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nov/5 up
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Gerald Bauer
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
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{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "The Indus Valley civilization, one of the world's oldest, flourished during the 3rd and 2nd millennia B.C. and extended into northwestern India. Aryan tribes from the northwest infiltrated the Indian subcontinent about 1500 B.C.; their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture. The Maurya Empire of the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. - which reached its zenith under ASHOKA - united much of South Asia. The Golden Age ushered in by the Gupta dynasty (4th to 6th centuries A.D.) saw a flowering of Indian science, art, and culture. Islam spread across the subcontinent over a period of 700 years. In the 10th and 11th centuries, Turks and Afghans invaded India and established the Delhi Sultanate. In the early 16th century, the Emperor BABUR established the Mughal Dynasty which ruled India for more than three centuries. European explorers began establishing footholds in India during the 16th century. By the 19th century, Great Britain had become the dominant political power on the subcontinent. The British Indian Army played a vital role in both World Wars. Years of nonviolent resistance to British rule, led by Mohandas GANDHI and Jawaharlal NEHRU, eventually resulted in Indian independence, which was granted in 1947. Large-scale communal violence took place before and after the subcontinent partition into two separate states - India and Pakistan. The neighboring nations have fought three wars since independence, the last of which was in 1971 and resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. India's nuclear weapons tests in 1998 emboldened Pakistan to conduct its own tests that same year. In November 2008, terrorists originating from Pakistan conducted a series of coordinated attacks in Mumbai, India's financial capital. Despite pressing problems such as significant overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and widespread corruption, economic growth following the launch of economic reforms in 1991 and a massive youthful population are driving India's emergence as a regional and global power."
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"text": "The Indus Valley civilization, one of the world's oldest, flourished during the 3rd and 2nd millennia B.C. and extended into northwestern India. Aryan tribes from the northwest infiltrated the Indian subcontinent about 1500 B.C.; their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture. The Maurya Empire of the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. - which reached its zenith under ASHOKA - united much of South Asia. The Golden Age ushered in by the Gupta dynasty (4th to 6th centuries A.D.) saw a flowering of Indian science, art, and culture. Islam spread across the subcontinent over a period of 700 years. In the 10th and 11th centuries, Turks and Afghans invaded India and established the Delhi Sultanate. In the early 16th century, the Emperor BABUR established the Mughal Dynasty, which ruled India for more than three centuries. European explorers began establishing footholds in India during the 16th century. ++ By the 19th century, Great Britain had become the dominant political power on the subcontinent. The British Indian Army played a vital role in both World Wars. Years of nonviolent resistance to British rule, led by Mohandas GANDHI and Jawaharlal NEHRU, eventually resulted in Indian independence, which was granted in 1947. Large-scale communal violence took place before and after the subcontinent partition into two separate states - India and Pakistan. The neighboring nations have fought three wars since independence, the last of which was in 1971 and resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. India's nuclear weapons tests in 1998 emboldened Pakistan to conduct its own tests that same year. In November 2008, terrorists originating from Pakistan conducted a series of coordinated attacks in Mumbai, India's financial capital. Despite pressing problems such as significant overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and widespread corruption, economic growth following the launch of economic reforms in 1991 and a massive youthful population are driving India's emergence as a regional and global power."
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
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}
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},
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"Area - comparative": {
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"text": "slightly more than one-third the size of the US",
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"Area comparison map": {
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"text": null
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}
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"text": "slightly more than one-third the size of the US"
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},
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"Land boundaries": {
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"total": {
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@ -62,12 +59,12 @@
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"Terrain": {
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"text": "upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north"
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},
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"Elevation extremes": {
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"lowest point": {
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"text": "Indian Ocean 0 m"
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"Elevation": {
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"mean elevation": {
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"text": "160 m"
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},
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"highest point": {
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"text": "Kanchenjunga 8,598 m"
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"elevation extremes": {
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"text": "lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m ++ highest point: Kanchenjunga 8,598 m"
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}
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},
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"Natural resources": {
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@ -85,18 +82,7 @@
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}
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},
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"Irrigated land": {
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"text": "663,340 sq km (2008)"
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},
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"Total renewable water resources": {
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"text": "1,911 cu km (2011)"
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},
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"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
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"total": {
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"text": "761 cu km/yr (7%/2%/90%)"
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},
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"per capita": {
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"text": "613 cu m/yr (2010)"
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}
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"text": "667,000 sq km (2012)"
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},
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"Natural hazards": {
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"text": "droughts; flash floods, as well as widespread and destructive flooding from monsoonal rains; severe thunderstorms; earthquakes",
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@ -120,6 +106,9 @@
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}
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},
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"People and Society": {
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"Population": {
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"text": "1,266,883,598 (July 2016 est.)"
