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nov/5 up
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Gerald Bauer
parent
780ac9e05b
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
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{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "The first Sinhalese arrived in Sri Lanka late in the 6th century B.C., probably from northern India. Buddhism was introduced in about the mid-third century B.C., and a great civilization developed at the cities of Anuradhapura (kingdom from circa 200 B.C. to circa A.D. 1000) and Polonnaruwa (from about 1070 to 1200). In the 14th century, a south Indian dynasty established a Tamil kingdom in northern Sri Lanka. The Portuguese controlled the coastal areas of the island in the 16th century and the Dutch in the 17th century. The island was ceded to the British in 1796, became a crown colony in 1802, and was formally united under British rule by 1815. As Ceylon, it became independent in 1948; its name was changed to Sri Lanka in 1972. Tensions between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil separatists erupted into war in 1983. After two decades of fighting, the government and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) formalized a cease-fire in February 2002 with Norway brokering peace negotiations. Violence between the LTTE and government forces intensified in 2006, but the government regained control of the Eastern Province in 2007 and by May 2009, the remnants of the LTTE had been defeated. Since the end of the conflict, the government has enacted an ambitious program of economic development projects, many of which are financed by loans from the Government of China. In addition to efforts at reconstructing its economy, the government has resettled more than 95% of those civilians displaced during the final phase of the conflict and released the vast majority of former LTTE combatants captured by Government Security Forces. At the same time, there has been little progress on more contentious and politically difficult issues such as reaching a political settlement with Tamil elected representatives and holding accountable those alleged to have been involved in human rights violations and other abuses during the conflict."
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"text": "The first Sinhalese arrived in Sri Lanka late in the 6th century B.C., probably from northern India. Buddhism was introduced circa 250 B.C., and a great civilization developed at the cities of Anuradhapura (kingdom from circa 200 B.C. to circa A.D. 1000) and Polonnaruwa (from about 1070 to 1200). In the 14th century, a south Indian dynasty established a Tamil kingdom in northern Sri Lanka. The Portuguese controlled the coastal areas of the island in the 16th century and the Dutch in the 17th century. The island was ceded to the British in 1796, became a crown colony in 1802, and was formally united under British rule by 1815. As Ceylon, it became independent in 1948; its name was changed to Sri Lanka in 1972. Tensions between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil separatists erupted into war in 1983. After two decades of fighting, the government and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) formalized a cease-fire in February 2002 with Norway brokering peace negotiations. Violence between the LTTE and government forces intensified in 2006, but the government regained control of the Eastern Province in 2007 and by May 2009, the remnants of the LTTE had been defeated. Since the end of the conflict, the government has enacted an ambitious program of economic development projects, many of which are financed by loans from the Government of China. In addition to efforts at reconstructing its economy, the government has resettled more than 95% of those civilians displaced during the final phase of the conflict and released the vast majority of former LTTE combatants captured by Government Security Forces. At the same time, there has been little progress on more contentious and politically difficult issues such as reaching a political settlement with Tamil elected representatives and holding accountable those alleged to have been involved in human rights violations and other abuses during the conflict."
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
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}
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},
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"Area - comparative": {
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"text": "slightly larger than West Virginia",
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"Area comparison map": {
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"text": null
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}
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"text": "slightly larger than West Virginia"
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},
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"Land boundaries": {
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"text": "0 km"
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@ -57,12 +54,12 @@
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"Terrain": {
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"text": "mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in south-central interior"
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},
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"Elevation extremes": {
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"lowest point": {
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"text": "Indian Ocean 0 m"
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"Elevation": {
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"mean elevation": {
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"text": "228 m"
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},
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"highest point": {
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"text": "Pidurutalagala 2,524 m"
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"elevation extremes": {
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"text": "lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m ++ highest point: Pidurutalagala 2,524 m"
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}
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},
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"Natural resources": {
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@ -80,18 +77,7 @@
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}
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},
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"Irrigated land": {
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"text": "5,700 sq km (2003)"
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},
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"Total renewable water resources": {
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"text": "52.8 cu km (2011)"
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},
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"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
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"total": {
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"text": "12.95 cu km/yr (6%/6%/87%)"
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},
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"per capita": {
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"text": "638.8 cu m/yr (2005)"
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}
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"text": "5,700 sq km (2012)"
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},
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"Natural hazards": {
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"text": "occasional cyclones and tornadoes"
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@ -112,6 +98,9 @@
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}
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},
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"People and Society": {
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"Population": {
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"text": "22.235 million (July 2016 est.)"
