSSAIN elected president; Mamnoon HUSSAIN 432 votes, Wajihuddin AHMED 77 votes"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "bicameral parliament or Majlis-e-Shoora consists of the Senate (104 seats; members indirectly elected by provincial assemblies and the territories' representatives in the National Assembly to serve six-year terms; one half are elected every three years) and the National Assembly (342 seats; 272 members elected by popular vote; 60 seats reserved for women; 10 seats reserved for non-Muslims; members serve five-year terms)",
"elections": "Senate - last held on 2 March 2012 (next to be held in March 2015); National Assembly - last held on 11 May 2013 (next to be held in 2018)",
"election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PPPP 41, PML-N 14, ANP 12, JUI-F 7, MQM 7, PML-Q 5, BNP-A 4, NPP 1, PML-F 1, independents 12; National Assembly - percent of votes by party - NA; seats by party as of June 2013) - PML-N 126, PPPP 31, PTI 28, MQM 18, JUI-F 10, PML-F 5, other 22, independents 25, unfilled seats 7; 60 seats reserved for women, 10 seats reserved for non-Muslims"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Pakistan (consists of the chief justice and 16 judges)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "justices nominated by an 8-member Majlis-e-Shoora (parliamentary) Committee upon the recommendation of the Judicial Commission (a 9-member body of several judges and other judicial professionals), and appointed by the president of Pakistan; justices can serve until age 65",
"subordinate_courts": "High Courts; Federal Shariat Court; provincial and district civil and criminal courts; specialized courts for issues such as taxation, banking, customs, etc."
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Awami National Party or ANP [Asfandyar Wali KHAN]; Balochistan National Party-Awami or BNP-A; Balochistan National Party-Hayee Group or BNP-H [Dr. Hayee BALOCH]; Balochistan National Party-Mengal or BNP-M; Jamaat-i Islami or JI [Syed Munawar HASAN]; Jamhoori Watan Party or JWP; Jamiat Ahle Hadith or JAH [Sajid MIR]; Jamiat-i Ulema-i Islam Fazl-ur Rehman or JUI-F [Fazl-ur REHMAN]; Jamiat-i Ulema-i Islam Sami-ul HAQ or JUI-S [Sami ul-HAQ]; Jamiat-i Ulema-i Pakistan or JUP [Abul Khair ZUBAIR]; Millat-e-Jafferia [Allama Sajid NAQVI]; Muttahida Qaumi Movement or MQM [Altaf HUSSAIN]; National Peoples Party or NPP; Pakhtun-khwa Milli Awami Party or PKMAP [Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI]; Pakistan Awami Tehrik or PAT [Tahir ul QADRI]; Pakistan Muslim League-Quaid-i Azam or PML-Q [Chaudhry Shujaat HUSSAIN]; Pakistan Muslim League-Functional or PML-F [Pir PAGARO]; Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz or PML-N [Nawaz SHARIF]; Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians or PPPP [Bilawal Bhutto ZARDARI, chairman; Asif Ali ZARDARI, co-chairman]; Pakistan Peoples Party-S [Aftab Ahmad SHERPAO]; Quami Watan Party or QWP [Aftab Ahmed Khan SHERPAO]; Pakistan Tehrik-e Insaaf or PTI [Imran KHAN]; ",
"note": "political alliances in Pakistan can shift frequently"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"other": "military (most important political force); ulema (clergy); landowners; industrialists; small merchants"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ADB, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), C, CICA, CP, D-8, ECO, FAO, G-11, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, PCA, SAARC, SACEP, SCO (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMIT, UNOCI, UNSC (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (acting) Asad KHAN",
"chancery": "3517 International Court, Washington, DC 20008",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 243-6500",
"fax": "[1] (202) 686-1534",
"consulates_general": "Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, Sunnyvale (CA)",
"consulates": "Chicago, Houston"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Richard OLSON",
"embassy": "Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5, Islamabad",
"mailing_address": "8100 Islamabad Pl., Washington, DC 20521-8100",
"telephone": "[92] (51) 208-0000",
"fax": "[92] (51) 227-6427",
"consulates_general": "Karachi",
"consulates": "Lahore, Peshawar"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of religious minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "star and crescent"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Qaumi Tarana\" (National Anthem)",
"lyrics_music": "Abu-Al-Asar Hafeez JULLANDHURI/Ahmed Ghulamali CHAGLA",
"note": "adopted 1954; the anthem is also known as \"Pak sarzamin shad bad\" (Blessed Be the Sacred Land)"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Decades of internal political disputes and low levels of foreign investment have led to slow growth and underdevelopment in Pakistan. Agriculture accounts for more than one-fifth of output and two-fifths of employment. Textiles account for most of Pakistan's export earnings, and Pakistan's failure to expand a viable export base for other manufactures has left the country vulnerable to shifts in world demand. Official unemployment is under 6%, but this fails to capture the true picture, because much of the economy is informal and underemployment remains high. Over the past few years, low growth and high inflation, led by a spurt in food prices, have increased the amount of poverty - the UN Human Development Report estimated poverty in 2011 at almost 50% of the population. Inflation has worsened the situation, climbing from 7.7% in 2007 to almost 12% for 2011, before declining to 10% in 2012. As a result of political and economic instability, the Pakistani rupee has depreciated more than 40% since 2007. The government agreed to an International Monetary Fund Standby Arrangement in November 2008 in response to a balance of payments crisis. Although the economy has stabilized since the crisis, it has failed to recover. Foreign investment has not returned, due to investor concerns related to governance, energy, security, and a slow-down in the global economy. Remittances from overseas workers, averaging about $1 billion a month since March 2011, remain a bright spot for Pakistan. However, after a small current account surplus in fiscal year 2011 (July 2010/June 2011), Pakistan's current account turned to deficit in fiscal year 2012, spurred by higher prices for imported oil and lower prices for exported cotton. Pakistan remains stuck in a low-income, low-growth trap, with growth averaging about 3% per year from 2008 to 2012. Pakistan must address long standing issues related to government revenues and energy production in order to spur the amount of economic growth that will be necessary to employ its growing and rapidly urbanizing population, more than half of which is under 22. Other long term challenges include expanding investment in education and healthcare, adapting to the effects of climate change and natural disasters, and reducing dependence on foreign donors."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$523.9 billion (2012 est.); $505.3 billion (2011 est.); $490.4 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$231.9 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "3.7% (2012 est.); 3% (2011 est.); 3.1% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$2,900 (2012 est.); $2,900 (2011 est.); $2,900 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "11.1% of GDP (2012 est.); 11.9% of GDP (2011 est.); 14.6% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "87.3%",
"government_consumption": "8.3%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "10.9%",
"investment_in_inventories": "1.6%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "12.5%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-20.6% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "20.1%",
"industry": "25.5%",
"services": "54.4% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; milk, beef, mutton, eggs"
},
"industries": {
"text": "textiles and apparel, food processing, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, paper products, fertilizer, shrimp"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "3.4% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "59.21 million",
"note": "extensive export of labor, mostly to the Middle East, and use of child labor (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "45.1%",
"industry": "20.7%",
"services": "34.2% (2010 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "6.2% (2012 est.); 5.6% (2011 est.)",
"note": "substantial underemployment exists"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "22.3% (FY05/06 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "3.9%",
"highest_10%": "39.3% (FY05/06)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "30.6 (FY07/08); 41 (FY98/99)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$27.48 billion",
"expenditures": "$42.15 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "11.9% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-6.3% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "50.7% of GDP (2012 est.); 49.4% of GDP (2011 est.)"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "1 July - 30 June"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "9.7% (2012 est.); 11.9% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "12% (31 January 2012 est.); 14% (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "12.41% (31 December 2012 est.); 14.12% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$62.29 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $56.34 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$76.16 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $71.36 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$94.65 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $86.76 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$32.76 billion (31 December 2011); $38.17 billion (31 December 2010); $33.24 billion (31 December 2009)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "-$4.632 billion (2012 est.); $268 million (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$24.63 billion (2012 est.); $26.31 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "textiles (garments, bed linen, cotton cloth, yarn), rice, leather goods, sports goods, chemicals, manufactures, carpets and rugs"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "US 13.3%, China 10.9%, UAE 8.6%, Afghanistan 8.5% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$39.81 billion (2012 est.); $38.85 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, plastics, transportation equipment, edible oils, paper and paperboard, iron and steel, tea"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "China 19.8%, Saudi Arabia 12%, UAE 11.9%, Kuwait 6.2% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$13.8 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $18.09 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$56.19 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $60.18 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$22.72 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $21.88 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$1.495 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.432 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "Pakistani rupees (PKR) per US dollar -; 93.3952 (2012 est.); 86.3434 (2011 est.); 85.194 (2010 est.); 81.71 (2009); 70.64 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "94.65 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "70.1 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "20.2 million kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "65.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "2.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "32.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "63,080 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "183,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "480.9 million bbl (1 January 2013 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "215,900 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "426,700 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "26,830 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "195,700 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "42.9 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "42.9 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "753.8 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "151.6 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "5.867 million (2012)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "125 million (2013)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "the telecommunications infrastructure is improving dramatically with foreign and domestic investments in fixed-line and mobile-cellular networks; system consists of microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, cellular, and satellite networks;",
"domestic": "mobile-cellular subscribership has skyrocketed, exceeding 110 million by the end of 2011, up from only about 300,000 in 2000; more than 90 percent of Pakistanis live within areas that have cell phone coverage and more than half of all Pakistanis have access to a cell phone; fiber systems are being constructed throughout the country to aid in network growth; fixed line availability has risen only marginally over the same period and there are still difficulties getting fixed-line service to rural areas",
"international": "country code - 92; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable systems that provide links to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); 3 operational international gateway exchanges (1 at Karachi and 2 at Islamabad); microwave radio relay to neighboring countries (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "media is government regulated; 1 dominant state-owned TV broadcaster, Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV), operates a network consisting of 5 channels; private TV broadcasters are permitted; to date 69 foreign satellite channels are operational; the state-owned radio network operates more than 40 stations; nearly 100 commercially licensed privately owned radio stations provide programming mostly limited to music and talk shows (2007)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".pk"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "365,813 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "20.431 million (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "151 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "108",
"over_3_047_m": "15",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "20",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "43",
"914_to_1_523_m": "20",
"under_914_m": "10 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "43",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "1",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "9",
"914_to_1_523_m": "9",
"under_914_m": "24 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "23 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "gas 12,646 km; oil 2,576 km; refined products 1,087 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "7,791 km",
"broad_gauge": "7,479 km 1.676-m gauge (293 km electrified)",
"narrow_gauge": "312 km 1.000-m gauge (2007)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "260,760 km",
"paved": "180,910 km (includes 711 km of expressways)",
"unpaved": "79,850 km (2007)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "11",
"by_type": "bulk carrier 5, cargo 3, petroleum tanker 3",
"registered_in_other_countries": "11 (Comoros 5, Marshall Islands 1, Moldova 1, Panama 3, Saint Kitts and Nevis 1) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"text": "Karachi, Port Muhammad Bin Qasim"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Pakistan Army (includes National Guard), Pakistan Navy (includes Marines and Maritime Security Agency), Pakistan Air Force (Pakistan Fiza'ya) (2013)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "16-23 years of age for voluntary military service; soldiers cannot be deployed for combat until age 18; the Pakistani Air Force and Pakistani Navy have inducted their first female pilots and sailors; the Pakistan Air Force recruits aviation technicians at age 15; service obligation (Navy) 10-18 years; retirement required after 18-30 years service or age 40-52 (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "48,453,305",
"females_age_16_49": "44,898,096 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "37,945,440",
"females_age_16_49": "37,381,549 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "2,237,723",
"female": "2,104,906 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "3.1% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "various talks and confidence-building measures cautiously have begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the October 2005 earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; India and Pakistan have maintained their 2004 cease-fire in Kashmir and initiated discussions on defusing the armed standoff in the Siachen glacier region; Pakistan protests India's fencing the highly militarized Line of Control and construction of the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir, which is part of the larger dispute on water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show the Junagadh claim in India's Gujarat State; by 2005, Pakistan, with UN assistance, repatriated 2.3 million Afghan refugees leaving slightly more than a million, many of whom remain at their own choosing; Pakistan has sent troops across and built fences along some remote tribal areas of its treaty-defined Durand Line border with Afghanistan, which serve as bases for foreign terrorists and other illegal activities; Afghan, Coalition, and Pakistan military meet periodically to clarify the alignment of the boundary on the ground and on maps"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"refugees_country_of_origin": "2.9 million (1.9 million registered, 1 million undocumented ) (Afghanistan) (2013)",
"idps": "758,000 (primarily includes IDPs who remain displaced by conflict in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and Khyber-Paktunkwa Province that peaked in 2009) (2013)"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "significant transit area for Afghan drugs, including heroin, opium, morphine, and hashish, bound for Iran, Western markets, the Gulf States, Africa, and Asia; financial crimes related to drug trafficking, terrorism, corruption, and smuggling remain problems; opium poppy cultivation estimated to be 2,300 hectares in 2007 with 600 of those hectares eradicated; federal and provincial authorities continue to conduct anti-poppy campaigns that utilizes forced eradication, fines, and arrests"
}
}
}

589
asia/sg-singapore.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,589 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "Singapore was founded as a British trading colony in 1819. It joined the Malaysian Federation in 1963 but separated two years later and became independent. Singapore subsequently became one of the world's most prosperous countries with strong international trading links (its port is one of the world's busiest in terms of tonnage handled) and with per capita GDP equal to that of the leading nations of Western Europe."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Southeastern Asia, islands between Malaysia and Indonesia"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "1 22 N, 103 48 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Southeast Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "697 sq km",
"land": "687 sq km",
"water": "10 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly more than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"text": "0 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "193 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "3 nm",
"exclusive_fishing_zone": "within and beyond territorial sea, as defined in treaties and practice"
},
"climate": {
"text": "tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons - Northeastern monsoon (December to March) and Southwestern monsoon (June to September); inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early evening thunderstorms"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "lowland; gently undulating central plateau contains water catchment area and nature preserve"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Singapore Strait 0 m",
"highest_point": "Bukit Timah 166 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "fish, deepwater ports"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "0.89%",
"permanent_crops": "0.14%",
"other": "98.97% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "NA"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "0.6 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "0.19 cu km/yr (47%/53%/0%)",
"per_capita": "81.97 cu m/yr (2005)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "NA"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "industrial pollution; limited natural freshwater resources; limited land availability presents waste disposal problems; seasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in Indonesia"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Singaporean(s)",
"adjective": "Singapore"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Chinese 76.8%, Malay 13.9%, Indian 7.9%, other 1.4% (2000 census)"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Mandarin (official) 35%, English (official) 23%, Malay (official) 14.1%, Hokkien 11.4%, Cantonese 5.7%, Teochew 4.9%, Tamil (official) 3.2%, other Chinese dialects 1.8%, other 0.9% (2000 census)"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Buddhist 42.5%, Muslim 14.9%, Taoist 8.5%, Hindu 4%, Catholic 4.8%, other Christian 9.8%, other 0.7%, none 14.8% (2000 census)"
},
"population": {
"text": "5,460,302 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "13.6% (male 381,145/female 363,504)",
"15_24_years": "18.2% (male 490,526/female 505,713)",
"25_54_years": "50.1% (male 1,336,298/female 1,401,106)",
"55_64_years": "9.9% (male 269,411/female 269,137)",
"65_years_and_over": "8.1% (male 200,602/female 242,860) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "35.6 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "21.8 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "13.8 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "7.2 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "33.6 years",
"male": "33.5 years",
"female": "33.7 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.96% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "7.91 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "3.41 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "15.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "100% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "1.1% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.07 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "0.97 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "0.96 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "1 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.82 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "0.96 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "29.4 (2008 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "3 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "2.59 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "2.73 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "2.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "84.07 years",
"male": "81.67 years",
"female": "86.64 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "0.79 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "62%",