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},
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"Nationality": {
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"noun": {
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"text": "Indian(s)"
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@ -140,27 +129,21 @@
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"Religions": {
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"text": "Hindu 79.8%, Muslim 14.2%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.7%, other and unspecified 2% (2011 est.)"
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},
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"Population": {
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"text": "1,251,695,584 (July 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Age structure": {
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"0-14 years": {
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"text": "28.09% (male 186,735,337/female 164,835,868)"
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"text": "27.71% (male 186,420,229/female 164,611,755)"
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},
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"15-24 years": {
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"text": "18.06% (male 119,933,717/female 106,153,113)"
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"text": "17.99% (male 121,009,850/female 106,916,692)"
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},
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"25-54 years": {
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"text": "40.74% (male 262,700,370/female 247,237,448)"
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"text": "40.91% (male 267,203,029/female 251,070,105)"
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},
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"55-64 years": {
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"text": "7.16% (male 44,993,382/female 44,620,337)"
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"text": "7.3% (male 46,398,574/female 46,105,489)"
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},
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"65 years and over": {
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"text": "5.95% (male 35,313,609/female 39,172,403) (2015 est.)"
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},
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"population pyramid": {
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"text": null
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"text": "6.09% (male 36,549,003/female 40,598,872) (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Dependency ratios": {
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@ -179,26 +162,26 @@
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},
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"Median age": {
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"total": {
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"text": "27.3 years"
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"text": "27.6 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "26.7 years"
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"text": "26.9 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "28 years (2015 est.)"
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"text": "28.3 years (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Population growth rate": {
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"text": "1.22% (2015 est.)"
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"text": "1.19% (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Birth rate": {
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"text": "19.55 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "19.3 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Death rate": {
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"text": "7.32 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "7.3 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Net migration rate": {
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"text": "-0.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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"urban population": {
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"text": "0.9 male(s)/female"
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},
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"total population": {
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"text": "1.08 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
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"text": "1.08 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
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"text": "19.9",
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"note": {
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"text": "median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2005/06 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Maternal mortality rate": {
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@ -239,34 +228,34 @@
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},
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"Infant mortality rate": {
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"total": {
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"text": "41.81 deaths/1,000 live births"
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"text": "40.5 deaths/1,000 live births"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "40.56 deaths/1,000 live births"
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"text": "39.2 deaths/1,000 live births"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "43.22 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
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"text": "41.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Life expectancy at birth": {
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"total population": {
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"text": "68.13 years"
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"text": "68.5 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "66.97 years"
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"text": "67.3 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "69.42 years (2015 est.)"
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"text": "69.8 years (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Total fertility rate": {
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"text": "2.48 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
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"text": "2.45 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
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"text": "54.8% (2007/08)"
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},
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"Health expenditures": {
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"text": "4% of GDP (2013)"
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"text": "4.7% of GDP (2014)"
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},
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"Physicians density": {
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"text": "0.7 physicians/1,000 population (2012)"
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@ -275,7 +264,7 @@
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"text": "0.7 beds/1,000 population (2011)"
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},
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"Drinking water source": {
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"97.1improved": {
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"improved": {
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"text": " ++ urban: 97.1% of population ++ rural: 92.6% of population ++ total: 94.1% of population"
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},
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"unimproved": {
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@ -294,10 +283,10 @@
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"text": "0.26% (2013 est.)"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
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"text": "2,079,700 (2013 est.)"
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"text": "2,118,100 (2015 est.)"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
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"text": "127,200 (2013 est.)"