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},
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"Nationality": {
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"noun": {
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"text": "Sri Lankan(s)"
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@ -124,7 +113,7 @@
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"text": "Sinhalese 74.9%, Sri Lankan Tamil 11.2%, Sri Lankan Moors 9.2%, Indian Tamil 4.2%, other 0.5% (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Languages": {
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"text": "Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language) 18%, other 8%",
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"text": "Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (official and national language) 18%, other 8%",
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"note": {
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"text": "English, spoken competently by about 10% of the population, is commonly used in government and is referred to as the link language in the constitution"
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}
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@ -132,27 +121,21 @@
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"Religions": {
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"text": "Buddhist (official) 70.2%, Hindu 12.6%, Muslim 9.7%, Roman Catholic 6.1%, other Christian 1.3%, other 0.05% (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Population": {
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"text": "22,053,488 (July 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Age structure": {
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"0-14 years": {
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"text": "24.58% (male 2,764,848/female 2,655,218)"
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"text": "24.35% (male 2,760,821/female 2,652,747)"
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},
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"15-24 years": {
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"text": "14.77% (male 1,652,884/female 1,604,089)"
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"text": "14.7% (male 1,660,402/female 1,608,022)"
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},
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"25-54 years": {
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"text": "41.9% (male 4,523,146/female 4,718,156)"
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"text": "41.71% (male 4,544,253/female 4,729,544)"
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},
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"55-64 years": {
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"text": "9.72% (male 992,750/female 1,149,828)"
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"text": "9.89% (male 1,018,357/female 1,181,060)"
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},
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"65 years and over": {
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"text": "9.04% (male 847,805/female 1,144,764) (2015 est.)"
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},
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"population pyramid": {
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"text": null
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"text": "9.35% (male 882,740/female 1,197,054) (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Dependency ratios": {
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@ -171,26 +154,26 @@
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},
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"Median age": {
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"total": {
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"text": "32.1 years"
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"text": "32.5 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "30.9 years"
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"text": "31.2 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "33.3 years (2015 est.)"
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"text": "33.7 years (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Population growth rate": {
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"text": "0.84% (2015 est.)"
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"text": "0.8% (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Birth rate": {
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"text": "15.85 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "15.5 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Death rate": {
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"text": "6.11 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "6.2 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Net migration rate": {
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"text": "-1.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "-1.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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"urban population": {
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@ -223,7 +206,13 @@
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"text": "0.74 male(s)/female"
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},
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"total population": {
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"text": "0.96 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
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"text": "0.96 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
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"text": "25.4",
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"note": {
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"text": "median age at first birth among women 30-34 (2006/07 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Maternal mortality rate": {
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@ -231,34 +220,34 @@
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},
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"Infant mortality rate": {
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"total": {
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"text": "8.8 deaths/1,000 live births"
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"text": "8.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "9.75 deaths/1,000 live births"
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"text": "9.5 deaths/1,000 live births"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "7.82 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
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"text": "7.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Life expectancy at birth": {
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"total population": {
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"text": "76.56 years"
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"text": "76.8 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "73.06 years"
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"text": "73.3 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "80.19 years (2015 est.)"
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"text": "80.4 years (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Total fertility rate": {
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"text": "2.1 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
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"text": "2.09 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
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"text": "68.4% (2006/07)"
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},
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"Health expenditures": {
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"text": "3.2% of GDP (2013)"
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"text": "3.5% of GDP (2014)"
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},
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"Physicians density": {
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"text": "0.68 physicians/1,000 population (2010)"
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@ -283,13 +272,13 @@
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}
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
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"text": "0.03% (2014 est.)"