"note": "percent of women aged 15-44 (1997)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "4% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "1.83 physicians/1,000 population (2009)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "3.14 beds/1,000 population (2008)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "0.1% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "3,400 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "fewer than 100 (2009 est.)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "7.1% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "3.3% (2000)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "3.3% of GDP (2012)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "95.9%",
"male": "98%",
"female": "93.8% (2010 est.)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "6.7% (2011)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Republic of Singapore",
"conventional_short_form": "Singapore",
"local_long_form": "Republic of Singapore",
"local_short_form": "Singapore"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "parliamentary republic"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Singapore",
"geographic_coordinates": "1 17 N, 103 51 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "none"
},
"independence": {
"text": "9 August 1965 (from Malaysian Federation)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "National Day, 9 August (1965)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "3 June 1959; amended 1965 (based on pre-independence State of Singapore constitution)"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "English common law"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "21 years of age; universal and compulsory"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Tony TAN Keng Yam (since 1 September 2011)",
"head_of_government": "Prime Minister LEE Hsien Loong (since 12 August 2004); Deputy Prime Minister TEO Chee Hean (since 1 April 2009) and Deputy Prime Minister Tharman SHANMUGARATNAM (since 21 May 2011)",
"cabinet": "appointed by president, responsible to parliament",
"elections": "president elected by popular vote for six-year term; election last held on 27 August 2011 (next to be held by August 2017); following legislative elections, leader of majority party or leader of majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by president; deputy prime ministers appointed by president",
"election_results": "Tony TAN Keng Yam elected president from a field of four candidates with 35.2% of the votes cast"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "unicameral Parliament (87 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms); note - in addition, there are up to nine nominated members (NMP) and up to nine Non-Constituency Members of Parliament (NCMP); traditionally, members of parties that came closest to winning seats may be appointed as NCMPs; NMPs are appointed by the president to ensure that a wide range of community views are present in Parliament; NMPs are independent and non-partisan members",
"elections": "last held on 7 May 2011 (next to be held in May 2016)",
"election_results": "percent of vote by party - PAP 60.1%, WP 12.8%, NSP 12.1%, others 15%; seats by party - PAP 81, WP 6; (seats as of February 2013 PAP 80, WP 7)"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of the president or chief justice and 16 justices and organized into an upper tier Appeal Court and a lower tier High Court)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "all judges appointed by the president from candidates recommended by the prime minister after consultation with the chief justice; justices appointed for life",
"subordinate_courts": "district, magistrates', juvenile, family, community, and coroners' courts; small claims tribunals"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "National Solidarity Party or NSP [Hazel POA]; People's Action Party or PAP [LEE Hsien Loong]; Reform Party [Kenneth JEYARETNAM]; Singapore Democratic Alliance or SDA [Desmond LIM]; Singapore Democratic Party [CHEE Soon Juan]; Singapore People's Party or SPP [CHIAM See Tong]; Workers' Party or WP [LOW Thia Khiang]",
"note": "SDA includes Singapore Justice Party or SJP and Singapore National Malay Organization or PKMS"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "none"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ADB, AOSIS, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, C, CP, EAS, FATF, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNMIT, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Ashok Kumar MIRPURI",
"chancery": "3501 International Place NW, Washington, DC 20008",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 537-3100",
"fax": "[1] (202) 537-0876",
"consulates_general": "New York, San Francisco"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador David I. ADELMAN",
"embassy": "27 Napier Road, Singapore 258508",
"mailing_address": "FPO AP 96507-0001",
"telephone": "[65] 6476-9100",
"fax": "[65] 6476-9340"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist side of the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed portion is toward the hoist side) partially enclosing five white five-pointed stars arranged in a circle; red denotes brotherhood and equality; white signifies purity and virtue; the waxing crescent moon symbolizes a young nation on the ascendancy; the five stars represent the nation's ideals of democracy, peace, progress, justice, and equality"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "lion, merlion (mythical half lion-half fish creature)"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Majulah Singapura\" (Onward Singapore)",
"lyrics_music": "ZUBIR Said",
"note": "adopted 1965; the anthem, which was first performed in 1958 at the Victoria Theatre, is sung only in Malay"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Singapore has a highly developed and successful free-market economy. It enjoys a remarkably open and corruption-free environment, stable prices, and a per capita GDP higher than that of most developed countries. The economy depends heavily on exports, particularly in consumer electronics, information technology products, pharmaceuticals, and on a growing financial services sector. Real GDP growth averaged 8.6% between 2004 and 2007. The economy contracted 0.8% in 2009 as a result of the global financial crisis, but rebounded 14.8% in 2010, on the strength of renewed exports, before slowing to 5.2% in 2011 and 1.3% in 2012, largely a result of soft demand for exports during the second European recession. Over the longer term, the government hopes to establish a new growth path that focuses on raising productivity, which has sunk to an average of about 1.0% in the last decade. Singapore has attracted major investments in pharmaceuticals and medical technology production and will continue efforts to establish Singapore as Southeast Asia's financial and high-tech hub."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$331.9 billion (2012 est.); $327.6 billion (2011 est.); $311.5 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$276.5 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.3% (2012 est.); 5.2% (2011 est.); 14.8% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$61,400 (2012 est.); $61,700 (2011 est.); $60,100 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "45.6% of GDP (2012 est.); 46.8% of GDP (2011 est.); 48.2% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "39.2%",
"government_consumption": "9.7%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "24.1%",
"investment_in_inventories": "2.9%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "200.7%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-178.5% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "0%",
"industry": "26.8%",
"services": "73.2% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "orchids, vegetables; poultry, eggs; fish, ornamental fish"
},
"industries": {
"text": "electronics, chemicals, financial services, oil drilling equipment, petroleum refining, rubber processing and rubber products, processed food and beverages, ship repair, offshore platform construction, life sciences, entrepot trade"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.2% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "3.618 million",
"note": "excludes non-residents (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "0.1%",
"industry": "19.6%",
"services": "80.3%",
"note": "excludes non-residents (2011)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "1.9% (2012 est.); 2% (2011 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "NA%"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "4.4%",
"highest_10%": "23.2% (2008)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "47.8 (2012); 48.1 (2008)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$43.44 billion",
"expenditures": "$37.83 billion",
"note": "expenditures include both operational and development expenditures (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "15.7% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "2% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "111.4% of GDP (2012 est.); 106% of GDP (2011 est.)",
"note": "for Singapore, public debt consists largely of Singapore Government Securities (SGS) issued to assist the Central Provident Fund (CPF), which administers Singapore's defined contribution pension fund; special issues of SGS are held by the CPF, and are non-tradable; the government has not borrowed to finance deficit expenditures since the 1980s"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "1 April - 31 March"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "4.6% (2012 est.); 5.2% (2011 est.)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "5.38% (31 December 2012 est.); 5.38% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$115 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $99.28 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$400.8 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $340.9 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$281.1 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $235.2 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$709.4 billion (31 December 2012); $569.4 billion (31 December 2011); $620.5 billion (31 December 2010)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "$51.44 billion (2012 est.); $65.32 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$435.8 billion (2012 est.); $434.1 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment (including electronics and telecommunications), pharmaceuticals and other chemicals, refined petroleum products"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "Malaysia 12.2%, Hong Kong 10.9%, China 10.7%, Indonesia 10.5%, US 5.5%, Japan 4.6%, Australia 4.2%, South Korea 4% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$374.9 billion (2012 est.); $361.5 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, mineral fuels, chemicals, foodstuffs, consumer goods"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "Malaysia 10.6%, China 10.3%, US 10.2%, South Korea 6.8%, Japan 6.2%, Indonesia 5.3%, Saudi Arabia 4.5%, UAE 4.1% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$259.1 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $237.9 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$1.174 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.088 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$454.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $517.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$300.3 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $331 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "Singapore dollars (SGD) per US dollar -; 1.2497 (2012 est.); 1.258 (2011 est.); 1.3635 (2010 est.); 1.4545 (2009); 1.415 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "45.37 billion kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "41.2 billion kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "10.47 million kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "99.8% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "883,500 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "1.357 million bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "1.25 million bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "1.14 million bbl/day (2010 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "1.348 million bbl/day (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "0 cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "8.778 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "8.778 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "172.2 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "2.017 million (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "7.794 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "excellent service",
"domestic": "excellent domestic facilities; launched 3G wireless service in February 2005; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity more than 180 telephones per 100 persons; multiple providers of high-speed Internet connectivity and the government is close to completing an island-wide roll out of a high-speed fiber-optic broadband network",
"international": "country code - 65; numerous submarine cables provide links throughout Asia, Australia, the Middle East, Europe, and US; satellite earth stations - 4; supplemented by VSAT coverage (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "state controls broadcast media; 8 domestic TV stations operated by MediaCorp which is wholly owned by a state investment company; broadcasts from Malaysian and Indonesian stations available; satellite dishes banned; multi-channel cable TV service available; a total of 18 domestic radio stations broadcasting with MediaCorp operating more than a dozen and another 4 stations are closely linked to the ruling party or controlled by the Singapore Armed Forces Reservists Association; many Malaysian and Indonesian radio stations are available"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".sg"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "1.96 million (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "3.235 million (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "9 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "9",
"over_3_047_m": "2",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "2",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "3",
"914_to_1_523_m": "1",
"under_914_m": "1 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "gas 122 km; refined products 8 km (2013)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "3,356 km",
"paved": "3,356 km (includes 161 km of expressways) (2009)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "1,599",
"by_type": "bulk carrier 247, cargo 109, carrier 6, chemical tanker 256, container 339, liquefied gas 131, petroleum tanker 436, refrigerated cargo 13, roll on/roll off 5, vehicle carrier 57",
"foreign_owned": "966 (Australia 12, Bangladesh 1, Belgium 1, Bermuda 25, Brazil 9, Chile 6, China 29, Cyprus 6, Denmark 149, France 3, Germany 32, Greece 22, Hong Kong 46, India 21, Indonesia 60, Italy 5, Japan 164, Malaysia 27, Netherlands 1, Norway 153, Russia 2, South Africa 13, South Korea 3, Sweden 11, Switzerland 3, Taiwan 77, Thailand 33, UAE 10, UK 6, US 36)",
"registered_in_other_countries": "344 (Australia 2, Bahamas 7, Bangladesh 7, Belize 4, Cambodia 3, Cyprus 1, France 3, Honduras 11, Hong Kong 13, Indonesia 46, Italy 1, Kiribati 9, Liberia 22, Malaysia 13, Maldives 4, Malta 4, Marshall Islands 30, Mongolia 3, North Korea 1, Panama 92, Philippines 1, Saint Kitts and Nevis 10, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5, Sierra Leone 9, Thailand 1, Tuvalu 19, US 16, Vanuatu 2, unknown 5) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"text": "Singapore"
},
"transportation_note": {
"text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; numerous commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia; crews have been murdered or cast adrift"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Singapore Armed Forces: Army, Navy, Air Force (includes Air Defense) (2013)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18-21 years of age for male compulsory military service; 16 1/2 years of age for volunteers; 2-year conscript service obligation, with a reserve obligation to age 40 (enlisted) or age 50 (officers) (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "1,255,902 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "1,018,839",
"females_age_16_49": "1,087,134 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "27,098",
"female": "25,368 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "3.6% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "disputes persist with Malaysia over deliveries of fresh water to Singapore, Singapore's extensive land reclamation works, bridge construction, and maritime boundaries in the Johor and Singapore Straits; in 2008, ICJ awarded sovereignty of Pedra Branca (Pulau Batu Puteh/Horsburgh Island) to Singapore, and Middle Rocks to Malaysia, but did not rule on maritime regimes, boundaries, or disposition of South Ledge; Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalization of their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; piracy remains a problem in the Malacca Strait"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "drug abuse limited because of aggressive law enforcement efforts; as a transportation and financial services hub, Singapore is vulnerable, despite strict laws and enforcement, as a venue for money laundering"
}
}
}

641
asia/th-thailand.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,641 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "A unified Thai kingdom was established in the mid-14th century. Known as Siam until 1939, Thailand is the only Southeast Asian country never to have been taken over by a European power. A bloodless revolution in 1932 led to a constitutional monarchy. In alliance with Japan during World War II, Thailand became a US treaty ally in 1954 after sending troops to Korea and later fighting alongside the United States in Vietnam. Thailand since 2005 has experienced several rounds of political turmoil including a military coup in 2006 that ousted then Prime Minister THAKSIN Chinnawat, followed by large-scale street protests by competing political factions in 2008, 2009, and 2010. Demonstrations in 2010 culminated with clashes between security forces and pro-THAKSIN protesters, elements of which were armed, and resulted in at least 92 deaths and an estimated $1.5 billion in arson-related property losses. THAKSIN's youngest sister, YINGLAK Chinnawat, in 2011 led the Puea Thai Party to an electoral win and assumed control of the government. YINGLAK's leadership was almost immediately challenged by historic flooding in late 2011 that had large swathes of the country underwater and threatened to inundate Bangkok itself. Throughout 2012 the Puea Thai-led government struggled with the opposition Democrat Party to fulfill some of its main election promises, including constitutional reform and political reconciliation. Since January 2004, thousands have been killed and wounded in violence associated with the ethno-nationalist insurgency in Thailand's southern Malay-Muslim majority provinces."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand, southeast of Burma"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "15 00 N, 100 00 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Southeast Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "513,120 sq km",
"land": "510,890 sq km",
"water": "2,230 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly more than twice the size of Wyoming"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "4,863 km",
"border_countries": "Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803 km, Laos 1,754 km, Malaysia 506 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "3,219 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "12 nm",
"exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm",
"continental_shelf": "200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation"
},
"climate": {
"text": "tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "central plain; Khorat Plateau in the east; mountains elsewhere"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Gulf of Thailand 0 m",
"highest_point": "Doi Inthanon 2,576 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite, arable land"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "30.71%",
"permanent_crops": "8.77%",
"other": "60.52% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "64,150 sq km (2007)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "438.6 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "57.31 cu km/yr (5%/5%/90%)",
"per_capita": "845.3 cu m/yr (2007)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "land subsidence in Bangkok area resulting from the depletion of the water table; droughts"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from organic and factory wastes; deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations threatened by illegal hunting"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "Law of the Sea"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Thai (singular and plural)",
"adjective": "Thai"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Thai, English (secondary language of the elite), ethnic and regional dialects"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Buddhist (official) 94.6%, Muslim 4.6%, Christian 0.7%, other 0.1% (2000 census)"
},
"population": {
"text": "67,448,120 (July 2013 est.)",
"note": "estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "19.2% (male 6,620,873/female 6,313,188)",
"15_24_years": "15.1% (male 5,181,468/female 4,975,083)",
"25_54_years": "45.6% (male 15,192,334/female 15,569,761)",
"55_64_years": "10.4% (male 3,345,493/female 3,661,867)",
"65_years_and_over": "9.8% (male 2,971,426/female 3,616,627) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "38.6 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "25.2 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "13.5 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "7.4 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "35.1 years",
"male": "34.2 years",
"female": "36.1 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "0.52% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "12.66 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "7.47 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "34.1% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "1.6% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "BANGKOK (capital) 6.902 million (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "0.97 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.92 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.82 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "0.98 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "23",
"note": "Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (1987 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "48 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "15.41 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "16.38 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "14.39 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "74.05 years",
"male": "71.66 years",
"female": "76.58 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "1.66 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "79.6% (2009)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "3.9% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "0.3 physicians/1,000 population (2004)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "2.1 beds/1,000 population (2010)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 97% of population; rural: 95% of population; total: 96% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 3% of population; rural: 5% of population; total: 4% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 95% of population; rural: 96% of population; total: 96% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 5% of population; rural: 4% of population; total: 4% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "1.3% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "530,000 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "28,000 (2009 est.)"