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"text": "67,600 (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Major infectious diseases": {
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"degree of risk": {
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@ -313,10 +302,7 @@
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"text": "leptospirosis"
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},
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"animal contact disease": {
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"text": "rabies"
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},
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"note": {
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"text": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)"
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"text": "rabies (2016)"
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}
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},
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"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
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@ -347,10 +333,10 @@
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"text": "12 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "12 years"
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"text": "11 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "11 years (2011)"
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"text": "12 years (2013)"
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}
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},
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"Child labor - children ages 5-14": {
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@ -386,10 +372,13 @@
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},
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"local short form": {
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"text": "India/Bharat"
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},
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"etymology": {
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"text": "the English name derives from the Indus River; the Indian name \"Bharat\" may derive from the \"Bharatas\" tribe mentioned in the Vedas of the second millennium B.C.; the name is also associated with Emperor Bharata, the legendary conqueror of all of India"
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}
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},
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"Government type": {
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"text": "federal republic"
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"text": "federal parliamentary republic"
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},
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"Capital": {
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"name": {
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@ -415,7 +404,7 @@
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"text": "Republic Day, 26 January (1950)"
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},
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"Constitution": {
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"text": "previous 1935 (preindependence); latest draft completed 4 November 1949, adopted 26 November 1949, effective 26 January 1950; amended many times, last in 2015 (2015)"
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"text": "previous 1935 (preindependence); latest draft completed 4 November 1949, adopted 26 November 1949, effective 26 January 1950; amended many times, last in 2015 (2016)"
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},
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"Legal system": {
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"text": "common law system based on the English model; separate personal law codes apply to Muslims, Christians, and Hindus; judicial review of legislative acts"
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"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; non-party state to the ICCt"
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},
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"Citizenship": {
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"birthright citizenship": {
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"text": ""
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"citizenship by birth": {
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"text": "no"
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},
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"citizenship by descent only": {
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"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of India"
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},
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"dual citizenship recognized": {
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"text": "no"
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},
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"residency requirement for naturalization": {
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"text": ""
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"text": "5 years"
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}
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},
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"Suffrage": {
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@ -451,23 +443,23 @@
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"text": "president indirectly elected by an electoral college consisting of elected members of both houses of Parliament and state legislatures for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 19 July 2012 (next to be held in July 2017); vice president indirectly elected by an electoral college consisting of elected members of both houses of Parliament and state legislatures for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 7 August 2012 (next to be held in August 2017); following legislative elections, the prime minister is elected by parliamentary members of the majority party"
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},
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"election results": {
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"text": "Pranab MUKHERJEE elected president; percent of vote - Pranab MUKHERJEE (INC prior to election) 69.31%, Purno SANGMA (independent) 30.69%; Mohammad Hamid ANSARI reelected vice president; electoral college vote - Mohammad Hamid ANSARI 490, Jaswant SINGH 238"
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"text": "Pranab MUKHERJEE elected president; percent of vote - Pranab MUKHERJEE (INC prior to election) 69.3%, Purno SANGMA (independent) 30.7%; Mohammad Hamid ANSARI reelected vice president; electoral college vote - Mohammad Hamid ANSARI 490, Jaswant SINGH 238"
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}
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},
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"Legislative branch": {
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"description": {