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"text": "0.03% (2015 est.)"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
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"text": "3,300 (2014 est.)"
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"text": "4,200 (2015 est.)"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
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"text": "100 (2014 est.)"
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"text": "100 (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Major infectious diseases": {
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"degree of risk": {
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@ -305,7 +294,7 @@
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"text": "leptospirosis"
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},
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"animal contact disease": {
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"text": "rabies (2013)"
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"text": "rabies (2016)"
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}
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},
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"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
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@ -315,7 +304,7 @@
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"text": "26.3% (2012)"
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},
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"Education expenditures": {
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"text": "1.7% of GDP (2012)"
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"text": "1.6% of GDP (2013)"
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},
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"Literacy": {
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"definition": {
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@ -336,21 +325,21 @@
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"text": "14 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "13 years"
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"text": "14 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "14 years (2012)"
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"text": "14 years (2013)"
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}
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},
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"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
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"total": {
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"text": "17.3%"
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"text": "20.1%"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "14%"
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"text": "15%"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "23.5% (2012 est.)"
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"text": "27.8% (2013 est.)"
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}
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}
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},
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@ -370,10 +359,13 @@
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},
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"former": {
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"text": "Serendib, Ceylon"
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},
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"note": {
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"text": "the name means \"resplendent island\" in Sanskrit"
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}
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},
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"Government type": {
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"text": "republic"
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"text": "presidential republic"
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},
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"Capital": {
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"name": {
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@ -396,7 +388,7 @@
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"text": "Independence Day, 4 February (1948)"
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},
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"Constitution": {
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"text": "several previous; latest adopted 16 August 1978, certified 31 August 1978; amended many times, last in 2015 (2015)"
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"text": "several previous; latest adopted 16 August 1978, certified 31 August 1978; amended many times, last in 2015 (2016)"
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},
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"Legal system": {
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"text": "mixed legal system of Roman-Dutch civil law, English common law, and Jaffna Tamil customary law"
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@ -404,6 +396,20 @@
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"International law organization participation": {
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"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
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},
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"Citizenship": {
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"citizenship by birth": {
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"text": "no"
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},
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"citizenship by descent only": {
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"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Sri Lanka"
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},
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"dual citizenship recognized": {
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"text": "no, except in cases where the government rules it is to the benefit of Sri Lanka"
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},
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"residency requirement for naturalization": {
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"text": "7 years"
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}
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},
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"Suffrage": {
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"text": "18 years of age; universal"
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},
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@ -429,7 +435,7 @@
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"text": "unicameral Parliament (225 seats; 196 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote using a preferential method in which voters select 3 candidates in order of preference; remaining 29 seats allocated to other political parties and groups in proportion to share of national vote; members serve 6-year terms)"
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},
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"elections": {
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"text": "last held on 17 August 2015 following President SIRISENA's dissolution of Parliament in late June in an effort to consolidate power and pass reformas (next to be held in 2021)"
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"text": "last held on 17 August 2015 following President SIRISENA's dissolution of Parliament in late June in an effort to consolidate power and pass reforms (next to be held in 2021)"
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},
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"election results": {
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"text": "percent of vote by alliance/party - EYJP 45.7%, UPFA 42.4%, JVP 4.9%, TNA 4.6%, SLMC 0.4%, EPDP 0.3% other 1.7%; seats by alliance/party EYJP 106, UPFA 95, TNA 16, JVP 6, SLMC 1, EPDP 1"
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@ -440,14 +446,14 @@
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"text": "Supreme Court of the Republic (consists of the chief justice and 10 justices); note - the court has exclusive jurisdiction to review legislation"
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},
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"judge selection and term of office": {
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"text": "the chief justice appointed by the president; the other justices appointed by the president with the advice of the chief justice; all justices hold office until age 65"
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"text": "chief justice appointed by the president; other justices appointed by the president with the advice of the chief justice; all justices hold office until age 65"
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},
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"subordinate courts": {
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"text": "Court of Appeals; High Courts; Magistrate's Courts; municipal and primary courts"
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}
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},
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"Political parties and leaders": {
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"text": "Eelam People's Democratic Party or EPDP ++ Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna or JVP [Anura Kumara DISSANAYAKE] ++ Jathika Hela Urumaya or JHU [Patali Champika RANAWAKA] ++ Sri Lanka Freedom Party or SLFP [Maithripala SIRISENA] ++ Sri Lanka Muslim Congress or SLMC [Rauff HAKEEM] ++ Tamil National Alliance or TNA [R. SAMPANTHAN] ++ United National Front for Good Gevernance or EYJP (coalition includes UNP) ++ United National Party or UNP [Ranil WICKREMESINGHE] ++ United People's Freedom Alliance or UPFA (coalition includes SLFP)"
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"text": "Eelam People's Democratic Party or EPDP [Douglas DEVANANDA] ++ Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna or JVP [Anura Kumara DISSANAYAKE] ++ Jathika Hela Urumaya or JHU [Patali Champika RANAWAKA] ++ Sri Lanka Freedom Party or SLFP [Maithripala SIRISENA] ++ Sri Lanka Muslim Congress or SLMC [Rauff HAKEEM] ++ Tamil National Alliance or TNA [R. SAMPANTHAN] ++ United National Front for Good Governance or EYJP (coalition includes UNP) ++ United National Party or UNP [Ranil WICKREMESINGHE] ++ United People's Freedom Alliance or UPFA (coalition includes SLFP)"
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},
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"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
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"text": "Buddhist clergy ++ Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups",
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@ -472,7 +478,7 @@
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"text": "[1] (202) 232-7181"
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},
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"consulate(s) general": {
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"text": "Los Angeles"
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"text": "Los Angeles, New York"
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}
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},
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"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
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@ -512,58 +518,58 @@
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},
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"Economy": {
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"Economy - overview": {
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"text": "Sri Lanka continues to experience strong economic growth following the end of the government's 26-year conflict with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. The government has been pursuing large-scale reconstruction and development projects in its efforts to spur growth in war-torn and disadvantaged areas, develop small and medium enterprises and increase agricultural productivity. The government's high debt payments and bloated civil service have contributed to historically high budget deficits, but fiscal consolidation efforts and strong GDP growth in recent years have helped bring down the government's fiscal deficit, but low tax revenues remain a concern. The 2008-09 global financial crisis and recession exposed Sri Lanka's economic vulnerabilities and nearly caused a balance of payments crisis. Agriculture slowed due to a drought and weak global demand affected exports and trade. In early 2012, Sri Lanka floated the rupee, resulting in a sharp depreciation, and took steps to curb imports. A large trade deficit remains a concern, but strong remittances from Sri Lankan workers abroad help offset the trade deficit. Government debt of about 80% of GDP remains among the highest in emerging markets."
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"text": "Sri Lanka continues to experience strong economic growth following the end of the government's 26-year conflict with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. The government has been pursuing large-scale reconstruction and development projects in its efforts to spur growth in war-torn and disadvantaged areas, develop small and medium enterprises, and increase agricultural productivity. ++ ++ The government's high debt payments and bloated civil service have contributed to historically high budget deficits and low tax revenues remain a concern. Government debt of about 72% of GDP remains among the highest in emerging markets. ++ ++ The new government in 2015 drastically increased wages for public sector employees, which boosted demand for consumer goods but hurt the overall balance of payments and reduced foreign exchange reserves."
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},
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"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
|
||||
"text": "$218.2 billion (2014 est.) ++ $203.2 billion (2013 est.) ++ $189.4 billion (2012 est.)",
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||||
"text": "$223.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $213.3 billion (2014 est.) ++ $203.4 billion (2013 est.)",
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"note": {
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"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
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||||
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
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}
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||||
},
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"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
|
||||
"text": "$74.92 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$81.25 billion (2015 est.)"