},
"major_infectious_diseases": {
"degree_of_risk": "very high",
"food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial diarrhea",
"vectorborne_diseases": "dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, and malaria",
"note": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "8.8% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "7% (2006)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "3.8% of GDP (2010)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "93.5%",
"male": "95.6%",
"female": "91.5% (2005 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "12 years",
"male": "12 years",
"female": "13 years (2009)"
},
"child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
"total_number": "818,399",
"percentage": "8 % (2006 est.)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "2.7%",
"male": "2.5%",
"female": "3% (2011)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Kingdom of Thailand",
"conventional_short_form": "Thailand",
"local_long_form": "Ratcha Anachak Thai",
"local_short_form": "Prathet Thai",
"former": "Siam"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "constitutional monarchy"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Bangkok",
"geographic_coordinates": "13 45 N, 100 31 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "77 provinces (changwat, singular and plural); Amnat Charoen, Ang Thong, Bueng Kan, Buriram, Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi, Khon Kaen, Krabi, Krung Thep Mahanakhon (Bangkok), Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri, Mae Hong Son, Maha Sarakham, Mukdahan, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan, Narathiwat, Nong Bua Lamphu, Nong Khai, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani, Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao, Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit, Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Phrae, Phuket, Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi, Rayong, Roi Et, Sa Kaeo, Sakon Nakhon, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram, Sara Buri, Satun, Sing Buri, Sisaket, Songkhla, Sukhothai, Suphan Buri, Surat Thani, Surin, Tak, Trang, Trat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, Uthai Thani, Uttaradit, Yala, Yasothon"
},
"independence": {
"text": "1238 (traditional founding date; never colonized)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Birthday of King PHUMIPHON (BHUMIBOL), 5 December (1927)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "24 August 2007"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "civil law system with common law influences"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal and compulsory"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "King PHUMIPHON Adunyadet, also spelled BHUMIBOL Adulyadej (since 9 June 1946)",
"head_of_government": "Prime Minister YINGLAK Chinnawat also spelled YINGLUCK Shinawatra (since 8 August 2011); Deputy Prime Minister KITTIRAT Na Ranong (since 28 October 2012); Deputy Prime Minister PHONGTHEP Therkanchana also spelled PHONGTHEP Thepkanchana (since 28 October 2012); Deputy Prime Minister PLODPRASOP Suraswadi (since 28 October 2012); Deputy Prime Minister PRACHA Promnok (since 24 March 2013); Deputy Prime Minister SURAPHONG Towijakchaikun also spelled SURAPONG Tovichakchaikul (since 28 October 2012); Deputy Prime Minister YUKHON Limiaemthong (since 25 March 2013)",
"cabinet": "Council of Ministers",
"note": "there is also a Privy Council advising the king",
"elections": "the monarchy is hereditary; according to the 2007 constitution, the prime minister is elected from among members of the House of Representatives; following national elections for the House of Representatives, the leader of the party positioned to organize a majority coalition usually becomes prime minister by appointment by the king; the prime minister is limited to two four-year terms"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "bicameral National Assembly or Rathasapha consisted of the Senate or Wuthisapha (150 seats; 77 members elected by popular vote representing 77 provinces, 73 appointed by judges and independent government bodies; members serve six-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Sapha Phuthaen Ratsadon (500 seats; 375 members elected from 375 single-seat constituencies and 125 elected on proportional party-list basis; members serve four-year terms)",
"elections": "Senate - last held on 2 March 2008 (next to be held in March 2014); House of Representatives - last election held on 3 July 2011 (next to be held by July 2015)",
"election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PTP 265, DP 159, PJT 34, CTP 19, others 23",
"note": "74 senators were appointed on 19 February 2008 by a seven-member committee headed by the chief of the Constitutional Court; 76 senators were elected on 2 March 2008; elections to the Senate are non-partisan; registered political party members are disqualified from being senators"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Justice (consists of the court president, 6 vice-presidents, and NA judges and organized into civil and criminal divisions); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president and 8 judges); Supreme Administrative Court (the number of judges determined by the Judicial Commission of the Administrative Courts)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges selected by the Judicial Commission of the Courts of Justice and approved by the monarch; judges' terms NA; Constitutional Court justices - 3 judges drawn from the Supreme Court, 2 judges drawn from the Administrative Court, and 4 judge candidates selected by the Selective Committee for Judges of the Constitutional Court and confirmed by the Senate; judges appointed by the monarch to serve single 9-year terms; Supreme Administrative Court judges selected by the Judicial Commission of the Administrative Courts and appointed by the monarch; judge tenure NA",
"subordinate_courts": "courts of first instance and appeals courts within both the judicial and administrative systems; military courts"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Chat Pattana Party or CPN (Nation Development Party [WANNARAT Channukul]; Chat Thai Phattana Party or CTP (Thai Nation Development Party) [THAWORN Jampa-ngoen (acting)]; Mahachon Party or Mass Party [APHIRAT Sirinawin]; Matubhum Party (Motherland Party [SONTHI Bunyaratkalin]; Phalang Chon Party (People [Chonburi] Power Party) [CHAO Maneewong]; Phumjai (Bhumjai) Thai Party or PJT (Thai Pride) [ANUTIN Charnvirakul]; Prachathipat Party or DP (Democrat Party) [ABHISIT Wechachiwa, also spelled ABHISIT Vejjajiva]; Prachathipathai Mai Party (New Democrat Party) [SURATIN Phijarn]; Puea Thai Party (For Thais Party) or PTP [CHARUPHONG Rueangsusan also spelled JARUPONG Ruangsuwan]; Rak Prathet Thai Party (Love Thailand Party) [CHUWIT Kamonwisit]; Rak Santi Party (Peace Conservation Party) [THAWIL Surachetphong]"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "Multicolor Group; People's Alliance for Democracy or PAD; United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship or UDD"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIMSTEC, BIS, CD, CICA, CP, EAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE (partner), PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMOGIP, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador CHAIYONG Satchiphanon (also spelled CHAIYONG Satjipanon)",
"chancery": "1024 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Suite 401, Washington, DC 20007",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 944-3600",
"fax": "[1] (202) 944-3611",
"consulates_general": "Chicago, Los Angeles, New York"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Kristie A. KENNEY",
"embassy": "120-122 Wireless Road, Bangkok 10330",
"mailing_address": "APO AP 96546",
"telephone": "[66] (2) 205-4000",
"fax": "[66] (2) 254-2990, 205-4131",
"consulates_general": "Chiang Mai"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, and red; the red color symbolizes the nation and the blood of life; white represents religion and the purity of Buddhism; blue stands for the monarchy",
"note": "similar to the flag of Costa Rica but with the blue and red colors reversed"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "garuda (mythical half-man, half-bird figure); elephant"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Phleng Chat Thai\" (National Anthem of Thailand)",
"lyrics_music": "Luang SARANUPRAPAN/Phra JENDURIYANG",
"note": "music adopted 1932, lyrics adopted 1939; by law, people are required to stand for the national anthem at 0800 and 1800 every day; the anthem is played in schools, offices, theaters, and on television and radio during this time; \"Phleng Sansasoen Phra Barami\" (A Salute to the Monarch) serves as the royal anthem and is played in the presence of the royal family and during certain state ceremonies"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "With a well-developed infrastructure, a free-enterprise economy, generally pro-investment policies, and strong export industries, Thailand achieved steady growth due largely to industrial and agriculture exports - mostly electronics, agricultural commodities, automobiles and parts, and processed foods. Thailand is trying to maintain growth by encouraging domestic consumption and public investment to offset weak exports in 2012. Unemployment, at less than 1% of the labor force, stands as one of the lowest levels in the world, which puts upward pressure on wages in some industries. Thailand also attracts nearly 2.5 million migrant workers from neighboring countries. The Thai government is implementing a nation-wide 300 baht ($10) per day minimum wage policy and deploying new tax reforms designed to lower rates on middle-income earners. The Thai economy has weathered internal and external economic shocks in recent years. The global economic crisis severely cut Thailand's exports, with most sectors experiencing double-digit drops. In 2009, the economy contracted 2.3%. However, in 2010, Thailand's economy expanded 7.8%, its fastest pace since 1995, as exports rebounded. In late 2011 growth was interrupted by historic flooding in the industrial areas in Bangkok and its five surrounding provinces, crippling the manufacturing sector. Industry recovered from the second quarter of 2012 onward with GDP growth at 5.5% in 2012. The government has approved flood mitigation projects worth $11.7 billion, which were started in 2012, to prevent similar economic damage, and an additional $75 billion for infrastructure over the next seven years with a plan to start in 2013."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$662.6 billion (2012 est.); $622.5 billion (2011 est.); $622 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$365.6 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "6.4% (2012 est.); 0.1% (2011 est.); 7.8% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$10,300 (2012 est.); $9,700 (2011 est.); $9,700 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "30.4% of GDP (2012 est.); 28.3% of GDP (2011 est.); 29.1% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "55.3%",
"government_consumption": "13.6%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "28.5%",
"investment_in_inventories": "1.2%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "75%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-73.8% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "12.3%",
"industry": "43.6%",
"services": "44.2% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "rice, cassava (manioc), rubber, corn, sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans"
},
"industries": {
"text": "tourism, textiles and garments, agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, light manufacturing such as jewelry and electric appliances, computers and parts, integrated circuits, furniture, plastics, automobiles and automotive parts; world's second-largest tungsten producer and third-largest tin producer"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "7.2% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "39.41 million (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "38.2%",
"industry": "13.6%",
"services": "48.2% (2011 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "0.7% (2012 est.); 0.7% (2011 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "7.8% (2010 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "2.8%",
"highest_10%": "31.5% (2009 est.)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "53.6 (2009); 42 (2002)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$71.4 billion",
"expenditures": "$88.03 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "19.5% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-4.6% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "44.5% of GDP (2012 est.); 40.3% of GDP (2011 est.)",
"note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "1 October - 30 September"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "3% (2012 est.); 3.8% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "2.75% (31 December 2012 est.); 3.25% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "7.1% (31 December 2012 est.); 6.91% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$52.18 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $44.63 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$488.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $429.8 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$480.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $403.3 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$245 billion (31 December 2012); $230.9 billion (31 December 2011); $218.7 billion (31 December 2010)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "-$2.728 billion (2012 est.); $5.889 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$226.2 billion (2012 est.); $219.1 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "electronics, computer parts, automobiles and parts, electrical appliances, machinery and equipment, textiles and footwear, fishery products, rice, rubber"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "China 11.7%, Japan 10.2%, US 9.9%, Hong Kong 5.7%, Malaysia 5.4%, Indonesia 4.9%, Singapore 4.7%, Australia 4.3% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$217.8 billion (2012 est.); $202.1 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "capital goods, intermediate goods and raw materials, consumer goods, fuels"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "Japan 20%, China 14.9%, UAE 6.3%, Malaysia 5.3%, US 5.3% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$181.6 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $175.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$133.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $104.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$159.1 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $150.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$51.59 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $40.65 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "baht per US dollar -; 31.083 (2012 est.); 30.492 (2011 est.); 31.686 (2010 est.); 34.286 (2009); 33.37 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "173.3 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "169.4 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "1.535 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "9.575 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "32.6 million kW (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "89% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "10.9% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0.2% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "213,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "32,200 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "793,900 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "442 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "913,600 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "721,100 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "192,400 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "41,700 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "28.21 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "45.08 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "8.81 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "299.8 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "278.5 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "6.661 million (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "77.605 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "high quality system, especially in urban areas like Bangkok",
"domestic": "fixed line system provided by both a government-owned and commercial provider; wireless service expanding rapidly",
"international": "country code - 66; connected to major submarine cable systems providing links throughout Asia, Australia, Middle East, Europe, and US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean, 1 Pacific Ocean) (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "6 terrestrial TV stations in Bangkok broadcast nationally via relay stations - 2 of the networks are owned by the military, the other 4 are government-owned or controlled, leased to private enterprise, and all are required to broadcast government-produced news programs twice a day; multi-channel satellite and cable TV subscription services are available; radio frequencies have been allotted for more than 500 government and commercial radio stations; many small community radio stations operate with low-power transmitters (2008)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".th"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "3.399 million (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "17.483 million (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "101 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "63",
"over_3_047_m": "8",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "12",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "23",
"914_to_1_523_m": "14",
"under_914_m": "6 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "38",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "1",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "1",
"914_to_1_523_m": "10",
"under_914_m": "26 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "7 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "condensate 2 km; gas 5,900 km; liquid petroleum gas 85 km; oil 1 km; refined products 1,097 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "4,071 km",
"standard_gauge": "29 km 1.435-m gauge (29 km electrified)",
"narrow_gauge": "4,042 km 1.000-m gauge (2008)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "180,053 km (includes 450 km of expressways) (2006)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "4,000 km (3,701 km navigable by boats with drafts up to 0.9 m) (2011)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "363",
"by_type": "bulk carrier 31, cargo 99, chemical tanker 28, container 18, liquefied gas 36, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 10, petroleum tanker 114, refrigerated cargo 24, roll on/roll off 1, vehicle carrier 1",
"foreign_owned": "13 (China 1, Hong Kong 1, Malaysia 3, Singapore 1, Taiwan 1, UK 6)",
"registered_in_other_countries": "46 (Bahamas 4, Belize 1, Honduras 2, Panama 6, Singapore 33) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"text": "Bangkok, Laem Chabang, Map Ta Phut, Prachuap Port, Si Racha"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Royal Thai Army (Kongthap Bok Thai, RTA), Royal Thai Navy (Kongthap Ruea Thai, RTN, includes Royal Thai Marine Corps), Royal Thai Air Force (Kongthap Agard Thai, RTAF) (2013)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "21 years of age for compulsory military service; 18 years of age for voluntary military service; males register at 18 years of age; 2-year conscript service obligation (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "17,689,921",
"females_age_16_49": "17,754,795 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "13,308,372",
"females_age_16_49": "14,182,567 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "533,424",
"female": "509,780 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "1.8% of GDP (2005 est.)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "separatist violence in Thailand's predominantly Malay-Muslim southern provinces prompt border closures and controls with Malaysia to stem insurgent activities; Southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to check the spread of avian flu; talks continue on completion of demarcation with Laos but disputes remain over several islands in the Mekong River; despite continuing border committee talks, Thailand must deal with Karen and other ethnic rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border activities; Cambodia and Thailand dispute sections of boundary; in 2011 Thailand and Cambodia resorted to arms in the dispute over the location of the boundary on the precipice surmounted by Preah Vihear temple ruins, awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962 and part of a planned UN World Heritage site; Thailand is studying the feasibility of jointly constructing the Hatgyi Dam on the Salween river near the border with Burma; in 2004, international environmentalist pressure prompted China to halt construction of 13 dams on the Salween River that flows through China, Burma, and Thailand; 140,000 mostly Karen refugees fleeing civil strife, political upheaval and economic stagnation in Burma live in remote camps in Thailand near the border"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"refugees_country_of_origin": "83,317 (Burma) (2012)",
"idps": "undetermined (resurgence in ethno-nationalist violence in south of country since 2004) (2011)",
"stateless_persons": "506,197 (2012); note - about half of Thailand's northern hill tribe people do not have citizenship and make up the bulk of Thailand's stateless population; most lack documentation showing they or one of their parents were born in Thailand; children born to Burmese refugees are not eligible for Burmese or Thai citizenship and are stateless; most Chao Lay, maritime nomadic peoples, who travel from island to island in the Andaman Sea west of Thailand are also stateless; stateless Rohingya refugees from Burma are considered illegal migrants by Thai authorities and are detained in inhumane conditions or expelled; stateless persons are denied access to voting, property, education, employment, healthcare, and driving"
},
"trafficking_in_persons": {
"current_situation": "Thailand is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; victims, who are most often from neighboring countries, especially Burma, and also China, Vietnam, Russia, Uzbekistan, and Fiji, migrate to Thailand in search of economic opportunities but are forced, coerced, or defrauded into labor or commercial sexual exploitation; forced laborers are exploited in fishing, low-end garment production, domestic service, and some are forced to beg; some men forced to work on fishing boats have reportedly been kept at sea for years; sex trafficking of Thai and migrant children and sex tourism remain significant problems; Thailand is a transit country for victims from North Korea, China, Vietnam, Pakistan, and Burma destined for exploitation in third countries, including Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Russia, the Republic of Korea, the US, and Western European countries",
"tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List - Thailand does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; the government investigated more trafficking-related cases but prosecuted and convicted fewer trafficking offender in 2012 than it did in the previous year; widespread corruption among law enforcement personnel creates an enabling environment for human trafficking; local authorities lack an awareness of the elements of trafficking and are deficient at identifying and protecting victims; weak law enforcement, inadequate human and financial resources, and fragmented coordination among regulatory agencies in the fishing industry contributes to overall impunity for exploitive labor practices in this sector; no labor recruitment companies have been punished for forced labor or trafficking allegations (2013)"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "a minor producer of opium, heroin, and marijuana; transit point for illicit heroin en route to the international drug market from Burma and Laos; eradication efforts have reduced the area of cannabis cultivation and shifted some production to neighboring countries; opium poppy cultivation has been reduced by eradication efforts; also a drug money-laundering center; minor role in methamphetamine production for regional consumption; major consumer of methamphetamine since the 1990s despite a series of government crackdowns"
}
}
}

605
asia/tj-tajikistan.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,605 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "The Tajik people came under Russian rule in the 1860s and 1870s, but Russia's hold on Central Asia weakened following the Revolution of 1917. Bolshevik control of the area was fiercely contested and not fully reestablished until 1925. Much of present-day Sughd province was transferred from the Uzbek SSR to the newly formed Tajik SSR in 1929. Ethnic Uzbeks form a substantial minority in Tajikistan. Tajikistan became independent in 1991 following the breakup of the Soviet Union, and experienced a civil war between regional factions from 1992-97. Tajikistan endured several domestic security incidents in 2010-12, including a mass prison-break from a Dushanbe detention facility, the country's first suicide car bombing in Khujand, and armed conflict between government forces and local strongmen in the Rasht Valley and government forces and criminal groups in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast. The country remains the poorest in the former Soviet sphere. Attention by the international community since the beginning of the NATO intervention in Afghanistan has brought increased economic and security assistance, which could create jobs and strengthen stability in the long term. Tajikistan joined NATO's Partnership for Peace in 2002, and became a member of the World Trade Organization in March 2013."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Central Asia, west of China, south of Kyrgyzstan"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "39 00 N, 71 00 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "143,100 sq km",
"land": "141,510 sq km",
"water": "2,590 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly smaller than Wisconsin"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "3,651 km",
"border_countries": "Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, Kyrgyzstan 870 km, Uzbekistan 1,161 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "0 km (landlocked)"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"text": "none (landlocked)"
},
"climate": {
"text": "midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "Pamir and Alay Mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana Valley in north, Kofarnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Syr Darya (Sirdaryo) 300 m",
"highest_point": "Qullai Somoniyon 7,495 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "hydropower, some petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, gold"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "5.96%",
"permanent_crops": "0.91%",
"other": "93.13% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "7,421 sq km (2009)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "21.91 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "11.49 cu km/yr (6%/4%/91%)",
"per_capita": "1,740 cu m/yr (2006)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "earthquakes; floods"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "inadequate sanitation facilities; increasing levels of soil salinity; industrial pollution; excessive pesticides"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "landlocked; mountainous region dominated by the Trans-Alay Range in the north and the Pamirs in the southeast; highest point, Qullai Ismoili Somoni (formerly Communism Peak), was the tallest mountain in the former USSR"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Tajikistani(s)",
"adjective": "Tajikistani"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Tajik 79.9%, Uzbek 15.3%, Russian 1.1%, Kyrgyz 1.1%, other 2.6% (2000 census)"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Sunni Muslim 85%, Shia Muslim 5%, other 10% (2003 est.)"
},
"population": {
"text": "7,910,041 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "33.4% (male 1,343,251/female 1,296,192)",
"15_24_years": "20.4% (male 818,089/female 795,303)",
"25_54_years": "38.5% (male 1,501,713/female 1,541,413)",
"55_64_years": "4.6% (male 165,220/female 195,363)",
"65_years_and_over": "3.2% (male 106,605/female 146,892) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "64.1 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "58.9 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "5.2 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "19.1 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "23.2 years",
"male": "22.7 years",
"female": "23.7 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.79% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "25.49 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "6.38 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "-1.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "26.5% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "1.66% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "DUSHANBE (capital) 704,000 (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.03 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "0.97 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.85 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.73 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "0.99 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "22.3 (2001 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "65 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "36.16 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "40.65 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "31.45 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "66.72 years",
"male": "63.63 years",
"female": "69.97 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "2.8 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "27.9% (2012)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "6% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "2.01 physicians/1,000 population (2006)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "5.2 beds/1,000 population (2009)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 92% of population; rural: 54% of population; total: 64% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 8% of population; rural: 46% of population; total: 36% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 95% of population; rural: 94% of population; total: 94% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 5% of population; rural: 6% of population; total: 6% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "0.2% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "9,100 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "fewer than 500 (2009 est.)"
},
"major_infectious_diseases": {
"degree_of_risk": "high",
"food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever",
"vectorborne_disease": "malaria (2013)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "8.6% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "15% (2005)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "3.9% of GDP (2011)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "99.7%",
"male": "99.8%",
"female": "99.6% (2011 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "12 years",
"male": "12 years",
"female": "11 years (2011)"
},
"child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
"total_number": "164,432",
"percentage": "10 % (2005 est.)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Republic of Tajikistan",
"conventional_short_form": "Tajikistan",
"local_long_form": "Jumhurii Tojikiston",
"local_short_form": "Tojikiston",
"former": "Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "republic"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Dushanbe",
"geographic_coordinates": "38 33 N, 68 46 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "2 provinces (viloyatho, singular - viloyat), 1 autonomous province* (viloyati mukhtor), 1 capital region** (viloyati poytakht), and 1 area referred to as Districts Under Republic Administration***; Dushanbe**, Khatlon (Qurghonteppa), Kuhistoni Badakhshon [Gorno-Badakhshan]* (Khorugh), Nohiyahoi Tobei Jumhuri***, Sughd (Khujand)",
"note": "the administrative center name follows in parentheses"
},
"independence": {
"text": "9 September 1991 (from the Soviet Union)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day (or National Day), 9 September (1991)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "6 November 1994"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "civil law system"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Emomali RAHMON (since 6 November 1994; head of state and Supreme Assembly chairman since 19 November 1992)",
"head_of_government": "Prime Minister Oqil OQILOV (since 20 December 1999); First Deputy Prime Minister Matlubkhon DAVLATOV (since 5 January 2012)",
"cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by the Supreme Assembly",
"elections": "president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term (technically eligible for two terms); election last held on 6 November 2006 (next to be held in November 2013); prime minister appointed by the president",
"election_results": "Emomali RAHMON reelected president; percent of vote - Emomali RAHMON 79.3%, Olimjon BOBOEV 6.2%, other 14.5%"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "bicameral Supreme Assembly or Majlisi Oli consists of the National Assembly (upper chamber) or Majlisi Milli (34 seats; 25 members selected by local deputies, 8 appointed by the president; 1 seat reserved for the former president; members serve five-year terms) and the Assembly of Representatives (lower chamber) or Majlisi Namoyandagon (63 seats; 41 members elected through constituencies, 22 members elected through party selection; members serve five-year terms)",
"elections": "National Assembly - last held on 28 February 2010 (next to be held in February 2015); Assembly of Representatives - last held on 28 February 2010 (next to be held in February 2015)",
"election_results": "National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; Assembly of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDPT 71%, IRPT 8.2%, CPT 7%, APT 5.1%, PER 5.1%, other 3.6%; seats by party - PDPT 55, IRPT 2, CPT 2, APT 2, PER 2"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of the chairman, deputy chairmen, and 34 judges organized into civil, criminal, and military chambers); Constitutional Court (consists of the court chairman, vice-president, and 5 judges); High Economic Court (consists 16 judicial positions)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court, Constitutional Court, and High Economic Court judges nominated by the president of the republic and approved by the National Assembly; judges of all three courts appointed for 10-year renewable terms with no limit on terms, but last appointment must occur before the age of 65",
"subordinate_courts": "regional and district courts; Dushanbe City Court; viloyat (province level) courts; Court of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Agrarian Party of Tajikistan or APT [Amir QARAQULOV]; Communist Party of Tajikistan or CPT [Shodi SHABDOLOV]; Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan or IRPT [Muhiddin KABIRI]; Party of Economic Reform or PER [Olimjon BOBOEV]; People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT [Emomali RAHMON]; Social Democratic Party of Tajikistan or SDPT [Rahmatullo ZOYIROV]"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "influential religious leader Akbar TURAJONZODA; unregistered Youth Party of Tajikistan [Izzat AMON]; unregistered opposition group Guruhi-24 (Group-24) [Umarali QUVVATOV]; Vatandor (Patriot) Movement [Dodojon ATOVULLOEV]"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ADB, CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, G-77, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Nuriddin SHAMSOV",
"chancery": "1005 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 223-6090",
"fax": "[1] (202) 223-6091"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Susan M. ELLIOTT",
"embassy": "109-A Ismoili Somoni Avenue, Dushanbe 734019",
"mailing_address": "7090 Dushanbe Place, Dulles, VA 20189",
"telephone": "[992] (37) 229-20-00",
"fax": "[992] (37) 229-20-50"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and green; a gold crown surmounted by seven gold, five-pointed stars is located in the center of the white stripe; red represents the sun, victory, and the unity of the nation, white stands for purity, cotton, and mountain snows, while green is the color of Islam and the bounty of nature; the crown symbolizes the Tajik people; the seven stars signify the Tajik magic number \"seven\" - a symbol of perfection and the embodiment of happiness"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "crown surmounted by seven, five-pointed stars"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Surudi milli\" (National Anthem)",
"lyrics_music": "Gulnazar KELDI/Suleiman YUDAKOV",
"note": "adopted 1991; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan kept the music of the anthem from its time as a Soviet republic but adopted new lyrics"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Tajikistan has one of the lowest per capita GDPs among the 15 former Soviet republics. Because of a lack of employment opportunities in Tajikistan, more than one million Tajik citizens work abroad, almost all of them in Russia, supporting families in Tajikistan through remittances. Less than 7% of the land area is arable. Cotton is the most important crop, and its production is closely monitored, and in many cases controlled, by the government. In the wake of the National Bank of Tajikistan's admission in December 2007 that it had improperly lent money to investors in the cotton sector, the IMF canceled its program in Tajikistan. A reform agenda is underway, according to which over half a billion dollars in farmer debt has been forgiven, and IMF assistance has been reinstated. Mineral resources include silver, gold, uranium, and tungsten. Industry consists mainly of a large aluminum plant, hydropower facilities, and small obsolete factories mostly in light industry and food processing. The civil war (1992-97) severely damaged the already weak economic infrastructure and caused a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production. Tajikistan's economic situation remains fragile due to uneven implementation of structural reforms, corruption, weak governance, seasonal power shortages, and the external debt burden. Electricity output expanded with the completion of the Sangtuda-1 hydropower dam - finished in 2009 with Russian investment. The smaller Sangtuda-2, built with Iranian investment, began operating in 2012. The government of Tajikistan is pinning major hopes on the massive Roghun dam which, if finished according to Tajik plans, will be the tallest dam in the world and significantly expand electricity output. The World Bank is funding two feasibility studies for the dam (technical-economic, and social-environmental), scheduled to be completed in mid-2013. In January 2010, the government began selling shares in the Roghun enterprise to its population, ultimately raising over $180 million but Tajikistan will still need significant investment to complete the dam. According to numerous reports, many Tajik individuals and businesses were forced to buy shares. The coerced share sales finally ended in mid-2010 under intense criticism from donors, particularly the IMF. Food and fuel prices in 2011 increased to the highest levels seen since 2002 due in part to an increase in rail transport tariffs through Uzbekistan. Tajikistan imports approximately 60% of its food and 90% of that comes by rail. Uzbekistan closed one of the rail lines into Tajikistan in late 2011, hampering the transit of goods to and from the southern part of the country."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$18.04 billion (2012 est.); $16.78 billion (2011 est.); $15.63 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$7.592 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "7.5% (2012 est.); 7.4% (2011 est.); 6.5% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$2,300 (2012 est.); $2,200 (2011 est.); $2,100 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "13.4% of GDP (2012 est.); 17.4% of GDP (2011 est.); 16% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "81.5%",
"government_consumption": "26.2%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "16.6%",
"investment_in_inventories": "14.2%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "10.6%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-49.1% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "20%",
"industry": "20.2%",
"services": "59.8% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, sheep, goats"
},
"industries": {
"text": "aluminum, cement, vegetable oil"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "8% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "2.1 million (2012)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "47.9%",
"industry": "10.9%",
"services": "41.2% (2012 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "2.5% (2012 est.); 2.2% (2009 est.)",
"note": "official rates; actual unemployment is much higher"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "39.6% (December 2012 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "3.5%",
"highest_10%": "24.3% (2009 est.)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "32.6 (2006); 34.7 (1998)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$2.153 billion",
"expenditures": "$2.026 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "28.4% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "1.7% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "5.8% (2012 est.); 12.4% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "6.5% (31 December 2012 est.); 5% (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "17.1% (31 December 2012 est.); 26.34% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$1.27 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $989.1 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$2 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.979 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$1.28 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.009 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "-$401 million (2012 est.); -$303.9 million (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$1.803 billion (2012 est.); $1.739 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "aluminum, electricity, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "Turkey 30.5%, China 9.6%, Iran 7.7%, Afghanistan 6.5%, Kazakhstan 4.9%, Russia 4.3% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$4.029 billion (2012 est.); $3.54 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "petroleum products, aluminum oxide, machinery and equipment, foodstuffs"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "China 42.3%, Russia 16.2%, Kazakhstan 10.1%, Turkey 5.7%, Iran 4.2% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$628.5 million (31 December 2012 est.); $532.4 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$3.418 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $3.323 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$1.8 billion (February 2013 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$18.5 billion (31 December 2010 est.); $16.3 billion (31 December 2009 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "Tajikistani somoni (TJS) per US dollar -; 4.738 (2012 est.); 4.6102 (2011 est.); 4.379 (2010 est.); 4.1428 (2009); 3.4563 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "16.9 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "15.9 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "1 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "300.5 million kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "4.5 million kW (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "9% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "91% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "215 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "80 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "12 million bbl (1 January 2013 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "NA bbl/day"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "45,810 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "225.2 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "7,758 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "40 million cu m (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "172 million cu m (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "132.4 million cu m (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "5.663 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "6.678 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "380,000 (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "6.324 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "foreign investment in the telephone system has resulted in major improvements; conversion of the existing fixed network from analogue to digital was completed in 2012",
"domestic": "fixed line availability has not changed significantly since 1998 while mobile cellular subscribership, aided by competition among multiple operators, has expanded rapidly; coverage now extends to all major cities and towns",
"international": "country code - 992; linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; Dushanbe linked by Intelsat to international gateway switch in Ankara (Turkey); satellite earth stations - 3 (2 Intelsat and 1 Orbita) (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "state-run TV broadcaster transmits nationally on 4 stations and regionally on 4 stations; 11 independent TV stations broadcast locally and regionally; some households are able to receive Russian and other foreign stations via cable and satellite; state-run radio broadcaster operates Radio Tajikistan, Voice of Dushanbe, and several regional stations; a small number of independent radio stations (2010)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".tj"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "6,258 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "700,000 (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "24 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "17",
"over_3_047_m": "2",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "4",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "5",
"914_to_1_523_m": "3",
"under_914_m": "3 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "7",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "1",
"914_to_1_523_m": "1",
"under_914_m": "5 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "gas 549 km; oil 38 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "680 km",
"broad_gauge": "680 km 1.520-m gauge (2008)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "27,767 km (2000)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "200 km (along Vakhsh River) (2011)"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Mobile Forces (2013)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; 2-year conscript service obligation; males required to undergo compulsory military training between ages 16 and 55; males can enroll in military schools from at least age 15 (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "2,012,790",
"females_age_16_49": "2,020,618 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "1,490,267",
"females_age_16_49": "1,675,083 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "76,430",
"female": "74,038 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "1.5% of GDP (2010)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "in 2006, China and Tajikistan pledged to commence demarcation of the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002; talks continue with Uzbekistan to delimit border and remove minefields; disputes in Isfara Valley delay delimitation with Kyrgyzstan"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"stateless_persons": "2,300 (2012)"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "major transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited illicit cultivation of opium poppy for domestic consumption; Tajikistan seizes roughly 80% of all drugs captured in Central Asia and stands third worldwide in seizures of opiates (heroin and raw opium); significant consumer of opiates"
}
}
}

556
asia/tl-timor-leste.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,556 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "The Portuguese began to trade with the island of Timor in the early 16th century and colonized it in mid-century. Skirmishing with the Dutch in the region eventually resulted in an 1859 treaty in which Portugal ceded the western portion of the island. Imperial Japan occupied Portuguese Timor from 1942 to 1945, but Portugal resumed colonial authority after the Japanese defeat in World War II. East Timor declared itself independent from Portugal on 28 November 1975 and was invaded and occupied by Indonesian forces nine days later. It was incorporated into Indonesia in July 1976 as the province of Timor Timur (East Timor). An unsuccessful campaign of pacification followed over the next two decades, during which an estimated 100,000 to 250,000 individuals lost their lives. On 30 August 1999, in a UN-supervised popular referendum, an overwhelming majority of the people of Timor-Leste voted for independence from Indonesia. However, in the next three weeks, anti-independence Timorese militias - organized and supported by the Indonesian military - commenced a large-scale, scorched-earth campaign of retribution. The militias killed approximately 1,400 Timorese and forcibly pushed 300,000 people into western Timor as refugees. Most of the country's infrastructure, including homes, irrigation systems, water supply systems, and schools, and nearly 100% of the country's electrical grid were destroyed. On 20 September 1999, Australian-led peacekeeping troops deployed to the country and brought the violence to an end. On 20 May 2002, Timor-Leste was internationally recognized as an independent state. In 2006, internal tensions threatened the new nation's security when a military strike led to violence and a breakdown of law and order. At Dili's request, an Australian-led International Stabilization Force (ISF) deployed to Timor-Leste, and the UN Security Council established the UN Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT), which included an authorized police presence of over 1,600 personnel. The ISF and UNMIT restored stability, allowing for presidential and parliamentary elections in 2007 in a largely peaceful atmosphere. In February 2008, a rebel group staged an unsuccessful attack against the president and prime minister. The ringleader was killed in the attack, and most of the rebels surrendered in April 2008. Since the attack, the government has enjoyed one of its longest periods of post-independence stability, including successful 2012 elections for both the parliament and president. In late 2012, the UN Security Council voted to end its peacekeeping mission in Timor-Leste and both the ISF and UNMIT departed the country by the end of the year."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Southeastern Asia, northwest of Australia in the Lesser Sunda Islands at the eastern end of the Indonesian archipelago; note - Timor-Leste includes the eastern half of the island of Timor, the Oecussi (Ambeno) region on the northwest portion of the island of Timor, and the islands of Pulau Atauro and Pulau Jaco"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "8 50 S, 125 55 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Southeast Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "14,874 sq km",
"land": "14,874 sq km",
"water": "0 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly larger than Connecticut"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "228 km",
"border_countries": "Indonesia 228 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "706 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "12 nm",
"contiguous_zone": "24 nm",
"exclusive_fishing_zone": "200 nm"
},
"climate": {
"text": "tropical; hot, humid; distinct rainy and dry seasons"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "mountainous"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Timor Sea, Savu Sea, and Banda Sea 0 m",
"highest_point": "Foho Tatamailau 2,963 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "gold, petroleum, natural gas, manganese, marble"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "10.09%",
"permanent_crops": "4.03%",
"other": "85.88% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "346.5 sq km (2003)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "floods and landslides are common; earthquakes; tsunamis; tropical cyclones"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "widespread use of slash and burn agriculture has led to deforestation and soil erosion"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "Timor comes from the Malay word for \"East\"; the island of Timor is part of the Malay Archipelago and is the largest and easternmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Timorese",
"adjective": "Timorese"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian), Papuan, small Chinese minority"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Tetum (official), Portuguese (official), Indonesian, English",
"note": "there are about 16 indigenous languages; Tetum, Galole, Mambae, and Kemak are spoken by a significant portion of the population"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Roman Catholic 98%, Muslim 1%, Protestant 1% (2005)"
},
"population": {
"text": "1,172,390",
"note": "other estimates range as low as 800,000"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "42.7% (male 257,340/female 243,174)",
"15_24_years": "19.7% (male 116,605/female 114,203)",
"25_54_years": "29.3% (male 166,048/female 177,024)",
"55_64_years": "4.8% (male 28,717/female 27,011)",
"65_years_and_over": "3.6% (male 20,428/female 21,840) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "96.3 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "89.9 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "6.4 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "15.5 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "18.4 years",
"male": "17.8 years",
"female": "19 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "2.47% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "34.85 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "6.28 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "-3.88 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "28.3% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "4.25% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "DILI (capital) 166,000 (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.07 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.06 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.02 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "0.94 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "1.06 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.96 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "1.01 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "22.1",
"note": "Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2010 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "300 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "40.09 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "43.23 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "36.73 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "67.06 years",
"male": "65.57 years",
"female": "68.65 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "5.22 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "22.3% (2009/10)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "9.1% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "0.1 physicians/1,000 population (2004)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "5.9 beds/1,000 population (2010)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 91% of population; rural: 60% of population; total: 69% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 9% of population; rural: 40% of population; total: 31% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 73% of population; rural: 37% of population; total: 47% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 27% of population; rural: 63% of population; total: 53% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "NA"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "NA"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "NA"
},
"major_infectious_diseases": {
"degree_of_risk": "very high",
"food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever",
"vectorborne_diseases": "dengue fever and malaria (2013)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "2.7% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "45.3% (2010)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "10.1% of GDP (2011)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "58.3%",
"male": "63.6%",
"female": "53% (2010 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "12 years (2009)"
},
"child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
"total_number": "10,510",
"percentage": "4 % (2002 est.)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (pronounced TEE-mor LESS-tay)",
"conventional_short_form": "Timor-Leste",
"local_long_form": "Republika Demokratika Timor Lorosa'e [Tetum]; Republica Democratica de Timor-Leste [Portuguese]",
"local_short_form": "Timor Lorosa'e [Tetum]; Timor-Leste [Portuguese]",
"former": "East Timor, Portuguese Timor"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "republic"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Dili",
"geographic_coordinates": "8 35 S, 125 36 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+9 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "13 administrative districts; Aileu, Ainaro, Baucau, Bobonaro (Maliana), Cova-Lima (Suai), Dili, Ermera (Gleno), Lautem (Los Palos), Liquica, Manatuto, Manufahi (Same), Oecussi (Ambeno), Viqueque",
"note": "administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)"
},
"independence": {
"text": "28 November 1975 (independence proclaimed from Portugal); note - 20 May 2002 is the official date of international recognition of Timor-Leste's independence"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Proclamation of Independence Day, 28 November (1975)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "20 May 2002 (effective date)"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "civil law system based on the Portuguese model; note - penal and civil law codes to replace the Indonesian codes were passed by Parliament and promulgated in 2009 and 2011, respectively"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "17 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Taur Matan RUAK (Jose Maria de VASCONCELOS) (since 20 May 2012); note - the president plays a largely symbolic role but is the commander in chief of the military and is able to veto legislation, dissolve parliament, and call national elections",
"head_of_government": "Prime Minister Kay Rala Xanana GUSMAO (since 8 August 2007); note - he formerly used the name Jose Alexandre GUSMAO; Vice Prime Minister Fernando \"Lasama\" de ARAUJO (since 8 August 2012)",
"cabinet": "Council of Ministers",
"elections": "the president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); an election was held on 17 March 2012 with a run-off on 16 April 2012; following parliamentary elections, the president appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as the prime minister",
"election_results": "Taur Matan RUAK elected president in 2012; percent of second-round vote - Taur Matan RUAK 61.2%, Francisco GUTTERES 38.8%"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "unicameral National Parliament (the number of seats can vary from 52 to 65; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms in a modified proportional representation system)",
"elections": "elections were held on 7 July 2012 (next to be held in July 2017)",
"election_results": "percent of vote by party - CNRT 36%, FRETILIN 30%, PD 10%, Frenti-Mudanca 3%, others 21%; seats by party - CNRT 30, FRETILIN 25, PD 8, Frenti-Mudanca 2"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Justice (consists of the court president and NA judges) note - the UN Justice System Programme, launched in 2003 and in 2008, is helping strengthen the country's justice system",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court president appointed by the president of the republic from among the other court judges to serve a 4-year term; other Supreme Court judges appointed - 1 by the Parliament, and the others by the Supreme Council for the Judiciary, a body presided by the Supreme Court president and includes mostly presidential and parliamentary appointees; other Supreme Court judge tenure NA",
"subordinate_courts": "Court of Appeal; district courts; magistrates' courts"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Democratic Party or PD [Fernando \"Lasama\" de ARAUJO]; Frenti-Mudanca [Jose Luis GUTERRES]; National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction or CNRT [Kay Rala Xanana GUSMAO]; Revolutionary Front of Independent Timor-Leste or FRETILIN [Mari ALKATIRI]; (only parties in Parliament are listed)"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "NA"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ACP, ADB, AOSIS, ARF, ASEAN (observer), CPLP, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PIF (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WMO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Julio da Costa FREITAS",
"chancery": "4201 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 504,Washington, DC 20008",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 966-3202",
"fax": "[1] (202) 966-3205"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Judith R. FERGIN",
"embassy": "Avenida de Portugal, Praia dos Coqueiros, Dili",
"mailing_address": "US Department of State, 8250 Dili Place, Washington, DC 20521-8250",
"telephone": "(670) 332-4684",
"fax": "(670) 331-3206"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "red, with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed on a slightly longer yellow arrowhead that extends to the center of the flag; a white star - pointing to the upper hoist-side corner of the flag - is in the center of the black triangle; yellow denotes the colonialism in Timor-Leste's past; black represents the obscurantism that needs to be overcome; red stands for the national liberation struggle; the white star symbolizes peace and serves as a guiding light"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Patria\" (Fatherland)",
"lyrics_music": "Fransisco Borja DA COSTA/Afonso DE ARAUJO",
"note": "adopted 2002; the song was first used as an anthem when Timor-Leste declared its independence from Portugal in 1975; the lyricist, Fransisco Borja DA COSTA, was killed in the Indonesian invasion just days after independence was declared"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Since its 1999 independence, Timor-Leste has faced great challenges in rebuilding its infrastructure, strengthening the civil administration, and generating jobs for young people entering the work force. The development of oil and gas resources in offshore waters has greatly supplemented government revenues. This technology-intensive industry, however, has done little to create jobs for the unemployed in part because there are no production facilities in Timor-Leste. Gas is piped to Australia. In June 2005, the National Parliament unanimously approved the creation of a Petroleum Fund to serve as a repository for all petroleum revenues and to preserve the value of Timor-Leste's petroleum wealth for future generations. The Fund held assets of US$9.3 billion as of December 2011. The economy continues to recover from the mid-2006 outbreak of violence and civil unrest, which disrupted both private and public sector economic activity. Government spending increased markedly from 2009 through 2012, primarily on basic infrastructure, including electricity and roads. Limited experience in procurement and infrastructure building has hampered these projects. The underlying economic policy challenge the country faces remains how best to use oil-and-gas wealth to lift the non-oil economy onto a higher growth path and to reduce poverty. Timor-Leste had a balanced budget in 2012 with government expenditures of $1.7 billion focusing on development of public infrastructure. On the strength of its oil-wealth, the economy has achieved real growth of approximately 10% per year for the last several years, among the highest sustained growth rates in the world."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$11.23 billion (2012 est.); $10.21 billion (2011 est.); $9.228 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$4.173 billion",
"note": "non-oil GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "10% (2012 est.); 10.6% (2011 est.); 9.5% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$10,000 (2012 est.); $9,300 (2011 est.); $8,600 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "28.8%",
"government_consumption": "25.1%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "13.3%",
"investment_in_inventories": "0%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "74.9%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-42.2% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "4.3%",
"industry": "68.3%",
"services": "27.5% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "coffee, rice, corn, cassava (manioc), sweet potatoes, soybeans, cabbage, mangoes, bananas, vanilla"
},
"industries": {
"text": "printing, soap manufacturing, handicrafts, woven cloth"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.5% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "418,200 (2009)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "64%",
"industry": "10%",
"services": "26% (2010)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "18.4% (2010 est.); 20% (2006 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "41% (2009 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "4%",
"highest_10%": "27% (2007)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "31.9 (2007 est.); 38 (2002 est.)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$1.5 billion",
"expenditures": "$1.6 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "35.9% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-2.4% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "11.8% (2012 est.); 13.5% (2011 est.)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "12.21% (31 December 2012 est.); 11.04% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$205.8 million (31 December 2012 est.); $162.7 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$386.9 million (31 December 2012 est.); $322.4 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$681 million (31 December 2012 est.); $280 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "$2.375 billion (2011 est.); $1.161 billion (2007 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$34.1 million (2011 est.); $17.8 million (2010 est.)",
"note": "excludes oil"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "oil, coffee, sandalwood, marble",
"note": "potential for vanilla exports"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$689 million (2011 est.); $378 million (2010 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "food, gasoline, kerosene, machinery"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "the US dollar is used"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "131.7 million kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "67.59 million kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "83,740 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "96,270 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "553.8 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "2,755 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "2,205 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "200 billion cu m (1 January 2006 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "395,300 Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "3,100 (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "614,200 (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "rudimentary service in urban and some rural areas, which is expanding with the entrance of new competitors",
"domestic": "system suffered significant damage during the violence associated with independence; limited fixed-line services; mobile-cellular services have been expanding and are now available in urban and most rural areas",
"international": "country code - 670; international service is available (2012)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "1 public TV broadcast station broadcasting nationally and 1 public radio broadcaster with stations in each of the 13 administrative districts; 1 commercial TV broadcast station, 3 commercial radio stations, and roughly 20 community radio stations (2012)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".tl"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "252 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "2,100 (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "6 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "2",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "1",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "1 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "4",
"914_to_1_523_m": "2",
"under_914_m": "2 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "8 (2013)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "6,040 km",
"paved": "2,600 km",
"unpaved": "3,440 km (2005)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "1",
"by_type": "passenger/cargo 1 (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"text": "Dili"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Timor-Leste Defense Force (Falintil-Forcas de Defesa de Timor-L'este, Falintil (F-FDTL)): Army, Navy (Armada) (2013)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; 18-month service obligation; no conscription but, as of May 2013, introduction of conscription was under discussion (2013)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "305,643",
"females_age_16_49": "293,052 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "243,120",
"females_age_16_49": "251,061 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "12,737",
"female": "12,389 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "NA"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "three stretches of land borders with Timor-Leste have yet to be delimited, two of which are in the Oecussi exclave area, and no maritime or Economic Exclusion Zone boundaries have been established between the countries; maritime boundaries with Indonesia remain unresolved; many refugees who left Timor-Leste in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; in 2007, Australia and Timor-Leste signed a 50-year development zone and revenue sharing agreement in lieu of a maritime boundary"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "NA"
}
}
}

593
asia/tm-turkmenistan.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,593 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "Present-day Turkmenistan covers territory that has been at the crossroads of civilizations for centuries. The area was ruled in antiquity by various Persian empires, and was conquered by Alexander the Great, Muslim crusaders, the Mongols, Turkic warriors, and eventually the Russians. In medieval times Merv (today known as Mary) was one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road. Annexed by Russia in the late 1800s, Turkmenistan later figured prominently in the anti-Bolshevik movement in Central Asia. In 1924, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic; it achieved independence upon the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. Extensive hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves, which have yet to be fully exploited, have begun to transform the country. Turkmenistan is moving to expand its extraction and delivery projects. The Government of Turkmenistan is actively working to diversify its gas export routes beyond the still important Russian pipeline network. In 2010, new gas export pipelines that carry Turkmen gas to China and to northern Iran began operating, effectively ending the Russian monopoly on Turkmen gas exports. President for Life Saparmurat NYYAZOW died in December 2006, and Turkmenistan held its first multi-candidate presidential election in February 2007. Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW, a deputy cabinet chairman under NYYAZOW, emerged as the country's new president; he was chosen as president again in February 2012, in an election that the OSCE said lacked the freedoms necessary to create a competitive environment."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Kazakhstan"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "40 00 N, 60 00 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "488,100 sq km",
"land": "469,930 sq km",
"water": "18,170 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly larger than California"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "3,736 km",
"border_countries": "Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379 km, Uzbekistan 1,621 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "0 km; note - Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"text": "none (landlocked)"
},
"climate": {
"text": "subtropical desert"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in the south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in west"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Vpadina Akchanaya -81 m",
"note": "Sarygamysh Koli is a lake in northern Turkmenistan with a water level that fluctuates above and below the elevation of Vpadina Akchanaya (the lake has dropped as low as -110 m)",
"highest_point": "Gora Ayribaba 3,139 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "petroleum, natural gas, sulfur, salt"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "3.89%",
"permanent_crops": "0.12%",
"other": "95.98% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "19,910 sq km (2006)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "24.77 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "27.95 cu km/yr (3%/3%/94%)",
"per_capita": "5,752 cu m/yr (2004)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "NA"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salination, water logging of soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large share of the flow of the Amu Darya into irrigation contributes to that river's inability to replenish the Aral Sea; desertification"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "landlocked; the western and central low-lying desolate portions of the country make up the great Garagum (Kara-Kum) desert, which occupies over 80% of the country; eastern part is plateau"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Turkmen(s)",
"adjective": "Turkmen"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6% (2003)"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Turkmen (official) 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Muslim 89%, Eastern Orthodox 9%, unknown 2%"
},
"population": {
"text": "5,113,040 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "26.7% (male 690,673/female 673,271)",
"15_24_years": "20.8% (male 535,131/female 528,473)",
"25_54_years": "41.8% (male 1,058,811/female 1,079,697)",
"55_64_years": "6.5% (male 157,474/female 176,088)",
"65_years_and_over": "4.2% (male 92,891/female 120,531) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "48.3 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "42.2 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "6.1 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "16.5 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "26.2 years",
"male": "25.8 years",
"female": "26.6 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.15% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "19.53 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "6.18 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "-1.88 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "48.7% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "1.91% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "ASHGABAT (capital) 637,000 (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.03 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.01 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "0.98 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.9 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.77 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "0.98 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "24.6 (2006 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "67 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "39.48 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "47.17 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "31.41 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "69.16 years",
"male": "66.18 years",
"female": "72.29 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "2.12 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "61.8% (2000)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "2.5% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "2.44 physicians/1,000 population (2007)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "4 beds/1,000 population (2009)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 97% of population; rural: 72% of population; total: 83% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 3% of population; rural: 28% of population; total: 17% of population (2000 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 99% of population; rural: 97% of population; total: 98% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 1% of population; rural: 3% of population; total: 2% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "less than 0.1% (2007 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "fewer than 200 (2007 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "fewer than 100 (2004 est.)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "13.2% (2008)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "NA"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "99.6%",
"male": "99.7%",
"female": "99.5% (2011 est.)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "none",
"conventional_short_form": "Turkmenistan",
"local_long_form": "none",
"local_short_form": "Turkmenistan",
"former": "Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "defines itself as a secular democracy and a presidential republic; in actuality displays authoritarian presidential rule, with power concentrated within the presidential administration"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Ashgabat (Ashkhabad)",
"geographic_coordinates": "37 57 N, 58 23 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "5 provinces (welayatlar, singular - welayat) and 1 independent city*: Ahal Welayaty (Anew), Ashgabat*, Balkan Welayaty (Balkanabat), Dashoguz Welayaty, Lebap Welayaty (Turkmenabat), Mary Welayaty",
"note": "administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)"
},
"independence": {
"text": "27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day, 27 October (1991)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "adopted 26 September 2008"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "civil law system with Islamic law influences"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW (since 14 February 2007); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government",
"head_of_government": "President Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW (since 14 February 2007)",
"cabinet": "Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president",
"elections": "president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term; election last held on 12 February 2012 (next to be held February 2017)",
"election_results": "Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW reelected president; percent of vote - Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW 97.1%, Annageldi YAZMYRADOW 1.1%, other candidates 1.8%"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "unicameral parliament known as the National Assembly (Mejlis) (125 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)",
"elections": "last held on 14 December 2008 (next to be held in December 2013)",
"election_results": "100% of elected officials are members of the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan and are preapproved by the president",
"note": "in 26 September 2008, a new constitution of Turkmenistan abolished a second, 2,507-member legislative body known as the People's Council and expanded the number of deputies in the National Assembly from 65 to 125; the powers formerly held by the People's Council were divided up between the president and the National Assembly"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Turkmenistan (consists of the court president and 21 associate judges)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "judges appointed by the president; judge tenure NA",
"subordinate_courts": "provincial, district, and city courts; High Commercial Court; military courts"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT [Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW, Chairman; Kasymguly BABAYEW, DPT Political Council First Secretary]; Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs or PIE [Orazmammet MAMMEDOW] (party registered 21 August 2012); ",
"note": "a law authorizing the registration of political parties went into effect in January 2012; unofficial, small opposition movements exist abroad; the three most prominent opposition groups-in-exile are the National Democratic Movement of Turkmenistan (NDMT), the Republican Party of Turkmenistan, and the Watan (Fatherland) Party; the NDMT was led by former Foreign Minister Boris SHIKHMURADOV until his arrest and imprisonment in the wake of the 25 November 2002 attack on President NYYAZOW's motorcade"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "none"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ADB, CIS (associate member, has not ratified the 1993 CIS charter although it participates in meetings and held the chairmanship of the CIS in 2012), EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Mered Bairamovich ORAZOW",
"chancery": "2207 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 588-1500",
"fax": "[1] (202) 280-1003"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Robert E. PATTERSON",
"embassy": "No. 9 1984 Street (formerly Pushkin Street), Ashgabat, Turkmenistan 744000",
"mailing_address": "7070 Ashgabat Place, Washington, DC 20521-7070",
"telephone": "[993] (12) 94-00-45",
"fax": "[993] (12) 94-26-14"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five tribal guls (designs used in producing carpets) stacked above two crossed olive branches; five white stars and a white crescent moon appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the red stripe; the green color and crescent moon represent Islam; the five stars symbolize the regions or welayats of Turkmenistan; the guls reflect the national identity of Turkmenistan where carpet-making has long been a part of traditional nomadic life",
"note": "the flag of Turkmenistan is the most intricate of all national flags"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "Akhal-Teke horse"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Garassyz, Bitarap Turkmenistanyn\" (Independent, Neutral, Turkmenistan State Anthem)",
"lyrics_music": "collective/Veli MUKHATOV",
"note": "adopted 1997, lyrics revised 2008; following the death of the President Saparmurat NYYAZOW, the lyrics were altered to eliminate references to the former president"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Turkmenistan is largely a desert country with intensive agriculture in irrigated oases and sizeable gas and oil resources. The two largest crops are cotton, most of which is produced for export, and wheat, which is domestically consumed. Although agriculture accounts for roughly 8% of GDP, it continues to employ nearly half of the country's workforce. Turkmenistan's authoritarian regime has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton export revenues to sustain its inefficient and highly corrupt economy. Privatization goals remain limited. From 1998-2005, Turkmenistan suffered from the continued lack of adequate export routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external debt. At the same time, however, total exports rose by an average of roughly 15% per year from 2003-08, largely because of higher international oil and gas prices. Additional pipelines to China, that began operation in early 2010, and increased pipeline capacity to Iran, have expanded Turkmenistan''s export routes for its gas. Overall prospects in the near future are discouraging because of endemic corruption, a poor educational system, government misuse of oil and gas revenues, and Ashgabat''s reluctance to adopt market-oriented reforms. The majority of Turkmenistan''s economic statistics are state secrets. The present government established a State Agency for Statistics, but GDP numbers and other publicized figures are subject to wide margins of error. In particular, the rate of GDP growth is uncertain. Since his election, President BERDIMUHAMEDOW unified the country''s dual currency exchange rate, ordered the redenomination of the manat, reduced state subsidies for gasoline, and initiated development of a special tourism zone on the Caspian Sea. Although foreign investment is encouraged, and some improvements in macroeconomic policy have been made, numerous bureaucratic obstacles impede international business activity."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$49.75 billion (2012 est.); $44.84 billion (2011 est.); $39.11 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$33.68 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "11% (2012 est.); 14.7% (2011 est.); 9.2% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$8,900 (2012 est.); $8,100 (2011 est.); $7,200 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "14.6% of GDP (2012 est.); 11.6% of GDP (2011 est.); 12% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "50%",
"government_consumption": "12.9%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "10.6%",
"investment_in_inventories": "0%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "62.7%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-36.2% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "7.5%",
"industry": "24.4%",
"services": "68.1% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "cotton, grain, melons; livestock"
},
"industries": {
"text": "natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "6.5% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "2.3 million (2008 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "48.2%",
"industry": "14%",
"services": "37.8% (2004 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "60% (2004 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "30% (2004 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "2.6%",
"highest_10%": "31.7% (1998)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "40.8 (1998)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$26.4 billion",
"expenditures": "$26.9 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "78.4% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-1.5% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "8.5% (2012 est.); 12% (2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$813 million (31 December 2012 est.); $723.9 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$1.652 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.41 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$8.702 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $3.193 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "$1.496 billion (2012 est.); $1.005 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$15.4 billion (2012 est.); $13.84 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "gas, crude oil, petrochemicals, textiles, cotton fiber"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "China 66%, Ukraine 7%, Italy 4.5% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$10.19 billion (2012 est.); $9.368 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "China 20.1%, Turkey 17.5%, Russia 13%, UAE 6.9%, Germany 4.8%, UK 4.4% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$20.2 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $18.9 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$428.9 million (31 December 2012 est.); $451.5 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "Turkmen manat (TMM) per US dollar -; 2.85 (2012 est.); 2.85 (2011 est.); 2.85 (2010 est.); 2.85 (2009); 14,250 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "15.02 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "11.22 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "1.568 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "2.852 million kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "100% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "222,200 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "67,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "600 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "160,300 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "145,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "74,430 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "2,542 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "59.5 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "25 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "34.5 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "24.3 trillion cu m (June 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "62.05 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "547,000 (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "3.511 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "telecommunications network remains underdeveloped and progress toward improvement is slow; strict government control and censorship inhibits liberalization and modernization",
"domestic": "Turkmentelekom, in cooperation with foreign partners, has installed high-speed fiber-optic lines and has upgraded most of the country's telephone exchanges and switching centers with new digital technology; combined fixed-line and mobile teledensity is about 80 per 100 persons; Russia's Mobile Telesystems, the only foreign mobile-cellular service provider in Turkmenistan, had its operating license suspended in December 2010 but was able to resume operations in September 2012",
"international": "country code - 993; linked by fiber-optic cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; an exchange in Ashgabat switches international traffic through Turkey via Intelsat; satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 Intelsat (2012)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "broadcast media is government controlled and censored; 7 state-owned TV and 4 state-owned radio networks; satellite dishes and programming provide an alternative to the state-run media; officials sometimes limit access to satellite TV by removing satellite dishes (2007)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".tm"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "714 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "80,400 (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "26 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "21",
"over_3_047_m": "1",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "9",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "9",
"914_to_1_523_m": "2 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "5",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "1",
"under_914_m": "4 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "1 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "gas 7,500 km; oil 1,501 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "2,980 km",
"broad_gauge": "2,980 km 1.520-m gauge (2008)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "58,592 km",
"paved": "47,577 km",
"unpaved": "11,015 km (2002)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "1,300 km (Amu Darya and Kara Kum canal are important inland waterways) (2011)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "11",
"by_type": "cargo 4, chemical tanker 1, petroleum tanker 5, refrigerated cargo 1 (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"text": "Turkmenbasy"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Turkmenistani Armed Forces: Ground Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces (2013)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory male military service; 2-year conscript service obligation, or 1 year for university students; 20 years of age for voluntary service; males may enroll in military schools from age 15 (2013)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "1,380,794",
"females_age_16_49": "1,387,211 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "1,066,649",
"females_age_16_49": "1,185,538 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "53,829",
"female": "52,988 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "1.6% of GDP (2011)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2005, but Caspian seabed delimitation remains stalled with Azerbaijan, Iran, and Kazakhstan due to Turkmenistan's indecision over how to allocate the sea's waters and seabed; bilateral talks continue with Azerbaijan on dividing the seabed and contested oilfields in the middle of the Caspian"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"stateless_persons": "8,947 (2012)"
},
"trafficking_in_persons": {
"current_situation": "Turkmenistan is a source, and to a much lesser degree, destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; Turkmen in search of work in other countries are forced to work in textile sweatshops, construction, and domestic service; some Turkmen women and girls are sex trafficked abroad; Turkey is the primary trafficking destination, followed by Russia, the United Arab Emirates, and, to a lesser extent, the UK, Kazakhstan, and Cyprus; labor trafficking occurs within Turkmenistan, particularly in the construction industry, with victims identified from Uzbekistan, Ukraine, and Azerbaijan",
"tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List - Turkmenistan does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government continues to convict trafficking offenders under its anti-trafficking statute; it employs no formal victim identification procedures and does not provide services or fund NGOs to provide services to victims; authorities punish some victims for crimes committed as a result of being trafficked; there continues to be no governmental coordinating body for anti-trafficking efforts or a national anti-trafficking action plan (2013)"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and Western European markets; transit point for heroin precursor chemicals bound for Afghanistan"
}
}
}

559
asia/tw-taiwan.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,559 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "In 1895, military defeat forced China's Qing Dynasty to cede Taiwan to Japan. Taiwan came under Chinese Nationalist control after World War II. Following the communist victory on the mainland in 1949, 2 million Nationalists fled to Taiwan and established a government using the 1947 constitution drawn up for all of China. Beginning in the 1950s, the ruling authorities gradually democratized and incorporated the local population within the governing structure. This process expanded rapidly in the 1980s. In 2000, Taiwan underwent its first peaceful transfer of power from the Nationalist to the Democratic Progressive Party. Throughout this period, the island prospered and became one of East Asia's economic \"Tigers.\" The dominant political issues continue to be the relationship between Taiwan and China - specifically the question of Taiwan's eventual status - as well as domestic political and economic reform."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Eastern Asia, islands bordering the East China Sea, Philippine Sea, South China Sea, and Taiwan Strait, north of the Philippines, off the southeastern coast of China"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "23 30 N, 121 00 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Southeast Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "35,980 sq km",
"land": "32,260 sq km",
"water": "3,720 sq km",
"note": "includes the Pescadores, Matsu, and Quemoy islands"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly smaller than Maryland and Delaware combined"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"text": "0 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "1,566.3 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "12 nm",
"exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm"
},
"climate": {
"text": "tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently rolling plains in west"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "South China Sea 0 m",
"highest_point": "Yu Shan 3,952 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "24%",
"permanent_crops": "1%",
"other": "75% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "NA"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "67 cu km (2011)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "earthquakes; typhoons",
"volcanism": "Kueishantao Island (elev. 401 m), east of Taiwan, is its only historically active volcano, although it has not erupted in centuries"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "air pollution; water pollution from industrial emissions, raw sewage; contamination of drinking water supplies; trade in endangered species; low-level radioactive waste disposal"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "none of the selected agreements because of Taiwan's international status"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "strategic location adjacent to both the Taiwan Strait and the Luzon Strait"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Taiwan (singular and plural)",
"note": "example - he or she is from Taiwan; they are from Taiwan",
"adjective": "Taiwan (or Taiwanese)"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Taiwanese (including Hakka) 84%, mainland Chinese 14%, indigenous 2%"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Mandarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects"
},
"religions": {
"text": "mixture of Buddhist and Taoist 93%, Christian 4.5%, other 2.5%"
},
"population": {
"text": "23,299,716 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "14.3% (male 1,722,887/female 1,609,813)",
"15_24_years": "13.7% (male 1,638,424/female 1,549,415)",
"25_54_years": "47.7% (male 5,562,031/female 5,553,318)",
"55_64_years": "12.7% (male 1,450,513/female 1,509,359)",
"65_years_and_over": "11.6% (male 1,262,939/female 1,441,017) (2013 est.)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "38.7 years",
"male": "38 years",
"female": "39.4 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "0.27% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "8.61 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "6.83 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "0.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.07 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.07 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.06 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "1 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.96 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.89 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "1 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "4.55 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "4.96 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "4.12 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "79.71 years",
"male": "76.58 years",
"female": "83.06 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "1.11 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "NA"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "NA"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "NA"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "NA"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "96.1%",
"male": "NA",
"female": "NA (2003)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "none",
"conventional_short_form": "Taiwan",
"local_long_form": "none",
"local_short_form": "Taiwan",
"former": "Formosa"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "multiparty democracy"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Taipei",
"geographic_coordinates": "25 02 N, 121 31 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "includes main island of Taiwan plus smaller islands nearby and off coast of China's Fujian Province; Taiwan is divided into 14 counties (hsien, singular and plural), 3 municipalities (shih, singular and plural), and 5 special municipalities (chih-hsia-shih, singular and plural)",
"note": "Taiwan uses a variety of romanization systems; while a modified Wade-Giles system still dominates, the city of Taipei has adopted a Pinyin romanization for street and place names within its boundaries; other local authorities use different romanization systems; names for administrative divisions that follow are taken from the Taiwan Yearbook 2007 published by the Government Information Office in Taipei.",
"counties": "Changhua, Chiayi (county), Hsinchu (county), Hualien, Kinmen, Lienchiang, Miaoli, Nantou, Penghu, Pingtung, Taitung, Taoyuan, Yilan, Yunlin",
"municipalities": "Chiayi (city), Hsinchu (city), Keelung (city)",
"special_municipalities": "Kaohsiung (city), New Taipei (city), Taichung (city), Tainan (city), Taipei (city)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Republic Day (Anniversary of the Chinese Revolution), 10 October (1911)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "adopted 25 December 1946; promulgated 1 January 1947; effective 25 December 1947; amended many times"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "civil law system"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "20 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President MA Ying-jeou (since 20 May 2008); Vice President WU Den-yih (since 20 May 2012)",
"head_of_government": "Premier JIANG Yi-huah (President of the Executive Yuan) (since 18 February 2013)",
"cabinet": "Executive Yuan - ministers appointed by president on recommendation of premier",
"elections": "president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms (eligible for a second term); election last held on 14 January 2012 (next to be held in January 2016); premier appointed by the president; vice premiers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the premier",
"election_results": "MA Ying-jeou elected president; percent of vote - MA Ying-jeou 51.6%, TSAI Ing-wen 45.6%, James SOONG Chu-ye 2.8%"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "unicameral Legislative Yuan (113 seats - 73 district members elected by popular vote, 34 at-large members elected on basis of proportion of islandwide votes received by participating political parties, 6 elected by popular vote among aboriginal populations; members to serve four-year terms); parties must receive 5% of vote to qualify for at-large seats",
"elections": "Legislative Yuan - last held on 14 January 2012 (next to be held in January 2016)",
"election_results": "Legislative Yuan - percent of vote by party - KMT 44.6%, DPP 34.6%, TSU 9.0%, PFP 5.5%, others 6.3%; seats by party - KMT 64, DPP 40, PFP 3, TSU 3, NPSU 2, independent 1"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and approximately 100 judges organized into 8 civil and 12 criminal divisions, each with a division chief justice and 4 associate justices); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 13 justices)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "both Supreme Court and Constitutional Court justices appointed by the president of the republic with the approval of the Legislative Yuan; Supreme Court justices appointed for life; Constitutional Court president, vice-president, and 8 grand justices serve 4-year terms and remaining justices serve 8-year terms",
"subordinate_courts": "high courts; district courts; hierarchy of administrative courts"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Democratic Progressive Party or DPP [SU Tseng-chang]; Kuomintang or KMT (Nationalist Party) [MA Ying-jeou]; New Party [YOK Mu-ming]; Non-Partisan Solidarity Union or NPSU [LIN Pin-kuan]; People First Party or PFP [James SOONG Chu-ye]; Taiwan Solidarity Union or TSU [HUANG Kun-huei]"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "environmental groups; independence movement; various business groups; ",
"note": "debate on Taiwan independence has become acceptable within the mainstream of domestic politics on Taiwan; public opinion polls consistently show a substantial majority of Taiwan people supports maintaining Taiwan's status quo for the foreseeable future; advocates of Taiwan independence oppose the stand that the island will eventually unify with mainland China; advocates of eventual unification predicate their goal on the democratic transformation of the mainland"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ADB, APEC, BCIE, ICC (national committees), IOC, ITUC (NGOs), WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"text": "none; commercial and cultural relations with the people in the United States are maintained through an unofficial instrumentality, the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States (TECRO), a private nonprofit corporation that performs citizen and consular services similar to those at diplomatic posts",
"representative": "KING Pu-tsung",
"office": "4201 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20016",
"telephone": "[1] 202 895-1800",
"taipei_economic_and_cultural_offices_branch_offices": "Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Guam, Houston, Honolulu, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco, Seattle"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"text": "none; commercial and cultural relations with the people on Taiwan are maintained through an unofficial instrumentality, the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT), a private nonprofit corporation that performs citizen and consular services similar to those at diplomatic posts",
"director": "Christopher J. MARUT",
"office": "#7 Lane 134, Hsin Yi Road, Section 3, Taipei 106, Taiwan",
"telephone": "[1] [886] (02) 2162-2000",
"fax": "[1] [886] (02) 2162-2251",
"other_offices": "Kaohsiung"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "red field with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white sun with 12 triangular rays; the blue and white design of the canton (symbolizing the sun of progress) dates to 1895; it was later adopted as the flag of the Kuomintang Party; blue signifies liberty, justice, and democracy; red stands for fraternity, sacrifice, and nationalism, white represents equality, frankness, and the people's livelihood; the 12 rays of the sun are those of the months and the twelve traditional Chinese hours (each ray equals two hours)"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "white, 12-rayed sun on blue field"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Zhonghua Minguo guoge\" (National Anthem of the Republic of China)",
"lyrics_music": "HU Han-min, TAI Chi-t'ao, and LIAO Chung-k'ai/CHENG Mao-Yun",
"note": "adopted 1930; the anthem is also the song of the Kuomintang Party; it is informally known as \"San Min Chu I\" or \"San Min Zhu Yi\" (Three Principles of the People); because of political pressure from China, \"Guo Qi Ge\" (National Banner Song) is used at international events rather than the official anthem of Taiwan; the \"National Banner Song\" has gained popularity in Taiwan and is commonly used during flag raisings"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with gradually decreasing government guidance of investment and foreign trade. Exports, led by electronics, machinery, and petrochemicals have provided the primary impetus for economic development. This heavy dependence on exports exposes the economy to fluctuations in world demand. In 2009, Taiwan's GDP contracted 1.8%, due primarily to a 13.1% year-on-year decline in exports. In 2010 GDP grew 10.7%, as exports returned to the level of previous years, and in 2011, grew 4.0%. In 2012, however, growth fell to 1.3%, because of softening global demand. Taiwan's diplomatic isolation, low birth rate, and rapidly aging population are major long-term challenges. Free trade agreements have proliferated in East Asia over the past several years, but except for the landmark Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) signed with China in June 2010, so far Taiwan has been excluded from this greater economic integration in part because of its diplomatic status. Negotiations continue on such follow-on components of ECFA regarding trade in goods and services. The MA administration has said that the ECFA will serve as a stepping stone toward trade pacts with other key trade partners, which Taiwan subsequently launched with Singapore and New Zealand. Taiwan's Total Fertility rate of just over one child per woman is among the lowest in the world, raising the prospect of future labor shortages, falling domestic demand, and declining tax revenues. Taiwan's population is aging quickly, with the number of people over 65 accounting for 11.2% of the island's total population as of 2012. The island runs a large trade surplus largely because of its surplus with China, and its foreign reserves are the world's fifth largest, behind China, Japan, Saudi Arabia, and Russia. In 2006 China overtook the US to become Taiwan's second-largest source of imports after Japan. China is also the island's number one destination for foreign direct investment. Three financial memorandums of understanding, covering banking, securities, and insurance, took effect in mid-January 2010, opening the island to greater investments from the mainland's financial firms and institutional investors, and providing new opportunities for Taiwan financial firms to operate in China. In August 2012, Taiwan Central Bank signed a memorandum of understanding on cross-Strait currency settlement with its Chinese counterpart. The MOU allows for the direct settlement of Chinese RMB and the New Taiwan dollar across the Strait, which could help develop Taiwan into a local RMB hub. Closer economic links with the mainland bring greater opportunities for the Taiwan economy, but also poses new challenges as the island becomes more economically dependent on China while political differences remain unresolved."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$918.3 billion (2012 est.); $906.9 billion (2011 est.); $871.5 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$474 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.3% (2012 est.); 4.1% (2011 est.); 10.8% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$39,400 (2012 est.); $39,000 (2011 est.); $37,600 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "30.4% of GDP (2012 est.); 29.6% of GDP (2011 est.); 31.7% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "60.3%",
"government_consumption": "12.4%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "19.5%",
"investment_in_inventories": "0.3%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "73.7%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-66.2% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "2%",
"industry": "29.8%",
"services": "68.2% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "rice, vegetables, fruit, tea, flowers; pigs, poultry; fish"
},
"industries": {
"text": "electronics, communications and information technology products, petroleum refining, armaments, chemicals, textiles, iron and steel, machinery, cement, food processing, vehicles, consumer products, pharmaceuticals"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "0.9% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "11.34 million (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "5%",
"industry": "36.2%",
"services": "58.8% (2012 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "4.2% (2012 est.); 4.4% (2011 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "1.5% (2012 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "6.4%",
"highest_10%": "40.3% (2010)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "34.2 (2011); 32.6 (2000)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$57.6 billion",
"expenditures": "$64.62 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "12.2% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-1.5% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "35.9% of GDP (2012 est.); 34.9% of GDP (2011 est.)",
"note": "data for central government"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "1.9% (2012 est.); 1.4% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "1.88% (31 December 2012); 1.88% (31 December 2011)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "2.88% (31 December 2012 est.); 2.88% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$426.2 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $390.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$1.119 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.082 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$743.1 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $692 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$831.9 billion (31 December 2012); $784.1 billion (31 December 2011); $738.3 billion (31 December 2010)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "$40.88 billion (2012 est.); $41.6 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$299.8 billion (2012 est.); $307 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "electronics, flat panels, machinery; metals; textiles, plastics, chemicals; optical, photographic, measuring, and medical instruments"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "China 27.1%, Hong Kong 13.2%, US 10.3%, Japan 6.4%, Singapore 4.4% (2012 est.)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$268.8 billion (2012 est.); $279.2 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "electronics, machinery, crude petroleum, precision instruments, organic chemicals, metals"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "Japan 17.6%, China 16.1%, US 9.5% (2012 est.)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$408.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $390.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$125.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $122.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$59.36 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $56.15 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$226.1 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $213.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "New Taiwan dollars (TWD) per US dollar -; 29.616 (2012 est.); 29.47 (2011 est.); 31.648 (2010 est.); 33.061 (2009); 31.53 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "252.2 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "242.2 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "48.75 million kW (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "77.2% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "10.6% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "5.3% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "6.9% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "808,700 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "794,900 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "2.8 million bbl (1 January 2013 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "920,200 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "786,100 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "255,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "304,700 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "330.2 million cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "16.37 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "15.9 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "6.229 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "251.4 million Mt (2011 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "16.907 million (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "28.865 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "provides telecommunications service for every business and private need",
"domestic": "thoroughly modern; completely digitalized",
"international": "country code - 886; roughly 15 submarine fiber cables provide links throughout Asia, Australia, the Middle East, Europe, and the US; satellite earth stations - 2 (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "5 nationwide television networks operating roughly 75 TV stations; about 85% of households utilize multi-channel cable TV; national and regional radio networks with about 170 radio stations (2008)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".tw"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "6.272 million (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "16.147 million (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "37 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "35",
"over_3_047_m": "8",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "7",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "10",
"914_to_1_523_m": "8",
"under_914_m": "2 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "2",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "1",
"under_914_m": "1 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "31 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "condensate 25 km; gas 802 km; oil 241 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "1,580 km",
"standard_gauge": "345 km 1.435-m gauge (345 km electrified)",
"narrow_gauge": "1,085 km 1.067-m gauge (685 km electrified); 150 km 0.762-m gauge",
"note": "the 0.762 gauge track belongs to three entities, the Forestry Bureau, Taiwan Cement, and TaiPower (2009)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "41,475 km",
"paved": "41,033 km (includes 720 km of expressways)",
"unpaved": "442 km (2009)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "112",
"by_type": "bulk carrier 35, cargo 20, chemical tanker 1, container 31, passenger/cargo 4, petroleum tanker 12, refrigerated cargo 7, roll on/roll off 2",
"foreign_owned": "3 (France 2, Vietnam 1)",
"registered_in_other_countries": "579 (Argentina 2, Cambodia 1, Honduras 1, Hong Kong 25, Indonesia 1, Italy 10, Kiribati 2, Liberia 94, Marshall Islands 8, Panama 328, Philippines 1, Sierra Leone 7, Singapore 77, South Korea 1, Thailand 1, UK 11, Vanuatu 1, unknown 8) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"text": "Chilung (Keelung), Kaohsiung, Hualian, Taichung"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Army, Navy (includes Marine Corps), Air Force, Coast Guard Administration, Armed Forces Reserve Command, Combined Service Forces Command, Armed Forces Police Command"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18-35 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; service obligation is 2 years; women may enlist; women in Air Force service are restricted to noncombat roles; reserve obligation to age 30 (Army); the Ministry of Defense is in the process of implementing a voluntary enlistment system over the period 2010-2015, although nonvolunteers will still be required to perform alternative service or go through 4 months of military training (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "6,183,567",
"females_age_16_49": "6,006,676 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "5,074,173",
"females_age_16_49": "4,951,088 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "166,190",
"female": "155,306 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "2.2% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "involved in complex dispute with Brunei, China, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Vietnam over the Spratly Islands, and with China and the Philippines over Scarborough Reef; the 2002 \"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea\" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding \"code of conduct\" desired by several of the disputants; Paracel Islands are occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam; in 2003, China and Taiwan became more vocal in rejecting both Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of the Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared exclusive economic zone in the East China Sea where all parties engage in hydrocarbon prospecting"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "regional transit point for heroin, methamphetamine, and precursor chemicals; transshipment point for drugs to Japan; major problem with domestic consumption of methamphetamine and heroin; rising problems with use of ketamine and club drugs"
}
}
}

600
asia/uz-uzbekistan.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,600 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "Russia conquered the territory of present-day Uzbekistan in the late 19th century. Stiff resistance to the Red Army after the Bolshevik Revolution was eventually suppressed and a socialist republic established in 1924. During the Soviet era, intensive production of \"white gold\" (cotton) and grain led to overuse of agrochemicals and the depletion of water supplies, which have left the land degraded and the Aral Sea and certain rivers half dry. Independent since 1991, the country seeks to gradually lessen its dependence on the cotton monoculture by diversifying agricultural production while developing its mineral and petroleum reserves and increasing its manufacturing base. Current concerns include terrorism by Islamic militants, economic stagnation, and the curtailment of human rights and democratization."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Central Asia, north of Turkmenistan, south of Kazakhstan"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "41 00 N, 64 00 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "447,400 sq km",
"land": "425,400 sq km",
"water": "22,000 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly larger than California"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "6,221 km",
"border_countries": "Afghanistan 137 km, Kazakhstan 2,203 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,099 km, Tajikistan 1,161 km, Turkmenistan 1,621 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "0 km (doubly landlocked); note - Uzbekistan includes the southern portion of the Aral Sea with a 420 km shoreline"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"text": "none (doubly landlocked)"
},
"climate": {
"text": "mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; broad, flat intensely irrigated river valleys along course of Amu Darya, Syr Darya (Sirdaryo), and Zarafshon; Fergana Valley in east surrounded by mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in west"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Sariqamish Kuli -12 m",
"highest_point": "Adelunga Toghi 4,301 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "9.61%",
"permanent_crops": "0.8%",
"other": "89.58% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "41,980 sq km (2005)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "48.87 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "56 cu km/yr (7%/3%/90%)",
"per_capita": "2,113 cu m/yr (2005)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "NA"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "shrinkage of the Aral Sea has resulted in growing concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then blown from the increasingly exposed lake bed and contribute to desertification and respiratory health problems; water pollution from industrial wastes and the heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides is the cause of many human health disorders; increasing soil salination; soil contamination from buried nuclear processing and agricultural chemicals, including DDT"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "along with Liechtenstein, one of the only two doubly landlocked countries in the world"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Uzbekistani",
"adjective": "Uzbekistani"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Uzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak 2.5%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.5% (1996 est.)"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Uzbek (official) 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Muslim 88% (mostly Sunni), Eastern Orthodox 9%, other 3%"
},
"population": {
"text": "28,661,637 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "25.3% (male 3,718,802/female 3,539,436)",
"15_24_years": "21.1% (male 3,062,438/female 2,990,299)",
"25_54_years": "42.5% (male 6,043,922/female 6,128,173)",
"55_64_years": "6.4% (male 861,590/female 965,635)",
"65_years_and_over": "4.7% (male 576,908/female 774,434) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "49 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "42.6 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "6.4 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "15.7 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "26.6 years",
"male": "26.1 years",
"female": "27.2 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "0.94% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "17.2 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "5.29 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "-2.55 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "36.2% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "1.27% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "TASHKENT (capital) 2.201 million (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.06 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.02 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "0.99 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.89 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.75 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "0.99 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "23.8 (2006 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "28 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "20.51 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "24.32 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "16.48 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "73.03 years",
"male": "70 years",
"female": "76.25 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "1.83 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "64.9% (2006)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "5.3% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "2.62 physicians/1,000 population (2007)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "4.6 beds/1,000 population (2009)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 98% of population; rural: 81% of population; total: 87% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 2% of population; rural: 19% of population; total: 13% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "0.1% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "28,000 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "fewer than 500 (2009 est.)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "15.1% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "4.4% (2006)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "NA"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "99.4%",
"male": "99.6%",
"female": "99.2% (2011 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "12 years",
"male": "12 years",
"female": "11 years (2011)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Republic of Uzbekistan",
"conventional_short_form": "Uzbekistan",
"local_long_form": "Ozbekiston Respublikasi",
"local_short_form": "Ozbekiston",
"former": "Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "republic; authoritarian presidential rule, with little power outside the executive branch"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Tashkent (Toshkent)",
"geographic_coordinates": "41 19 N, 69 15 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "12 provinces (viloyatlar, singular - viloyat), 1 autonomous republic* (respublika), and 1 city** (shahar); Andijon Viloyati, Buxoro Viloyati, Farg'ona Viloyati, Jizzax Viloyati, Namangan Viloyati, Navoiy Viloyati, Qashqadaryo Viloyati (Qarshi), Qoraqalpog'iston Respublikasi [Karakalpakstan Republic]* (Nukus), Samarqand Viloyati, Sirdaryo Viloyati (Guliston), Surxondaryo Viloyati (Termiz), Toshkent Shahri [Tashkent City]**, Toshkent Viloyati [Tashkent province], Xorazm Viloyati (Urganch)",
"note": "administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)"
},
"independence": {
"text": "1 September 1991 (from the Soviet Union)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day, 1 September (1991)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "adopted 8 December 1992; amended in 2002 and 2011"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "civil law system"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Islom KARIMOV (since 24 March 1990, when he was elected president by the then Supreme Soviet; elected president of independent Uzbekistan in 1991)",
"head_of_government": "Prime Minister Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV (since 11 December 2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Rustam AZIMOV (since 2 January 2008)",
"cabinet": "Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president with approval of both chambers of the Supreme Assembly (Oliy Majlis)",
"elections": "president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term; previously was a five-year term, extended by a 2002 constitutional amendment to seven years and changed back to five years in 2011); election last held on 23 December 2007 (next to be held in early 2015); prime minister, ministers, and deputy ministers appointed by the president",
"election_results": "Islom KARIMOV reelected president; percent of vote - Islom KARIMOV 88.1%, Asliddin RUSTAMOV 3.2%, Dilorom TOSHMUHAMEDOVA 2.9%, Akmal SAIDOV 2.6%, other 3.2%"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "bicameral Supreme Assembly or Oliy Majlis consists of an upper house or Senate (100 seats; 84 members elected by regional governing councils and 16 appointed by the president; members to serve five-year terms) and a lower house or Legislative Chamber (Qonunchilik Palatasi) (150 seats; 135 members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms, while 15 spots reserved for the Ecological Movement of Uzbekistan)",
"elections": "last held on 27 December 2009 and 10 January 2010 (next to be held in December 2014)",
"election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; Legislative Chamber - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - LDPU 53, NDP 32, National Rebirth Party 31, Adolat 19",
"note": "all parties in the Supreme Assembly support President Islom KARIMOV"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of 34 judges organized in civil, criminal, and military sections); Constitutional Court (consists of 7 judges); Higher Economic Court (consists of 19 judges)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "judges of the 3 highest courts nominated by the president and confirmed by the Oliy Majlis; judges appointed for 5-year terms subject to reappointment",
"subordinate_courts": "regional, district, city, and town courts"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Ecological Movement of Uzbekistan (O'zbekiston Ekologik Harakati) [Boriy ALIXONOV]; Justice (Adolat) Social Democratic Party of Uzbekistan [Ismoil SAIFNAZAROV]; Liberal Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (O'zbekiston Liberal-Demokratik Partiyasi) or LDPU [Muhamadyusuf TESHABOYEV]; National Rebirth Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (Milliy Tiklanish) [Akhtam TURSUNOV]; People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (Xalq Demokratik Partiyas) or NDP [Lativ GULYAMOV] (formerly Communist Party)"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "there are no significant opposition political parties or pressure groups operating in Uzbekistan"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ADB, CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Baxtiyor GULOMOV",
"chancery": "1746 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 887-5300",
"fax": "[1] (202) 293-6804",
"consulates_general": "New York"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador George KROL",
"embassy": "3 Moyqo'rq'on, 5th Block, Yunusobod District, Tashkent 100093",
"mailing_address": "use embassy street address",
"telephone": "[998] (71) 120-5450",
"fax": "[998] (71) 120-6335"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green separated by red fimbriations with a white crescent moon (closed side to the hoist) and 12 white stars shifted to the hoist on the top band; blue is the color of the Turkic peoples and of the sky, white signifies peace and the striving for purity in thoughts and deeds, while green represents nature and is the color of Islam; the red stripes are the vital force of all living organisms that links good and pure ideas with the eternal sky and with deeds on earth; the crescent represents Islam and the 12 stars the months and constellations of the Uzbek calendar"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "khumo (mythical bird)"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"O'zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat Madhiyasi\" (National Anthem of the Republic of Uzbekistan)",
"lyrics_music": "Abdulla ARIPOV/Mutal BURHANOV",
"note": "adopted 1992; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Uzbekistan kept the music of the anthem from its time as a Soviet Republic but adopted new lyrics"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country; 11% of the land is intensely cultivated, in irrigated river valleys. More than 60% of the population lives in densely populated rural communities. Export of hydrocarbons, primarily natural gas, provided 18.5% of foreign exchange earnings in 2011 and 35.1% in the first nine months of 2012. Other major export earners include gold and cotton. Despite ongoing efforts to diversify crops, Uzbekistani agriculture remains largely centered around cotton, although production has dropped by 35% since 1991. Uzbekistan is now the world's fifth largest cotton exporter and sixth largest producer. The country is aggressively addressing international criticism for the use of child labor in its cotton harvest. Following independence in September 1991, the government sought to prop up its Soviet-style command economy with subsidies and tight controls on production and prices. While aware of the need to improve the investment climate, the government still sponsors measures that often increase, not decrease, its control over business decisions. A sharp increase in the inequality of income distribution has hurt the lower ranks of society since independence. In 2003, the government accepted Article VIII obligations under the IMF, providing for full currency convertibility. However, strict currency controls and tightening of borders have lessened the effects of convertibility and have also led to some shortages that have further stifled economic activity. The Central Bank often delays or restricts convertibility, especially for consumer goods. According to official statistics, Uzbekistan has posted GDP growth of over 8% per year for several years, driven primarily by state-led investments and a favorable export environment. Growth may slip in 2013 as a result of lower export prices due to the continuing European recession. In the past Uzbekistani authorities have accused US and other foreign companies operating in Uzbekistan of violating Uzbekistani tax laws and have frozen their assets, with several new expropriations in 2012. At the same time, the Uzbekistani Government has actively courted several major US and international corporations, offering attractive financing and tax advantages, and has landed a significant US investment in the automotive industry, including the opening of a powertrain manufacturing facility in Tashkent in November 2011. Uzbekistan has seen few effects from the global economic downturn, primarily due to its relative isolation from the global financial markets."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$106.4 billion (2012 est.); $98.54 billion (2011 est.); $90.98 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$51.17 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "8.2% (2012 est.); 8.3% (2011 est.); 8.5% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$3,600 (2012 est.); $3,400 (2011 est.); $3,200 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "55.7%",
"government_consumption": "16.6%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "23.5%",
"investment_in_inventories": "4.9%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "27.2%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-27.9% (2011 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "18.5%",
"industry": "36.4%",
"services": "45.1% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "cotton, vegetables, fruits, grain; livestock"
},
"industries": {
"text": "textiles, food processing, machine building, metallurgy, mining, hydrocarbon extraction, chemicals"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "7.7% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "16.74 million (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "25.9%",
"industry": "13.2%",
"services": "60.9% (2012 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "4.8% (2012 est.); 5% (2011 est.)",
"note": "officially measured by the Ministry of Labor, plus another 20% underemployed"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "17% (2011 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "2.8%",
"highest_10%": "29.6% (2003)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "36.8 (2003); 44.7 (1998)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$17.08 billion",
"expenditures": "$16.86 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "33.4% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "0.4% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "8.8% of GDP (2012 est.); 9.1% of GDP (2011 est.)"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "12.7% (2012 est.); 12.8% (2011 est.)",
"note": "official data; based on independent analysis of consumer prices, inflation reached 22% in 2012"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$5.841 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $5.087 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$8.31 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $7.197 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$7.064 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $6.523 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$NA (31 December 2012); $715.3 million (31 December 2006)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "$3.284 billion (2012 est.); $4.52 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$16.65 billion (2012 est.); $15.03 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "energy products, cotton, gold, mineral fertilizers, ferrous and nonferrous metals, textiles, food products, machinery, automobiles"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "China 18.5%, Kazakhstan 14.6%, Turkey 13.8%, Russia 12.8%, Ukraine 12.5%, Bangladesh 8.9% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$15.53 billion (2012 est.); $10.5 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, ferrous and nonferrous metals"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "Russia 20.6%, China 16.5%, South Korea 16.3%, Kazakhstan 12.8%, Germany 4.6%, Turkey 4.2% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$16 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $15 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$8.072 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $8.382 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "Uzbekistani soum (UZS) per US dollar -; 1,891.1 (2012 est.); 1,715.8 (2011 est.); 1,587.2 (2010 est.); 1,466.7 (2009); 1,317 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "52.53 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "42.9 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "11.66 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "11.58 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "12.4 million kW (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "85.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "14.8% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "104,400 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "5,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "594 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "90,690 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "137,100 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "5,488 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "62.9 billion cu m (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "46.8 billion cu m (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "13.4 billion cu m (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "1.841 trillion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "114.3 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "1.928 million (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "25.442 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "digital exchanges in large cities and in rural areas",
"domestic": "the state-owned telecommunications company, Uzbektelecom, owner of the fixed line telecommunications system, has used loans from the Japanese government and the China Development Bank to upgrade fixed-line services including conversion to digital exchanges; mobile-cellular services are growing rapidly, with the subscriber base reaching 25 million in 2011",
"international": "country code - 998; linked by fiber-optic cable or microwave radio relay with CIS member states and to other countries by leased connection via the Moscow international gateway switch; after the completion of the Uzbek link to the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable, Uzbekistan plans to establish a fiber-optic connection to Afghanistan (2009)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "government controls media; 11 state-owned broadcasters - 7 TV and 4 radio - provide service to virtually the entire country; about 20 privately owned TV stations, overseen by local officials, broadcast to local markets; privately owned TV stations are required to lease transmitters from the government-owned Republic TV and Radio Industry Corporation; about 15 privately owned radio broadcasters are affiliated with the National Association of Electronic Mass Media of Uzbekistan, a government sponsored NGO for private broadcast media"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".uz"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "56,075 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "4.689 million (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "53 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "33",
"over_3_047_m": "6",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "13",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "6",
"914_to_1_523_m": "4",
"under_914_m": "4 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "20",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "2",
"under_914_m": "18 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "gas 10,401 km; oil 944 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "3,645 km",
"broad_gauge": "3,645 km 1.520-m gauge (620 km electrified) (2008)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "86,496 km",
"paved": "75,511 km",
"unpaved": "10,985 km (2000)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "1,100 km (2012)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"text": "Termiz (Amu Darya)"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Army, Air and Air Defense Forces (2013)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for compulsory military service; 1-year conscript service obligation; moving toward a professional military, but conscription will continue; the military cannot accommodate everyone who wishes to enlist, and competition for entrance into the military is similar to the competition for admission to universities (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "7,887,292",
"females_age_16_49": "7,886,459 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "6,566,118",
"females_age_16_49": "6,745,818 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "306,404",
"female": "295,456 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "3.5% of GDP (2010)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "prolonged drought and cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan created water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2004; border delimitation of 130 km of border with Kyrgyzstan is hampered by serious disputes around enclaves and other areas"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"idps": "undetermined (government forcibly relocated an estimated 3,400 people from villages near the Tajikistan border in 2000-2001; no new data is available) (2012)"
},
"trafficking_in_persons": {
"current_situation": "Uzbekistan is a source country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and women and children subjected to sex trafficking; adults and children are victims of government-organized forced labor during Uzbekistan's annual cotton harvest; some Uzbekistani adults are subjected to forced labor in Kazakhstan, Russia, and, to a much lesser extent, Ukraine in domestic service, agriculture, and the construction and oil industries; Uzbekistani women and children, lured with fraudulent job offers, are sex trafficked to countries in Central Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and Asia; small numbers of Tajikistani and Kyrgyzstani victims have been identified in Uzbekistan",
"tier_rating": "Tier 3 - Uzbekistan does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and because it is not deemed to be making significant efforts to do so, it was downgraded to Tier 3 after the maximum of two consecutive annual waivers; the government has identified an increased number of sex and transnational labor trafficking victims; for the first time a decree was implemented banning the forced labor of children under the age of 15 in the annual cotton harvest, but government-organized forced labor of adults and older children contines in the cotton and reportedly other sectors; Uzbekistan does not have a systematic process to proactively identify trafficking victims and refer them to protective services (2013)"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and small amounts of opium poppy for domestic consumption; poppy cultivation almost wiped out by government crop eradication program; transit point for heroin precursor chemicals bound for Afghanistan"
}
}
}

639
asia/vn-vietnam.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,639 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "The conquest of Vietnam by France began in 1858 and was completed by 1884. It became part of French Indochina in 1887. Vietnam declared independence after World War II, but France continued to rule until its 1954 defeat by communist forces under Ho Chi MINH. Under the Geneva Accords of 1954, Vietnam was divided into the communist North and anti-communist South. US economic and military aid to South Vietnam grew through the 1960s in an attempt to bolster the government, but US armed forces were withdrawn following a cease-fire agreement in 1973. Two years later, North Vietnamese forces overran the South reuniting the country under communist rule. Despite the return of peace, for over a decade the country experienced little economic growth because of conservative leadership policies, the persecution and mass exodus of individuals - many of them successful South Vietnamese merchants - and growing international isolation. However, since the enactment of Vietnam's \"doi moi\" (renovation) policy in 1986, Vietnamese authorities have committed to increased economic liberalization and enacted structural reforms needed to modernize the economy and to produce more competitive, export-driven industries. The communist leaders, however, maintain control on political expression and have resisted outside calls to improve human rights. The country continues to experience small-scale protests from various groups - the vast majority connected to land-use issues, calls for increased political space, and the lack of equitable mechanisms for resolving disputes. Various ethnic minorities, such as the Montagnards of the Central Highlands and the Khmer Krom in the southern delta region, have also held protests."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of Tonkin, and South China Sea, as well as China, Laos, and Cambodia"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "16 10 N, 107 50 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Southeast Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "331,210 sq km",
"land": "310,070 sq km",
"water": "21,140 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly larger than New Mexico"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "4,639 km",
"border_countries": "Cambodia 1,228 km, China 1,281 km, Laos 2,130 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "3,444 km (excludes islands)"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "12 nm",
"contiguous_zone": "24 nm",
"exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm",
"continental_shelf": "200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin"
},
"climate": {
"text": "tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (May to September) and warm, dry season (October to March)"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands; hilly, mountainous in far north and northwest"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "South China Sea 0 m",
"highest_point": "Fan Si Pan 3,144 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "phosphates, coal, manganese, rare earth elements, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil and gas deposits, timber, hydropower"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "19.64%",
"permanent_crops": "11.18%",
"other": "69.18% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "45,850 sq km (2005)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "884.1 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "82.03 cu km/yr (1%/4%/95%)",
"per_capita": "965 cu m/yr (2005)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding, especially in the Mekong River delta"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "logging and slash-and-burn agricultural practices contribute to deforestation and soil degradation; water pollution and overfishing threaten marine life populations; groundwater contamination limits potable water supply; growing urban industrialization and population migration are rapidly degrading environment in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "extending 1,650 km north to south, the country is only 50 km across at its narrowest point"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Vietnamese (singular and plural)",
"adjective": "Vietnamese"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Kinh (Viet) 85.7%, Tay 1.9%, Thai 1.8%, Muong 1.5%, Khmer 1.5%, Mong 1.2%, Nung 1.1%, others 5.3% (1999 census)"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Vietnamese (official), English (increasingly favored as a second language), some French, Chinese, and Khmer, mountain area languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Buddhist 9.3%, Catholic 6.7%, Hoa Hao 1.5%, Cao Dai 1.1%, Protestant 0.5%, Muslim 0.1%, none 80.8% (1999 census)"
},
"population": {
"text": "92,477,857 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "24.6% (male 11,931,623/female 10,807,661)",
"15_24_years": "18.4% (male 8,796,395/female 8,215,536)",
"25_54_years": "44.4% (male 20,554,252/female 20,551,460)",
"55_64_years": "7% (male 2,936,340/female 3,517,538)",
"65_years_and_over": "5.6% (male 1,986,839/female 3,180,213) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "41.4 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "32.1 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "9.3 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "10.7 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "28.7 years",
"male": "27.6 years",
"female": "29.7 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.03% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "16.56 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "5.94 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "-0.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "31% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "3.03% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "Ho Chi Minh City 5.976 million; HANOI (capital) 2.668 million; Haiphong 1.941 million; Da Nang 807,000 (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.12 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.1 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.07 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "1 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.83 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.62 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "1 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "22.6 (2002 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "59 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "19.61 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "19.97 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "19.19 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "72.65 years",
"male": "70.2 years",
"female": "75.4 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "1.87 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "77.8% (2010/11)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "6.8% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "1.22 physicians/1,000 population (2008)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "3.1 beds/1,000 population (2009)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 99% of population; rural: 93% of population; total: 95% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 1% of population; rural: 7% of population; total: 5% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 94% of population; rural: 68% of population; total: 76% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 6% of population; rural: 32% of population; total: 24% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "0.4% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "280,000 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "14,000 (2009 est.)"
},
"major_infectious_diseases": {
"degree_of_risk": "very high",
"food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever",
"vectorborne_diseases": "dengue fever, malaria, and Japanese encephalitis",
"note": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "1.7% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "20.2% (2008)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "6.6% of GDP (2010)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "93.4%",
"male": "95.4%",
"female": "91.4% (2011 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "10 years",
"male": "11 years",
"female": "10 years (2001)"
},
"child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
"total_number": "2,545,616",
"percentage": "16 % (2006 est.)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "4.6%",
"male": "4.4%",
"female": "4.9% (2004)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Socialist Republic of Vietnam",
"conventional_short_form": "Vietnam",
"local_long_form": "Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam",
"local_short_form": "Viet Nam",
"abbreviation": "SRV"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "Communist state"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Hanoi (Ha Noi)",
"geographic_coordinates": "21 02 N, 105 51 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "58 provinces (tinh, singular and plural) and 5 municipalities (thanh pho, singular and plural)",
"provinces": "An Giang, Bac Giang, Bac Kan, Bac Lieu, Bac Ninh, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Ben Tre, Binh Dinh, Binh Duong, Binh Phuoc, Binh Thuan, Ca Mau, Cao Bang, Dak Lak, Dak Nong, Dien Bien, Dong Nai, Dong Thap, Gia Lai, Ha Giang, Ha Nam, Ha Tinh, Hai Duong, Hau Giang, Hoa Binh, Hung Yen, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang, Kon Tum, Lai Chau, Lam Dong, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Long An, Nam Dinh, Nghe An, Ninh Binh, Ninh Thuan, Phu Tho, Phu Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Soc Trang, Son La, Tay Ninh, Thai Binh, Thai Nguyen, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien-Hue, Tien Giang, Tra Vinh, Tuyen Quang, Vinh Long, Vinh Phuc, Yen Bai",
"municipalities": "Can Tho, Da Nang, Ha Noi, Hai Phong, Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon)"
},
"independence": {
"text": "2 September 1945 (from France)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day, 2 September (1945)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "15 April 1992"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "civil law system; note - the civil code of 2005 reflects a European-style civil law"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Truong Tan SANG (since 25 July 2011); Vice President Nguyen Thi DOAN (25 July 2007)",
"head_of_government": "Prime Minister Nguyen Tan DUNG (since 27 June 2006); Deputy Prime Minister Hoang Trung HAI (since 2 August 2007), Deputy Prime Minister Nguyen Thien NHAN (since 2 August 2007), Deputy Prime Minister Vu Van NINH (since 3 August 2011), and Deputy Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan PHUC (since 3 August 2011)",
"cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by president based on proposal of prime minister and confirmed by National Assembly",
"elections": "president elected by the National Assembly from among its members for five-year term; last election held 25 July 2011 (next to be held in July 2016); prime minister appointed by the president from among the members of the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers appointed by the prime minister; appointment of prime minister and deputy prime ministers confirmed by National Assembly",
"election_results": "Truong Tan SANG elected president, percent of National Assembly vote - 97%; Nguyen Tan DUNG elected prime minister, percent of National Assembly vote - 94%"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "unicameral National Assembly or Quoc Hoi (500 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)",
"elections": "last held on 22 May 2011 (next to be held in May 2016)",
"election_results": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CPV 458, non-party CPV-approved 38, self-nominated 4; note - 500 candidates were elected; the 496 CPV and non-party CPV-approved delegates were members of the Vietnamese Fatherland Front and were vetted prior to the election"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme People's Court (consists of the chief justice and 13 judges)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "chief justice elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president for a 5-year, renewable term; other judges appointed by the president for 5-year terms",
"subordinate_courts": "Court of Appeals; administrative, civil, criminal, economic, and labor courts; Central Military Court; People's Special Courts; note - the National Assembly can establish special tribunals"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Communist Party of Vietnam or CPV [Nguyen Phu TRONG]; ",
"note": "other parties proscribed"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "8406 Bloc; Democratic Party of Vietnam or DPV; People's Democratic Party Vietnam or PDP-VN; Alliance for Democracy; ",
"note": "these groups advocate democracy but are not recognized by the government"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, CICA, CP, EAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Nguyen Quoc CUONG",
"chancery": "1233 20th Street NW, Suite 400, Washington, DC 20036",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 861-0737",
"fax": "[1] (202) 861-0917",
"consulates_general": "Houston, New York, San Francisco",
"consulate": "New York"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador David B. SHEAR",
"embassy": "Rose Garden Building, 170 Ngoc Khanh St., Hanoi",
"mailing_address": "7 Lang Ha Street, Ba Dinh District, Hanoi; 4550 Hanoi Place, Washington, DC 20521-4550",
"telephone": "[84] (4) 3850-5000",
"fax": "[84] (4) 3850-5010",
"consulates_general": "Ho Chi Minh City"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "red field with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center; red symbolizes revolution and blood, the five-pointed star represents the five elements of the populace - peasants, workers, intellectuals, traders, and soldiers - that unite to build socialism"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "yellow, five-pointed star on red field"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Tien quan ca\" (The Song of the Marching Troops)",
"lyrics_music": "Nguyen Van CAO",
"note": "adopted as the national anthem of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945; it became the national anthem of the unified Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1976; although it consists of two verses, only the first is used as the official anthem"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Vietnam is a densely-populated developing country that has been transitioning from the rigidities of a centrally-planned economy since 1986. Vietnamese authorities have reaffirmed their commitment to economic modernization in recent years. Vietnam joined the World Trade Organization in January 2007, which has promoted more competitive, export-driven industries. Vietnam became an official negotiating partner in the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement in 2010. Agriculture's share of economic output has continued to shrink from about 25% in 2000 to less than 22% in 2012, while industry's share increased from 36% to nearly 41% in the same period. State-owned enterprises account for roughly 40% of GDP. Poverty has declined significantly, and Vietnam is working to create jobs to meet the challenge of a labor force that is growing by more than one million people every year. The global recession hurt Vietnam's export-oriented economy, with GDP in 2012 growing at 5%, the slowest rate of growth since 1999. In 2012, however, exports increased by more than 18%, year-on-year; several administrative actions brought the trade deficit back into balance. Between 2008 and 2011, Vietnam's managed currency, the dong, was devalued in excess of 20%, but its value remained stable in 2012. Foreign direct investment inflows fell 4.5% to $10.5 billion in 2012. Foreign donors have pledged $6.5 billion in new development assistance for 2013. Hanoi has oscillated between promoting growth and emphasizing macroeconomic stability in recent years. In February 2011, the government shifted from policies aimed at achieving a high rate of economic growth, which had stoked inflation, to those aimed at stabilizing the economy, through tighter monetary and fiscal control. Although Vietnam unveiled a broad, \"three pillar\" economic reform program in early 2012, proposing the restructuring of public investment, state-owned enterprises, and the banking sector, little perceptible progress had been made by early 2013. Vietnam's economy continues to face challenges from an undercapitalized banking sector. Non-performing loans weigh heavily on banks and businesses. In September 2012, the official bad debt ratio climbed to 8.8%, though some independent analysts believe it could be higher than 15%."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$325.9 billion (2012 est.); $310.4 billion (2011 est.); $293.1 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$138.1 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "5% (2012 est.); 5.9% (2011 est.); 6.8% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$3,600 (2012 est.); $3,500 (2011 est.); $3,300 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "37.4% of GDP (2012 est.); 32.8% of GDP (2011 est.); 34.8% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "62.2%",
"government_consumption": "6.3%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "28.2%",
"investment_in_inventories": "3.2%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "82.2%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-82.1% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "21.6%",
"industry": "40.8%",
"services": "37.6% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "paddy rice, coffee, rubber, tea, pepper, soybeans, cashews, sugar cane, peanuts, bananas; poultry; fish, seafood"
},
"industries": {
"text": "food processing, garments, shoes, machine-building; mining, coal, steel; cement, chemical fertilizer, glass, tires, oil, mobile phones"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "6.5% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "49.18 million (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "48%",
"industry": "21%",
"services": "31% (2012)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "4.3% (2012 est.); 4.5% (2011 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "11.3% (2012 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "3.2%",
"highest_10%": "30.2% (2008)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "37.6 (2008); 36.1 (1998)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$40.66 billion",
"expenditures": "$47.8 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "29.5% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-5.2% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "48.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 48.8% of GDP (2011 est.)",
"note": "official data; data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "9.1% (2012 est.); 18.7% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "9% (31 December 2012); 15% (31 December 2011)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "13.5% (31 December 2012 est.); 16.96% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$37.41 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $32.64 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$163.9 billion (30 October 2012 est.); $132 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$140 billion (30 October 2012 est.); $145.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$38.2 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $26 billion (31 December 2011); $37 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "-$457 million (2012 est.); $201 million (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$114.3 billion (2012 est.); $96.91 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "clothes, shoes, electronics, seafood, crude oil, rice, coffee, wooden products, machinery"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "US 17%, China 12.9%, Japan 12%, South Korea 4.6%, Germany 4.4%, Malaysia 4.2% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$114.3 billion (2012 est.); $97.36 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, petroleum products, steel products, raw materials for the clothing and shoe industries, electronics, plastics, automobiles"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "China 27.2%, South Korea 12.7%, Japan 8.5%, Singapore 8.3%, Thailand 5.3%, Hong Kong 5.2% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$23.88 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $14.05 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$53.08 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $57.84 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$73.95 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $65.35 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$7.7 billion (31 December 2009 est.); $5.3 billion (31 December 2008)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "dong (VND) per US dollar -; 20,858.9 (2012 est.); 20,649 (2011 est.); 18,612.92 (2010 est.); 17,799.6 (2009); 16,548.3 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "117 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "104 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "1.555 million kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "2.7 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "26.3 million kW (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "55% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "45% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0.1% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "336,100 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "188,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "4.7 billion bbl (1 January 2013 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "112,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "259,900 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "37,050 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "184,900 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "9.3 billion cu m (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "10.2 billion cu m (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "890 million cu m (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "699.4 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "112.8 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "10.175 million (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "127.318 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "Vietnam is putting considerable effort into modernization and expansion of its telecommunication system",
"domestic": "all provincial exchanges are digitalized and connected to Hanoi, Da Nang, and Ho Chi Minh City by fiber-optic cable or microwave radio relay networks; main lines have been increased, and the use of mobile telephones is growing rapidly",
"international": "country code - 84; a landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3, the C2C, and Thailand-Vietnam-Hong Kong submarine cable systems; the Asia-America Gateway submarine cable system, completed in 2009, provided new access links to Asia and the US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region) (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "government controls all broadcast media exercising oversight through the Ministry of Information and Communication (MIC); government-controlled national TV provider, Vietnam Television (VTV), operates a network of 9 channels with several regional broadcasting centers; programming is relayed nationwide via a network of provincial and municipal TV stations; law limits access to satellite TV but many households are able to access foreign programming via home satellite equipment; government-controlled Voice of Vietnam, the national radio broadcaster, broadcasts on 6 channels and is repeated on AM, FM, and shortwave stations throughout Vietnam (2008)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".vn"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "189,553 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "23.382 million (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "45 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "38",
"over_3_047_m": "10",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "6",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "13",
"914_to_1_523_m": "9 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "7",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "1",
"914_to_1_523_m": "3",
"under_914_m": "3 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "1 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "condensate 72 km; condensate/gas 398 km; gas 955 km; oil 128 km; oil/gas/water 33 km; refined products 206 km; water 13 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "2,632 km",
"standard_gauge": "527 km 1.435-m gauge",
"narrow_gauge": "2,105 km 1.000-m gauge (2008)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "180,549 km",
"paved": "133,899 km",
"unpaved": "46,650 km (2008)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "17,702 km (5,000 km are navigable by vessels up to 1.8 m draft) (2011)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "579",
"by_type": "barge carrier 1, bulk carrier 142, cargo 335, chemical tanker 23, container 19, liquefied gas 7, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 48, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 1, specialized tanker 1",
"registered_in_other_countries": "86 (Cambodia 1, Kiribati 2, Mongolia 33, Panama 43, Taiwan 1, Tuvalu 6) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"text": "Cam Pha Port, Da Nang, Haiphong, Ho Chi Minh, Phu My, Quy Nhon"
},
"transportation_note": {
"text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; numerous commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia; crews have been murdered or cast adrift"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "People's Armed Forces: People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN; includes Vietnam People's Navy (with Naval Infantry), Vietnam People's Air and Air Defense Force, Border Defense Command) (2013)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18-25 years of age for male compulsory and voluntary military service; females may volunteer for active duty military service; conscription typically takes place twice annually and service obligation is 18 months (Army, Air Defense), 2 years (Navy and Air Force); 18-45 years of age (male) or 18-40 years of age (female) for Militia Force or Self Defense Force service; males may enroll in military schools at age 17 (2013)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "25,649,738",
"females_age_16_49": "24,995,692 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "20,405,847",
"females_age_16_49": "21,098,102 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "847,743",
"female": "787,341 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "2.5% of GDP (2005 est.)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to check the spread of avian flu; Cambodia and Laos protest Vietnamese squatters and armed encroachments along border; Cambodia accuses Vietnam of a wide variety of illicit cross-border activities; progress on a joint development area with Cambodia is hampered by an unresolved dispute over sovereignty of offshore islands; an estimated 300,000 Vietnamese refugees reside in China; establishment of a maritime boundary with Cambodia is hampered by unresolved dispute over the sovereignty of offshore islands; the decade-long demarcation of the China-Vietnam land boundary was completed in 2009; China occupies the Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; Brunei claims a maritime boundary extending beyond as far as a median with Vietnam, thus asserting an implicit claim to Lousia Reef; the 2002 \"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea\" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding \"code of conduct\" desired by several of the disputants; Vietnam continues to expand construction of facilities in the Spratly Islands; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; Economic Exclusion Zone negotiations with Indonesia are ongoing, and the two countries in Fall 2011 agreed to work together to reduce illegal fishing along their maritime boundary"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"stateless_persons": "11,500 (2012); note - Vietnam's stateless ethnic Chinese Cambodian population dates to the 1970s when thousands of Cambodians fled to Vietnam to escape the Khmer Rouge and were no longer recognized as Cambodian citizens; Vietnamese women who gave up their citizenship to marry foreign men have found themselves stateless after divorcing and returning home to Vietnam; the government addressed this problem in 2009, and Vietnamese women are beginning to reclaim their citizenship"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "minor producer of opium poppy; probable minor transit point for Southeast Asian heroin; government continues to face domestic opium/heroin/methamphetamine addiction problems despite longstanding crackdowns"
}
}
}