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"text": "bicameral Parliament or Sansad consists of the Council of States or Rajya Sabha (245 seats; 233 members indirectly elected by state and territorial assemblies by proportional representation vote, and 12 members appointed by the president; members serve 6-year terms) and the People's Assembly or Lok Sabha (545 seats; 543 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 2 appointed by the president; members serve 5-year terms)"
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"text": "bicameral Parliament or Sansad consists of the Council of States or Rajya Sabha (245 seats; 233 members indirectly elected by state and territorial assemblies by proportional representation vote, and 12 members appointed by the president; members serve 6-year terms) and the House of the People or Lok Sabha (545 seats; 543 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 2 appointed by the president; members serve 5-year terms)"
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},
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"elections": {
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"text": "People's Assembly - last held April-May 2014 in 10 phases; (next must be held by May 2019)"
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"text": "People's Assembly - last held April-May 2014 in 10 phases; (next to be held by May 2019)"
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},
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"election results": {
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"text": "People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - BJP 31.0%, INC 19.3%, AITC 3.8%, SP 3.4%, AIADMK 3.3%, CPI(M) 3.3%, TDP 2.6%, YSRC 2.5%, AAP 2.1%, BJD 1.7%, SS 1.7%, NCP 1.6%, SAD 1.8%, RJD 1.3%, TRS 1.3%, LJP 0.4%, other parties 15.9%, independent 3.0%"
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"text": "People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - BJP 31.0%, INC 19.3%, AITC 3.8%, SP 3.4%, AIADMK 3.3%, CPI(M) 3.3%, TDP 2.6%, YSRC 2.5%, AAP 2.1%, SAD 1.8%, BJD 1.7%, SS 1.7%, NCP 1.6%, RJD 1.3%, TRS 1.3%, LJP 0.4%, other 15.9%, independent 3.0%; seats by party - BJP 282, INC 44, AIADMK 37, AITC 34, BJD 20, SS 18, TDP 16, TRS 11, CPI(M) 9, YSRC 9, LJP 6, NCP 6, SP 5, AAP 4, RJD 4, SAD 4, other 33, independent 3"
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}
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},
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"Judicial branch": {
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"highest court(s)": {
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"text": "Supreme Court (the chief justice and 25 associate justices); note - parliament approved an additional 5 judges in 2008"
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"text": "Supreme Court (the chief justice and 25 associate justices)"
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},
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"judge selection and term of office": {
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"text": "justices appointed by the president to serve until age 65"
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}
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},
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"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
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"text": "All Parties Hurriyat Conference in the Kashmir Valley (separatist group) ++ Bajrang Dal (religious organization) ++ India Against Corruption [Anna HAZARE] ++ Jamiat Ulema-e Hind [Mahmood MADANI] (religious organization) ++ Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh [Mohan BHAGWAT] (nationalist organization) ++ Vishwa Hindu Parishad [Ashok SINGHAL] (religious organization)",
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"text": "All Parties Hurriyat Conference in the Kashmir Valley (separatist group) ++ Bajrang Dal (militant religious organization) ++ Jamiat Ulema-e Hind [Mahmood MADANI] (religious organization) ++ Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh [Mohan BHAGWAT] (nationalist organization) ++ Vishwa Hindu Parishad [Pravin TOGADIA] (militant religious organization)",
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"other": {
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"text": "hundreds of social reform, anti-corruption, and environmental groups at state and local level; numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations; various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy"
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}
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},
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"Economy": {
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"Economy - overview": {
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"text": "India is developing into an open-market economy, yet traces of its past autarkic policies remain. Economic liberalization measures, including industrial deregulation, privatization of state-owned enterprises, and reduced controls on foreign trade and investment, began in the early 1990s and served to accelerate the country's growth, which averaged under 7% per year from 1997 to 2011. India's diverse economy encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of services. Slightly less than half of the work force is in agriculture, but, services are the major source of economic growth, accounting for nearly two-thirds of India's output with less than one-third of its labor force. India has capitalized on its large educated English-speaking population to become a major exporter of information technology services, business outsourcing services, and software workers. India's economic growth began slowing in 2011 because of a decline in investment caused by high interest rates, rising inflation, and investor pessimism about the government's commitment to further economic reforms and about the global situation. The outlook for India's long-term growth is moderately positive due to a young population and corresponding low dependency ratio, healthy savings and investment rates, and increasing integration into the global economy. However, India has many challenges that it has yet to fully address, including poverty, corruption, violence and discrimination against women and girls, an inefficient power generation and distribution system, ineffective enforcement of intellectual property rights, decades-long civil litigation dockets, inadequate transport and agricultural infrastructure, limited non-agricultural employment opportunities, high spending and poorly-targeted subsidies, inadequate availability of quality basic and higher education, and accommodating rural-to-urban migration. Growth in 2014 fell to a decade low, as India's economic leaders struggled to improve the country's wide fiscal and current account deficits. Rising macroeconomic imbalances in India, and improving economic conditions in Western countries, led investors to shift capital away from India, prompting a sharp depreciation of the rupee. However, investors' perceptions of India improved in early 2014, due to a reduction of the current account deficit and expectations of post-election economic reform, resulting in a surge of inbound capital flows and stabilization of the rupee."
|
||||
"text": "India's diverse economy encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of services. Slightly less than half of the work force is in agriculture, but services are the major source of economic growth, accounting for nearly two-thirds of India's output but employing less than one-third of its labor force. India has capitalized on its large educated English-speaking population to become a major exporter of information technology services, business outsourcing services, and software workers. ++ ++ India is developing into an open-market economy, yet traces of its past autarkic policies remain. Economic liberalization measures, including industrial deregulation, privatization of state-owned enterprises, and reduced controls on foreign trade and investment, began in the early 1990s and served to accelerate the country's growth, which averaged under 7% per year from 1997 to 2011. India's economic growth began slowing in 2011 because of a decline in investment caused by high interest rates, rising inflation, and investor pessimism about the government's commitment to further economic reforms and about slow world growth. Rising macroeconomic imbalances in India and improving economic conditions in Western countries led investors to shift capital away from India, prompting a sharp depreciation of the rupee. ++ ++ Growth rebounded in 2014 and 2015, with both years exceeding 7%. Investors’ perceptions of India improved in early 2014, due to a reduction of the current account deficit and expectations of post-election economic reform, resulting in a surge of inbound capital flows and stabilization of the rupee. Since the election, economic reforms have focused on administrative and governance changes largely because the ruling party remains a minority in India’s upper house of Parliament, which must approve most bills. Despite a high growth rate compared to the rest of the world, in 2015, India’s government-owned banks faced mounting bad debt, resulting in low credit growth and restrained economic growth. ++ ++ The outlook for India's long-term growth is moderately positive due to a young population and corresponding low dependency ratio, healthy savings and investment rates, and increasing integration into the global economy. However, India's discrimination against women and girls, an inefficient power generation and distribution system, ineffective enforcement of intellectual property rights, decades-long civil litigation dockets, inadequate transport and agricultural infrastructure, limited non-agricultural employment opportunities, high spending and poorly targeted subsidies, inadequate availability of quality basic and higher education, and accommodating rural-to-urban migration are significant long-term challenges."
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
|
||||
"text": "$7.411 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $6.908 trillion (2013 est.) ++ $6.462 trillion (2012 est.)",
|
||||
"text": "$7.998 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $7.436 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $6.934 trillion (2013 est.)",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
|
||||
"text": "$2.051 trillion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$2.073 trillion (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - real growth rate": {
|
||||
"text": "7.3% (2014 est.) ++ 6.9% (2013 est.) ++ 5.1% (2012 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "7.6% (2015 est.) ++ 7.2% (2014 est.) ++ 6.6% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
|
||||
"text": "$5,800 (2014 est.) ++ $5,400 (2013 est.) ++ $5,100 (2012 est.)",
|
||||
"text": "$6,200 (2015 est.) ++ $5,800 (2014 est.) ++ $5,500 (2013 est.)",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Gross national saving": {
|
||||
"text": "30.2% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 30.8% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 31.5% of GDP (2012 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "31.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 32.8% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 32.9% of GDP (2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
|
||||
"household consumption": {
|
||||
"text": "60%"
|
||||
"text": "59.6%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"government consumption": {
|
||||
"text": "11.4%"
|
||||
"text": "10.6%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"investment in fixed capital": {
|
||||
"text": "28.7%"
|
||||
"text": "29.3%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"investment in inventories": {
|
||||
"text": "2.2%"
|
||||
"text": "3.1%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"exports of goods and services": {
|
||||
"text": "23.2%"
|
||||
"text": "20%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"imports of goods and services": {
|
||||
"text": "-25.5% ++ (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-22.5% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -602,10 +594,10 @@
|
|||
"text": "17%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"industry": {
|
||||
"text": "30%"
|
||||
"text": "29.7%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"services": {
|
||||
"text": "53% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "45% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Agriculture - products": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -615,10 +607,10 @@
|
|||
"text": "textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software, pharmaceuticals"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Industrial production growth rate": {
|
||||
"text": "6.1% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "7.4% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Labor force": {
|
||||
"text": "492.4 million (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "501.8 million (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Labor force - by occupation": {
|
||||
"agriculture": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -632,7 +624,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Unemployment rate": {
|
||||
"text": "7.3% (2014 est.) ++ 8.2% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "8.4% (2015 est.) ++ 9.3% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population below poverty line": {
|
||||
"text": "29.8% (2010 est.)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -650,20 +642,20 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Budget": {