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||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - real growth rate": {
|
||||
"text": "7.4% (2014 est.) ++ 7.3% (2013 est.) ++ 6.3% (2012 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "4.8% (2015 est.) ++ 4.9% (2014 est.) ++ 3.4% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
|
||||
"text": "$10,400 (2014 est.) ++ $9,700 (2013 est.) ++ $9,000 (2012 est.)",
|
||||
"text": "$10,600 (2015 est.) ++ $10,200 (2014 est.) ++ $9,800 (2013 est.)",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Gross national saving": {
|
||||
"text": "26.9% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 26.1% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 23.9% of GDP (2012 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "25.9% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 24.8% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 26.1% of GDP (2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
|
||||
"household consumption": {
|
||||
"text": "65.4%"
|
||||
"text": "68.6%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"government consumption": {
|
||||
"text": "13.5%"
|
||||
"text": "8.8%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"investment in fixed capital": {
|
||||
"text": "28.1%"
|
||||
"text": "26.2%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"investment in inventories": {
|
||||
"text": "1.6%"
|
||||
"text": "3.9%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"exports of goods and services": {
|
||||
"text": "22.3%"
|
||||
"text": "20.5%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"imports of goods and services": {
|
||||
"text": "-30.9% ++ (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-28% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
|
||||
"agriculture": {
|
||||
"text": "8.3%"
|
||||
"text": "8.7%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"industry": {
|
||||
"text": "30.1%"
|
||||
"text": "30.7%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"services": {
|
||||
"text": "61.7% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "60.6% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Agriculture - products": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -573,24 +579,24 @@
|
|||
"text": "processing of rubber, tea, coconuts, tobacco and other agricultural commodities; telecommunications, insurance, banking; tourism, shipping; clothing, textiles; cement, petroleum refining, information technology services, construction"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Industrial production growth rate": {
|
||||
"text": "1.1% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "3% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Labor force": {
|
||||
"text": "8.805 million (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "8.928 million (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Labor force - by occupation": {
|
||||
"agriculture": {
|
||||
"text": "31.8%"
|
||||
"text": "28.4%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"industry": {
|
||||
"text": "25.8%"
|
||||
"text": "25.7%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"services": {
|
||||
"text": "42.4% (June 2012)"
|
||||
"text": "45.9% (30 Jun 2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Unemployment rate": {
|
||||
"text": "4.3% (2014 est.) ++ 4.4% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "4.7% (2015 est.) ++ 4.3% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population below poverty line": {
|
||||
"text": "8.9% (2010 est.)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -608,20 +614,20 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Budget": {
|
||||
"revenues": {
|
||||
"text": "$9.226 billion"
|
||||
"text": "$10.75 billion"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"expenditures": {
|
||||
"text": "$13.75 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$16.95 billion (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Taxes and other revenues": {
|
||||
"text": "12.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "13.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
|
||||
"text": "-6% of GDP (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-7.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Public debt": {
|
||||
"text": "71.8% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 70.8% of GDP (2013 est.)",
|
||||
"text": "76% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 70.7% of GDP (2014 est.)",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "covers central government debt, and excludes debt instruments directly owned by government entities other than the treasury (e.g. commercial bank borrowings of a government corporation); the data includes treasury debt held by foreign entities as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement; sub-national entities are usually not permitted to sell debt instruments"
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -630,52 +636,52 @@
|
|||
"text": "calendar year"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
|
||||
"text": "3.3% (2014 est.) ++ 6.9% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.9% (2015 est.) ++ 3.3% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Central bank discount rate": {
|
||||
"text": "6.5% (31 December 2013) ++ 7.5% (19 December 2012)"
|
||||
"text": "6% (31 December 2015) ++ 6.5% (31 December 2013)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
|
||||
"text": "7.84% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 12.5% (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "6.96% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 7.84% (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of narrow money": {
|
||||
"text": "$4.591 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $3.706 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$4.963 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.671 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of broad money": {
|
||||
"text": "$25.95 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $23.39 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$26.79 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $25.95 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of domestic credit": {
|
||||
"text": "$33.21 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $31.47 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$39.22 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $33.79 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
|
||||
"text": "$18.48 billion (31 November 2013 est.) ++ $17.05 billion (31 December 2012) ++ $19.44 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$20.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $23.67 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $18.81 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Current account balance": {
|
||||
"text": "-$2.018 billion (2014 est.) ++ -$2.54 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-$2.009 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$1.989 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports": {
|
||||
"text": "$11.13 billion (2014 est.) ++ $10.39 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$10.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $11.13 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports - commodities": {
|
||||
"text": "textiles and apparel, tea and spices; rubber manufactures; precious stones; coconut products, fish"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports - partners": {
|
||||
"text": "US 25%, UK 10.2%, India 5.7%, Italy 5.6%, Germany 4.6% (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "US 26%, UK 9%, India 7.2%, Germany 4.3% (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports": {
|
||||
"text": "$19.42 billion (2014 est.) ++ $18 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$18.93 billion (2015 est.) ++ $19.42 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports - commodities": {
|
||||
"text": "petroleum, textiles, machinery and transportation equipment, building materials, mineral products, foodstuffs"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports - partners": {
|
||||
"text": "India 20.7%, China 17.8%, UAE 9.1%, Singapore 6.6%, Japan 4.9% (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "India 24.6%, China 20.6%, UAE 7.2%, Singapore 5.9%, Japan 5.7% (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
|
||||
"text": "$8.209 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $7.495 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$7.303 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $8.209 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Debt - external": {
|
||||
"text": "$25.39 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $25.17 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$45.47 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $43.61 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
|
||||
"text": "$NA"
|
||||
|
|
@ -684,10 +690,24 @@
|
|||
"text": "$NA"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exchange rates": {
|
||||
"text": "Sri Lankan rupees (LKR) per US dollar - ++ 130.57 (2014 est.) ++ 130.57 (2013 est.) ++ 127.6 (2012 est.) ++ 110.57 (2011 est.) ++ 113.06 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "Sri Lankan rupees (LKR) per US dollar - ++ 135.86 (2015 est.) ++ 130.57 (2014 est.) ++ 130.57 (2013 est.) ++ 127.6 (2012 est.) ++ 110.57 (2011 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Energy": {
|
||||
"Electricity access": {
|
||||
"population without electricity": {
|
||||
"text": "1,334,100"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"electrification - total population": {
|
||||
"text": "94%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"electrification - urban areas": {
|
||||
"text": "99%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"electrification - rural areas": {
|
||||
"text": "93% (2013)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Electricity - production": {
|
||||
"text": "11.36 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -761,18 +781,18 @@
|
|||
"Communications": {
|
||||
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
|
||||
"total subscriptions": {
|
||||
"text": "2.7 million"
|
||||
"text": "2,601,196"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||||
"text": "12 (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "12 (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "22.1 million"
|
||||
"text": "24.385 million"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||||
"text": "101 (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "111 (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Telephone system": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -783,31 +803,42 @@
|
|||
"text": "national trunk network consists mostly of digital microwave radio relay; fiber-optic links now in use in Colombo area and fixed wireless local loops have been installed; competition is strong in mobile cellular systems and mobile cellular subscribership is increasing"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"international": {
|
||||
"text": "country code - 94; the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cables provide connectivity to Asia, Australia, Middle East, Europe, US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2011)"
|
||||
"text": "country code - 94; the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cables provide connectivity to Asia, Australia, Middle East, Europe, US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Broadcast media": {
|
||||
"text": "government operates 8 TV channels and a radio network; multi-channel satellite and cable TV subscription services available; 35 private TV stations and about 50 radio stations (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Radio broadcast stations": {
|
||||
"text": "AM 15, FM 52, shortwave 4 (2007)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Television broadcast stations": {
|
||||
"text": "12 (2009)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Internet country code": {
|
||||
"text": ".lk"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Internet users": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "4.4 million"
|
||||
"text": "6.614 million"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"percent of population": {
|
||||
"text": "19.9% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "30% (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transportation": {
|
||||
"National air transport system": {
|
||||
