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"text": "Lithuania became a member of NATO in 2004<br> <p>since 2017, Lithuania has hosted a German-led multi-national NATO ground force battlegroup as part of the Alliance’s Enhanced Forward Presence initiative; NATO also has provided air protection for Lithuania since 2004 through its Air Policing mission; NATO member countries that possess air combat capabilities voluntarily contribute to the mission on 4-month rotations; NATO fighter aircraft are hosted at Lithuania’s Šiauliai Air Base (2022)</p>"
}
},
"Space": {
"Space agency/agencies": {
"text": "Lithuanian Space Office (established 2019; operates under the Agency for Science, Innovation and Technology and focuses on developing links between Lithuanian space business, science, and public sectors, as well as the international space community); Lithuanian Space Association (established 2009; is an association of public and state-funded scientific and technology research institutes and private businesses behind much of Lithuania&rsquo;s space program, including satellite development and ties to international space programs) (2023)"
},
"Space program overview": {
"Space programs overview": {
"text": "has a small but growing space program; operates satellites; manufactures small satellites; conducts research and development of other space-related capabilities, including in propulsion system components, infrared-based technologies, remote sensing applications, opto-electronics, and radio frequency systems, as well as those related to astronomy (has one of the oldest observatories in Europe located in Vilnius) and space applications for life and physical sciences; participates in international space programs; associate member of the European Space Agency (ESA); has cooperated with space agencies and industries of China, India, Russia, Ukraine, and the US, as well as individual ESA/EU member states; as of 2022, more than 30 Lithuanian companies participated in space supply chains, as well as small satellite production (2023)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in Appendix S"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "<p><em>Lithuania-Belarus</em>: as of January 2007, ground demarcation of the boundary with Belarus was complete and mapped with final ratification documents in preparation</p> <p><em>Lithuania-Lativa</em>: boundary demarcated with Latvia was completed in 1998</p> <p><em>Lithuania-Russia</em>:<strong> </strong>Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as a EU member state having an external border with a non-EU member, to strict Schengen border rules; in January 2018, demarcation of the Lithuania-Russia border was completed</p>"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "48,425 (Ukraine) (as of 24 July 2023)"
"text": "48,425 (Ukraine) (as of 4 August 2023)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "2,720 (2022)"