|
||||
"revenues": {
|
||||
"text": "$187.3 billion"
|
||||
"text": "$193.4 billion"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"expenditures": {
|
||||
"text": "$269.5 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$276.4 billion (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Taxes and other revenues": {
|
||||
"text": "9.1% of GDP (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "9.3% of GDP (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
|
||||
"text": "-4% of GDP (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Public debt": {
|
||||
"text": "51.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 51.7% of GDP (2013 est.)",
|
||||
"text": "52.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 51.9% of GDP (2014 est.)",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "data cover central government debt, and exclude debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -672,7 +664,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "1 April - 31 March"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
|
||||
"text": "5.9% (2014 est.) ++ 10% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "4.9% (2015 est.) ++ 5.9% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Central bank discount rate": {
|
||||
"text": "7.75% (31 December 2014) ++ 7.75% (31 December 2013)",
|
||||
|
|
@ -681,58 +673,72 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
|
||||
"text": "10.25% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 10.29% (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "10.01% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 10.25% (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of narrow money": {
|
||||
"text": "$345.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $321.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$370.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $345.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of broad money": {
|
||||
"text": "$1.612 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.49 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$1.711 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.612 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of domestic credit": {
|
||||
"text": "$1.494 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.414 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$1.57 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.494 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
|
||||
"text": "$1.263 trillion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $1.015 trillion (31 December 2011) ++ $1.616 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$1.516 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.558 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.139 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Current account balance": {
|
||||
"text": "-$27.53 billion (2014 est.) ++ -$32.4 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-$22.09 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$26.79 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports": {
|
||||
"text": "$329.6 billion (2014 est.) ++ $319.7 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$272.4 billion (2015 est.) ++ $328.4 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports - commodities": {
|
||||
"text": "petroleum products, precious stones, vehicles, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, pharmaceutical products, cereals, apparel"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports - partners": {
|
||||
"text": "US 13.4%, UAE 10.4%, Hong Kong 4.3%, China 4.2%, Saudi Arabia 4% (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "US 15.2%, UAE 11.4%, Hong Kong 4.6% (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports": {
|
||||
"text": "$472.8 billion (2014 est.) ++ $482.3 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$409.2 billion (2015 est.) ++ $472.4 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports - commodities": {
|
||||
"text": "crude oil, precious stones, machinery, chemicals, fertilizer, plastics, iron and steel"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports - partners": {
|
||||
"text": "China 12.7%, Saudi Arabia 7.1%, UAE 5.9%, US 4.6%, Switzerland 4.6% (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "China 15.5%, UAE 5.5%, Saudi Arabia 5.4%, Switzerland 5.3%, US 5.2% (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
|
||||
"text": "$322.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $296.2 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$351.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $322.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Debt - external": {
|
||||
"text": "$440.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $427.6 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$480.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $463.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
|
||||
"text": "$252.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $226.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$296.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $252.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
|
||||
"text": "$129.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $119.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$139 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $131.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exchange rates": {
|
||||
"text": "Indian rupees (INR) per US dollar - ++ 61.03 (2014 est.) ++ 61.03 (2013 est.) ++ 53.44 (2012 est.) ++ 46.671 (2011 est.) ++ 45.726 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "Indian rupees (INR) per US dollar - ++ 64.152 (2015 est.) ++ 61.03 (2014 est.) ++ 61.03 (2013 est.) ++ 53.44 (2012 est.) ++ 46.671 (2011 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Energy": {
|
||||
"Electricity access": {
|
||||
"population without electricity": {
|
||||
"text": "237,400,000"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"electrification - total population": {
|
||||
"text": "79%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"electrification - urban areas": {
|
||||
"text": "98%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"electrification - rural areas": {
|
||||
"text": "70% (2013)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Electricity - production": {