"number of registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "3"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "25"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "4,911,730"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "381,381,300 mt-km (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
|
||||
"text": "4R (2016)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Airports": {
|
||||
"text": "19 (2013)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -833,7 +864,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "1"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"under 914 m": {
|
||||
"text": " ++ 3 (2013)"
|
||||
"text": "3 (2013)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Heliports": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -881,37 +912,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military": {
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military branches": {
|
||||
"text": "Sri Lanka Army, Sri Lanka Navy, Sri Lanka Air Force, Sri Lanka Coast Guard (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military service age and obligation": {
|
||||
"text": "18-22 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; 5-year service obligation (Air Force) (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower available for military service": {
|
||||
"males age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "5,342,147"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"females age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "5,466,409 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower fit for military service": {
|
||||
"males age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "4,177,432"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"females age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "4,574,833 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
|
||||
"male": {
|
||||
"text": "167,026"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"female": {
|
||||
"text": "162,587 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
"text": "2.43% of GDP (2012) ++ 2.89% of GDP (2011) ++ 2.43% of GDP (2010)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -922,15 +929,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
|
||||
"IDPs": {
|
||||
"text": "up to 73,700 (civil war; more than half displaced prior to 2008; many of the more than 480,000 IDPs registered as returnees have not reached durable solutions) (2015)"
|
||||
"text": "44,934 (civil war; more than half displaced prior to 2008; many of the more than 480,000 IDPs registered as returnees have not reached durable solutions) (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Trafficking in persons": {
|
||||
"current situation": {
|
||||
"text": "Sri Lanka is primarily a source and, to a lesser extent, a destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; some Sri Lankan adults and children who migrate willingly to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Jordan, Bahrain, Egypt, Lebanon, Iraq, Afghanistan, Malaysia, Singapore, Mauritius, and the US to work as domestic servants, construction workers, or garment factory workers subsequently face conditions of forced labor, including restrictions on movement, withholding of passports, abuse, and threats; some Sri Lankan women are forced into prostitution in Jordan, Singapore, Maldives, and other countries, while some foreign women are forced into prostitution in Sri Lanka; within Sri Lanka, women and children are also subjected to sex trafficking, and other children are forced to work in the agriculture, fireworks, and fish-drying industries"
|
||||
"text": "Sri Lanka is primarily a source and, to a lesser extent, a destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; some Sri Lankan adults and children who migrate willingly to the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Afghanistan to work in the construction, garment, and domestic service sectors are subsequently subjected to forced labor or debt bondage (incurred through high recruitment fees or money advances); some Sri Lankan women are forced into prostitution in Jordan, Maldives, Malaysia, Singapore, and other countries; within Sri Lanka, women and children are subjected to sex trafficking, and children are also forced to beg and work in the agriculture, fireworks, and fish-drying industries; a small number of women from Asia, Central Asia, Europe, and the Middle East have been forced into prostitution in Sri Lanka in recent years"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"tier rating": {
|
||||
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List – Sri Lanka does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; modest trafficking prevention efforts in 2013 included updating a national action plan and launching awareness campaigns; law enforcement efforts were limited; no traffickers were convicted under the trafficking statute and none of those convicted under the procurement statute served prison time; labor recruitment regulations were rarely enforced; authorities did not approve guidelines developed in 2012 for the identification of victims and their referral to protective services; no government employees were investigated or prosecuted, despite allegations of complicity (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List – Sri Lanka does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; in 2014, Sri Lanka was granted a waiver from an otherwise required downgrade to Tier 3 because its government has a written plan that, if implemented, would constitute making significant efforts to bring itself into compliance with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; law enforcement continues to demonstrate a lack of understanding of trafficking crimes and inadequate investigations, relying on trafficking cases to be prosecuted under the procurement statute rather than the trafficking statute, which carries more stringent penalties; authorities convicted only one offender under the procurement statue, a decrease from 2013; the government approved guidelines for the identification of victims and their referral to protective services but failed to ensure that victims were not jailed and charged for crimes committed as a direct result of being trafficked; no government employees were investigated or prosecuted, despite allegations of complicity (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue