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"text": "Norway is a member of NATO and was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) in 1949; the Norwegian Armed Forces cooperate closely with the militaries of other Nordic countries through the Nordic Defense Cooperation (NORDEFCO), which consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden; areas of cooperation include armaments, education, human resources, training and exercises, and operations; NORDEFCO was established in 2009<br><br>the origins of the Norwegian military go back to the leidangen, defense forces which were established along the coastline in the 10th century to protect the Norwegian coast (2023)"
}
},
"Space": {
"Space agency/agencies": {
"text": "the Norwegian Space Agency (NOSA, aka Norsk Romsenter; established 1987) (2023)"
},
"Space launch site(s)": {
"text": "And&oslash;ya Space Center (And&oslash;ya Island; established 1962, privatized 1997) (2023)"
},
"Space program overview": {
"Space programs overview": {
"text": "has a broad and active space program coordinated with the European Space Agency (ESA) and the EU; jointly designs and builds satellites with foreign partners, including communications, remote sensing (RS), scientific, and navigational/positional; operates satellites; develops and launches sounding rockets; researches and produces a range of other space-related technologies, including satellite/space launch vehicle (SLV) and space station components, telescopes, and robotics; conducts solar and telecommunications research; participates in international space programs, such as the International Space Station; hosts training for Mars landing missions on the island of Svalbard; active member of the ESA and cooperates with a variety of foreign space agencies and industries, including those of Canada, ESA/EU member states, Japan, Russia, and the US; has an active and advanced space industry that cooperates with both the NOSA and foreign space programs and produces a variety of space-related products, from terminals for satellite communications and technologies for RS satellites to sensors for gamma radiation in deep space (2023)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in Appendix S"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "<p><em>Norway-Antarctica</em>: Norway asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud Land and its continental shelf)</p> <p><em>Norway-Russia</em>: Russia amended its 2001 CLCS submission in 2015 and 2021, each time delineating the outer limits of its continental shelf further into the Arctic Ocean; Norway and Russia signed a comprehensive maritime boundary agreement in 2010, ending a dispute over an area of the Barents Sea by dividing the territory equally</p> <p><em>Norway-Sweden</em>: none identified</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "15,901 (Syria), 10,883 (Eritrea) (mid-year 2022); 48,280 (Ukraine) (as of 10 July 2023)"
"text": "15,901 (Syria), 10,883 (Eritrea) (mid-year 2022); 48,280 (Ukraine) (as of 27 July 2023)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "3,901 (2022)"