|
||||
"text": "1.052 trillion kWh (2012 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -806,53 +812,64 @@
|
|||
"Communications": {
|
||||
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
|
||||
"total subscriptions": {
|
||||
"text": "27 million"
|
||||
"text": "25.518 million"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||||
"text": "2 (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "2 (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "944 million"
|
||||
"text": "1,011.054 million"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||||
"text": "76 (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "81 (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Telephone system": {
|
||||
"general assessment": {
|
||||
"text": "supported by recent deregulation and liberalization of telecommunications laws and policies, India has emerged as one of the fastest-growing telecom markets in the world; total telephone subscribership base exceeded 900 million in 2011, an overall teledensity of roughly 75%, and subscribership is currently growing more than 20 million per month; urban teledensity now exceeds 100%, and rural teledensity is steadily growing"
|
||||
"text": "supported by recent deregulation and liberalization of telecommunications laws and policies, India has emerged as one of the fastest-growing telecom markets in the world; total telephone subscribership base exceeded 1 billion in 2015, an overall teledensity of roughly 80%, and subscribership is currently growing at roughly 5 million per month; urban teledensity now exceeds 100%, and rural teledensity has reached 50%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "mobile cellular service introduced in 1994 and organized nationwide into four metropolitan areas and 19 telecom circles, each with multiple private service providers and one or more state-owned service providers; in recent years significant trunk capacity added in the form of fiber-optic cable and one of the world's largest domestic satellite systems, the Indian National Satellite system (INSAT), with 6 satellites supporting 33,000 very small aperture terminals (VSAT)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"international": {
|
||||
"text": "country code - 91; a number of major international submarine cable systems, including SEA-ME-WE-3 with landing sites at Cochin and Mumbai (Bombay), SEA-ME-WE-4 with a landing site at Chennai, Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) with a landing site at Mumbai (Bombay), South Africa - Far East (SAFE) with a landing site at Cochin, the i2i cable network linking to Singapore with landing sites at Mumbai (Bombay) and Chennai (Madras), and Tata Indicom linking Singapore and Chennai (Madras), provide a significant increase in the bandwidth available for both voice and data traffic; satellite earth stations - 8 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region); 9 gateway exchanges operating from Mumbai (Bombay), New Delhi, Kolkata (Calcutta), Chennai (Madras), Jalandhar, Kanpur, Gandhinagar, Hyderabad, and Ernakulam (2011)"
|
||||
"text": "country code - 91; a number of major international submarine cable systems, including SEA-ME-WE-3 with landing sites at Cochin and Mumbai (Bombay), SEA-ME-WE-4 with a landing site at Chennai, Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) with a landing site at Mumbai (Bombay), South Africa - Far East (SAFE) with a landing site at Cochin, the i2i cable network linking to Singapore with landing sites at Mumbai (Bombay) and Chennai (Madras), and Tata Indicom linking Singapore and Chennai (Madras), provide a significant increase in the bandwidth available for both voice and data traffic; satellite earth stations - 8 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region); 9 gateway exchanges operating from Mumbai (Bombay), New Delhi, Kolkata (Calcutta), Chennai (Madras), Jalandhar, Kanpur, Gandhinagar, Hyderabad, and Ernakulam (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Broadcast media": {
|
||||
"text": "Doordarshan, India's public TV network, operates about 20 national, regional, and local services; a large and increasing number of privately owned TV stations are distributed by cable and satellite service providers; by 2011, more than 100 million homes had access to cable and satellite TV offering more than 700 TV channels; government controls AM radio with All India Radio operating domestic and external networks; news broadcasts via radio are limited to the All India Radio Network; since 2000, privately owned FM stations have been permitted and their numbers have increased rapidly (2007)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Radio broadcast stations": {
|
||||
"text": "AM 149, FM 171, shortwave 54 (2009)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Television broadcast stations": {
|
||||
"text": "1,400 (2009)"
|
||||
"text": "Doordarshan, India's public TV network, operates about 20 national, regional, and local services; a large and increasing number of privately owned TV stations are distributed by cable and satellite service providers; in 2015, more than 230 million homes had access to cable and satellite TV offering more than 700 TV channels; government controls AM radio with All India Radio operating domestic and external networks; news broadcasts via radio are limited to the All India Radio Network; since 2000, privately owned FM stations have been permitted and their numbers have increased rapidly (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Internet country code": {
|
||||
"text": ".in"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Internet users": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "237.3 million"
|
||||
"text": "325.441 million"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"percent of population": {
|
||||
"text": "19.2% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "26% (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transportation": {
|
||||
"National air transport system": {
|
||||
"number of registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "20"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "485"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "98,927,860"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "1,833,847,614 mt-km (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
|
||||
"text": "VT (2016)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Airports": {
|
||||
"text": "346 (2013)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -893,7 +910,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "38"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"under 914 m": {
|
||||
"text": " ++ 45 (2013)"
|
||||
"text": "45 (2013)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Heliports": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -915,10 +932,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Roadways": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "4,689,842 km"
|
||||
"text": "4,699,024 km"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "includes 79,116 km of national highways and expressways, 155,716 km of state highways, and 4,455,010 km of other roads (2013)"
|
||||
"text": "includes 96,214 km of national highways and expressways, 147,800 km of state highways, and 4,455,010 km of other roads (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Waterways": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -950,51 +967,27 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military": {
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military branches": {
|
||||
"text": "Army, Navy (includes naval air arm), Air Force, Coast Guard (2011)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military service age and obligation": {
|
||||
"text": "16-18 years of age for voluntary military service (Army 17 1/2, Air Force 17, Navy 16 1/2); no conscription; women may join as officers, but for noncombat roles only (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower available for military service": {
|
||||
"males age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "319,129,420"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"females age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "296,071,637 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower fit for military service": {
|
||||
"males age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "249,531,562"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"females age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "240,039,958 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
|
||||
"male": {
|
||||
"text": "12,151,065"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"female": {
|
||||
"text": "10,745,891 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
"text": "16-18 years of age for voluntary military service (Army 17 1/2, Air Force 17, Navy 16 1/2); no conscription; women may join as officers, currently serve in combat roles as pilots, and will soon be allowed in all combat roles (2016)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
"text": "2.4% of GDP (2013) ++ 2.5% of GDP (2012) ++ 2.6% of GDP (2011) ++ 2.7% of GDP (2010)"
|
||||
"text": "2.4% of GDP (2014) ++ 2.4% of GDP (2013) ++ 2.5% of GDP (2012) ++ 2.6% of GDP (2011) ++ 2.7% of GDP (2010)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
"Disputes - international": {
|
||||
"text": "since China and India launched a security and foreign policy dialogue in 2005, consolidated discussions related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles to Pakistan, and other matters continue; Kashmir remains the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India and Pakistan resumed bilateral dialogue in February 2011 after a two-year hiatus, have maintained the 2003 cease-fire in Kashmir, and continue to have disputes over water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries; UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show its Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat State; Prime Minister Singh's September 2011 visit to Bangladesh resulted in the signing of a Protocol to the 1974 Land Boundary Agreement between India and Bangladesh, which had called for the settlement of longstanding boundary disputes over undemarcated areas and the exchange of territorial enclaves, but which had never been implemented; Bangladesh referred its maritime boundary claims with Burma and India to the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea; Joint Border Committee with Nepal continues to examine contested boundary sections, including the 400 sq km dispute over the source of the Kalapani River; India maintains a strict border regime to keep out Maoist insurgents and control illegal cross-border activities from Nepal"
|
||||
"text": "since China and India launched a security and foreign policy dialogue in 2005, consolidated discussions related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles to Pakistan, and other matters continue ++ Kashmir remains the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas) ++ India and Pakistan resumed bilateral dialogue in February 2011 after a two-year hiatus, have maintained the 2003 cease-fire in Kashmir, and continue to have disputes over water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries ++ UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show its Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat State; Prime Minister Singh's September 2011 visit to Bangladesh resulted in the signing of a Protocol to the 1974 Land Boundary Agreement between India and Bangladesh, which had called for the settlement of longstanding boundary disputes over undemarcated areas and the exchange of territorial enclaves, but which had never been implemented; Bangladesh referred its maritime boundary claims with Burma and India to the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea; Joint Border Committee with Nepal continues to examine contested boundary sections, including the 400 sq km dispute over the source of the Kalapani River; India maintains a strict border regime to keep out Maoist insurgents and control illegal cross-border activities from Nepal"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
|
||||
"refugees (country of origin)": {
|
||||
"text": "109,018 (Tibet/China); 65,057 (Sri Lanka); 14,301 (Burma); 10,395 (Afghanistan) (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "110,098 (Tibet/China); 64,208 (Sri Lanka); 15,735 (Burma); 10,196 (Afghanistan) (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"IDPs": {
|
||||
"text": "at least 616,140 (armed conflict and intercommunal violence) (2015)"
|
||||
"text": "612,000 (armed conflict and intercommunal violence) (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Illicit drugs": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue