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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Ahmad Shah DURRANI unified the Pashtun tribes and founded Afghanistan in 1747. The country served as a buffer between the British and Russian Empires until it won independence from notional British control in 1919. A brief experiment in democracy ended in a 1973 coup and a 1978 communist counter-coup. The Soviet Union invaded in 1979 to support the tottering Afghan communist regime, touching off a long and destructive war. The USSR withdrew in 1989 under relentless pressure by internationally supported anti-communist mujahedin rebels. A series of subsequent civil wars saw Kabul finally fall in 1996 to the Taliban, a hardline Pakistani-sponsored movement that emerged in 1994 to end the country's civil war and anarchy. Following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, a US, Allied, and anti-Taliban Northern Alliance military action toppled the Taliban for sheltering Osama BIN LADIN. ++ A UN-sponsored Bonn Conference in 2001 established a process for political reconstruction that included the adoption of a new constitution, a presidential election in 2004, and National Assembly elections in 2005. In December 2004, Hamid KARZAI became the first democratically elected president of Afghanistan and the National Assembly was inaugurated the following December. KARZAI was reelected in August 2009 for a second term. Despite gains toward building a stable central government, a resurgent Taliban and continuing provincial instability - particularly in the south and the east - remain serious challenges for the Afghan Government. The 2014 presidential election was the country's first to include a runoff, which featured the top two vote-getters from the first round, Abdullah ABDULLAH and Ashraf GHANI. Throughout the summer of 2014, their campaigns disputed the results and traded accusations of fraud, leading to a US-led diplomatic intervention that included a full vote audit as well as political negotiations between the two camps. In September 2014, GHANI and ABDULLAH agreed to form the Government of National Unity, with GHANI inaugurated as President and ABDULLAH elevated to the newly-created position of Chief Executive Officer. The day after the inauguration, the Ghani administration signed the US-Afghan Bilateral Security Agreement and NATO Status of Forces Agreement, which provide the legal basis for the post-2014 international military presence in Afghanistan."
"text": "Ahmad Shah DURRANI unified the Pashtun tribes and founded Afghanistan in 1747. The country served as a buffer between the British and Russian Empires until it won independence from notional British control in 1919. A brief experiment in democracy ended in a 1973 coup and a 1978 communist countercoup. The Soviet Union invaded in 1979 to support the tottering Afghan communist regime, touching off a long and destructive war. The USSR withdrew in 1989 under relentless pressure by internationally supported anti-communist mujahidin rebels. A series of subsequent civil wars saw Kabul finally fall in 1996 to the Taliban, a hardline Pakistani-sponsored movement that emerged in 1994 to end the country's civil war and anarchy. Following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, a US, Allied, and anti-Taliban Northern Alliance military action toppled the Taliban for sheltering Usama BIN LADIN. ++ A UN-sponsored Bonn Conference in 2001 established a process for political reconstruction that included the adoption of a new constitution, a presidential election in 2004, and National Assembly elections in 2005. In December 2004, Hamid KARZAI became the first democratically elected president of Afghanistan, and the National Assembly was inaugurated the following December. KARZAI was reelected in August 2009 for a second term. The 2014 presidential election was the country's first to include a runoff, which featured the top two vote-getters from the first round, Abdullah ABDULLAH and Ashraf GHANI. Throughout the summer of 2014, their campaigns disputed the results and traded accusations of fraud, leading to a US-led diplomatic intervention that included a full vote audit as well as political negotiations between the two camps. In September 2014, GHANI and ABDULLAH agreed to form the Government of National Unity, with GHANI inaugurated as President and ABDULLAH elevated to the newly-created position of chief executive officer. The day after the inauguration, the GHANI administration signed the US-Afghan Bilateral Security Agreement and NATO Status of Forces Agreement, which provide the legal basis for the post-2014 international military presence in Afghanistan. ++ Despite gains toward building a stable central government, the Taliban remains a serious challenge for the Afghan Government in almost every province. The Taliban still considers itself the rightful government of Afghanistan, and it remains a capable and confident insurgent force despite its last two spiritual leaders being killed; it continues to declare that it will pursue a peace deal with Kabul only after foreign military forces depart."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "almost six time the size of Virginia; slightly smaller than Texas",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "almost six times the size of Virginia; slightly smaller than Texas"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -51,12 +48,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "mostly rugged mountains; plains in north and southwest"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Amu Darya 258 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "1,884 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Noshak 7,485 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Amu Darya 258 m ++ highest point: Noshak 7,485 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -74,18 +71,7 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "21,760 sq km (2011)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "65.33 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "20.28 cu km/yr (1%/1%/98%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "823.1 cu m/yr (2005)"
}
"text": "32,080 sq km (2012)"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains; flooding; droughts"
@ -106,6 +92,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "33,332,025 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Afghan(s)"
@ -129,27 +118,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Muslim 99.7% (Sunni 84.7 - 89.7%, Shia 10 - 15%), other 0.3% (2009 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "32,564,342 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "41.47% (male 6,861,021/female 6,644,780)"
"text": "41.03% (male 6,947,939/female 6,728,983)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "22.41% (male 3,716,738/female 3,579,701)"
"text": "22.49% (male 3,816,369/female 3,678,657)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "29.69% (male 4,928,181/female 4,741,601)"
"text": "30.01% (male 5,095,905/female 4,907,019)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "3.88% (male 621,970/female 641,307)"
"text": "3.9% (male 640,813/female 660,121)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "2.55% (male 384,267/female 444,776) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "2.57% (male 396,124/female 460,095) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -168,26 +151,26 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "18.4 years"
"text": "18.6 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "18.3 years"
"text": "18.5 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "18.4 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "18.6 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "2.32% (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.34% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "38.57 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "38.3 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "13.89 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "13.7 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-1.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "-1.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -220,7 +203,13 @@
"text": "0.86 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "1.03 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.03 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "20.1",
"note": {
"text": "median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
@ -228,34 +217,34 @@
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "115.08 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "112.8 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "122.64 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "120.3 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "107.15 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "105 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "50.87 years"
"text": "51.3 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "49.52 years"
"text": "49.9 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "52.29 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "52.7 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "5.33 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "5.22 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "21.2% (2010/11)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "8.1% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "8.2% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "0.27 physicians/1,000 population (2013)"
@ -280,13 +269,13 @@
}
},
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "0.04% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.04% (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
"text": "6,700 (2014 est.)"
"text": "6,900 (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
"text": "300 (2014 est.)"
"text": "300 (2015 est.)"
},
"Major infectious diseases": {
"degree of risk": {
@ -296,13 +285,7 @@
"text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever"
},
"vectorborne diseases": {
"text": "malaria"
},
"animal contact disease": {
"text": "rabies"
},
"note": {
"text": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)"
"text": "malaria (2016)"
}
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
@ -327,13 +310,13 @@
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
"text": "9 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "11 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "13 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "7 years (2011)"
"text": "8 years (2014)"
}
},
"Child labor - children ages 5-14": {
@ -365,12 +348,12 @@
"former": {
"text": "Republic of Afghanistan"
},
"note": {
"text": "the name \"Afghan\" originally refered to the Pashtun people (today it is understood to include all the country's ethnic groups), while the suffix \"-stan\" means \"place of\" or \"country\"; so Afghanistan literally means the Land of the Afghans"
"etymology": {
"text": "the name \"Afghan\" originally refered to the Pashtun people (today it is understood to include all the country's ethnic groups), while the suffix \"-stan\" means \"place of\" or \"country\"; so Afghanistan literally means the \"Land of the Afghans\""
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "Islamic republic"
"text": "presidential Islamic republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -393,7 +376,7 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 19 August (1919)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest drafted 14 December 2003 - 4 January 2004, signed 16 January 2004, ratified 26 January 2004 (2015)"
"text": "several previous; latest drafted 14 December 2003 - 4 January 2004, signed 16 January 2004, ratified 26 January 2004 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "mixed legal system of civil, customary, and Islamic law"
@ -402,14 +385,17 @@
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": "no, unless at least one parent was born and has continuously lived in Afghanistan"
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must have been born in - and continuously lived in - Afghanistan"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": "five years"
"text": "5 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
@ -417,7 +403,7 @@
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Ashraf GHANI Ahmadzai (since 29 September 2014 ); CEO Abdullah ABDULLAH (since 29 September 2014); First Vice President Abdul Rashid DOSTAM (since 29 September 2014 ); Second Vice President Sarwar DANESH (since 29 September 2014); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government"
"text": "President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Ashraf GHANI Ahmadzai (since 29 September 2014); CEO Abdullah ABDULLAH (since 29 September 2014); First Vice President Abdul Rashid DOSTAM (since 29 September 2014); Second Vice President Sarwar DANESH (since 29 September 2014); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Ashraf GHANI Ahmadzai (since 29 September 2014 ); CEO Abdullah ABDULLAH (since 29 September 2014); First Vice President Abdul Rashid DOSTAM (since 29 September 2014 ); Second Vice President Sarwar DANESH (since 29 September 2014)"
@ -434,21 +420,21 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "the bicameral National Assembly consists of the Meshrano Jirga or House of Elders (102 seats; 34 members indirectly elected by district councils to serve 3-year terms, 34 indirectly elected by provincial councils to serve 4-year terms, and 34 nominated by the president of which 17 must be women, 2 must represent the disabled, and 2 must be Kuchi nomads; members serve 5-year terms) and the Wolesi Jirga or House of People (no more than 250 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms)"
"text": "bicameral National Assembly consists of the Meshrano Jirga or House of Elders (102 seats; 34 members indirectly elected by district councils to serve 3-year terms, 34 indirectly elected by provincial councils to serve 4-year terms, and 34 nominated by the president of which 17 must be women, 2 must represent the disabled, and 2 must be Kuchi nomads; members serve 5-year terms) and the Wolesi Jirga or House of People (249 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms)"
},
"note": {
"text": "the constitution allows the government to convene a constitutional Loya Jirga (Grand Council) on issues of independence, national sovereignty, and territorial integrity; it can amend the provisions of the constitution and prosecute the president; it is made up of members of the National Assembly and chairpersons of the provincial and district councils; no Loya Jirga of this type has ever been held, and district councils have never been elected"
"text": "the constitution allows the government to convene a constitutional Loya Jirga (Grand Council) on issues of independence, national sovereignty, and territorial integrity; it can amend the provisions of the constitution and prosecute the president; it is made up of members of the National Assembly and chairpersons of the provincial and district councils; no Loya Jirga has ever been held, and district councils have never been elected"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 18 September 2010 (next expected in 2015)"
"text": "last held on 15 October 2016 (next to be held in October 2021)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "results by party - NA; note - ethnicity is the main factor influencing political alliances; approximate percentage of seats by ethnic group - Pashtun 39%, Hazara 24%, Tajik 21%, Uzbek 6%, other 10% (including Aimak, Arab, Baloch, Nuristani, Pahhai, Turkmen, Turkic); women hold 69 seats"
"text": "results by party - NA; seats by party - NA"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
"highest court(s)": {
"text": "Supreme Court or Stera Mahkama (consists of the Supreme Court Chief and 8 justices organized into criminal, public security, civil, and commercial divisions or dewans)"
"text": "Supreme Court or Stera Mahkama (consists of the supreme court chief and 8 justices organized into criminal, public security, civil, and commercial divisions or dewans)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "court chief and justices appointed by the president with the approval of the Wolesi Jirga; court chief and justices serve single 10-year terms"
@ -466,11 +452,11 @@
}
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "ADB, CP, ECO, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE (partner), SAARC, SACEP, SCO (dialogue member), SICA (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)"
"text": "ADB, CICA, CP, ECO, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE (partner), SAARC, SACEP, SCO (dialogue member), UN, UNAMA, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "ambassador Hamdullah MOHIB (since 17 September 2015)"
"text": "Ambassador Hamdullah MOHIB (since 17 September 2015)"
},
"chancery": {
"text": "2341 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008"
@ -519,58 +505,58 @@
"text": "Abdul Bari JAHANI/Babrak WASA"
},
"note": {
"text": "adopted 2006; the 2004 constitution of the post-Taliban government mandated that a new national anthem should be written containing the phrase \"Allahu Akbar\" (God is Great) and mentioning the names of Afghanistan's ethnic groups"
"text": "adopted 2006; the 2004 constitution of the post-Taliban government mandated that a new national anthem should be written containing the phrase \"Allahu Akbar\" (God is Greatest) and mentioning the names of Afghanistan's ethnic groups"
}
}
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Afghanistan's economy is recovering from decades of conflict. The economy has improved significantly since the fall of the Taliban regime in 2001 largely because of the infusion of international assistance, the recovery of the agricultural sector, and service sector growth. Despite the progress of the past few years, Afghanistan is extremely poor, landlocked, and highly dependent on foreign aid. Much of the population continues to suffer from shortages of housing, clean water, electricity, medical care, and jobs. Criminality, insecurity, weak governance, lack of infrastructure, and the Afghan Government's difficulty in extending rule of law to all parts of the country pose challenges to future economic growth. Afghanistan's living standards are among the lowest in the world. The international community remains committed to Afghanistan's development, pledging over $67 billion at nine donors' conferences between 2003-10. In July 2012, the donors at the Tokyo conference pledged an additional $16 billion in civilian aid through 2015. Despite this help, the Government of Afghanistan will need to overcome a number of challenges, including low revenue collection, anemic job creation, high levels of corruption, weak government capacity, and poor public infrastructure. Afghanistan's growth rate slowed markedly in 2014. Newly elected President Ashraf GHANI is dedicated to instituting economic reforms. However, the drawdown of international security forces that occurred in 2014 will negatively affect economic growth, as a substantial portion of commerce, especially in the services sector, has catered to the ongoing international troop presence in the country."
"text": "Afghanistan's economy is recovering from decades of conflict. The economy has improved significantly since the fall of the Taliban regime in 2001 largely because of the infusion of international assistance, the recovery of the agricultural sector, and service sector growth. Despite the progress of the past few years, Afghanistan is extremely poor, landlocked, and highly dependent on foreign aid. Much of the population continues to suffer from shortages of housing, clean water, electricity, medical care, and jobs. Criminality, insecurity, weak governance, lack of infrastructure, and the Afghan Government's difficulty in extending rule of law to all parts of the country pose challenges to future economic growth. Afghanistan's living standards are among the lowest in the world. ++ ++ The international community remains committed to Afghanistan's development, pledging over $67 billion at nine donors' conferences between 2003 and 2010. In July 2012, the donors at the Tokyo conference pledged an additional $16 billion in civilian aid through 2015. Despite this help, the Government of Afghanistan will need to overcome a number of challenges, including low revenue collection, anemic job creation, high levels of corruption, weak government capacity, and poor public infrastructure. ++ ++ Afghanistan's growth rate slowed markedly in 2014-15. The drawdown of international security forces that started in 2014 has negatively affected economic growth, as a substantial portion of commerce, especially in the services sector, has catered to the ongoing international troop presence in the country. Afghan President Ashraf GHANI Ahmadzai is dedicated to instituting economic reforms to include improving revenue collection and fighting corruption. However, the reforms will take time to implement and Afghanistan will remain dependent on international donor support over the next several years."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$60.81 billion (2014 est.) ++ $60.04 billion (2013 est.) ++ $57.77 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$62.01 billion (2015 est.) ++ $61.54 billion (2014 est.) ++ $60.76 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$20.44 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$19.69 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1.3% (2014 est.) ++ 3.9% (2013 est.) ++ 14% (2012 est.)"
"text": "0.8% (2015 est.) ++ 1.3% (2014 est.) ++ 3.9% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$1,900 (2014 est.) ++ $1,900 (2013 est.) ++ $1,800 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$1,900 (2015 est.) ++ $2,000 (2014 est.) ++ $2,000 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "27.4% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 30% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 31.4% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "23.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 20% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 31.8% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "108.7%"
"text": "108.6%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "12.8%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "15.8%"
"text": "18.2%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "6.5%"
"text": "6.6%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-43.9% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-46.2% (2014 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "23.9%"
"text": "24%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "21%"
@ -583,7 +569,7 @@
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
"text": "opium, wheat, fruits, nuts; wool, mutton, sheepskins, lambskins"
"text": "opium, wheat, fruits, nuts; wool, mutton, sheepskins, lambskins, poppies"
},
"Industries": {
"text": "small-scale production of bricks, textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer, apparel, food products, non-alcoholic beverages, mineral water, cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, coal, copper"
@ -592,7 +578,7 @@
"text": "1.2% (2014 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "7.512 million (2012 est.)"
"text": "7.983 million (2013 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -609,7 +595,7 @@
"text": "35% (2008 est.) ++ 40% (2005 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "36% (FY08/09 est.)"
"text": "35.8% (2011 est.)"
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
"lowest 10%": {
@ -621,26 +607,26 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$4.91 billion"
"text": "$1.7 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$5.037 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$6.639 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "24% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "8.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-0.6% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "-23.7% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "21 December - 20 December"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "4.7% (2014 est.) ++ 7.4% (2013 est.)"
"text": "-1.5% (2015 est.) ++ 4.7% (2014 est.)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "15% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 15.08% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "15% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 15% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$6.644 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $6.192 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
@ -655,10 +641,10 @@
"text": "$NA"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$1.252 billion (2014 est.) ++ $1.502 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$925 million (2015 est.) ++ $481 million (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$2.679 billion (2013 est.) ++ $2.785 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$658 million (2014 est.) ++ $2.679 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "not including illicit exports or reexports"
}
@ -667,28 +653,42 @@
"text": "opium, fruits and nuts, handwoven carpets, wool, cotton, hides and pelts, precious and semi-precious gems"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "India 33.5%, Pakistan 27%, US 8.7%, Tajikistan 7.1%, Germany 4.2% (2014)"
"text": "India 42.3%, Pakistan 29%, Tajikistan 7.6% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$12.19 billion (2013 est.) ++ $11.66 billion (2012 est.)"
"text": "$7.004 billion (2014 est.) ++ $12.19 billion (2013 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and other capital goods, food, textiles, petroleum products"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Pakistan 30.4%, Russia 13%, US 10.7%, India 6.1%, China 5.4%, Turkmenistan 4.8%, Kazakhstan 4.6% (2014)"
"text": "Pakistan 38.6%, India 8.9%, US 8.3%, Turkmenistan 6.2%, China 6%, Kazakhstan 5.9%, Azerbaijan 4.9% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$6.681 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $6.443 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$6.232 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $6.681 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$6.681 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $6.443 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.28 billion (FY10/11) ++ $2.7 billion (FY08/09)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "afghanis (AFA) per US dollar - ++ 57.25 (2014 est.) ++ 57.25 (2013 est.) ++ 46.75 (2011 est.) ++ 46.45 (2010)"
"text": "afghanis (AFA) per US dollar - ++ 61.14 (2015 est.) ++ 57.25 (2014 est.) ++ 57.25 (2013 est.) ++ 46.75 (2011 est.) ++ 46.45 (2010)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"population without electricity": {
"text": "18,999,254"
},
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "43%"
},
"electrification - urban areas": {
"text": "83%"
},
"electrification - rural areas": {
"text": "32% (2012)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "884.1 million kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -762,18 +762,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "100,000"
"text": "110,000"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "less than 1 (2014 est.)"
"text": "less than 1 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "23.4 million"
"text": "19.709 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "74 (2014 est.)"
"text": "61 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -790,31 +790,42 @@
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state-owned broadcaster, Radio Television Afghanistan (RTA), operates a series of radio and television stations in Kabul and the provinces; an estimated 150 private radio stations, 50 TV stations, and about a dozen international broadcasters are available (2007)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "48 (station types NA) (2009)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "16 (1 state-run station and 15 registered private stations) (2009)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".af"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "1.9 million"
"text": "2.69 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "5.9% (2014 est.)"
"text": "8.3% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "4"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "20"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "1,929,907"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "33,102,038 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "YA (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "52 (2013)"
"text": "43 (2016)"
},
"Airports - with paved runways": {
"total": {
"text": "23"
"text": "25"
},
"over 3,047 m": {
"text": "4"
@ -823,30 +834,30 @@
"text": "4"
},
"1,524 to 2,437 m": {
"text": "11"
"text": "14"
},
"914 to 1,523 m": {
"text": "2"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": "2 (2013)"
"text": "1 (2013)"
}
},
"Airports - with unpaved runways": {
"total": {
"text": "29"
"text": "18"
},
"2,438 to 3,047 m": {
"text": "4"
"text": "1"
},
"1,524 to 2,437 m": {
"text": "13"
"text": "8"
},
"914 to 1,523 m": {
"text": "6"
"text": "4"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 6 (2013)"
"text": "5 (2016)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -875,55 +886,31 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Afghan National Security Forces: Afghan National Army, Afghan Air Force, Afghan National Police, Afghan Local Police (2015)"
"text": "Afghan National Security Forces: Afghan National Army, Afghan Air Force, Afghan National Police, Afghan Local Police (2016)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "7,056,339"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "6,653,419 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "4,050,222"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "3,797,087 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "392,116"
},
"female": {
"text": "370,295 (2010 est.)"
}
"text": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2016)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "NA% (2012) ++ 4.74% of GDP (2011) ++ NA% (2010)"
"text": "28.09% of GDP (2016) ++ 4.74% of GDP (2011)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "Afghan, Coalition, and Pakistan military meet periodically to clarify the alignment of the boundary on the ground and on maps; Afghan and Iranian commissioners have discussed boundary monument densification and resurvey; Iran protests Afghanistan's restricting flow of dammed Helmand River tributaries during drought; Pakistan has sent troops across and built fences along some remote tribal areas of its treaty-defined Durand Line border with Afghanistan which serve as bases for foreign terrorists and other illegal activities; Russia remains concerned about the smuggling of poppy derivatives from Afghanistan through Central Asian countries"
"text": "Afghan, Coalition, and Pakistan military meet periodically to clarify the alignment of the boundary on the ground and on maps and since 2014 have met to discuss collaboration on the Taliban insurgency and counterterrorism efforts; Afghan and Iranian commissioners have discussed boundary monument densification and resurvey; Iran protests Afghanistan's restricting flow of dammed Helmand River tributaries during drought; Pakistan has sent troops across and built fences along some remote tribal areas of its treaty-defined Durand Line border with Afghanistan which serve as bases for foreign terrorists and other illegal activities; Russia remains concerned about the smuggling of poppy derivatives from Afghanistan through Central Asian countries"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "241,641 (Pakistan) (2015)"
"text": "257,523 (Pakistan) (2015)"
},
"IDPs": {
"text": "948,000 (mostly Pashtuns and Kuchis displaced in the south and west due to drought and instability) (2015)"
"text": "1,174,306 (mostly Pashtuns and Kuchis displaced in the south and west due to drought and political instability) (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "world's largest producer of opium; poppy cultivation increased 7 percent, to a record 211,000 hectares in 2014 from 198,000 hectares in 2013 while eradication dropped sharply; relatively low opium yields due to poor weather kept potential opium production—6,300 metric tons—below the record set in 2007; the Taliban and other antigovernment groups participate in and profit from the opiate trade, which is a key source of revenue for the Taliban inside Afghanistan; widespread corruption and instability impede counterdrug efforts; most of the heroin consumed in Europe and Eurasia is derived from Afghan opium; Afghanistan is also struggling to respond to a burgeoning domestic opiate addiction problem; vulnerable to drug money laundering through informal financial networks; illicit cultivation of cannabis and regional source of hashish "
"text": "world's largest producer of opium; poppy cultivation increased 7 percent, to a record 211,000 hectares in 2014 from 198,000 hectares in 2013, while eradication dropped sharply; relatively low opium yields due to poor weather kept potential opium production - 6,300 metric tons - below the record set in 2007; the Taliban and other antigovernment groups participate in and profit from the opiate trade, which is a key source of revenue for the Taliban inside Afghanistan; widespread corruption and instability impede counterdrug efforts; most of the heroin consumed in Europe and Eurasia is derived from Afghan opium; Afghanistan is also struggling to respond to a burgeoning domestic opiate addiction problem; vulnerable to drug money laundering through informal financial networks; illicit cultivation of cannabis and regional source of hashish "
}
}
}

318
south-asia/bg.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Muslim conversions and settlement in the region now referred to as Bangladesh began in the 10th century, primarily from Arab and Persian traders and preachers. Europeans began to set up trading posts in the area in the 16th century. Eventually the area known as Bengal, primarily Hindu in the western section and mostly Muslim in the eastern half, became part of British India. Partition in 1947 resulted in an eastern wing of Pakistan in the Muslim-majority area, which became East Pakistan. Calls for greater autonomy and animosity between the eastern and western wings of Pakistan led to a Bengali independence movement. That movement, led by the Awami League (AL) and supported by India, won independence for Bangladesh in a brief war in 1971, during which at least 300,000 civilians died. ++ The post-independence, AL government faced daunting challenges and in 1975 was overthrown by the military, triggering a series of military coups that resulted in a military-backed government and subsequent creation of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP). That government also ended in a coup in 1981, followed by military-backed rule until democratic elections in 1991. The BNP and AL alternated in power between 1991 and 2013, with the exception of a military-backed, emergency caretaker regime that suspended parliamentary elections planned for January 2007 in an effort to reform the political system and root out corruption. That government returned the country to fully democratic rule in December 2008 with the election of the AL and Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA. In January 2014, the incumbent AL won the national election by an overwhelming majority after the BNP boycotted, extending HASINA's term as prime minister. With the help of international development assistance, Bangladesh has made great progress in food security since independence, and the economy has grown at an annual average of about 6% over the last two decades."
"text": "Muslim conversions and settlement in the region now referred to as Bangladesh began in the 10th century, primarily from Arab and Persian traders and preachers. Europeans established trading posts in the area in the 16th century. Eventually the area known as Bengal, primarily Hindu in the western section and mostly Muslim in the eastern half, became part of British India. Partition in 1947 resulted in an eastern wing of Pakistan in the Muslim-majority area, which became East Pakistan. Calls for greater autonomy and animosity between the eastern and western wings of Pakistan led to a Bengali independence movement. That movement, led by the Awami League (AL) and supported by India, won the independence war for Bangladesh in 1971, during which at least 300,000 civilians died. ++ The post-independence AL government faced daunting challenges and in 1975 was overthrown by the military, triggering a series of military coups that resulted in a military-backed government and subsequent creation of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) in 1978. That government also ended in a coup in 1981, followed by military-backed rule until democratic elections occurred in 1991. The BNP and AL alternated in power between 1991 and 2013, with the exception of a military-backed, emergency caretaker regime that suspended parliamentary elections planned for January 2007 in an effort to reform the political system and root out corruption. That government returned the country to fully democratic rule in December 2008 with the election of the AL and Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA. In January 2014, the incumbent AL won the national election by an overwhelming majority after the BNP boycotted, extending HASINA's term as prime minister. With the help of international development assistance, Bangladesh has reduced the poverty rate from over half of the population to less than a third, achieved Millennium Development Goals for maternal and child health, and made great progress in food security since independence. The economy has grown at an annual average of about 6% over the last two decades and the country reached World Bank lower-middle income status in 2015."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -59,12 +59,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in southeast"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Indian Ocean 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "85 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Keokradong 1,230 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m ++ highest point: Keokradong 1,230 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -82,18 +82,7 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "50,500 sq km (2008)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "1,227 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "35.87 cu km/yr (10%/2%/88%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "238.3 cu m/yr (2008)"
}
"text": "53,000 sq km (2012)"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "droughts; cyclones; much of the country routinely inundated during the summer monsoon season"
@ -114,6 +103,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "156,186,882 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Bangladeshi(s)"
@ -125,7 +117,7 @@
"Ethnic groups": {
"text": "Bengali at least 98%, ethnic groups 1.1%",
"note": {
"text": "Bangladesh's goverment recognizes 27 ethnic groups under the 2010 Cultural Institution for Small Anthropological Groups Act; other sources estimate there are about 75 ethnic groups; critics of the 2011 census claim that it underestimates the size of Bangladesh's ethnic population (2011 est.)"
"text": "Bangladesh's government recognizes 27 ethnic groups under the 2010 Cultural Institution for Small Anthropological Groups Act; other sources estimate there are about 75 ethnic groups; critics of the 2011 census claim that it underestimates the size of Bangladesh's ethnic population (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Languages": {
@ -134,32 +126,26 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Muslim 89.1%, Hindu 10%, other 0.9% (includes Buddhist, Christian) (2013 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "168,957,745 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "31.62% (male 27,115,731/female 26,311,130)"
"text": "28.27% (male 22,456,564/female 21,695,491)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "18.86% (male 14,976,910/female 16,880,807)"
"text": "19.53% (male 15,261,363/female 15,247,635)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "38.27% (male 30,608,224/female 34,053,744)"
"text": "39.39% (male 29,565,250/female 31,951,537)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "6.12% (male 5,196,932/female 5,150,199)"
"text": "6.77% (male 5,232,828/female 5,342,822)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "5.13% (male 4,258,664/female 4,405,404) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "6.04% (male 4,493,557/female 4,939,835) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
"total dependency ratio": {
"text": "52.2%"
"text": "52.5%"
},
"youth dependency ratio": {
"text": "44.9%"
@ -173,26 +159,26 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "24.7 years"
"text": "26.3 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "24.2 years"
"text": "25.6 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "25.1 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "26.9 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "1.6% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.05% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "21.14 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "19 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "5.61 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "5.3 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "0.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "-3.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -210,22 +196,28 @@
"text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
},
"0-14 years": {
"text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "0.89 male(s)/female"
"text": "1 male(s)/female"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "0.9 male(s)/female"
"text": "0.93 male(s)/female"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
"text": "0.98 male(s)/female"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "0.97 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.97 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "18.5",
"note": {
"text": "median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2014 est.)"
}
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
@ -233,34 +225,34 @@
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "44.09 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "32.9 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "46.56 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "35.2 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "41.53 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "30.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "70.94 years"
"text": "73.2 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "69.02 years"
"text": "71 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "72.94 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "75.4 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "2.4 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.19 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "61.2% (2011)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "3.7% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "2.8% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "0.36 physicians/1,000 population (2011)"
@ -285,13 +277,13 @@
}
},
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "0.01% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.01% (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
"text": "8,900 (2014 est.)"
"text": "9,600 (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
"text": "700 (2014 est.)"
"text": "900 (2015 est.)"
},
"Major infectious diseases": {
"degree of risk": {
@ -307,20 +299,17 @@
"text": "leptospirosis"
},
"animal contact disease": {
"text": "rabies"
},
"note": {
"text": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)"
"text": "rabies (2016)"
}
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "3.3% (2014)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "35.1% (2013)"
"text": "32.6% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "2.2% of GDP (2009)"
"text": "2% of GDP (2013)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -357,13 +346,13 @@
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "9.3%"
"text": "8.7%"
},
"male": {
"text": "8%"
"text": "8.3%"
},
"female": {
"text": "13.6% (2005 est.)"
"text": "9.2% (2010 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -384,12 +373,12 @@
"former": {
"text": "East Bengal, East Pakistan"
},
"note": {
"text": "the name - a compound of the Bengali words \"Bangla\" (Bengal) and \"desh\" (country) - means Country of Bengal"
"etymology": {
"text": "the name - a compound of the Bengali words \"Bangla\" (Bengal) and \"desh\" (country) - means \"Country of Bengal\""
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "parliamentary democracy"
"text": "parliamentary republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -403,16 +392,16 @@
}
},
"Administrative divisions": {
"text": "7 divisions; Barisal, Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Sylhet"
"text": "8 divisions; Barisal, Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna, Mymensingh, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Sylhet"
},
"Independence": {
"text": "16 December 1971 (from West Pakistan)"
},
"National holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day, 26 March (1971); Victory Day, 16 December (1971); note - March 1971 is the date of the Awami League's declaration of an independent Bangladesh, and 16 December, known as Victory Day, memorializes the military victory over Pakistan and the official creation of the state of Bangladesh"
"text": "Independence Day, 26 March (1971); Victory Day, 16 December (1971); note - 26 March 1971 is the date of the Awami League's declaration of an independent Bangladesh, and 16 December, known as Victory Day, memorializes the military victory over Pakistan and the official creation of the state of Bangladesh"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1935, 1956, 1962 (preindependence); latest enacted 4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972, suspended March 1982, restored November 1986; amended many times, last in 2014 (2015)"
"text": "previous 1935, 1956, 1962 (preindependence); latest enacted 4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972, suspended March 1982, restored November 1986; amended many times, last in 2014 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "mixed legal system of mostly English common law and Islamic law"
@ -421,8 +410,11 @@
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": "no, unless one parent was a citizen of Bangladesh"
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Bangladesh"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes, but limited to select countries"
@ -439,13 +431,13 @@
"text": "President Abdul HAMID (since 24 April 2013); note - Abdul HAMID served as acting president following the death of Zillur RAHMAN in March 2013; HAMID was subsequently indirectly elected by the National Parliament and sworn in 24 April 2013"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA (since 6 January 2009; reappointed 5 January 2014)"
"text": "Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA (since 6 January 2009)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet selected by the prime minister, appointed by the president"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president indirectly elected by the National Parliament for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 April 2013 (next must be held by 2018); the president appoints as prime minister the majority party leader in the National Parliament"
"text": "president indirectly elected by the National Parliament for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 April 2013 (next to be held by 2018); the president appoints as prime minister the majority party leader in the National Parliament"
},
"election results": {
"text": "President Abdul HAMID (AL) elected by the National Parliament unopposed; Sheikh HASINA reappointed prime minister as leader of the majority AL party"
@ -453,13 +445,13 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "unicameral National Parliament or Jatiya Sangsad (300 seats including 45 reserved for women; members directly elected in single territorial constituencies by simple majority vote; members serve 5-year terms)"
"text": "unicameral House of the Nation or Jatiya Sangsad (350 seats; 300 members in single-seat territorial constituencies directly elected by simple majority popular vote; 50 members - reserved for women only - indirectly elected by the elected members by proportional representation vote using the single transferable vote method; all members serve 5-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 5 January 2014 (next to be held by January 2019); note - the 5 January 2014 poll was marred by widespread violence, boycotts, general strikes, and low voter turnout"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party - AL-led Alliance 79%, JP (Ershad) 11.3%, WP 2.1%, JSD 1.8%, other parties 0.9%, independent 4.7%; seats by party - AL 234, JP 34, WP 6, JSD 5, other parties 5, independent 15; 1 seat repolled"
"text": "percent of vote by party - AL-led Alliance 79%, JP (Ershad) 11.3%, WP 2.1%, JSD 1.8%, other parties 1.0%, independent 4.8%; seats by party - AL 234, JP 34, WP 6, JSD 5, other 5, independent 15; 1 seat repolled"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -470,7 +462,7 @@
"text": "chief justice and justices appointed by the president; justices serve until retirement at age 67"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "civil courts include: Assistant Judge's Court; Joint District Judge's Court; Additional District Judge's Court; District Judge's Court; criminal courts include: Court of Sessions; Court of Metropolitan Sessions; special courts/tribunals; Metropolitan Magistrate Courts; Magistrate Court"
"text": "subordinate courts: civil courts include: Assistant Judge's Court; Joint District Judge's Court; Additional District Judge's Court; District Judge's Court; criminal courts include: Court of Sessions; Court of Metropolitan Sessions; Metropolitan Magistrate Courts; Magistrate Court; special courts/tribunals"
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
@ -479,7 +471,7 @@
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Ain o Salish Kendro (Centre for Law and Mediation) or ASK (legal aid and civil rights) ++ Bangladesh Center for Worker Solidarity ++ Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee or BRAC ++ Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry ++ Ministry of Women's and Children's Affairs or MoWCA (advocacy group to end gender-based violence) ++ Odikhar (human rights group)",
"other": {
"text": "associations of madrassa teachers; business associations, including those intended to promote international trade; development and advocacy NGOs associated with the Grameen Bank; environmentalists; Islamist groups; labor rights advocacy groups; NGOs focused on poverty, alleviation, and socioeconomic international trade; religious leaders; tribal groups and advocacy organizations; union leaders"
"text": "associations of madrassa teachers; business associations, including those intended to promote international trade; development and advocacy NGOs associated with the Grameen Bank; environmentalists; Islamist groups; labor rights advocacy groups; NGOs focused on poverty alleviation, and international trade; religious leaders; tribal groups and advocacy organizations; union leaders"
}
},
"International organization participation": {
@ -539,58 +531,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Bangladesh's economy has grown roughly 6% per year since 1996 despite political instability, poor infrastructure, corruption, insufficient power supplies, slow implementation of economic reforms, and the 2008-09 global financial crisis and recession. Although more than half of GDP is generated through the service sector, almost half of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector with rice as the single-most-important product. Garment exports, the backbone of Bangladesh's industrial sector, accounted for more than 80% of total exports and surpassed $18 billion in 2014. The sector has remained resilient in recent years amidst a series of factory accidents that have killed over 1,000 workers and crippling strikes that shut down virtually all economic activity. Steady garment export growth combined with remittances from overseas Bangladeshis - which totaled $14 billion and 8% of GDP in 2014 - are the largest contributors to Bangladesh's current account surplus and rising foreign exchange holdings."
"text": "Bangladesh's economy has grown roughly 6% per year since 1996 despite political instability, poor infrastructure, corruption, insufficient power supplies, slow implementation of economic reforms, and the 2008-09 global financial crisis and recession. Although more than half of GDP is generated through the services sector, almost half of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector, with rice as the single-most-important product. ++ ++ Garment exports, the backbone of Bangladesh's industrial sector, accounted for more than 80% of total exports and surpassed $25 billion in 2015. The sector continues to grow, despite a series of factory accidents that have killed more than 1,000 workers, and crippling strikes, including a nationwide transportation blockade implemented by the political opposition during the first several months of 2015. Steady garment export growth combined with remittances from overseas Bangladeshis - which totaled about $15 billion and 8% of GDP in 2015 - are the largest contributors to Bangladesh's sustained economic growth and rising foreign exchange reserves."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$536.5 billion (2014 est.) ++ $504.7 billion (2013 est.) ++ $476 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$580.1 billion (2015 est.) ++ $543.1 billion (2014 est.) ++ $510.8 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$183.8 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$206.5 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "6.3% (2014 est.) ++ 6% (2013 est.) ++ 6.3% (2012 est.)"
"text": "6.8% (2015 est.) ++ 6.3% (2014 est.) ++ 6% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$3,400 (2014 est.) ++ $3,200 (2013 est.) ++ $3,000 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$3,600 (2015 est.) ++ $3,400 (2014 est.) ++ $3,300 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "29.1% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 29.8% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 30.2% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "29.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 29.1% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 29.8% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "71.4%"
"text": "72.4%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "5.2%"
"text": "5.4%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "28.7%"
"text": "28.9%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.2%"
"text": "0.7%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "19.8%"
"text": "17.3%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-25.2% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-24.7% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "15.9%"
"text": "15.5%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "27.9%"
"text": "28.1%"
},
"services": {
"text": "56.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "56.3% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -600,12 +592,12 @@
"text": "jute, cotton, garments, paper, leather, fertilizer, iron and steel, cement, petroleum products, tobacco, pharmaceuticals, ceramics, tea, salt, sugar, edible oils, soap and detergent, fabricated metal products, electricity, natural gas"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "8.4% (2014 est.)"
"text": "9.7% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "80.27 million",
"text": "81.95 million",
"note": {
"text": "extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Qatar, and Malaysia; workers' remittances were $10.9 billion in FY09/10 (2014 est.)"
"text": "extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Qatar, and Malaysia; workers' remittances were $15 billion in 2015, 8% of GDP (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
@ -620,7 +612,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "5% (2014 est.) ++ 5% (2013 est.)",
"text": "4.9% (2015 est.) ++ 5% (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "about 40% of the population is underemployed; many persons counted as employed work only a few hours a week and at low wages"
}
@ -641,83 +633,97 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$20.19 billion"
"text": "$20.96 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$27.86 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$30.75 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "11% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "10.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-4.2% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-4.8% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "24% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 27.3% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "31.9% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 27.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "1 July - 30 June"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "7% (2014 est.) ++ 7.5% (2013 est.)"
"text": "6.4% (2015 est.) ++ 7% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "5% (31 December 2010) ++ 5% (31 December 2009)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "13% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 13% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "11.71% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 12.95% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$19.01 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $16.54 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$21.44 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $18.99 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$98.43 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $84.11 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$107.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $95.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$101.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $89.32 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$113 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $103 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$41.73 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $17.48 billion (31 December 2012) ++ $23.55 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
"text": "$50.98 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $41.73 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $23.55 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$154 million (2014 est.) ++ $1.867 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.507 billion (2015 est.) ++ $1.701 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$29.93 billion (2014 est.) ++ $28.64 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$31.74 billion (2015 est.) ++ $29.92 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "garments, knitwear, agricultural products, frozen food (fish and seafood), jute and jute goods, leather"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "US 14.3%, Germany 13.6%, UK 7.9%, France 5.2%, Spain 4.3%, Italy 4.1% (2014)"
"text": "US 13.9%, Germany 12.9%, UK 8.9%, France 5%, Spain 4.7% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$40.1 billion (2014 est.) ++ $35 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$37.63 billion (2015 est.) ++ $37.41 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "cotton, machinery and equipment, chemicals, iron and steel, foodstuffs"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "China 18.8%, India 14.8%, Singapore 5.8%, Malaysia 4.2% (2014)"
"text": "China 22.4%, India 14.1%, Singapore 5.2% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$22.31 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $18.09 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$27.49 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $22.31 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$24.47 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $27.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$35.49 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $34.93 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$9.355 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $8.596 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$12.91 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $10.03 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$130 million (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $130 million (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$188 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $159 million (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "taka (BDT) per US dollar - ++ 77.614 (2014 est.) ++ 77.614 (2013 est.) ++ 81.86 (2012 est.) ++ 74.152 (2011 est.) ++ 69.649 (2010 est.)"
"text": "taka (BDT) per US dollar - ++ 77.947 (2015 est.) ++ 77.641 (2014 est.) ++ 77.614 (2013 est.) ++ 81.86 (2012 est.) ++ 74.152 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"population without electricity": {
"text": "60,300,000"
},
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "60%"
},
"electrification - urban areas": {
"text": "90%"
},
"electrification - rural areas": {
"text": "49% (2013)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "47.31 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -731,7 +737,7 @@
"text": "0 kWh (2013 est.)"
},
"Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
"text": "10.26 million kW (2013 est.)"
"text": "6.36 million kW (2013 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
"text": "97.7% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)"
@ -791,18 +797,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "1.09 million"
"text": "830,800"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "1 (2014 est.)"
"text": "less than 1 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "120.4 million"
"text": "133.72 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "72 (2014 est.)"
"text": "79 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -810,34 +816,45 @@
"text": "inadequate for a modern country; introducing digital systems; trunk systems include VHF and UHF microwave radio relay links, and some fiber-optic cable in cities"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "fixed-line teledensity remains only about 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone subscribership has been increasing rapidly and now exceeds 67 telephones per 100 persons"
"text": "fixed-line teledensity remains only about 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone subscribership has been increasing rapidly and now approaches 80 telephones per 100 persons"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 880; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-4 fiber-optic submarine cable system that provides links to Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; satellite earth stations - 6; international radiotelephone communications and landline service to neighboring countries (2011)"
"text": "country code - 880; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-4 fiber-optic submarine cable system that provides links to Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; satellite earth stations - 6; international radiotelephone communications and landline service to neighboring countries (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state-owned Bangladesh Television (BTV) operates 1 terrestrial TV station, 3 radio networks, and about 10 local stations; 8 private satellite TV stations and 3 private radio stations also broadcasting; foreign satellite TV stations are gaining audience share in the large cities; several international radio broadcasters are available (2007)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 17, FM 19, shortwave 2 (2009)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "17 (2009)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".bd"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "11.4 million"
"text": "24.33 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "6.9% (2014 est.)"
"text": "14.4% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "6"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "30"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "2,906,799"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "182,692,553 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "S2 (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "18 (2013)"
},
@ -869,7 +886,7 @@
"text": "1"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 1 (2013)"
"text": "1 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -932,48 +949,27 @@
"text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial waters of Bangladesh remain a risk for armed robbery against ships; in 2014, attacks against commercial vessels increased to 21 over 12 such incidents in 2013"
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Bangladesh Defense Force: Bangladesh Army (Sena Bahini), Bangladesh Navy (Noh Bahini, BN), Bangladesh Air Force (Biman Bahini, BAF) (2013)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "16-19 years of age for voluntary military service; Bangladeshi birth and 10th grade education required; initial obligation 15 years (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "36,520,491 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "30,486,086"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "35,616,093 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "1,606,963"
},
"female": {
"text": "1,689,442 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.15% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.35% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.44% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.35% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "1.09% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.15% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.35% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.44% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.35% of GDP (2010)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "Bangladesh referred its maritime boundary claims with Burma and India to the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea; Indian Prime Minister Singh's September 2011 visit to Bangladesh resulted in the signing of a Protocol to the 1974 Land Boundary Agreement between India and Bangladesh, which had called for the settlement of longstanding boundary disputes over undemarcated areas and the exchange of territorial enclaves, but which had never been implemented; Bangladesh struggles to accommodate 29,000 Rohingya, Burmese Muslim minority from Arakan State, living as refugees in Cox's Bazar; Burmese border authorities are constructing a 200 km (124 mi) wire fence designed to deter illegal cross-border transit and tensions from the military build-up along border"
"text": "Bangladesh referred its maritime boundary claims with Burma and India to the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea; Indian Prime Minister Singh's September 2011 visit to Bangladesh resulted in the signing of a Protocol to the 1974 Land Boundary Agreement between India and Bangladesh, which had called for the settlement of longstanding boundary disputes over undemarcated areas and the exchange of territorial enclaves, but which had never been implemented; Bangladesh struggles to accommodate 32,000 Rohingya, Burmese Muslim minority from Arakan State, living as refugees in Cox's Bazar; Burmese border authorities are constructing a 200 km (124 mi) wire fence designed to deter illegal cross-border transit and tensions from the military build-up along border"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "232,462 (Burma) (2014)"
"text": "231,948 (Burma) (2015)"
},
"IDPs": {
"text": "at least 431,000 (violence, human rights violations, religious persecution, natural disasters) (2015)"
"text": "426,000 (violence, human rights violations, religious persecution, natural disasters) (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

302
south-asia/bt.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "In 1865, Britain and Bhutan signed the Treaty of Sinchulu, under which Bhutan would receive an annual subsidy in exchange for ceding some border land to British India. Under British influence, a monarchy was set up in 1907; three years later, a treaty was signed whereby the British agreed not to interfere in Bhutanese internal affairs, and Bhutan allowed Britain to direct its foreign affairs. This role was assumed by independent India after 1947. Two years later, a formal Indo-Bhutanese accord returned to Bhutan the areas annexed by the British, formalized the annual subsidies the country received, and defined India's responsibilities in defense and foreign relations. ++ In March 2005, King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK unveiled the government's draft constitution - which introduced major democratic reforms - and pledged to hold a national referendum for its approval. In December 2006, the King abdicated the throne in favor of his son, Jigme Khesar Namgyel WANGCHUCK. In early 2007, India and Bhutan renegotiated their treaty, eliminating the clause that stated that Bhutan would be \"guided by\" India in conducting its foreign policy, although Thimphu continues to coordinate closely with New Delhi. Elections for seating the country's first parliament were completed in March 2008; the king ratified the country's first constitution in July 2008. Bhutan experienced a peaceful turnover of power following parliamentary elections in 2013, which routed the incumbent party. The disposition of some 23,000 Nepali Bhutanese refugees who fled or were forced out of Bhutan in the 1990s - housed in two UN refugee camps in Nepal - remains unresolved."
"text": "Following Britain’s victory in the 1865 Duar War, Britain and Bhutan signed the Treaty of Sinchulu, under which Bhutan would receive an annual subsidy in exchange for ceding land to British India. Ugyen WANGCHUCK - who had served as the de facto ruler of an increasingly unified Bhutan and had improved relations with the British toward the end of the 19th century - was named king in 1907. Three years later, a treaty was signed whereby the British agreed not to interfere in Bhutanese internal affairs, and Bhutan allowed Britain to direct its foreign affairs. Bhutan negotiated a similar arrangement with independent India after 1947. Two years later, a formal Indo-Bhutanese accord returned to Bhutan a small piece of the territory annexed by the British, formalized the annual subsidies the country received, and defined India's responsibilities in defense and foreign relations. Under a succession of modernizing monarchs beginning in the 1950s, Bhutan joined the UN in 1971 and slowly continued its engagement beyond its borders. ++ In March 2005, King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK unveiled the government's draft constitution - which introduced major democratic reforms - and held a national referendum for its approval. In December 2006, the King abdicated the throne in favor of his son, Jigme Khesar Namgyel WANGCHUCK. In early 2007, India and Bhutan renegotiated their treaty, eliminating the clause that stated that Bhutan would be \"guided by\" India in conducting its foreign policy, although Thimphu continues to coordinate closely with New Delhi. Elections for seating the country's first parliament were completed in March 2008; the king ratified the country's first constitution in July 2008. Bhutan experienced a peaceful turnover of power following parliamentary elections in 2013, which resulted in the defeat of the incumbent party. The disposition of some 18,000 refugees of the roughly 100,000 who fled or were forced out of Bhutan in the 1990s - and who are housed in two UN refugee camps in Nepal - remains unresolved."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -48,12 +48,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "mostly mountainous with some fertile valleys and savanna"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Drangeme Chhu 97 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "2,220 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Gangkar Puensum 7,570 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Drangeme Chhu 97 m ++ highest point: Gangkar Puensum 7,570 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -71,21 +71,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "319.1 sq km (2010)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "78 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "0.34 cu km/yr (5%/1%/94%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "458 cu m/yr (2008)"
}
"text": "320 sq km (2012)"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "violent storms from the Himalayas are the source of the country's name, which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon; frequent landslides during the rainy season"
"text": "violent storms from the Himalayas are the source of the country's Bhutanese name, which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon; frequent landslides during the rainy season"
},
"Environment - current issues": {
"text": "soil erosion; limited access to potable water"
@ -103,6 +92,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "750,125 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Bhutanese (singular and plural)"
@ -120,30 +112,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Lamaistic Buddhist 75.3%, Indian- and Nepalese-influenced Hinduism 22.1%, other 2.6% (2005 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "741,919",
"note": {
"text": "the Factbook population estimate is consistent with the first modern census of Bhutan, conducted in 2005; previous Factbook population estimates for Bhutan, which were on the order of three times the total population reported here, were based on Bhutanese Government publications that did not include the census (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "26.76% (male 101,418/female 97,132)"
"text": "26.27% (male 100,672/female 96,368)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "19.68% (male 74,373/female 71,600)"
"text": "19.21% (male 73,398/female 70,704)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "41.6% (male 164,520/female 144,089)"
"text": "42.39% (male 169,079/female 148,873)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "5.85% (male 23,271/female 20,144)"
"text": "5.94% (male 23,869/female 20,656)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "6.12% (male 23,754/female 21,618) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "6.2% (male 24,301/female 22,205) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -162,26 +145,26 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "26.7 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "27.2 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "27.7 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "26.1 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "26.6 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "1.11% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.09% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "17.78 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "17.5 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "6.69 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "6.6 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -214,7 +197,7 @@
"text": "1.1 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "1.09 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.09 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
@ -222,34 +205,34 @@
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "35.91 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "33.9 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "36.27 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "34.2 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "35.53 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "33.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "69.51 years"
"text": "70.1 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "68.56 years"
"text": "69.1 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "70.51 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "71.1 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.97 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.93 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "65.6% (2010)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "3.6% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "3.6% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "0.26 physicians/1,000 population (2012)"
@ -290,7 +273,7 @@
"text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever"
},
"vectorborne diseases": {
"text": "dengue fever and malaria (2013)"
"text": "dengue fever (2016)"
}
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
@ -300,7 +283,7 @@
"text": "12.8% (2010)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5.5% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "5.9% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -321,10 +304,10 @@
"text": "13 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "13 years"
"text": "12 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "13 years (2012)"
"text": "13 years (2013)"
}
},
"Child labor - children ages 5-14": {
@ -337,13 +320,13 @@
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "7.2%"
"text": "9.6%"
},
"male": {
"text": "7.3%"
"text": "9.2%"
},
"female": {
"text": "7.2% (2012 est.)"
"text": "9.9% (2013 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -360,6 +343,9 @@
},
"local short form": {
"text": "Druk Yul"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "named after the Bhotia, the ethnic Tibetans who migrated from Tibet to Bhutan; Bod is the Tibetan name for their land; the Bhutanese name \"Druk Yul\" means \"Land of the Thunder Dragon\""
}
},
"Government type": {
@ -380,13 +366,13 @@
"text": "20 districts (dzongkhag, singular and plural); Bumthang, Chhukha, Chirang, Daga, Gasa, Geylegphug, Ha, Lhuntshi, Mongar, Paro, Pemagatsel, Punakha, Samchi, Samdrup Jongkhar, Shemgang, Tashigang, Tashi Yangtse, Thimphu, Tongsa, Wangdi Phodrang"
},
"Independence": {
"text": "1907 (became a unified kingdom under its first hereditary king)"
"text": "17 December 1907 (became a unified kingdom under its first hereditary king)"
},
"National holiday": {
"text": "National Day (Ugyen WANGCHUCK became first hereditary king), 17 December (1907)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous governing documents were various royal decrees; first constitution drafted November 2001 - March 2005, ratified 18 July 2008 (2014)"
"text": "previous governing documents were various royal decrees; first constitution drafted November 2001 - March 2005, ratified 18 July 2008; amended 2011 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law based on Buddhist religious law"
@ -395,8 +381,11 @@
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": "no, unless the father is a citizen of Bhutan"
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "the father must be a citizen of Bhutan"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no"
@ -410,27 +399,27 @@
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "King Jigme Khesar Namgyel WANGCHUCK (since 14 December 2006); note - King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK abdicated the throne on 14 December 2006 and his son immediately succeeded him; the nearly 2-year delay between the former King's abdication and his son's coronation on 6 November 2008 was to ensure an astrologically auspicious coronation date and to give the new king, who had limited experience, deeper administrative expertise under the guidance of his father"
"text": "King Jigme Khesar Namgyel WANGCHUCK (since 14 December 2006); note - King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK abdicated the throne on 14 December 2006 to his son"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Tshering TOBGAY (since July 2013)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers or Lhengye Zhungtshog members nominated by the monarch in consultation with the prime minister and approved by the National Assembly; members serve 5-year tern"
"text": "Council of Ministers or Lhengye Zhungtshog members nominated by the monarch in consultation with the prime minister and approved by the National Assembly; members serve 5-year terms"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary, but can be removed by a two-third vote of Parliament; leader of the majority party in Parliament is nominated as the prime minister, appointed by the monarch"
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary but can be removed by a two-third vote of Parliament; leader of the majority party in Parliament is nominated as the prime minister, appointed by the monarch"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Chi Tshog consists of the non-partisan National Council or Gyelyong Tshogde (25 seats; 20 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 5 members appointed by the king; members serve 4-year terms) and the National Assembly or Tshogdu (47 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms)"
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Chi Tshog consists of the non-partisan National Council or Gyelyong Tshogde (25 seats; 20 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 5 members appointed by the king; members serve 5-year terms) and the National Assembly or Tshogdu (47 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "National Council election last held on 23 April 2013 (next to be held in 2017); National Assembly election first round held on 31 May 2013 and second round on 13 July 2013"
"text": "National Council election last held on 23 April 2013 (next to be held in 2018); National Assembly election first round held on 31 May 2013 and second round on 13 July 2013"
},
"election results": {
"text": "National Council - independents 20; note - all candidates required to run as independents; National Assembly - first round poll held on 31 May 2013 - percent of vote by party - DPT 44.5%; PDP 32.5%; DNT 17.0%; DCT 5.9%; second round held on 13 July 2013 - percent of vote by party - PDP 54.9%, DPT 45.1%; seats by party - PDP 32, DPT 15"
"text": "National Council - seats by party - independent 20 (all candidates required to run as independents; National Assembly - first round - percent of vote by party - DPT 44.5%; PDP 32.5%; DNT 17.0%; DCT 5.9%; second round - percent of vote by party - PDP 54.9%, DPT 45.1%; seats by party - PDP 32, DPT 15"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -450,7 +439,7 @@
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Druk National Congress (exiled) ++ United Front for Democracy (exiled)",
"other": {
"text": "Buddhist clergy; ethnic Nepali-Bhutanese organizations (exiled); Indian merchant community"
"text": "Buddhist clergy; ethnic Nepali-Bhutanese organizations (exiled)"
}
},
"International organization participation": {
@ -463,7 +452,7 @@
}
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"text": "the US and Bhutan have no formal diplomatic relations, although frequent informal contact is maintained via the US embasssy in New Delhi (India) and Bhutan's Permanent Mission to the UN"
"text": "the US and Bhutan have no formal diplomatic relations, although frequent informal contact is maintained via the US embassy in New Delhi (India) and Bhutan's Permanent Mission to the UN"
},
"Flag description": {
"text": "divided diagonally from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is yellow and the lower triangle is orange; centered along the dividing line is a large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side; the dragon, called the Druk (Thunder Dragon), is the emblem of the nation; its white color stands for purity and the jewels in its claws symbolize wealth; the background colors represent spiritual and secular powers within Bhutan: the orange is associated with Buddhism, while the yellow denotes the ruling dynasty"
@ -485,58 +474,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Bhutan's economy, small and less developed, is based largely on hydropower, agriculture, and forestry, which provide the main livelihood for more than half of the population. Because rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive, industrial production is primarily of the cottage industry type. The economy is closely aligned with India's through strong trade and monetary links and is dependent on India for financial assistance and migrant laborers for development projects, especially for road construction. Multilateral development organizations administer most educational, social, and environment programs, and take into account the government's desire to protect the country's environment and cultural traditions. For example, the government, in its cautious expansion of the tourist sector, encourages visits by upscale, environmentally conscientious tourists. Complicated controls and uncertain policies in areas such as industrial licensing, trade, labor, and finance continue to hamper foreign investment. Bhutan’s largest export - hydropower to India - could spur sustainable growth in the coming years if Bhutan resolves chronic delays in construction. Bhutan currently taps only 5% of its 30,000-megawatt hydropower potential and is behind schedule in building 12 new hydropower dams with a combined capacity of 10,000 megawatts by 2020 in accordance with a deal signed in 2008 with India. The high volume of imported materials to build hydropower plants has expanded Bhutan's trade and current account deficits. However, Bhutan and India in April 2014 agreed to begin four additional hydropower projects, which would generate 2,120 megawatts in total. A declining GDP growth rate in each of the past three years in the absence of new hydropower facilities has constrained Bhutan’s ability to institute economic reforms. Bhutan inked a pact in December 2014 to expand duty-free trade with Bangladesh, the only trade partner with which Bhutan enjoys a surplus."
"text": "Bhutan's economy, small and less developed, is based largely on hydropower, agriculture, and forestry, which provide the main livelihood for more than half of the population. Because rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive, industrial production is primarily of the cottage industry type. The economy is closely aligned with India's through strong trade and monetary links and is dependent on India for financial assistance and migrant laborers for development projects, especially for road construction. Bhutan inked a pact in December 2014 to expand duty-free trade with Bangladesh, the only trade partner with which Bhutan enjoys a surplus. ++ ++ Multilateral development organizations administer most educational, social, and environment programs, and take into account the government's desire to protect the country's environment and cultural traditions. For example, the government, in its cautious expansion of the tourist sector, encourages visits by upscale, environmentally conscientious tourists. Complicated controls and uncertain policies in areas such as industrial licensing, trade, labor, and finance continue to hamper foreign investment. ++ ++ Bhutan’s largest export - hydropower to India - could spur sustainable growth in the coming years if Bhutan resolves chronic delays in construction. Bhutan currently taps only 5% of its 30,000-megawatt hydropower potential and is behind schedule in building 12 new hydropower dams with a combined capacity of 10,000 megawatts by 2020 in accordance with a deal signed in 2008 with India. The high volume of imported materials to build hydropower plants has expanded Bhutan's trade and current account deficits. However, Bhutan and India in April 2014 agreed to begin four additional hydropower projects, which would generate 2,120 megawatts in total. Bhutan also is exploring energy exports to Bangladesh."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$5.871 billion (2014 est.) ++ $5.517 billion (2013 est.) ++ $5.259 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$5.987 billion (2015 est.) ++ $5.69 billion (2014 est.) ++ $5.481 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$1.983 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$2.017 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "6.4% (2014 est.) ++ 4.9% (2013 est.) ++ 6.4% (2012 est.)"
"text": "5.2% (2015 est.) ++ 3.8% (2014 est.) ++ 3.6% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$7,700 (2014 est.) ++ $7,200 (2013 est.) ++ $6,900 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$7,700 (2015 est.) ++ $7,400 (2014 est.) ++ $7,300 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "22.2% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 28.5% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 26.7% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "31.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 35% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 23.2% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "62.2%"
"text": "47%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "19.4%"
"text": "17.7%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "46%"
"text": "56.8%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0%"
"text": "5.5%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "39%"
"text": "44.5%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-66.6% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-71.5% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "14.4%"
"text": "17.1%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "41.6%"
"text": "42.1%"
},
"services": {
"text": "44% (2014 est.)"
"text": "40.9% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -546,37 +535,37 @@
"text": "cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages, calcium carbide, tourism"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "5.7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "4.6% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "345,800",
"text": "348,800",
"note": {
"text": "major shortage of skilled labor (2013 est.)"
"text": "major shortage of skilled labor (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "56%"
"text": "57%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "22%"
"text": "21%"
},
"services": {
"text": "22% (2013 est.)"
"text": "22% (2014 est.)"
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "3.2% (2014 est.) ++ 3.2% (2013 est.)"
"text": "2.6% (2014 est.) ++ 2.9% (2013 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "12% (2012 est.)"
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
"lowest 10%": {
"text": "2.3%"
"text": "2.8%"
},
"highest 10%": {
"text": "37.6% (2003)"
"text": "30.6% (2012)"
}
},
"Distribution of family income - Gini index": {
@ -584,53 +573,53 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$543.5 million"
"text": "$608 million"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$618.9 million"
"text": "$692.7 million"
},
"note": {
"text": "the government of India finances nearly one-quarter of Bhutan's budget expenditures (2014 est.)"
"text": "the government of India finances nearly one-quarter of Bhutan's budget expenditures (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "27.4% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "27.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-3.8% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-3.8% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "91.5% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 97% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "27.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 30.4% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "1 July - 30 June"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "9.6% (2014 est.) ++ 8.6% (2013 est.)"
"text": "6.3% (2015 est.) ++ 9.9% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "NA%"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "14.05% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 14% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "13.75% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 14.15% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$683.7 million (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $550.6 million (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$669.9 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $683.6 million (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$1.184 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $961.8 million (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.305 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.184 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$893.7 million (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $847 million (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.031 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $893.7 million (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$320 million (31 December 2013) ++ $283.4 million (31 December 2012)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$459 million (2014 est.) ++ -$439 million (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$581 million (2015 est.) ++ -$483 million (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$534.7 million (2014 est.) ++ $544.5 million (2013 est.)"
"text": "$580.3 million (2015 est.) ++ $534.7 million (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "electricity (to India), ferrosilicon, cement, calcium carbide, copper wire, manganese, vegetable oil"
@ -639,7 +628,7 @@
"text": "India 83.8%, Hong Kong 10.8% (2013 est.)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$900.5 million (2014 est.) ++ $947.7 million (2013 est.)"
"text": "$997 million (2015 est.) ++ $928.8 million (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "fuel and lubricants, passenger cars, machinery and parts, fabrics, rice"
@ -648,30 +637,44 @@
"text": "India 72.3%, South Korea 6% (2013 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$1.66 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.479 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.911 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.841 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$145.4 million (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $128.8 million (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$238 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $204.4 million (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "ngultrum (BTN) per US dollar - ++ 61.03 (2014 est.) ++ 61.03 (2013 est.) ++ 53.44 (2012 est.) ++ 46.67 (2011 est.) ++ 45.73 (2010 est.)"
"text": "ngultrum (BTN) per US dollar - ++ 64.152 (2015 est.) ++ 61.03 (2014 est.) ++ 61.03 (2013 est.) ++ 53.44 (2012 est.) ++ 46.67 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"population without electricity": {
"text": "187,531"
},
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "76%"
},
"electrification - urban areas": {
"text": "100%"
},
"electrification - rural areas": {
"text": "53% (2012)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "7.55 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "7.147 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - consumption": {
"text": "1.642 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
"text": "2.085 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - exports": {
"text": "5.625 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "5.147 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - imports": {
"text": "37 million kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "159 million kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
"text": "1.499 million kW (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.499 million kW (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
"text": "0.7% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)"
@ -731,18 +734,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "23,800"
"text": "21,811"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "3 (2014 est.)"
"text": "3 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "628,300"
"text": "676,000"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "86 (2014 est.)"
"text": "91 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -750,34 +753,45 @@
"text": "urban towns and district headquarters have telecommunications services"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "low teledensity; domestic service is poor especially in rural areas; mobile-cellular service, started in 2003, is now widely available"
"text": "domestic service inadequate, especially in rural areas; mobile-cellular service, begun in 2003, is now widely available"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 975; international telephone and telegraph service via landline and microwave relay through India; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (2012)"
"text": "country code - 975; international telephone and telegraph service via landline and microwave relay through India; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state-owned TV station established in 1999; cable TV service offers dozens of Indian and other international channels; first radio station, privately launched in 1973, is now state-owned; 5 private radio stations are currently broadcasting (2012)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 0, FM 9, shortwave 1 (2007)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "1 (2007)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".bt"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "203,100"
"text": "295,000"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "27.7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "39.8% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "2"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "6"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "162,864"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "538,041 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "A5 (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "2 (2013)"
},
@ -812,36 +826,12 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Royal Bhutan Army (includes Royal Bodyguard and Royal Bhutan Police) (2009)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; militia training is compulsory for males aged 20-25, over a 3-year period (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "202,407"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "180,349 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "157,664"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "144,861 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "7,363"
},
"female": {
"text": "7,095 (2010 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {

309
south-asia/ce.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "The first Sinhalese arrived in Sri Lanka late in the 6th century B.C., probably from northern India. Buddhism was introduced in about the mid-third century B.C., and a great civilization developed at the cities of Anuradhapura (kingdom from circa 200 B.C. to circa A.D. 1000) and Polonnaruwa (from about 1070 to 1200). In the 14th century, a south Indian dynasty established a Tamil kingdom in northern Sri Lanka. The Portuguese controlled the coastal areas of the island in the 16th century and the Dutch in the 17th century. The island was ceded to the British in 1796, became a crown colony in 1802, and was formally united under British rule by 1815. As Ceylon, it became independent in 1948; its name was changed to Sri Lanka in 1972. Tensions between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil separatists erupted into war in 1983. After two decades of fighting, the government and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) formalized a cease-fire in February 2002 with Norway brokering peace negotiations. Violence between the LTTE and government forces intensified in 2006, but the government regained control of the Eastern Province in 2007 and by May 2009, the remnants of the LTTE had been defeated. Since the end of the conflict, the government has enacted an ambitious program of economic development projects, many of which are financed by loans from the Government of China. In addition to efforts at reconstructing its economy, the government has resettled more than 95% of those civilians displaced during the final phase of the conflict and released the vast majority of former LTTE combatants captured by Government Security Forces. At the same time, there has been little progress on more contentious and politically difficult issues such as reaching a political settlement with Tamil elected representatives and holding accountable those alleged to have been involved in human rights violations and other abuses during the conflict."
"text": "The first Sinhalese arrived in Sri Lanka late in the 6th century B.C., probably from northern India. Buddhism was introduced circa 250 B.C., and a great civilization developed at the cities of Anuradhapura (kingdom from circa 200 B.C. to circa A.D. 1000) and Polonnaruwa (from about 1070 to 1200). In the 14th century, a south Indian dynasty established a Tamil kingdom in northern Sri Lanka. The Portuguese controlled the coastal areas of the island in the 16th century and the Dutch in the 17th century. The island was ceded to the British in 1796, became a crown colony in 1802, and was formally united under British rule by 1815. As Ceylon, it became independent in 1948; its name was changed to Sri Lanka in 1972. Tensions between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil separatists erupted into war in 1983. After two decades of fighting, the government and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) formalized a cease-fire in February 2002 with Norway brokering peace negotiations. Violence between the LTTE and government forces intensified in 2006, but the government regained control of the Eastern Province in 2007 and by May 2009, the remnants of the LTTE had been defeated. Since the end of the conflict, the government has enacted an ambitious program of economic development projects, many of which are financed by loans from the Government of China. In addition to efforts at reconstructing its economy, the government has resettled more than 95% of those civilians displaced during the final phase of the conflict and released the vast majority of former LTTE combatants captured by Government Security Forces. At the same time, there has been little progress on more contentious and politically difficult issues such as reaching a political settlement with Tamil elected representatives and holding accountable those alleged to have been involved in human rights violations and other abuses during the conflict."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "slightly larger than West Virginia",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "slightly larger than West Virginia"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"text": "0 km"
@ -57,12 +54,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in south-central interior"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Indian Ocean 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "228 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Pidurutalagala 2,524 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m ++ highest point: Pidurutalagala 2,524 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -80,18 +77,7 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "5,700 sq km (2003)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "52.8 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "12.95 cu km/yr (6%/6%/87%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "638.8 cu m/yr (2005)"
}
"text": "5,700 sq km (2012)"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "occasional cyclones and tornadoes"
@ -112,6 +98,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "22.235 million (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Sri Lankan(s)"
@ -124,7 +113,7 @@
"text": "Sinhalese 74.9%, Sri Lankan Tamil 11.2%, Sri Lankan Moors 9.2%, Indian Tamil 4.2%, other 0.5% (2012 est.)"
},
"Languages": {
"text": "Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language) 18%, other 8%",
"text": "Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (official and national language) 18%, other 8%",
"note": {
"text": "English, spoken competently by about 10% of the population, is commonly used in government and is referred to as the link language in the constitution"
}
@ -132,27 +121,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Buddhist (official) 70.2%, Hindu 12.6%, Muslim 9.7%, Roman Catholic 6.1%, other Christian 1.3%, other 0.05% (2012 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "22,053,488 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "24.58% (male 2,764,848/female 2,655,218)"
"text": "24.35% (male 2,760,821/female 2,652,747)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "14.77% (male 1,652,884/female 1,604,089)"
"text": "14.7% (male 1,660,402/female 1,608,022)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "41.9% (male 4,523,146/female 4,718,156)"
"text": "41.71% (male 4,544,253/female 4,729,544)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "9.72% (male 992,750/female 1,149,828)"
"text": "9.89% (male 1,018,357/female 1,181,060)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "9.04% (male 847,805/female 1,144,764) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "9.35% (male 882,740/female 1,197,054) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -171,26 +154,26 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "32.1 years"
"text": "32.5 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "30.9 years"
"text": "31.2 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "33.3 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "33.7 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "0.84% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.8% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "15.85 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "15.5 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "6.11 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "6.2 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-1.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "-1.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -223,7 +206,13 @@
"text": "0.74 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.96 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.96 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "25.4",
"note": {
"text": "median age at first birth among women 30-34 (2006/07 est.)"
}
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
@ -231,34 +220,34 @@
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "8.8 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "8.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "9.75 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "9.5 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "7.82 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "7.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "76.56 years"
"text": "76.8 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "73.06 years"
"text": "73.3 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "80.19 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "80.4 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "2.1 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.09 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "68.4% (2006/07)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "3.2% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "3.5% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "0.68 physicians/1,000 population (2010)"
@ -283,13 +272,13 @@
}
},
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "0.03% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.03% (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
"text": "3,300 (2014 est.)"
"text": "4,200 (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
"text": "100 (2014 est.)"
"text": "100 (2015 est.)"
},
"Major infectious diseases": {
"degree of risk": {
@ -305,7 +294,7 @@
"text": "leptospirosis"
},
"animal contact disease": {
"text": "rabies (2013)"
"text": "rabies (2016)"
}
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
@ -315,7 +304,7 @@
"text": "26.3% (2012)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "1.7% of GDP (2012)"
"text": "1.6% of GDP (2013)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -336,21 +325,21 @@
"text": "14 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "13 years"
"text": "14 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "14 years (2012)"
"text": "14 years (2013)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "17.3%"
"text": "20.1%"
},
"male": {
"text": "14%"
"text": "15%"
},
"female": {
"text": "23.5% (2012 est.)"
"text": "27.8% (2013 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -370,10 +359,13 @@
},
"former": {
"text": "Serendib, Ceylon"
},
"note": {
"text": "the name means \"resplendent island\" in Sanskrit"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "republic"
"text": "presidential republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -396,7 +388,7 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 4 February (1948)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 16 August 1978, certified 31 August 1978; amended many times, last in 2015 (2015)"
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 16 August 1978, certified 31 August 1978; amended many times, last in 2015 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "mixed legal system of Roman-Dutch civil law, English common law, and Jaffna Tamil customary law"
@ -404,6 +396,20 @@
"International law organization participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"Citizenship": {
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Sri Lanka"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no, except in cases where the government rules it is to the benefit of Sri Lanka"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": "7 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
@ -429,7 +435,7 @@
"text": "unicameral Parliament (225 seats; 196 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote using a preferential method in which voters select 3 candidates in order of preference; remaining 29 seats allocated to other political parties and groups in proportion to share of national vote; members serve 6-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 17 August 2015 following President SIRISENA's dissolution of Parliament in late June in an effort to consolidate power and pass reformas (next to be held in 2021)"
"text": "last held on 17 August 2015 following President SIRISENA's dissolution of Parliament in late June in an effort to consolidate power and pass reforms (next to be held in 2021)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by alliance/party - EYJP 45.7%, UPFA 42.4%, JVP 4.9%, TNA 4.6%, SLMC 0.4%, EPDP 0.3% other 1.7%; seats by alliance/party EYJP 106, UPFA 95, TNA 16, JVP 6, SLMC 1, EPDP 1"
@ -440,14 +446,14 @@
"text": "Supreme Court of the Republic (consists of the chief justice and 10 justices); note - the court has exclusive jurisdiction to review legislation"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "the chief justice appointed by the president; the other justices appointed by the president with the advice of the chief justice; all justices hold office until age 65"
"text": "chief justice appointed by the president; other justices appointed by the president with the advice of the chief justice; all justices hold office until age 65"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "Court of Appeals; High Courts; Magistrate's Courts; municipal and primary courts"
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Eelam People's Democratic Party or EPDP ++ Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna or JVP [Anura Kumara DISSANAYAKE] ++ Jathika Hela Urumaya or JHU [Patali Champika RANAWAKA] ++ Sri Lanka Freedom Party or SLFP [Maithripala SIRISENA] ++ Sri Lanka Muslim Congress or SLMC [Rauff HAKEEM] ++ Tamil National Alliance or TNA [R. SAMPANTHAN] ++ United National Front for Good Gevernance or EYJP (coalition includes UNP) ++ United National Party or UNP [Ranil WICKREMESINGHE] ++ United People's Freedom Alliance or UPFA (coalition includes SLFP)"
"text": "Eelam People's Democratic Party or EPDP [Douglas DEVANANDA] ++ Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna or JVP [Anura Kumara DISSANAYAKE] ++ Jathika Hela Urumaya or JHU [Patali Champika RANAWAKA] ++ Sri Lanka Freedom Party or SLFP [Maithripala SIRISENA] ++ Sri Lanka Muslim Congress or SLMC [Rauff HAKEEM] ++ Tamil National Alliance or TNA [R. SAMPANTHAN] ++ United National Front for Good Governance or EYJP (coalition includes UNP) ++ United National Party or UNP [Ranil WICKREMESINGHE] ++ United People's Freedom Alliance or UPFA (coalition includes SLFP)"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Buddhist clergy ++ Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups",
@ -472,7 +478,7 @@
"text": "[1] (202) 232-7181"
},
"consulate(s) general": {
"text": "Los Angeles"
"text": "Los Angeles, New York"
}
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
@ -512,58 +518,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Sri Lanka continues to experience strong economic growth following the end of the government's 26-year conflict with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. The government has been pursuing large-scale reconstruction and development projects in its efforts to spur growth in war-torn and disadvantaged areas, develop small and medium enterprises and increase agricultural productivity. The government's high debt payments and bloated civil service have contributed to historically high budget deficits, but fiscal consolidation efforts and strong GDP growth in recent years have helped bring down the government's fiscal deficit, but low tax revenues remain a concern. The 2008-09 global financial crisis and recession exposed Sri Lanka's economic vulnerabilities and nearly caused a balance of payments crisis. Agriculture slowed due to a drought and weak global demand affected exports and trade. In early 2012, Sri Lanka floated the rupee, resulting in a sharp depreciation, and took steps to curb imports. A large trade deficit remains a concern, but strong remittances from Sri Lankan workers abroad help offset the trade deficit. Government debt of about 80% of GDP remains among the highest in emerging markets."
"text": "Sri Lanka continues to experience strong economic growth following the end of the government's 26-year conflict with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. The government has been pursuing large-scale reconstruction and development projects in its efforts to spur growth in war-torn and disadvantaged areas, develop small and medium enterprises, and increase agricultural productivity. ++ ++ The government's high debt payments and bloated civil service have contributed to historically high budget deficits and low tax revenues remain a concern. Government debt of about 72% of GDP remains among the highest in emerging markets. ++ ++ The new government in 2015 drastically increased wages for public sector employees, which boosted demand for consumer goods but hurt the overall balance of payments and reduced foreign exchange reserves."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$218.2 billion (2014 est.) ++ $203.2 billion (2013 est.) ++ $189.4 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$223.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $213.3 billion (2014 est.) ++ $203.4 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$74.92 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$81.25 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "7.4% (2014 est.) ++ 7.3% (2013 est.) ++ 6.3% (2012 est.)"
"text": "4.8% (2015 est.) ++ 4.9% (2014 est.) ++ 3.4% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$10,400 (2014 est.) ++ $9,700 (2013 est.) ++ $9,000 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$10,600 (2015 est.) ++ $10,200 (2014 est.) ++ $9,800 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "26.9% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 26.1% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 23.9% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "25.9% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 24.8% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 26.1% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "65.4%"
"text": "68.6%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "13.5%"
"text": "8.8%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "28.1%"
"text": "26.2%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "1.6%"
"text": "3.9%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "22.3%"
"text": "20.5%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-30.9% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-28% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "8.3%"
"text": "8.7%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "30.1%"
"text": "30.7%"
},
"services": {
"text": "61.7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "60.6% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -573,24 +579,24 @@
"text": "processing of rubber, tea, coconuts, tobacco and other agricultural commodities; telecommunications, insurance, banking; tourism, shipping; clothing, textiles; cement, petroleum refining, information technology services, construction"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "1.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "3% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "8.805 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "8.928 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "31.8%"
"text": "28.4%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "25.8%"
"text": "25.7%"
},
"services": {
"text": "42.4% (June 2012)"
"text": "45.9% (30 Jun 2015)"
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "4.3% (2014 est.) ++ 4.4% (2013 est.)"
"text": "4.7% (2015 est.) ++ 4.3% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "8.9% (2010 est.)"
@ -608,20 +614,20 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$9.226 billion"
"text": "$10.75 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$13.75 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$16.95 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "12.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "13.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-6% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-7.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "71.8% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 70.8% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "76% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 70.7% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "covers central government debt, and excludes debt instruments directly owned by government entities other than the treasury (e.g. commercial bank borrowings of a government corporation); the data includes treasury debt held by foreign entities as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement; sub-national entities are usually not permitted to sell debt instruments"
}
@ -630,52 +636,52 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "3.3% (2014 est.) ++ 6.9% (2013 est.)"
"text": "0.9% (2015 est.) ++ 3.3% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "6.5% (31 December 2013) ++ 7.5% (19 December 2012)"
"text": "6% (31 December 2015) ++ 6.5% (31 December 2013)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "7.84% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 12.5% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "6.96% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 7.84% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$4.591 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $3.706 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$4.963 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.671 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$25.95 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $23.39 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$26.79 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $25.95 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$33.21 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $31.47 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$39.22 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $33.79 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$18.48 billion (31 November 2013 est.) ++ $17.05 billion (31 December 2012) ++ $19.44 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
"text": "$20.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $23.67 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $18.81 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$2.018 billion (2014 est.) ++ -$2.54 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$2.009 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$1.989 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$11.13 billion (2014 est.) ++ $10.39 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$10.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $11.13 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "textiles and apparel, tea and spices; rubber manufactures; precious stones; coconut products, fish"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "US 25%, UK 10.2%, India 5.7%, Italy 5.6%, Germany 4.6% (2014)"
"text": "US 26%, UK 9%, India 7.2%, Germany 4.3% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$19.42 billion (2014 est.) ++ $18 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$18.93 billion (2015 est.) ++ $19.42 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "petroleum, textiles, machinery and transportation equipment, building materials, mineral products, foodstuffs"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "India 20.7%, China 17.8%, UAE 9.1%, Singapore 6.6%, Japan 4.9% (2014)"
"text": "India 24.6%, China 20.6%, UAE 7.2%, Singapore 5.9%, Japan 5.7% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$8.209 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $7.495 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$7.303 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $8.209 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$25.39 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $25.17 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$45.47 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $43.61 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$NA"
@ -684,10 +690,24 @@
"text": "$NA"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Sri Lankan rupees (LKR) per US dollar - ++ 130.57 (2014 est.) ++ 130.57 (2013 est.) ++ 127.6 (2012 est.) ++ 110.57 (2011 est.) ++ 113.06 (2010 est.)"
"text": "Sri Lankan rupees (LKR) per US dollar - ++ 135.86 (2015 est.) ++ 130.57 (2014 est.) ++ 130.57 (2013 est.) ++ 127.6 (2012 est.) ++ 110.57 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"population without electricity": {
"text": "1,334,100"
},
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "94%"
},
"electrification - urban areas": {
"text": "99%"
},
"electrification - rural areas": {
"text": "93% (2013)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "11.36 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -761,18 +781,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "2.7 million"
"text": "2,601,196"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "12 (2014 est.)"
"text": "12 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "22.1 million"
"text": "24.385 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "101 (2014 est.)"
"text": "111 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -783,31 +803,42 @@
"text": "national trunk network consists mostly of digital microwave radio relay; fiber-optic links now in use in Colombo area and fixed wireless local loops have been installed; competition is strong in mobile cellular systems and mobile cellular subscribership is increasing"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 94; the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cables provide connectivity to Asia, Australia, Middle East, Europe, US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2011)"
"text": "country code - 94; the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cables provide connectivity to Asia, Australia, Middle East, Europe, US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "government operates 8 TV channels and a radio network; multi-channel satellite and cable TV subscription services available; 35 private TV stations and about 50 radio stations (2012)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 15, FM 52, shortwave 4 (2007)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "12 (2009)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".lk"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "4.4 million"
"text": "6.614 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "19.9% (2014 est.)"
"text": "30% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "3"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "25"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "4,911,730"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "381,381,300 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "4R (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "19 (2013)"
},
@ -833,7 +864,7 @@
"text": "1"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 3 (2013)"
"text": "3 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -881,37 +912,13 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Sri Lanka Army, Sri Lanka Navy, Sri Lanka Air Force, Sri Lanka Coast Guard (2015)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-22 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; 5-year service obligation (Air Force) (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "5,342,147"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "5,466,409 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "4,177,432"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "4,574,833 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "167,026"
},
"female": {
"text": "162,587 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "2.43% of GDP (2012) ++ 2.89% of GDP (2011) ++ 2.43% of GDP (2010)"
}
@ -922,15 +929,15 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"IDPs": {
"text": "up to 73,700 (civil war; more than half displaced prior to 2008; many of the more than 480,000 IDPs registered as returnees have not reached durable solutions) (2015)"
"text": "44,934 (civil war; more than half displaced prior to 2008; many of the more than 480,000 IDPs registered as returnees have not reached durable solutions) (2015)"
}
},
"Trafficking in persons": {
"current situation": {
"text": "Sri Lanka is primarily a source and, to a lesser extent, a destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; some Sri Lankan adults and children who migrate willingly to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Jordan, Bahrain, Egypt, Lebanon, Iraq, Afghanistan, Malaysia, Singapore, Mauritius, and the US to work as domestic servants, construction workers, or garment factory workers subsequently face conditions of forced labor, including restrictions on movement, withholding of passports, abuse, and threats; some Sri Lankan women are forced into prostitution in Jordan, Singapore, Maldives, and other countries, while some foreign women are forced into prostitution in Sri Lanka; within Sri Lanka, women and children are also subjected to sex trafficking, and other children are forced to work in the agriculture, fireworks, and fish-drying industries"
"text": "Sri Lanka is primarily a source and, to a lesser extent, a destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; some Sri Lankan adults and children who migrate willingly to the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Afghanistan to work in the construction, garment, and domestic service sectors are subsequently subjected to forced labor or debt bondage (incurred through high recruitment fees or money advances); some Sri Lankan women are forced into prostitution in Jordan, Maldives, Malaysia, Singapore, and other countries; within Sri Lanka, women and children are subjected to sex trafficking, and children are also forced to beg and work in the agriculture, fireworks, and fish-drying industries; a small number of women from Asia, Central Asia, Europe, and the Middle East have been forced into prostitution in Sri Lanka in recent years"
},
"tier rating": {
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List – Sri Lanka does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; modest trafficking prevention efforts in 2013 included updating a national action plan and launching awareness campaigns; law enforcement efforts were limited; no traffickers were convicted under the trafficking statute and none of those convicted under the procurement statute served prison time; labor recruitment regulations were rarely enforced; authorities did not approve guidelines developed in 2012 for the identification of victims and their referral to protective services; no government employees were investigated or prosecuted, despite allegations of complicity (2014)"
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List – Sri Lanka does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; in 2014, Sri Lanka was granted a waiver from an otherwise required downgrade to Tier 3 because its government has a written plan that, if implemented, would constitute making significant efforts to bring itself into compliance with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; law enforcement continues to demonstrate a lack of understanding of trafficking crimes and inadequate investigations, relying on trafficking cases to be prosecuted under the procurement statute rather than the trafficking statute, which carries more stringent penalties; authorities convicted only one offender under the procurement statue, a decrease from 2013; the government approved guidelines for the identification of victims and their referral to protective services but failed to ensure that victims were not jailed and charged for crimes committed as a direct result of being trafficked; no government employees were investigated or prosecuted, despite allegations of complicity (2015)"
}
}
}

307
south-asia/in.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "The Indus Valley civilization, one of the world's oldest, flourished during the 3rd and 2nd millennia B.C. and extended into northwestern India. Aryan tribes from the northwest infiltrated the Indian subcontinent about 1500 B.C.; their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture. The Maurya Empire of the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. - which reached its zenith under ASHOKA - united much of South Asia. The Golden Age ushered in by the Gupta dynasty (4th to 6th centuries A.D.) saw a flowering of Indian science, art, and culture. Islam spread across the subcontinent over a period of 700 years. In the 10th and 11th centuries, Turks and Afghans invaded India and established the Delhi Sultanate. In the early 16th century, the Emperor BABUR established the Mughal Dynasty which ruled India for more than three centuries. European explorers began establishing footholds in India during the 16th century. By the 19th century, Great Britain had become the dominant political power on the subcontinent. The British Indian Army played a vital role in both World Wars. Years of nonviolent resistance to British rule, led by Mohandas GANDHI and Jawaharlal NEHRU, eventually resulted in Indian independence, which was granted in 1947. Large-scale communal violence took place before and after the subcontinent partition into two separate states - India and Pakistan. The neighboring nations have fought three wars since independence, the last of which was in 1971 and resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. India's nuclear weapons tests in 1998 emboldened Pakistan to conduct its own tests that same year. In November 2008, terrorists originating from Pakistan conducted a series of coordinated attacks in Mumbai, India's financial capital. Despite pressing problems such as significant overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and widespread corruption, economic growth following the launch of economic reforms in 1991 and a massive youthful population are driving India's emergence as a regional and global power."
"text": "The Indus Valley civilization, one of the world's oldest, flourished during the 3rd and 2nd millennia B.C. and extended into northwestern India. Aryan tribes from the northwest infiltrated the Indian subcontinent about 1500 B.C.; their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture. The Maurya Empire of the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. - which reached its zenith under ASHOKA - united much of South Asia. The Golden Age ushered in by the Gupta dynasty (4th to 6th centuries A.D.) saw a flowering of Indian science, art, and culture. Islam spread across the subcontinent over a period of 700 years. In the 10th and 11th centuries, Turks and Afghans invaded India and established the Delhi Sultanate. In the early 16th century, the Emperor BABUR established the Mughal Dynasty, which ruled India for more than three centuries. European explorers began establishing footholds in India during the 16th century. ++ By the 19th century, Great Britain had become the dominant political power on the subcontinent. The British Indian Army played a vital role in both World Wars. Years of nonviolent resistance to British rule, led by Mohandas GANDHI and Jawaharlal NEHRU, eventually resulted in Indian independence, which was granted in 1947. Large-scale communal violence took place before and after the subcontinent partition into two separate states - India and Pakistan. The neighboring nations have fought three wars since independence, the last of which was in 1971 and resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. India's nuclear weapons tests in 1998 emboldened Pakistan to conduct its own tests that same year. In November 2008, terrorists originating from Pakistan conducted a series of coordinated attacks in Mumbai, India's financial capital. Despite pressing problems such as significant overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and widespread corruption, economic growth following the launch of economic reforms in 1991 and a massive youthful population are driving India's emergence as a regional and global power."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "slightly more than one-third the size of the US",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "slightly more than one-third the size of the US"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -62,12 +59,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Indian Ocean 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "160 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Kanchenjunga 8,598 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m ++ highest point: Kanchenjunga 8,598 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -85,18 +82,7 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "663,340 sq km (2008)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "1,911 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "761 cu km/yr (7%/2%/90%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "613 cu m/yr (2010)"
}
"text": "667,000 sq km (2012)"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "droughts; flash floods, as well as widespread and destructive flooding from monsoonal rains; severe thunderstorms; earthquakes",
@ -120,6 +106,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "1,266,883,598 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Indian(s)"
@ -140,27 +129,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Hindu 79.8%, Muslim 14.2%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.7%, other and unspecified 2% (2011 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "1,251,695,584 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "28.09% (male 186,735,337/female 164,835,868)"
"text": "27.71% (male 186,420,229/female 164,611,755)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "18.06% (male 119,933,717/female 106,153,113)"
"text": "17.99% (male 121,009,850/female 106,916,692)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "40.74% (male 262,700,370/female 247,237,448)"
"text": "40.91% (male 267,203,029/female 251,070,105)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "7.16% (male 44,993,382/female 44,620,337)"
"text": "7.3% (male 46,398,574/female 46,105,489)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "5.95% (male 35,313,609/female 39,172,403) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "6.09% (male 36,549,003/female 40,598,872) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -179,26 +162,26 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "27.3 years"
"text": "27.6 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "26.7 years"
"text": "26.9 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "28 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "28.3 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "1.22% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.19% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "19.55 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "19.3 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "7.32 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "7.3 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-0.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -231,7 +214,13 @@
"text": "0.9 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "1.08 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.08 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "19.9",
"note": {
"text": "median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2005/06 est.)"
}
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
@ -239,34 +228,34 @@
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "41.81 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "40.5 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "40.56 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "39.2 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "43.22 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "41.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "68.13 years"
"text": "68.5 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "66.97 years"
"text": "67.3 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "69.42 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "69.8 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "2.48 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.45 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "54.8% (2007/08)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "4% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "4.7% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "0.7 physicians/1,000 population (2012)"
@ -275,7 +264,7 @@
"text": "0.7 beds/1,000 population (2011)"
},
"Drinking water source": {
"97.1improved": {
"improved": {
"text": " ++ urban: 97.1% of population ++ rural: 92.6% of population ++ total: 94.1% of population"
},
"unimproved": {
@ -294,10 +283,10 @@
"text": "0.26% (2013 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
"text": "2,079,700 (2013 est.)"
"text": "2,118,100 (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
"text": "127,200 (2013 est.)"
"text": "67,600 (2015 est.)"
},
"Major infectious diseases": {
"degree of risk": {
@ -313,10 +302,7 @@
"text": "leptospirosis"
},
"animal contact disease": {
"text": "rabies"
},
"note": {
"text": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)"
"text": "rabies (2016)"
}
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
@ -347,10 +333,10 @@
"text": "12 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "12 years"
"text": "11 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "11 years (2011)"
"text": "12 years (2013)"
}
},
"Child labor - children ages 5-14": {
@ -386,10 +372,13 @@
},
"local short form": {
"text": "India/Bharat"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "the English name derives from the Indus River; the Indian name \"Bharat\" may derive from the \"Bharatas\" tribe mentioned in the Vedas of the second millennium B.C.; the name is also associated with Emperor Bharata, the legendary conqueror of all of India"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "federal republic"
"text": "federal parliamentary republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -415,7 +404,7 @@
"text": "Republic Day, 26 January (1950)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1935 (preindependence); latest draft completed 4 November 1949, adopted 26 November 1949, effective 26 January 1950; amended many times, last in 2015 (2015)"
"text": "previous 1935 (preindependence); latest draft completed 4 November 1949, adopted 26 November 1949, effective 26 January 1950; amended many times, last in 2015 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "common law system based on the English model; separate personal law codes apply to Muslims, Christians, and Hindus; judicial review of legislative acts"
@ -424,14 +413,17 @@
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": ""
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of India"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": ""
"text": "5 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
@ -451,23 +443,23 @@
"text": "president indirectly elected by an electoral college consisting of elected members of both houses of Parliament and state legislatures for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 19 July 2012 (next to be held in July 2017); vice president indirectly elected by an electoral college consisting of elected members of both houses of Parliament and state legislatures for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 7 August 2012 (next to be held in August 2017); following legislative elections, the prime minister is elected by parliamentary members of the majority party"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Pranab MUKHERJEE elected president; percent of vote - Pranab MUKHERJEE (INC prior to election) 69.31%, Purno SANGMA (independent) 30.69%; Mohammad Hamid ANSARI reelected vice president; electoral college vote - Mohammad Hamid ANSARI 490, Jaswant SINGH 238"
"text": "Pranab MUKHERJEE elected president; percent of vote - Pranab MUKHERJEE (INC prior to election) 69.3%, Purno SANGMA (independent) 30.7%; Mohammad Hamid ANSARI reelected vice president; electoral college vote - Mohammad Hamid ANSARI 490, Jaswant SINGH 238"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Sansad consists of the Council of States or Rajya Sabha (245 seats; 233 members indirectly elected by state and territorial assemblies by proportional representation vote, and 12 members appointed by the president; members serve 6-year terms) and the People's Assembly or Lok Sabha (545 seats; 543 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 2 appointed by the president; members serve 5-year terms)"
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Sansad consists of the Council of States or Rajya Sabha (245 seats; 233 members indirectly elected by state and territorial assemblies by proportional representation vote, and 12 members appointed by the president; members serve 6-year terms) and the House of the People or Lok Sabha (545 seats; 543 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 2 appointed by the president; members serve 5-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "People's Assembly - last held April-May 2014 in 10 phases; (next must be held by May 2019)"
"text": "People's Assembly - last held April-May 2014 in 10 phases; (next to be held by May 2019)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - BJP 31.0%, INC 19.3%, AITC 3.8%, SP 3.4%, AIADMK 3.3%, CPI(M) 3.3%, TDP 2.6%, YSRC 2.5%, AAP 2.1%, BJD 1.7%, SS 1.7%, NCP 1.6%, SAD 1.8%, RJD 1.3%, TRS 1.3%, LJP 0.4%, other parties 15.9%, independent 3.0%"
"text": "People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - BJP 31.0%, INC 19.3%, AITC 3.8%, SP 3.4%, AIADMK 3.3%, CPI(M) 3.3%, TDP 2.6%, YSRC 2.5%, AAP 2.1%, SAD 1.8%, BJD 1.7%, SS 1.7%, NCP 1.6%, RJD 1.3%, TRS 1.3%, LJP 0.4%, other 15.9%, independent 3.0%; seats by party - BJP 282, INC 44, AIADMK 37, AITC 34, BJD 20, SS 18, TDP 16, TRS 11, CPI(M) 9, YSRC 9, LJP 6, NCP 6, SP 5, AAP 4, RJD 4, SAD 4, other 33, independent 3"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
"highest court(s)": {
"text": "Supreme Court (the chief justice and 25 associate justices); note - parliament approved an additional 5 judges in 2008"
"text": "Supreme Court (the chief justice and 25 associate justices)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "justices appointed by the president to serve until age 65"
@ -486,7 +478,7 @@
}
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "All Parties Hurriyat Conference in the Kashmir Valley (separatist group) ++ Bajrang Dal (religious organization) ++ India Against Corruption [Anna HAZARE] ++ Jamiat Ulema-e Hind [Mahmood MADANI] (religious organization) ++ Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh [Mohan BHAGWAT] (nationalist organization) ++ Vishwa Hindu Parishad [Ashok SINGHAL] (religious organization)",
"text": "All Parties Hurriyat Conference in the Kashmir Valley (separatist group) ++ Bajrang Dal (militant religious organization) ++ Jamiat Ulema-e Hind [Mahmood MADANI] (religious organization) ++ Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh [Mohan BHAGWAT] (nationalist organization) ++ Vishwa Hindu Parishad [Pravin TOGADIA] (militant religious organization)",
"other": {
"text": "hundreds of social reform, anti-corruption, and environmental groups at state and local level; numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations; various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy"
}
@ -554,47 +546,47 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "India is developing into an open-market economy, yet traces of its past autarkic policies remain. Economic liberalization measures, including industrial deregulation, privatization of state-owned enterprises, and reduced controls on foreign trade and investment, began in the early 1990s and served to accelerate the country's growth, which averaged under 7% per year from 1997 to 2011. India's diverse economy encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of services. Slightly less than half of the work force is in agriculture, but, services are the major source of economic growth, accounting for nearly two-thirds of India's output with less than one-third of its labor force. India has capitalized on its large educated English-speaking population to become a major exporter of information technology services, business outsourcing services, and software workers. India's economic growth began slowing in 2011 because of a decline in investment caused by high interest rates, rising inflation, and investor pessimism about the government's commitment to further economic reforms and about the global situation. The outlook for India's long-term growth is moderately positive due to a young population and corresponding low dependency ratio, healthy savings and investment rates, and increasing integration into the global economy. However, India has many challenges that it has yet to fully address, including poverty, corruption, violence and discrimination against women and girls, an inefficient power generation and distribution system, ineffective enforcement of intellectual property rights, decades-long civil litigation dockets, inadequate transport and agricultural infrastructure, limited non-agricultural employment opportunities, high spending and poorly-targeted subsidies, inadequate availability of quality basic and higher education, and accommodating rural-to-urban migration. Growth in 2014 fell to a decade low, as India's economic leaders struggled to improve the country's wide fiscal and current account deficits. Rising macroeconomic imbalances in India, and improving economic conditions in Western countries, led investors to shift capital away from India, prompting a sharp depreciation of the rupee. However, investors' perceptions of India improved in early 2014, due to a reduction of the current account deficit and expectations of post-election economic reform, resulting in a surge of inbound capital flows and stabilization of the rupee."
"text": "India's diverse economy encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of services. Slightly less than half of the work force is in agriculture, but services are the major source of economic growth, accounting for nearly two-thirds of India's output but employing less than one-third of its labor force. India has capitalized on its large educated English-speaking population to become a major exporter of information technology services, business outsourcing services, and software workers. ++ ++ India is developing into an open-market economy, yet traces of its past autarkic policies remain. Economic liberalization measures, including industrial deregulation, privatization of state-owned enterprises, and reduced controls on foreign trade and investment, began in the early 1990s and served to accelerate the country's growth, which averaged under 7% per year from 1997 to 2011. India's economic growth began slowing in 2011 because of a decline in investment caused by high interest rates, rising inflation, and investor pessimism about the government's commitment to further economic reforms and about slow world growth. Rising macroeconomic imbalances in India and improving economic conditions in Western countries led investors to shift capital away from India, prompting a sharp depreciation of the rupee. ++ ++ Growth rebounded in 2014 and 2015, with both years exceeding 7%. Investors’ perceptions of India improved in early 2014, due to a reduction of the current account deficit and expectations of post-election economic reform, resulting in a surge of inbound capital flows and stabilization of the rupee. Since the election, economic reforms have focused on administrative and governance changes largely because the ruling party remains a minority in India’s upper house of Parliament, which must approve most bills. Despite a high growth rate compared to the rest of the world, in 2015, India’s government-owned banks faced mounting bad debt, resulting in low credit growth and restrained economic growth. ++ ++ The outlook for India's long-term growth is moderately positive due to a young population and corresponding low dependency ratio, healthy savings and investment rates, and increasing integration into the global economy. However, India's discrimination against women and girls, an inefficient power generation and distribution system, ineffective enforcement of intellectual property rights, decades-long civil litigation dockets, inadequate transport and agricultural infrastructure, limited non-agricultural employment opportunities, high spending and poorly targeted subsidies, inadequate availability of quality basic and higher education, and accommodating rural-to-urban migration are significant long-term challenges."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$7.411 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $6.908 trillion (2013 est.) ++ $6.462 trillion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$7.998 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $7.436 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $6.934 trillion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$2.051 trillion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$2.073 trillion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "7.3% (2014 est.) ++ 6.9% (2013 est.) ++ 5.1% (2012 est.)"
"text": "7.6% (2015 est.) ++ 7.2% (2014 est.) ++ 6.6% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$5,800 (2014 est.) ++ $5,400 (2013 est.) ++ $5,100 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$6,200 (2015 est.) ++ $5,800 (2014 est.) ++ $5,500 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "30.2% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 30.8% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 31.5% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "31.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 32.8% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 32.9% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "60%"
"text": "59.6%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "11.4%"
"text": "10.6%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "28.7%"
"text": "29.3%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "2.2%"
"text": "3.1%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "23.2%"
"text": "20%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-25.5% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-22.5% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -602,10 +594,10 @@
"text": "17%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "30%"
"text": "29.7%"
},
"services": {
"text": "53% (2014 est.)"
"text": "45% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -615,10 +607,10 @@
"text": "textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software, pharmaceuticals"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "6.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "7.4% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "492.4 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "501.8 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -632,7 +624,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "7.3% (2014 est.) ++ 8.2% (2013 est.)"
"text": "8.4% (2015 est.) ++ 9.3% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "29.8% (2010 est.)"
@ -650,20 +642,20 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$187.3 billion"
"text": "$193.4 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$269.5 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$276.4 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "9.1% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "9.3% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-4% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "51.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 51.7% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "52.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 51.9% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover central government debt, and exclude debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
}
@ -672,7 +664,7 @@
"text": "1 April - 31 March"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "5.9% (2014 est.) ++ 10% (2013 est.)"
"text": "4.9% (2015 est.) ++ 5.9% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "7.75% (31 December 2014) ++ 7.75% (31 December 2013)",
@ -681,58 +673,72 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "10.25% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 10.29% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "10.01% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 10.25% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$345.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $321.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$370.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $345.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$1.612 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.49 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.711 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.612 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$1.494 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.414 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.57 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.494 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$1.263 trillion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $1.015 trillion (31 December 2011) ++ $1.616 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$1.516 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.558 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.139 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$27.53 billion (2014 est.) ++ -$32.4 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$22.09 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$26.79 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$329.6 billion (2014 est.) ++ $319.7 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$272.4 billion (2015 est.) ++ $328.4 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "petroleum products, precious stones, vehicles, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, pharmaceutical products, cereals, apparel"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "US 13.4%, UAE 10.4%, Hong Kong 4.3%, China 4.2%, Saudi Arabia 4% (2014)"
"text": "US 15.2%, UAE 11.4%, Hong Kong 4.6% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$472.8 billion (2014 est.) ++ $482.3 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$409.2 billion (2015 est.) ++ $472.4 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "crude oil, precious stones, machinery, chemicals, fertilizer, plastics, iron and steel"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "China 12.7%, Saudi Arabia 7.1%, UAE 5.9%, US 4.6%, Switzerland 4.6% (2014)"
"text": "China 15.5%, UAE 5.5%, Saudi Arabia 5.4%, Switzerland 5.3%, US 5.2% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$322.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $296.2 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$351.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $322.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$440.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $427.6 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$480.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $463.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$252.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $226.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$296.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $252.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$129.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $119.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$139 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $131.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Indian rupees (INR) per US dollar - ++ 61.03 (2014 est.) ++ 61.03 (2013 est.) ++ 53.44 (2012 est.) ++ 46.671 (2011 est.) ++ 45.726 (2010 est.)"
"text": "Indian rupees (INR) per US dollar - ++ 64.152 (2015 est.) ++ 61.03 (2014 est.) ++ 61.03 (2013 est.) ++ 53.44 (2012 est.) ++ 46.671 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"population without electricity": {
"text": "237,400,000"
},
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "79%"
},
"electrification - urban areas": {
"text": "98%"
},
"electrification - rural areas": {
"text": "70% (2013)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "1.052 trillion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -806,53 +812,64 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "27 million"
"text": "25.518 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "2 (2014 est.)"
"text": "2 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "944 million"
"text": "1,011.054 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "76 (2014 est.)"
"text": "81 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "supported by recent deregulation and liberalization of telecommunications laws and policies, India has emerged as one of the fastest-growing telecom markets in the world; total telephone subscribership base exceeded 900 million in 2011, an overall teledensity of roughly 75%, and subscribership is currently growing more than 20 million per month; urban teledensity now exceeds 100%, and rural teledensity is steadily growing"
"text": "supported by recent deregulation and liberalization of telecommunications laws and policies, India has emerged as one of the fastest-growing telecom markets in the world; total telephone subscribership base exceeded 1 billion in 2015, an overall teledensity of roughly 80%, and subscribership is currently growing at roughly 5 million per month; urban teledensity now exceeds 100%, and rural teledensity has reached 50%"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "mobile cellular service introduced in 1994 and organized nationwide into four metropolitan areas and 19 telecom circles, each with multiple private service providers and one or more state-owned service providers; in recent years significant trunk capacity added in the form of fiber-optic cable and one of the world's largest domestic satellite systems, the Indian National Satellite system (INSAT), with 6 satellites supporting 33,000 very small aperture terminals (VSAT)"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 91; a number of major international submarine cable systems, including SEA-ME-WE-3 with landing sites at Cochin and Mumbai (Bombay), SEA-ME-WE-4 with a landing site at Chennai, Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) with a landing site at Mumbai (Bombay), South Africa - Far East (SAFE) with a landing site at Cochin, the i2i cable network linking to Singapore with landing sites at Mumbai (Bombay) and Chennai (Madras), and Tata Indicom linking Singapore and Chennai (Madras), provide a significant increase in the bandwidth available for both voice and data traffic; satellite earth stations - 8 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region); 9 gateway exchanges operating from Mumbai (Bombay), New Delhi, Kolkata (Calcutta), Chennai (Madras), Jalandhar, Kanpur, Gandhinagar, Hyderabad, and Ernakulam (2011)"
"text": "country code - 91; a number of major international submarine cable systems, including SEA-ME-WE-3 with landing sites at Cochin and Mumbai (Bombay), SEA-ME-WE-4 with a landing site at Chennai, Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) with a landing site at Mumbai (Bombay), South Africa - Far East (SAFE) with a landing site at Cochin, the i2i cable network linking to Singapore with landing sites at Mumbai (Bombay) and Chennai (Madras), and Tata Indicom linking Singapore and Chennai (Madras), provide a significant increase in the bandwidth available for both voice and data traffic; satellite earth stations - 8 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region); 9 gateway exchanges operating from Mumbai (Bombay), New Delhi, Kolkata (Calcutta), Chennai (Madras), Jalandhar, Kanpur, Gandhinagar, Hyderabad, and Ernakulam (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "Doordarshan, India's public TV network, operates about 20 national, regional, and local services; a large and increasing number of privately owned TV stations are distributed by cable and satellite service providers; by 2011, more than 100 million homes had access to cable and satellite TV offering more than 700 TV channels; government controls AM radio with All India Radio operating domestic and external networks; news broadcasts via radio are limited to the All India Radio Network; since 2000, privately owned FM stations have been permitted and their numbers have increased rapidly (2007)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 149, FM 171, shortwave 54 (2009)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "1,400 (2009)"
"text": "Doordarshan, India's public TV network, operates about 20 national, regional, and local services; a large and increasing number of privately owned TV stations are distributed by cable and satellite service providers; in 2015, more than 230 million homes had access to cable and satellite TV offering more than 700 TV channels; government controls AM radio with All India Radio operating domestic and external networks; news broadcasts via radio are limited to the All India Radio Network; since 2000, privately owned FM stations have been permitted and their numbers have increased rapidly (2015)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".in"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "237.3 million"
"text": "325.441 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "19.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "26% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "20"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "485"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "98,927,860"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "1,833,847,614 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "VT (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "346 (2013)"
},
@ -893,7 +910,7 @@
"text": "38"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 45 (2013)"
"text": "45 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -915,10 +932,10 @@
},
"Roadways": {
"total": {
"text": "4,689,842 km"
"text": "4,699,024 km"
},
"note": {
"text": "includes 79,116 km of national highways and expressways, 155,716 km of state highways, and 4,455,010 km of other roads (2013)"
"text": "includes 96,214 km of national highways and expressways, 147,800 km of state highways, and 4,455,010 km of other roads (2015)"
}
},
"Waterways": {
@ -950,51 +967,27 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Army, Navy (includes naval air arm), Air Force, Coast Guard (2011)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "16-18 years of age for voluntary military service (Army 17 1/2, Air Force 17, Navy 16 1/2); no conscription; women may join as officers, but for noncombat roles only (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "319,129,420"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "296,071,637 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "249,531,562"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "240,039,958 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "12,151,065"
},
"female": {
"text": "10,745,891 (2010 est.)"
}
"text": "16-18 years of age for voluntary military service (Army 17 1/2, Air Force 17, Navy 16 1/2); no conscription; women may join as officers, currently serve in combat roles as pilots, and will soon be allowed in all combat roles (2016)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "2.4% of GDP (2013) ++ 2.5% of GDP (2012) ++ 2.6% of GDP (2011) ++ 2.7% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "2.4% of GDP (2014) ++ 2.4% of GDP (2013) ++ 2.5% of GDP (2012) ++ 2.6% of GDP (2011) ++ 2.7% of GDP (2010)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "since China and India launched a security and foreign policy dialogue in 2005, consolidated discussions related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles to Pakistan, and other matters continue; Kashmir remains the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India and Pakistan resumed bilateral dialogue in February 2011 after a two-year hiatus, have maintained the 2003 cease-fire in Kashmir, and continue to have disputes over water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries; UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show its Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat State; Prime Minister Singh's September 2011 visit to Bangladesh resulted in the signing of a Protocol to the 1974 Land Boundary Agreement between India and Bangladesh, which had called for the settlement of longstanding boundary disputes over undemarcated areas and the exchange of territorial enclaves, but which had never been implemented; Bangladesh referred its maritime boundary claims with Burma and India to the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea; Joint Border Committee with Nepal continues to examine contested boundary sections, including the 400 sq km dispute over the source of the Kalapani River; India maintains a strict border regime to keep out Maoist insurgents and control illegal cross-border activities from Nepal"
"text": "since China and India launched a security and foreign policy dialogue in 2005, consolidated discussions related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles to Pakistan, and other matters continue ++ Kashmir remains the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas) ++ India and Pakistan resumed bilateral dialogue in February 2011 after a two-year hiatus, have maintained the 2003 cease-fire in Kashmir, and continue to have disputes over water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries ++ UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show its Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat State; Prime Minister Singh's September 2011 visit to Bangladesh resulted in the signing of a Protocol to the 1974 Land Boundary Agreement between India and Bangladesh, which had called for the settlement of longstanding boundary disputes over undemarcated areas and the exchange of territorial enclaves, but which had never been implemented; Bangladesh referred its maritime boundary claims with Burma and India to the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea; Joint Border Committee with Nepal continues to examine contested boundary sections, including the 400 sq km dispute over the source of the Kalapani River; India maintains a strict border regime to keep out Maoist insurgents and control illegal cross-border activities from Nepal"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "109,018 (Tibet/China); 65,057 (Sri Lanka); 14,301 (Burma); 10,395 (Afghanistan) (2014)"
"text": "110,098 (Tibet/China); 64,208 (Sri Lanka); 15,735 (Burma); 10,196 (Afghanistan) (2015)"
},
"IDPs": {
"text": "at least 616,140 (armed conflict and intercommunal violence) (2015)"
"text": "612,000 (armed conflict and intercommunal violence) (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

31
south-asia/io.json
View file

@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
},
"Area": {
"total": {
"text": "54,400 sq km"
"text": "60 sq km"
},
"land": {
"text": "60 sq km; Diego Garcia 44 sq km"
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "land area is about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC"
"text": "land area is about one-third the size of Washington, DC"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"text": "0 km"
@ -51,12 +51,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "flat and low (most areas do not exceed two m in elevation)"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Indian Ocean 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "NA"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "unnamed location on Diego Garcia 15 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m ++ highest point: unnamed location on Diego Garcia 15 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -101,6 +101,9 @@
},
"abbreviation": {
"text": "BIOT"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "self-descriptive name specifying the territory's affiliation and location"
}
},
"Dependency status": {
@ -150,18 +153,12 @@
"text": "all commercial telephone services are available, including connection to the Internet"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code (Diego Garcia) - 246; international telephone service is carried by satellite (2000)"
"text": "country code (Diego Garcia) - 246; international telephone service is carried by satellite (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (AFRTS) broadcasts over 3 separate frequencies for US and UK military personnel stationed on the islands (2009)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "1 (1997)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".io"
}
@ -189,17 +186,17 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "no regular military forces (2014)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "defense is the responsibility of the UK; the US lease on Diego Garcia expires in 2016"
"text": "defense is the responsibility of the UK; the US lease on Diego Garcia expires in December 2016"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "Mauritius and Seychelles claim the Chagos Islands; negotiations between 1971 and 1982 resulted in the establishment of a trust fund by the British Government as compensation for the displaced islanders, known as Chagossians, who were evicted between 1967-73; in 2001, the former inhabitants of the archipelago were granted UK citizenship and the right of return; in 2006 and 2007, British court rulings invalidated the immigration policies contained in the 2004 BIOT Constitution Order that had excluded the islanders from the archipelago; in 2008 a House of Lords' decision overturned lower court rulings, once again denying the right of return to Chagossians; in addition, the United Kingdom created the world's largest marine protection area around the Chagos islands prohibiting the extraction of any natural resources therein"
"text": "Mauritius and Seychelles claim the Chagos Islands; negotiations between 1971 and 1982 resulted in the establishment of a trust fund by the British Government as compensation for the displaced islanders, known as Chagossians, who were evicted between 1967-73; in 2001, the former inhabitants of the archipelago were granted UK citizenship and the right of return; in 2006 and 2007, British court rulings invalidated the immigration policies contained in the 2004 BIOT Constitution Order that had excluded the islanders from the archipelago; in 2008 a House of Lords' decision overturned lower court rulings, once again denying the right of return to Chagossians; in addition, the UK created the world's largest marine protection area around the Chagos islands prohibiting the extraction of any natural resources therein"
}
}
}

276
south-asia/mv.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "A sultanate since the 12th century, the Maldives became a British protectorate in 1887. It became a republic in 1968, three years after independence. President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM dominated the islands' political scene for 30 years, elected to six successive terms by single-party referendums. Following political demonstrations in the capital Male in August 2003, the president and his government pledged to embark upon a process of liberalization and democratic reforms, including a more representative political system and expanded political freedoms. Progress was sluggish, however, and many promised reforms were slow to be realized. Nonetheless, political parties were legalized in 2005. In June 2008, a constituent assembly - termed the \"Special Majlis\" - finalized a new constitution, which was ratified by the president in August. The first-ever presidential elections under a multi-candidate, multi-party system were held in October 2008. GAYOOM was defeated in a runoff poll by Mohamed NASHEED, a political activist who had been jailed several years earlier by the former regime. President NASHEED faced a number of challenges including strengthening democracy and combating poverty and drug abuse. In early February 2012, after several weeks of street protests following his sacking of a top judge, NASHEED resigned the presidency and handed over power to Vice President Mohammed WAHEED Hassan Maniku. In mid-2012, a Commission of National Inquiry was set by the government to probe events leading up to NASHEED's resignation. Though the commission found no evidence of a coup, the report recommended the need to strengthen the country's democratic institutions to avert similar events in the future, and to further investigate alleged police misconduct during the crisis. Maldivian officials have played a prominent role in international climate change discussions (due to the islands' low elevation and the threat from sea-level rise) on the UN Human Rights Council and in other international forums, as well as in encouraging regional cooperation, especially between India and Pakistan."
"text": "A sultanate since the 12th century, the Maldives became a British protectorate in 1887. It became a republic in 1968, three years after independence. President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM dominated the islands' political scene for 30 years, elected to six successive terms by single-party referendums. Following political demonstrations in the capital Male in August 2003, the president and his government pledged to embark upon a process of liberalization and democratic reforms, including a more representative political system and expanded political freedoms. Progress was sluggish, however, and many promised reforms were slow to be realized. Nonetheless, political parties were legalized in 2005. ++ In June 2008, a constituent assembly - termed the \"Special Majlis\" - finalized a new constitution, which was ratified by the president in August. The first-ever presidential elections under a multi-candidate, multi-party system were held in October 2008. GAYOOM was defeated in a runoff poll by Mohamed NASHEED, a political activist who had been jailed several years earlier by the former regime. President NASHEED faced a number of challenges including strengthening democracy and combating poverty and drug abuse. In early February 2012, after several weeks of street protests following his sacking of a top judge, NASHEED resigned the presidency and handed over power to Vice President Mohammed WAHEED Hassan Maniku. In mid-2012, a Commission of National Inquiry was set by the government to probe events leading up to NASHEED's resignation. Though the commission found no evidence of a coup, the report recommended the need to strengthen the country's democratic institutions to avert similar events in the future, and to further investigate alleged police misconduct during the crisis. Maldivian officials have played a prominent role in international climate change discussions (due to the islands' vulnerability to rising sea-level) on the UN Human Rights Council and in other international forums, as well as in encouraging regional cooperation, especially between India and Pakistan."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -52,12 +52,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "flat, with white sandy beaches"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Indian Ocean 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "1.8 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "unnamed location on Viligili in the Addu Atholhu 2.4 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m ++ highest point: unnamed location on Viligili in the Addu Atholhu 2.4 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -75,24 +75,13 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "0 sq km NA (2003)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "0.03 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "0.01 cu km/yr (95%/5%/0%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "18.44 cu m/yr (2008)"
}
"text": "0 sq km (2012)"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "tsunamis; low elevation of islands makes them sensitive to sea level rise"
},
"Environment - current issues": {
"text": "depletion of freshwater aquifers threatens water supplies; global warming and sea level rise; coral reef bleaching"
"text": "depletion of freshwater aquifers threatens water supplies; coral reef bleaching"
},
"Environment - international agreements": {
"party to": {
@ -107,6 +96,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "392,960 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Maldivian(s)"
@ -124,27 +116,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Sunni Muslim (official)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "393,253 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "21.05% (male 42,230/female 40,555)"
"text": "21.21% (male 42,513/female 40,824)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "22.41% (male 51,141/female 36,970)"
"text": "21.29% (male 48,319/female 35,360)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "47.08% (male 107,436/female 77,713)"
"text": "47.63% (male 107,152/female 80,031)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "5.14% (male 10,243/female 9,968)"
"text": "5.48% (male 10,749/female 10,799)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "4.32% (male 7,994/female 9,003) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "4.38% (male 8,012/female 9,201) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -163,26 +149,26 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "27.4 years"
"text": "27.8 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "27.5 years"
"text": "27.8 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "27.3 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "27.8 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "-0.08% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-0.07% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "15.75 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "16 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "3.89 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.9 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-12.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "-12.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -203,19 +189,25 @@
"text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "1.38 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.37 male(s)/female"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "1.38 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.34 male(s)/female"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
"text": "1 male(s)/female"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "0.89 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "1.26 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.23 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "23.9",
"note": {
"text": "median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2009 est.)"
}
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
@ -223,34 +215,34 @@
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "23.7 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "22.9 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "26.11 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "25.2 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "21.17 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "20.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "75.37 years"
"text": "75.6 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "73.06 years"
"text": "73.3 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "77.8 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "78 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.74 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.73 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "34.7% (2009)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "10.8% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "13.7% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "1.42 physicians/1,000 population (2010)"
@ -290,7 +282,7 @@
"text": "17.8% (2009)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "6.2% of GDP (2012)"
"text": "5.2% of GDP (2012)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -308,13 +300,13 @@
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "22.2%"
"text": "25.4%"
},
"male": {
"text": "15.5%"
"text": "29.1%"
},
"female": {
"text": "30.5% (2006 est.)"
"text": "21.4% (2010 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -331,10 +323,13 @@
},
"local short form": {
"text": "Dhivehi Raajje"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "archipelago apparently named after the main island (and capital) of Male; the word \"Maldives\" means \"the islands (dives) of Male\"; alternatively, the name may derive from the Sanskrit word \"maladvipa\" meaning \"garland of islands\"; Dhivehi Raajje in Maldivian means \"Kingdom of the Dhivehi people\""
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "republic"
"text": "presidential republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -357,7 +352,7 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 26 July (1965)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "many previous; latest ratified 7 August 2008; note - a proposed amendment to limit the age of presidential candidates was defeated in early 2015 (2015)"
"text": "many previous; latest ratified 7 August 2008; amended 2015 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "Islamic religious legal system with English common law influences, primarily in commercial matters"
@ -365,15 +360,29 @@
"International law organization participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of the Maldives"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": "unknown"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "President Abdulla YAMEEN Abdul Gayoom (since 17 November 2013); Vice President Ahmed ADHEEB Abdul Ghafoor (since 22 July 2015); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government"
"text": "President Abdulla YAMEEN Abdul Gayoom (since 17 November 2013); Vice President Abdulla JIHAD (since 21 June 2016); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government; Vice President Ahmed ADHEEB Abdul Ghafoor (since 22 July 2015) was removed from office 5 November 2015"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "President Abdulla YAMEEN Abdul Gayoom (since 17 November 2013); Vice President Ahmed ADHEEB Abdul Ghafoor (since 22 July 2015)"
"text": "President Abdulla YAMEEN Abdul Gayoom (since 17 November 2013); Vice President Abdulla JIHAD (since 22 June 2016); note - Vice President Ahmed ADHEEB Abdul Ghafoor (since 22 July 2015) was removed from office 5 November 2015"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president"
@ -382,7 +391,7 @@
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); the election held on 7 September 2013 was annulled by the Supreme Court; rerun of first round held on 9 November 2013 and a runoff held on 16 November (next election to be held in 2018)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "first round (9 November 2013); percent of vote - Mohamed NASHEED (MDP) 46.9%, Abdulla YAMEEN Abdul Gayoom (PPM) 29.7%, Qasim IBRAHIM (JP) 23.3%; runoff (16 November 2013); percent of vote - Abdulla YAMEEN Abdul Gayoom elected president 51.4%, Mohamed NASHEED 48.6%"
"text": "first round - percent of vote - Mohamed NASHEED (MDP) 46.9%, Abdulla YAMEEN Abdul Gayoom (PPM) 29.7%, Qasim IBRAHIM (JP) 23.3%; runoff second round - percent of vote - Abdulla YAMEEN Abdul Gayoom elected president 51.4%, Mohamed NASHEED 48.6%"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -393,7 +402,7 @@
"text": "last held on 22 March 2014 (next to be held in 2019)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote - MDP 40.8%, MDP 27.7%, JP 13.6%, MDA 4.0%, AP 2.7% other 0.3%, independent 10.9%; seats by party - PPM 33, MDP 26, JP 15, MDA 5, AP 1 , independent 5"
"text": "percent of vote - MDP 40.8%, MDP 27.7%, JP 13.6%, MDA 4.0%, AP 2.7% other 0.3%, independent 10.9%; seats by party - PPM 33, MDP 26, JP 15, MDA 5, AP 1, independent 5"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -455,38 +464,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Tourism, Maldives' largest economic activity, accounts for nearly 30% of GDP and more than 60% of foreign exchange receipts. Fishing is the second leading sector, but the fish catch has dropped sharply in recent years. Agriculture and manufacturing continue to play a lesser role in the economy, constrained by the limited availability of cultivable land and the shortage of domestic labor. ++ ++ Lower than expected tourist arrivals and fish exports, combined with high government spending on social needs, subsidies, and civil servant salaries contributed to a balance of payments crisis, which was temporarily eased with a $79.3 million IMF Stand-By agreement. However, after the first two disbursements, the IMF withheld subsequent disbursements due to concerns over Maldives' growing budget deficit, and the government has been seeking other sources of budgetary support ever since. A new Goods and Services Tax (GST) on tourism introduced in January 2011, on general goods and services in October 2011, and a new Business Profit Tax introduced in July 2011 have provided a boost to revenue. In recent years, gross foreign exchange reserves have hovered around $300 million, sufficient to finance about two to three months of imports. ++ ++ In August 2014 the Maldives’ Parliament passed a bill to create special economic zones, a step aimed at attracting investment and diversifying the economy away from tourism and fishing. The Maldives’ also took some steps to reduce the fiscal deficit in 2015, such as imposing a green tax on tourist establishments and raising import duties, but the deficit will grow because of increasing public expenditures. ++ ++ Diversifying the economy beyond tourism and fishing, reforming public finance, increasing employment opportunities, and combating corruption, cronyism, and a growing drug problem are other near-term challenges facing the government. Over the longer term Maldivian authorities worry about the impact of erosion and possible global warming on their low-lying country; 80% of the area is 1 meter or less above sea level."
"text": "Maldives has rapidly grown into a middle-income country, driven by tourism development. In 2015, the economy’s growth slowed to 4.8%, mainly due to lower tourism sector growth as tourist arrivals from China declined. However, the slowdown is expected to reverse in 2016. Tourism, construction, transport, and the communications sector accounted for 50% of the output on average. Tourism-related tax receipts increased by 13% in 2015 due to higher tax rates. This increase in dollar tax receipts directly led to higher usable reserves in 2015. The current account deficit widened to $400 million in 2015 due to increases in construction related imports. A large and growing fiscal deficit remains an ongoing economic challenge. ++ ++ In July 2015, Maldives’ Parliament passed a constitutional amendment legalizing foreign ownership of land; foreign land-buyers must reclaim at least 70% of the desired land from the ocean and invest at least $1 billion in a construction project approved by Parliament. ++ ++ Diversifying the economy beyond tourism and fishing, reforming public finance, increasing employment opportunities, and combating corruption, cronyism, and a growing drug problem are near-term challenges facing the government. Over the longer term Maldivian authorities worry about the impact of erosion and possible global warming on their low-lying country; 80% of the area is 1 meter or less above sea level."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$4.554 billion (2014 est.) ++ $4.291 billion (2013 est.) ++ $4.505 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$5.181 billion (2015 est.) ++ $5.104 billion (2014 est.) ++ $4.793 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$2.885 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$3.12 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "6.1% (2014 est.) ++ -4.8% (2013 est.) ++ 1.6% (2012 est.)"
"text": "1.5% (2015 est.) ++ 6.5% (2014 est.) ++ 4.7% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$13,300 (2014 est.) ++ $12,500 (2013 est.) ++ $13,200 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$14,900 (2015 est.) ++ $14,900 (2014 est.) ++ $14,300 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "13.9% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 15.6% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 12.6% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "10.5% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 16.1% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 15.5% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "NA%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "NA%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "NA%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "NA%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "108.2%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "89.3% (2014 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "4%"
"text": "3.5%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "23%"
"text": "19.3%"
},
"services": {
"text": "73% (2012 est.)"
"text": "77.2% (2014 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -499,7 +528,7 @@
"text": "14% (2012 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "159,700 (2012)"
"text": "195,100 (2014)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -513,7 +542,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "11% (2012 est.) ++ 12% (2011 est.)"
"text": "11.6% (2013 est.) ++ 11% (2012 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "16% (2008 est.)"
@ -531,26 +560,29 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$762 million"
"text": "$960 million"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$876 million (2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.148 billion (2014 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "26.4% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "30.7% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-4% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "-6% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "72.8% of GDP (2014) ++ 66.7% of GDP (2013)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "2.5% (2014 est.) ++ 4% (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.4% (2015 est.) ++ 2.5% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "7% (31 December 2012) ++ 6.96% (31 December 2011)"
"text": "7% (31 December 2013) ++ 6.96% (31 December 2011)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "10.5% (31 December 2012 est.) ++ 10.2% (31 December 2011 est.)"
@ -568,37 +600,42 @@
"text": "$555 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$176 million (2014 est.) ++ -$119 million (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$296 million (2015 est.) ++ -$118 million (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$166 million (2013 est.) ++ $161 million (2012 est.)"
"text": "$300.9 million (2014 est.) ++ $331 million (2013 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "fish"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Thailand 18.8%, France 16%, US 10.9%, Japan 7.5%, Germany 7.2%, UK 6.1%, Italy 5.5%, Sri Lanka 4.7% (2014)"
"text": "Thailand 18%, France 12.1%, Germany 10.7%, US 9.6%, Italy 6.8%, UK 6.4%, Sri Lanka 5.9%, Japan 4.6% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$1.728 billion (2013 est.) ++ $1.55 billion (2012 est.)"
"text": "$1.993 billion (2014 est.) ++ $1.733 billion (2013 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "petroleum products, clothing, intermediate and capital goods"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Singapore 18%, UAE 18%, India 9%, Malaysia 8.3%, China 6.7%, Sri Lanka 5.7%, Thailand 5.5% (2014)"
"text": "UAE 18.4%, Singapore 13.8%, China 10.6%, India 10.4%, Malaysia 7%, Sri Lanka 5.6%, Thailand 5% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$368.3 million (31 December 2013 est.) ++ $356 million (30 November 2012 est.)"
"text": "$627.4 million (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $381.9 million (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$793.6 million (2013 est.) ++ $890.8 million (2012 est.)"
"text": "$741.6 million (2014 est.) ++ $792.2 million (2013 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "rufiyaa (MVR) per US dollar - ++ 15.41 (2013) ++ 15.37 (2012)"
"text": "rufiyaa (MVR) per US dollar - ++ 15.25 (2016) ++ 15.365 (2015)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "287.2 million kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -672,18 +709,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "21,500"
"text": "21,911"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "5 (2014 est.)"
"text": "6 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "665,800"
"text": "740,000"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "169 (2014 est.)"
"text": "188 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -691,34 +728,39 @@
"text": "telephone services have improved; inter-atoll communication through microwave links; all inhabited islands and resorts are connected with telephone and fax service"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "each island now has at least 1 public telephone, and there are mobile-cellular networks with a rapidly expanding subscribership that has reached 135 per 100 persons"
"text": "each island now has at least 1 public telephone, and there are mobile-cellular networks with a rapidly expanding subscribership that has reached over 180 per 100 persons"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 960; linked to international submarine cable Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG); satellite earth station - 3 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2011)"
"text": "country code - 960; linked to international submarine cable Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG); satellite earth station - 3 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state-owned radio and TV monopoly until recently; state-owned TV operates 2 channels; 3 privately owned TV stations; state owns Voice of Maldives and operates both an entertainment and a music-based station; 5 privately owned radio stations (2012)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 1, FM 6, shortwave 1 (2009)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "2 (2009)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".mv"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "18,600"
"text": "214,000"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "4.7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "54.5% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "3"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "15 (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "8Q (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "9 (2013)"
},
@ -778,37 +820,13 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Maldives National Defense Force (MNDF): Marine Corps, Security Protection Group, Coast Guard (2010)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-28 years of age for voluntary service; no conscription; 10th grade or equivalent education required; must not be a member of a political party (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "156,319"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "98,815 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "135,374"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "85,181 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "4,167"
},
"female": {
"text": "3,595 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "the Maldives National Defense Force (MNDF), with its small size and with little serviceable equipment, is inadequate to prevent external aggression and is primarily tasked to reinforce the Maldives Police Service (MPS) and ensure security in the exclusive economic zone (2008)"
}
@ -816,6 +834,14 @@
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "none"
},
"Trafficking in persons": {
"current situation": {
"text": "Maldives is a destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking and a source country for women and children subjected to labor and sex trafficking; primarily Bangladeshi and Indian migrants working both legally and illegally in the construction and service sectors face conditions of forced labor, including fraudulent recruitment, confiscation of identity and travel documents, nonpayment and withholding of wages, and debt bondage; a small number of women from Asia, Eastern Europe, and former Soviet states are trafficked to Maldives for sexual exploitation; Maldivian women may be subjected to sex trafficking domestically or in Sri Lanka; some Maldivian children are transported to the capital for domestic service, where they may also be victims of sexual abuse and forced labor"
},
"tier rating": {
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List – Maldives does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government adopted a national action plan for 2015-2019 and is continuing to develop victim identification, protection, and referral procedures, but overall its anti-trafficking efforts did not increase; only five trafficking investigations were conducted, no new prosecutions were initiated for the second consecutive year, and no convictions were made, down from one in 2013; some officials warned businesses in advanced of planned raids for suspected trafficking offenses; victim protection deteriorated when the state-run shelter for female victims barred access to victims shortly after opening in January 2014, in part because of bureaucratic disputes, which dissuaded victims from pursuing charges against perpetrators; the government did not prosecute or hold accountable any employers or government officials for withholding passports (2015)"
}
}
}
}

310
south-asia/np.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "In 1951, the Nepali monarch ended the century-old system of rule by hereditary premiers and instituted a cabinet system that brought political parties into the government. That arrangement lasted until 1960, when political parties were again banned, but was reinstated in 1990 with the establishment of a multiparty democracy within the framework of a constitutional monarchy. An insurgency led by Maoists broke out in 1996. The ensuing 10-year civil war between Maoist and government forces witnessed the dissolution of the cabinet and parliament and the re-assumption of absolute power by the king in 2002. Several weeks of mass protests in April 2006 were followed by several months of peace negotiations between the Maoists and government officials, and culminated in a late 2006 peace accord and the 2007 promulgation of an interim constitution. Following a nationwide Constituent Assembly (CA) election in 2008, the newly formed CA declared Nepal a federal democratic republic, abolished the monarchy, and elected the country's first president. After the CA failed to draft a constitution by a May 2012 deadline set by the Supreme Court, then-Prime Minister Baburam BHATTARAI dissolved the CA. Months of negotiations ensued until March 2013 when the major political parties agreed to create an interim government headed by then-Chief Justice Khil Raj REGMI with a mandate to hold elections for a new CA. Elections were held in November 2013, in which the Nepali Congress won the largest share of seats in the CA and in February 2014 formed a coalition government with the second place Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist-Leninist and with Nepali Congress President Sushil KOIRALA as prime minister. Nepal's new constitution came into effect in September 2015."
"text": "During the late 18th-early 19th centuries, the principality of Gorkha united many of the other principalities and states of the sub-Himalayan region into a Nepalese Kingdom. Nepal retained its independence following the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814-16 and the subsequent peace treaty laid the foundations for two centuries of amicable relations between Britain and Nepal. (The Brigade of Gurkas continues to serve in the British Army to the present day.) In 1951, the Nepali monarch ended the century-old system of rule by hereditary premiers and instituted a cabinet system that brought political parties into the government. That arrangement lasted until 1960, when political parties were again banned, but was reinstated in 1990 with the establishment of a multiparty democracy within the framework of a constitutional monarchy. ++ An insurgency led by Maoists broke out in 1996. The ensuing 10-year civil war between Maoist and government forces witnessed the dissolution of the cabinet and parliament and the re-assumption of absolute power by the king in 2002. A peace accord in 2006 led to the promulgation of an interim constitution in 2007. Following a nationwide Constituent Assembly (CA) election in 2008, the newly formed CA declared Nepal a federal democratic republic, abolished the monarchy, and elected the country's first president. After the CA failed to draft a constitution by a May 2012 deadline set by the Supreme Court, then-Prime Minister Baburam BHATTARAI dissolved the CA. Months of negotiations ensued until March 2013 when the major political parties agreed to create an interim government headed by then-Chief Justice Khil Raj REGMI with a mandate to hold elections for a new CA. Elections were held in November 2013, in which the Nepali Congress won the largest share of seats in the CA and in February 2014 formed a coalition government with the second place Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist-Leninist and with Nepali Congress President Sushil KOIRALA as prime minister. Nepal's new constitution came into effect in September 2015."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -48,12 +48,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "Tarai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south; central hill region with rugged Himalayas in north"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Kanchan Kalan 70 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "2,565 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Mount Everest 8,850 m (highest peak in Asia and highest point on earth above sea level)"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Kanchan Kalan 70 m ++ highest point: Mount Everest 8,850 m (highest peak in Asia and highest point on earth above sea level)"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -71,18 +71,7 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "11,680 sq km (2003)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "210.2 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "9.5 cu km/yr (2%/0%/98%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "334.7 cu m/yr (2006)"
}
"text": "13,320 sq km (2012)"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "severe thunderstorms; flooding; landslides; drought and famine depending on the timing, intensity, and duration of the summer monsoons"
@ -103,6 +92,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "29,033,914 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Nepali (singular and plural)"
@ -126,27 +118,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Hindu 81.3%, Buddhist 9%, Muslim 4.4%, Kirant 3.1%, Christian 1.4%, other 0.5%, unspecifed 0.2% (2011 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "31,551,305 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "30.72% (male 4,937,627/female 4,755,972)"
"text": "30.93% (male 4,646,048/female 4,333,105)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "22.51% (male 3,580,083/female 3,522,047)"
"text": "21.86% (male 3,176,158/female 3,169,721)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "36.5% (male 5,552,621/female 5,964,599)"
"text": "35.99% (male 4,707,264/female 5,740,985)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "5.67% (male 874,350/female 913,683)"
"text": "6.22% (male 877,288/female 927,202)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "4.6% (male 668,760/female 781,563) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "5.02% (male 723,523/female 732,620) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -165,26 +151,26 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "23.4 years"
"text": "23.6 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "22.8 years"
"text": "22.4 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "24 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "24.8 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "1.79% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.24% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "20.64 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "19.9 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "6.56 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "5.7 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "3.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "-1.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -202,22 +188,28 @@
"text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
},
"0-14 years": {
"text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.07 male(s)/female"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "1.02 male(s)/female"
"text": "1 male(s)/female"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "0.93 male(s)/female"
"text": "0.82 male(s)/female"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "0.96 male(s)/female"
"text": "0.95 male(s)/female"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "0.86 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.98 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "20.1",
"note": {
"text": "median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
@ -225,34 +217,34 @@
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "39.14 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "28.9 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "39.24 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "30.2 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "39.04 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "27.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "67.52 years"
"text": "70.7 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "66.18 years"
"text": "70.1 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "68.92 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "71.3 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "2.24 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.18 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "49.7% (2011)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "6% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "5.8% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Hospital bed density": {
"text": "5 beds/1,000 population (2006)"
@ -274,13 +266,13 @@
}
},
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "0.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.21% (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
"text": "39,200 (2014 est.)"
"text": "39,400 (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
"text": "2,600 (2014 est.)"
"text": "2,300 (2015 est.)"
},
"Major infectious diseases": {
"degree of risk": {
@ -290,17 +282,17 @@
"text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever"
},
"vectorborne diseases": {
"text": "Japanese encephalitis, malaria, and dengue fever (2013)"
"text": "Japanese encephalitis, malaria, and dengue fever (2016)"
}
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "2.9% (2014)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "29.1% (2011)"
"text": "30.1% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.7% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "4.7% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -324,7 +316,7 @@
"text": "12 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "12 years (2011)"
"text": "13 years (2013)"
}
},
"Child labor - children ages 5-14": {
@ -334,6 +326,17 @@
"percentage": {
"text": "34% (2008 est.)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "3.5%"
},
"male": {
"text": "4.2%"
},
"female": {
"text": "2.9% (2008 est.)"
}
}
},
"Government": {
@ -349,10 +352,13 @@
},
"local short form": {
"text": "Nepal"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "the Newar people of the Kathmandu Valley and surrounding areas apparently gave their name to the country; the terms \"Nepal,\" \"Newar,\" \"Nepar,\" and \"Newal\" are phonetically different forms of the same word"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "federal democratic republic"
"text": "federal parliamentary republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -375,7 +381,7 @@
"text": "Republic Day, 28 May (2008), the abdication of Gyanendra SHAH, last Nepalese monarch, and the establishment of a federal republic"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 20 September 2015 (2015)"
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 20 September 2015; amended January 2016"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "English common law and Hindu legal concepts"
@ -384,14 +390,17 @@
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": ""
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "yes"
},
"citizenship by descent": {
"text": "yes"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": ""
"text": "15 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
@ -402,7 +411,7 @@
"text": "President Bidhya Devi BHANDARI (since 29 October 2015); Vice President Nanda Bahadar PUN (since 31 October 2015)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Sushil KOIRALA (since 11 February 2014)"
"text": "Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal DAHAL (since 4 August 2016); note - Prime Minister Khadga Prasad OLI resigned on 24 July 2016"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister; cabinet dominated by the Nepali Congress and the Communist Party of Nepal-United Marxist-Leninist"
@ -422,7 +431,7 @@
"text": "last held on 19 November 2013 (next to be held NA)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party - NC 26%, CPN-UML 24%, Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) 15%, Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal 7%; other 28%; seats by party - NC 196, CPN-UML 175, UCPN(M) 80, Rastriya Prajantantra Party Nepal 24, other smaller parties 100; note - 26 seats filled by the new Cabinet have not yet been appointed"
"text": "percent of vote by party - NC 26%, CPN-UML 24%, Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) 15%, Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal 7%; other 28%; seats by party - NC 196, CPN-UML 175, UCPN(M) 80, Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal 24, other smaller parties 100"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -433,7 +442,7 @@
"text": "the Supreme Court chief justice appointed by the prime minister on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council; other judges appointed by the prime minister on the recommendation of the Judicial Council; judges serve until age 65"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "appellate and district courts"
"text": "Court of Appeal; district courts"
},
"note": {
"text": "Nepal's judiciary was restructured under its 2007 Interim Constitution"
@ -471,7 +480,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Peter W. BODDE (since 10 September 2012)"
"text": "Ambassador Alaina B. TEPLITZ (since 7 October 2015)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "Maharajgunj, Kathmandu"
@ -509,58 +518,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in the world, with about one-quarter of its population living below the poverty line. Nepal is heavily dependent on remittances, which amount to as much as 22%-25% of GDP. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for more than 70% of the population and accounting for a little over one-third of GDP. Industrial activity mainly involves the processing of agricultural products, including pulses, jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain. Nepal has considerable scope for exploiting its potential in hydropower, with an estimated 42,000 MW of commercially feasible capacity, but political uncertainty and a difficult business climate have hampered foreign investment. Additional challenges to Nepal's growth include its landlocked geographic location, persistent power shortages, underdeveloped transportation infrastructure, civil strife and labor unrest, and its susceptibility to natural disaster. The lack of political consensus in the past several years has delayed national budgets and prevented much-needed economic reform, although the government passed a full budget in 2013 and 2014. Nepal and India signed trade and investment agreements in 2014 that will increase Nepal’s hydropower potential."
"text": "Nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in the world, with about one-quarter of its population living below the poverty line. Nepal is heavily dependent on remittances, which amount to as much as 29% of GDP. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for almost 70% of the population and accounting for about one-third of GDP. Industrial activity mainly involves the processing of agricultural products, including pulses, jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain. ++ ++ Nepal has considerable scope for exploiting its potential in hydropower, with an estimated 42,000 MW of commercially feasible capacity. Nepal and India signed trade and investment agreements in 2014 that increase Nepal’s hydropower potential, but political uncertainty and a difficult business climate have hampered foreign investment. ++ ++ Nepal was hit by massive earthquakes in early 2015, which damaged or destroyed infrastructure and homes and set back economic development. Political gridlock in the past several years and recent public protests, predominantly in the southern Tarai region, have hindered post-earthquake recovery and prevented much-needed economic reform. Additional challenges to Nepal's growth include its landlocked geographic location, persistent power shortages, and underdeveloped transportation infrastructure."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$67.14 billion (2014 est.) ++ $63.71 billion (2013 est.) ++ $61.18 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$70.2 billion (2015 est.) ++ $68.34 billion (2014 est.) ++ $64.48 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$19.76 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$21.31 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "5.4% (2014 est.) ++ 4.1% (2013 est.) ++ 4.8% (2012 est.)"
"text": "2.7% (2015 est.) ++ 6% (2014 est.) ++ 4.1% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$2,400 (2014 est.) ++ $2,300 (2013 est.) ++ $2,200 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$2,500 (2015 est.) ++ $2,400 (2014 est.) ++ $2,300 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "33.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 33.1% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 34.9% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "43.8% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 45.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 40.6% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "78.1%"
"text": "78.4%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "11.2%"
"text": "11%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "23.1%"
"text": "27.7%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "15.8%"
"text": "12.9%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "12.1%"
"text": "11.7%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-40.3% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-41.7% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "30.7%"
"text": "29.4%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "13.6%"
"text": "13.8%"
},
"services": {
"text": "55.7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "49.4% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -570,23 +579,23 @@
"text": "tourism, carpets, textiles; small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; cigarettes, cement and brick production"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "6.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "1.5% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "14.76 million",
"text": "15.2 million",
"note": {
"text": "severe lack of skilled labor (2012 est.)"
"text": "severe lack of skilled labor (2013 est.)"
}
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "75%"
"text": "69%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "7%"
"text": "12%"
},
"services": {
"text": "18% (2010 est.)"
"text": "19% (2014 est.)"
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
@ -608,17 +617,17 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$4.128 billion"
"text": "$4.394 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$3.719 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$4.179 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "20.9% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "20.6% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "2.1% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "30% of GDP (FY 2012/13 est.) ++ 32% of GDP (2013 est.) (FY11/12)"
@ -627,52 +636,52 @@
"text": "16 July - 15 July"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "9% (2014 est.) ++ 9.9% (2013 est.)"
"text": "7.2% (2015 est.) ++ 9% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "8% (31 October 2014) ++ 8% (31 December 2013)"
"text": "8% (31 July 2015) ++ 8% (31 July 2014)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "10.6% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 12% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "9.8% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 10.6% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$3.567 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $3.351 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$4.762 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $3.567 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$16.36 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $12.53 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$17.83 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $16.36 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$13.97 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $11.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$14.92 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $13.97 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$9.671 billion (31 October 2014 est.) ++ $5.812 billion (31 October 2013) ++ $5.235 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$11.81 billion (31 October 2015 est.) ++ $9.574 billion (31 October 2014 est.) ++ $5.235 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$908 million (2014 est.) ++ $635 million (2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.067 billion (2015 est.) ++ $908 million (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$1.078 billion (2014 est.) ++ $998.1 million (2013 est.)"
"text": "$813.1 million (2015 est.) ++ $1.022 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "clothing, pulses, carpets, textiles, juice, jute goods"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "India 59.7%, US 8.6%, China 4.6% (2014)"
"text": "India 61.3%, US 9.4% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$7.72 billion (2014 est.) ++ $6.543 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$6.511 billion (2015 est.) ++ $7.581 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "petroleum products, machinery and equipment, gold, electrical goods, medicine"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "India 57%, China 29.6% (2014)"
"text": "India 61.5%, China 15.4% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$6.034 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $5.298 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$7.945 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $6.034 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$3.727 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $3.833 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$4.609 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.01 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$103 million (31 July 2013 est.)"
@ -681,10 +690,24 @@
"text": "$NA"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Nepalese rupees (NPR) per US dollar - ++ 99.531 (2014 est.) ++ 99.53 (2013 est.) ++ 85.2 (2012 est.) ++ 74.02 (2011 est.) ++ 73.16 (2010 est.)"
"text": "Nepalese rupees (NPR) per US dollar - ++ 102.405 (2015 est.) ++ 97.55 (2014 est.) ++ 99.53 (2013 est.) ++ 85.2 (2012 est.) ++ 74.02 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"population without electricity": {
"text": "6,600,000"
},
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "76%"
},
"electrification - urban areas": {
"text": "97%"
},
"electrification - rural areas": {
"text": "72% (2013)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "3.516 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -758,18 +781,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "840,000"
"text": "846,940"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "3 (2014 est.)"
"text": "3 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "23.2 million"
"text": "27.516 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "75 (2014 est.)"
"text": "87 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -780,31 +803,42 @@
"text": "mobile-cellular telephone subscribership base is increasing with roughly 90% of the population living in areas covered by mobile carriers"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 977; radiotelephone communications; microwave and fiber landlines to India; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2011)"
"text": "country code - 977; radiotelephone communications; microwave and fiber landlines to India; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state operates 2 TV stations, as well as national and regional radio stations; roughly 30 independent TV channels are registered with only about half in regular operation; nearly 400 FM radio stations are licensed with roughly 300 operational (2007)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 6, FM 80, shortwave 4 (2008)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "9 (plus 9 repeaters) (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".np"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "3.8 million"
"text": "5.547 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "12.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "17.6% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "4"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "15"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "510,341"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "4,536,371 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "9N (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "47 (2013)"
},
@ -836,7 +870,7 @@
"text": "6"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 29 (2013)"
"text": "29 (2013)"
}
},
"Railways": {
@ -859,39 +893,15 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Nepal Army (2012)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2014)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "6,941,152"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "7,618,397 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "5,260,878"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "5,947,512 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "380,172"
},
"female": {
"text": "367,103 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "NA% (2012) ++ 1.41% of GDP (2011) ++ NA% (2010)"
"text": "NA% (2012) ++ 1.41% of GDP (2011)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
@ -900,13 +910,13 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "23,059 (Bhutan); 15,000 (Tibet/China) (2014)"
"text": "15,000 (Tibet/China) (2015); just over 14,000 (Bhutan) (2016)"
},
"IDPs": {
"text": "58,689 (remaining from ten-year Maoist insurgency that officially ended in 2006; figure does not include people displaced since 2007 by inter-communal violence and insecurity in the Terai region; 2015 earthquakes) (2015)"
"text": "40,700 (remaining from ten-year Maoist insurgency that officially ended in 2006; figure does not include people displaced since 2007 by inter-communal violence and insecurity in the Terai region; 2015 earthquakes) (2015)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "undetermined (2013); note - in 2007-2008 the government distributed 2.6 million citizenship certificates to the 3.4 million people without one; the remaining 800,000 without citizenship certificates are not necessarily stateless, and the UNHCR is working with the Nepali Government to clarify their situation; lesser numbers of Bhutanese Hindu refugees of Nepali origin (the Lhotsampa) who were stripped of Bhutanese nationality and forced to flee their country in the late 1980s and early 1990s - and undocumented Tibetan refugees who arrived in Nepal prior to the 1990s - are considered stateless"
"text": "undetermined (2015); note - the UNHCR is working with the Nepali Government to address the large number of individuals lacking citizenship certificates in Nepal; smaller numbers of Bhutanese Hindu refugees of Nepali origin (the Lhotsampa) who were stripped of Bhutanese nationality and forced to flee their country in the late 1980s and early 1990s - and undocumented Tibetan refugees who arrived in Nepal prior to the 1990s - are considered stateless"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

371
south-asia/pk.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world and dating back at least 5,000 years, spread over much of what is presently Pakistan. During the second millennium B.C., remnants of this culture fused with the migrating Indo-Aryan peoples. The area underwent successive invasions in subsequent centuries from the Persians, Greeks, Scythians, Arabs (who brought Islam), Afghans, and Turks. The Mughal Empire flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries; the British came to dominate the region in the 18th century. The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state of Pakistan (with West and East sections) and largely Hindu India was never satisfactorily resolved, and India and Pakistan fought two wars - in 1947-48 and 1965 - over the disputed Kashmir territory. A third war between these countries in 1971 - in which India capitalized on Islamabad's marginalization of Bengalis in Pakistani politics - resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. In response to Indian nuclear weapons testing, Pakistan conducted its own tests in 1998. India-Pakistan relations have been rocky since the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, but both countries are taking steps to put relations back on track. In February 2008, Pakistan held parliamentary elections and in September 2008, after the resignation of former President MUSHARRAF, elected Asif Ali ZARDARI to the presidency. A constitutional amendment adopted in April 2010 limited many of the president's executive powers, effectively restoring the parliamentary system. Following parliamentary elections in May 2013 in which Nawaz SHARIF's Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz party won a majority of seats, Pakistan witnessed its first peaceful transition from one democratically elected government to another."
"text": "The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world and dating back at least 5,000 years, spread over much of what is presently Pakistan. During the second millennium B.C., remnants of this culture fused with the migrating Indo-Aryan peoples. The area underwent successive invasions in subsequent centuries from the Persians, Greeks, Scythians, Arabs (who brought Islam), Afghans, and Turks. The Mughal Empire flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries; the British came to dominate the region in the 18th century. The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state of Pakistan (with West and East sections) and largely Hindu India was never satisfactorily resolved, and India and Pakistan fought two wars and a limited conflict - in 1947-48, 1965, and 1999 respectively - over the disputed Kashmir territory. A third war between these countries in 1971 - in which India capitalized on Islamabad's marginalization of Bengalis in Pakistani politics - resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. In response to Indian nuclear weapons testing, Pakistan conducted its own tests in mid-1998. India-Pakistan relations improved in the mid-2000s but have been rocky since the November 2008 Mumbai attacks and have been further strained by attacks in India by militants suspected of being backed by Pakistan. Nawaz SHARIF took office as prime minister in 2013, marking the first time in Pakistani history that a democratically elected government completed a full term and transitioned to a successive democratically elected government. Following a series of bomb and suicide attacks by the Tehrik-e Pakistan Taliban (TTP) begun in 2007, the Pakistan Government and TTP representatives agreed to a cease-fire in early 2014. However, by mid-year 2014 the talks collapsed and the TTP resumed attack plotting against Pakistani targets."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "slightly more than five times the size of Georgia; slightly less than twice the size of California",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "slightly more than five times the size of Georgia; slightly less than twice the size of California"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -60,14 +57,14 @@
"text": "mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north"
},
"Terrain": {
"text": "flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest; Balochistan plateau in west"
"text": "divided into three major geographic areas: the northern highlands, the Indus River plain in the center and east, and the Balochistan Plateau in the south and west"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Indian Ocean 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "900 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) 8,611 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m ++ highest point: K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) 8,611 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -85,18 +82,7 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "199,900 sq km (2008)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "246.8 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "183.5 cu km/yr (5%/1%/94%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "1,038 cu m/yr (2008)"
}
"text": "202,000 sq km (2012)"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August)"
@ -117,6 +103,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "201,995,540 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Pakistani(s)"
@ -134,27 +123,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Muslim (official) 96.4% (Sunni 85-90%, Shia 10-15%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 3.6% (2010 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "199,085,847 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "32.65% (male 33,396,847/female 31,611,641)"
"text": "31.99% (male 33,195,073/female 31,429,440)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "21.44% (male 22,016,207/female 20,673,562)"
"text": "21.31% (male 22,194,064/female 20,845,816)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "36.28% (male 37,526,930/female 34,701,271)"
"text": "36.87% (male 38,680,978/female 35,794,333)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "5.28% (male 5,254,347/female 5,253,526)"
"text": "5.43% (male 5,498,126/female 5,463,453)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "4.35% (male 4,036,727/female 4,614,789) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "4.4% (male 4,139,899/female 4,754,358) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -173,26 +156,26 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "23 years"
"text": "23.4 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "22.9 years"
"text": "23.3 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "23 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "23.4 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "1.46% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.45% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "22.58 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "22.3 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "6.49 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "6.4 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-1.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "-1.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -213,19 +196,25 @@
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "1.07 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "1.08 male(s)/female"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "1 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "0.88 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "23.4",
"note": {
"text": "median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2012/13 est.)"
}
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
@ -233,34 +222,34 @@
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "55.67 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "53.9 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "58.84 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "57 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "52.35 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "50.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "67.39 years"
"text": "67.7 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "65.47 years"
"text": "65.8 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "69.4 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "69.8 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "2.75 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.68 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "35.4% (2012/13)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "2.8% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "2.6% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "0.83 physicians/1,000 population (2010)"
@ -285,13 +274,13 @@
}
},
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "0.09% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.09% (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
"text": "93,900 (2014 est.)"
"text": "102,000 (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
"text": "2,800 (2014 est.)"
"text": "3,600 (2015 est.)"
},
"Major infectious diseases": {
"degree of risk": {
@ -304,10 +293,7 @@
"text": "dengue fever and malaria"
},
"animal contact disease": {
"text": "rabies"
},
"note": {
"text": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)"
"text": "rabies (2016)"
}
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
@ -317,7 +303,7 @@
"text": "31.6% (2013)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "2.5% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "2.5% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -338,21 +324,21 @@
"text": "8 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "8 years"
"text": "9 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "7 years (2013)"
"text": "7 years (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "7.7%"
"text": "10.4%"
},
"male": {
"text": "7%"
"text": "9.4%"
},
"female": {
"text": "10.5% (2008 est.)"
"text": "12.9% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -372,10 +358,13 @@
},
"former": {
"text": "West Pakistan"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "the word \"pak\" means \"pure\" in Persian or Pashto, while the Persian suffix \"-stan\" means \"place of\" or \"country,\" so the word Pakistan literally means \"Land of the pure\""
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "federal republic"
"text": "federal parliamentary republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -401,7 +390,7 @@
"text": "Pakistan Day (also referred to as Pakistan Resolution Day or Republic Day), 23 March (1940); note - commemorates both the adoption of the Lahore Resolution by the All-India Muslim League during its 22-24 March 1940 session, which called for the creation of independent Muslim states, and the adoption of the first constitution of Pakistan on 23 March 1956 during the transition to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest endorsed 12 April 1973, passed 19 April 1973, entered into force 14 August 1973 (suspended and restored several times); amended many times, last in 2015 (2015)"
"text": "several previous; latest endorsed 12 April 1973, passed 19 April 1973, entered into force 14 August 1973 (suspended and restored several times); amended many times, last in 2015 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "common law system with Islamic law influence"
@ -410,14 +399,17 @@
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": ""
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "yes"
},
"citizenship by descent": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Pakistan"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes, but limited to select countries"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": ""
"text": "4 out of the previous 7 years and including the 12 months preceding application"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
@ -448,7 +440,7 @@
"text": "Senate - last held on 5 March 2015 (next to be held in March 2018); National Assembly - last held on 11 May 2013 (next to be held by 2018)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PPPP 27, PML-N 26, MQM 8, ANP 7, PTI 6, JUI-F 5, PML-Q 4, BNP-A 3, NPP 1, PML-F 1, other 10, independent 6; National Assembly - percent of votes by party - NA; seats by party as of June 2013 - PML-N 126, PPPP 31, PTI 28, MQM 18, JUI-F 10, PML-F 5, other 22, independent 25, unfilled seats 7; 60 seats reserved for women, 10 seats reserved for non-Muslims; seats by party as of April 2015 (includes women and non-Muslim seats) - PML-N 188, PPPP 46, PTI 33, MQM 23, JUI-F 13, PML-F 5, other 25, independent 9"
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PPPP 27, PML-N 26, MQM 8, ANP 6, PTI 7, JUI-F 5, PML-Q 4, BNP-A 2, NP 1, PML-F 1, other 7, independent 10; National Assembly - percent of votes by party - NA; seats by party - PML-N 126, PPPP 31, PTI 28, MQM 18, JUI-F 10, PML-F 5, other 22, independent 25, unfilled seats 7; 60 seats reserved for women, 10 seats reserved for non-Muslims; seats by party as of July 2016 (includes women and non-Muslim seats) - PML-N 188, PPPP 46, PTI 33, MQM 24, JUI-F 13, PML-F 5, other 21, independent 12"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -490,7 +482,7 @@
"text": "[1] (202) 686-1544"
},
"consulate(s) general": {
"text": "Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles"
"text": "Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York"
},
"consulate(s)": {
"text": "Louisville (KY), San Francisco"
@ -498,7 +490,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Richard OLSON (since 31 October 2012)"
"text": "Ambassador David M. HALE (since 3 December 2015)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5, Islamabad"
@ -507,10 +499,10 @@
"text": "8100 Islamabad Place, Washington, DC 20521-8100"
},
"telephone": {
"text": "[92] (51) 208-0000"
"text": "[92] (51) 208-0000/[92] (51) 201-4000"
},
"FAX": {
"text": "[92] (51) 227-6427"
"text": "[92] (51) 233-8071"
},
"consulate(s) general": {
"text": "Karachi"
@ -539,58 +531,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Decades of internal political disputes and low levels of foreign investment have led to slow growth and underdevelopment in Pakistan. Agriculture accounts for more than one-fourth of output and two-fifths of employment. Textiles account for most of Pakistan's export earnings, and Pakistan's failure to diversify its exports has left the country vulnerable to shifts in world demand. Official unemployment was 6.9% in 2014, but this fails to capture the true picture, because much of the economy is informal and underemployment remains high. Pakistan's human development continues to lag behind most of the region.. As a result of political and macroeconomic instability, the Pakistani rupee has depreciated more than 40% since 2007. The government agreed to an International Monetary Fund Standby Arrangement in November 2008 to preventa balance of payments crisis, but the IMF ended the Arrangement early because of Pakistan's failure to implement required reforms. The economy has stabilized, it continues to underperform and foreign investment has not returned to levels seen during the mid-2000s, due to investor concerns related to governance, electricity shortages, , and a slow-down in the global economy. Remittances from overseas workers, averaging more than$1 billion a month, remain a bright spot for Pakistan. After a small current account surplus in fiscal year 2011 (July 2010/June 2011), Pakistan's current account turned to a deficit where it remained through 2014, spurred by higher prices for imported oil and lower prices for exported cotton. In September 2013, after facing balance of payments concerns, Pakistan entered into a three-year, $6.7 billion IMF Extended Fund Facility. The Sharif government has since made modest progress implementing fiscal and energy reforms, and in December 2014 the IMF described Pakistan's progress as \"broadly on track.\" Pakistan remains stuck in a low-income, low-growth trap, with growth averaging about 3.5% per year from 2008 to 2014. Pakistan must address long standing issues related to government revenues and the electricity and natural gas sectors in order to spur the amount of economic growth that will be necessary to employ its growing and rapidly urbanizing population, more than half of which is under 22. Other long term challenges include expanding investment in education and healthcare, adapting to the effects of climate change and natural disasters, and reducing dependence on foreign donors."
"text": "Decades of internal political disputes and low levels of foreign investment have led to slow growth and underdevelopment in Pakistan. Pakistan has a large English-speaking population. Nevertheless, a challenging security environment, electricity shortages, and a burdensome investment climate have deterred investors. Agriculture accounts for more than one-fourth of output and two-fifths of employment. Textiles and apparel account for most of Pakistan's export earnings, and Pakistan's failure to diversify its exports has left the country vulnerable to shifts in world demand. Pakistan’s GDP growth has gradually increased since 2012. Official unemployment was 6.5% in 2015, but this fails to capture the true picture, because much of the economy is informal and underemployment remains high. Human development continues to lag behind most of the region. ++ ++ In coordination with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Pakistan embarked on an economic reform program in 2013. While the reform process has been mixed, and issues like privatization of state-owned enterprises remain unresolved, Pakistan has restored macroeconomic stability, improved its credit rating, and boosted growth. The Pakistani rupee, after heavy depreciation, remained relatively stable against the US dollar in 2014-15. Remittances from overseas workers, averaging more than $1.5 billion a month, are a key revenue source for Pakistan, partly compensating for a lack of foreign investment and a slowdown in portfolio investment. Falling global oil prices in 2015 contributed to a narrowing current account deficit and lower inflation, despite weak export performance. Pakistan’s program with the IMF – a three-year, $6.7 billion Extended Fund Facility focusing on reducing energy shortages, stabilizing public finances, expanding revenue, and improving the external balance – is slated to conclude in September 2016. While passing most quantitative targets, Pakistan has missed targets on structural reforms and performance criteria throughout the program. ++ ++ Pakistan remains stuck in a low-income, low-growth trap, with growth averaging about 3.5% per year from 2008 to 2013. Pakistan must address long-standing issues related to government revenues, with the tax base being narrow at 11% of GDP. Given demographic challenges, Pakistan’s leadership will be pressed to implement economic reforms, promote further development of the energy sector, and attract foreign investment to support sufficient economic growth necessary to employ its growing and rapidly urbanizing population, much of which is under the age of 25. Other long-term challenges include expanding investment in education and healthcare, adapting to the effects of climate change and natural disasters, improving the country’s business climate, and reducing dependence on foreign donors. Pakistan and China are implementing the “China-Pakistan Economic Corridor”, a $46 billion investment program targeted towards the energy sector and other infrastructure project that Islamabad and Beijing had agreed on in early 2014."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$884.2 billion (2014 est.) ++ $850 billion (2013 est.) ++ $820.1 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$931.6 billion (2015 est.) ++ $895.4 billion (2014 est.) ++ $860.5 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$246.8 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$271.1 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "4% (2014 est.) ++ 3.7% (2013 est.) ++ 3.8% (2012 est.)"
"text": "4% (2015 est.) ++ 4.1% (2014 est.) ++ 3.7% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$4,700 (2014 est.) ++ $4,600 (2013 est.) ++ $4,400 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$4,900 (2015 est.) ++ $4,800 (2014 est.) ++ $4,700 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "13.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 13.9% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 13% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "14.5% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 13.4% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 13.9% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "80.7%"
"text": "80%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "10.8%"
"text": "11%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "13.4%"
"text": "13.9%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "1.6%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "12.3%"
"text": "10.6%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-18.7% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-17% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "25%"
"text": "25.1%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "20.9%"
"text": "20%"
},
"services": {
"text": "54.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "54.9% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -600,33 +592,33 @@
"text": "textiles and apparel, food processing, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, paper products, fertilizer, shrimp"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "4.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "4.8% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "61.55 million",
"text": "63.34 million",
"note": {
"text": "extensive export of labor, mostly to the Middle East, and use of child labor (2014 est.)"
"text": "extensive export of labor, mostly to the Middle East, and use of child labor (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "44%"
"text": "43.7%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "22%"
"text": "22.4%"
},
"services": {
"text": "33% (FY2013 est.)"
"text": "33.9% (FY2013 est.)"
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "6.8% (2014 est.) ++ 6.2% (2013 est.)",
"text": "6.4% (2015 est.) ++ 6.3% (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "substantial underemployment exists"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "12.4% (FY2011 est.)"
"text": "22.3% (FY2005 est.)"
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
"lowest 10%": {
@ -637,143 +629,157 @@
}
},
"Distribution of family income - Gini index": {
"text": "29.6 (FY2011) ++ 30 (FY2008)"
"text": "29.6 (FY2011) ++ 31.4 (FY2008)"
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$36.92 billion"
"text": "$38.25 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$51.02 billion (FY2014 est.)"
"text": "$52.43 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "15% of GDP (FY2014 est.)"
"text": "14.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-5.7% of GDP (FY2014 est.)"
"text": "-5.3% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "64.3% of GDP (FY2014 est.) ++ 64.8% of GDP (FY2013 est.)"
"text": "57.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 56% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "1 July - 30 June"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "8.6% (2014 est.) ++ 7.4% (2013 est.)"
"text": "4.5% (2015 est.) ++ 8.6% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "9.5% (18 December 2014) ++ 10% (31 December 2013)"
"text": "6% (15 November 2015) ++ 9.5% (18 December 2014)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "9.7% (8 December 2014 est.) ++ 9.98% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "8.37% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 10.51% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$79.67 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $67.18 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$89.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $79.67 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$101.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $87.14 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$107 billion (31 October 2015 est.) ++ $97.95 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$118.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $104.2 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$127.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $119.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$43.68 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $32.76 billion (31 December 2011) ++ $38.17 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$43.68 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $32.76 billion (31 December 2011 est.) ++ $38.17 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$3.13 billion (2014 est.) ++ -$2.496 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$2.627 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$3.13 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$24.8 billion (2014 est.) ++ $25.12 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$22.73 billion (2015 est.) ++ $24.78 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "textiles (garments, bed linen, cotton cloth, yarn), rice, leather goods, sporting goods, chemicals, manufactures, carpets and rugs"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "US 12.4%, China 9.3%, UAE 8.6%, Afghanistan 8.3%, UK 5.2%, Germany 4.9% (2014)"
"text": "US 13.1%, UAE 9.1%, Afghanistan 9.1%, China 8.8%, UK 5.4%, Germany 4.9% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$42.57 billion (2014 est.) ++ $41.21 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$39.29 billion (2015 est.) ++ $42.65 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, plastics, transportation equipment, edible oils, paper and paperboard, iron and steel, tea"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "China 24.5%, Saudi Arabia 11.1%, UAE 11%, Kuwait 5.7%, India 4% (2014)"
"text": "China 28.1%, Saudi Arabia 10.9%, UAE 10.8%, Kuwait 5.6% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$14.29 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $7.822 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$20.05 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $14.29 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$58.17 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $56.46 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$60.91 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $62.18 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$29.37 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $27.59 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$31.82 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $32.64 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$1.847 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.731 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$2.009 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.784 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Pakistani rupees (PKR) per US dollar - ++ 101.1 (FY2014 est.) ++ 101.1 (FY2013 est.) ++ 93.4 (2012 est.) ++ 86.3434 (2011 est.) ++ 85.194 (2010 est.)"
"text": "Pakistani rupees (PKR) per US dollar - ++ 102.769 (FY2015 est.) ++ 101.1 (FY2014 est.) ++ 101.1 (FY2013 est.) ++ 93.4 (2012 est.) ++ 86.3434 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"population without electricity": {
"text": "49,500,000"
},
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "73%"
},
"electrification - urban areas": {
"text": "91%"
},
"electrification - rural areas": {
"text": "62% (2013)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "92.86 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
"text": "97.8 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
},
"Electricity - consumption": {
"text": "80.3 billion kWh (FY2013 est.)"
"text": "78.89 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
},
"Electricity - exports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2013 est.)"
},
"Electricity - imports": {
"text": "375 million kWh (2012 est.)"
"text": "392 million kWh (2013 est.)"
},
"Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
"text": "23.66 million kW (FY2013 est.)"
"text": "24,380 kW (FY2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
"text": "68% of total installed capacity (FY2013 est.)"
"text": "67.1% of total installed capacity (FY2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
"text": "3.3% of total installed capacity (FY2013 est.)"
"text": "3.2% of total installed capacity (FY2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
"text": "28.9% of total installed capacity (FY2013 est.)"
"text": "29.2% of total installed capacity (FY2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
"text": "0.2% of total installed capacity (FY2013 est.)"
"text": "0.4% of total installed capacity (FY2014 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - production": {
"text": "93,630 bbl/day (2014 est.)"
"text": "98,000 bbl/day (2014 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - imports": {
"text": "148,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
"text": "372,800 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - proved reserves": {
"text": "371 million bbl (1 January 2015 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - production": {
"text": "227,800 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
"text": "228,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - consumption": {
"text": "434,000 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - exports": {
"text": "15,940 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
"text": "16,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - imports": {
"text": "210,200 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
"text": "210,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - production": {
"text": "39.97 billion cu m (2013 est.)"
"text": "38.55 billion cu m (2013 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - consumption": {
"text": "39.97 billion cu m (2013 est.)"
"text": "41.22 billion cu m (2012 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2013 est.)"
@ -791,53 +797,64 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "4.9 million"
"text": "2,990,954"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "2 (2014 est.)"
"text": "2 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "135.8 million"
"text": "125.9 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "69 (2014 est.)"
"text": "63 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "the telecommunications infrastructure is improving dramatically with foreign and domestic investments in fixed-line and mobile-cellular networks; system consists of microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, cellular, and satellite networks;"
"text": "the telecommunications infrastructure is improving, with investments in mobile-cellular networks increasing, but fixed-line subscriptions declining; system consists of microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, cellular, and satellite networks; 3G and 4G mobile services introduced"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "mobile-cellular subscribership has skyrocketed, exceeding 110 million by the end of 2011, up from only about 300,000 in 2000; more than 90 percent of Pakistanis live within areas that have cell phone coverage, and more than half of all Pakistanis have access to a cell phone; fiber systems are being constructed throughout the country to aid in network growth; fixed line availability has risen only marginally over the same period, and there are still difficulties getting fixed-line service to rural areas"
"text": "mobile-cellular subscribership has skyrocketed; more than 90% of Pakistanis live within areas that have cell phone coverage; fiber-optic networks are being constructed throughout the country to increase broadband access, though broadband penetration in Pakistan is still relatively low"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 92; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable systems that provide links to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); 3 operational international gateway exchanges (1 at Karachi and 2 at Islamabad); microwave radio relay to neighboring countries (2011)"
"text": "country code - 92; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable systems that provide links to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); 3 operational international gateway exchanges (1 at Karachi and 2 at Islamabad); microwave radio relay to neighboring countries (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "media is government regulated; 1 dominant state-owned TV broadcaster, Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV), operates a network consisting of 5 channels; private TV broadcasters are permitted; to date 69 foreign satellite channels are operational; the state-owned radio network operates more than 40 stations; nearly 100 commercially licensed privately owned radio stations provide programming mostly limited to music and talk shows (2007)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 31, FM 68, shortwave NA (2006)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "20 (5 state-run channels and 15 privately-owned satellite channels) (2006)"
"text": "media is government regulated; 1 dominant state-owned TV broadcaster, Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV), operates a network consisting of 8 channels; private TV broadcasters are permitted; to date 69 foreign satellite channels are operational; the state-owned radio network operates more than 40 stations; nearly 100 commercially licensed, privately owned radio stations provide programming mostly limited to music and talk shows (2015)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".pk"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "21.3 million"
"text": "35.835 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "10.8% (2014 est.)"
"text": "18% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "4"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "67"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "8,467,827"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "183,177,313 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "AP (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "151 (2013)"
},
@ -875,7 +892,7 @@
"text": "9"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 24 (2013)"
"text": "24 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -886,24 +903,24 @@
},
"Railways": {
"total": {
"text": "7,789 km"
"text": "11,881 km"
},
"broad gauge": {
"text": "7,477 km 1.676-m gauge (293 km electrified)"
"text": "11,492 km 1.676-m gauge (293 km electrified)"
},
"narrow gauge": {
"text": "312 km 1.000-m gauge (2014)"
"text": "389 km 1.000-m gauge (2015)"
}
},
"Roadways": {
"total": {
"text": "262,256 km"
"text": "263,942 km"
},
"paved": {
"text": "189,218 km (includes 708 km of expressways)"
"text": "185,063 km (includes 708 km of expressways)"
},
"unpaved": {
"text": "73,038 km (2010)"
"text": "78,879 km (2014)"
}
},
"Merchant marine": {
@ -929,37 +946,13 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Pakistan Army (includes National Guard), Pakistan Navy (includes Maritime Security Agency), Pakistan Air Force (Pakistan Fiza'ya) (2015)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "16-23 years of age for voluntary military service; soldiers cannot be deployed for combat until age 18; the Pakistani Air Force and Pakistani Navy have inducted their first female pilots and sailors; the Pakistan Air Force recruits aviation technicians at age 15; service obligation (Navy) 10-18 years; retirement required after 18-30 years service or age 40-52 (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "48,453,305"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "44,898,096 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "37,945,440"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "37,381,549 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "2,237,723"
},
"female": {
"text": "2,104,906 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "3.5% of GDP (2013) ++ 3.5% of GDP (2012) ++ 3.2% of GDP (2011)"
}
@ -970,18 +963,18 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "3 million (1.6 million registered, 1.4 million undocumented) (Afghanistan) (2015)"
"text": "2.6 million (1.6 million registered, 1.0 million undocumented) (Afghanistan) (2015)"
},
"IDPs": {
"text": "more than 1.8 million (primarily those who remain displaced by counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency operations and violent conflict between armed non-state groups in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and Khyber-Paktunkwa Province; more than one million displaced in Northern Waziristan in 2014; individuals also have been displaced by repeated monsoon floods) (2015)"
"text": "1.459 million (primarily those who remain displaced by counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency operations and violent conflict between armed non-state groups in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Khyber-Paktunkwa Province; more than 1 million displaced in Northern Waziristan in 2014; individuals also have been displaced by repeated monsoon floods) (2015)"
}
},
"Trafficking in persons": {
"current situation": {
"text": "Pakistan is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; the country’s deteriorating security situation and weak economy have dominated the government’s resources and attention; the largest human trafficking problem is bonded labor in agriculture, brickmaking and, to a lesser extent, mining and carpet-making; children are bought, sold, rented, and placed in forced begging rings, domestic service, small shops, brick kilns, or prostitution; militant groups also force children to spy, fight, or die as suicide bombers, kidnapping the children or getting them from poor parents through sale or coercion; women and girls are forced into prostitution or marriages; Pakistani adults migrate to the Gulf States and African and European states for low-skilled jobs and sometimes become victims of forced labor, debt bondage, or prostitution; foreign adults and children from Afghanistan, Iran, Uzbekistan, Tanzania, and Bangladesh may be subject to forced labor, and foreign women may be sex trafficked in Pakistan, with refugees and minorities being most vulnerable"
"text": "Pakistan is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; the largest human trafficking problem is bonded labor in agriculture, brickmaking and, to a lesser extent, fishing, mining and carpet-making; children are bought, sold, rented, and placed in forced begging rings, domestic service, small shops, brick kilns, or prostitution; militant groups also force children to spy, fight, or die as suicide bombers, kidnapping the children or getting them from poor parents through sale or coercion; women and girls are forced into prostitution or marriages; Pakistani adults migrate to the Gulf States and African and European states for low-skilled jobs and sometimes become victims of forced labor, debt bondage, or prostitution; foreign adults and children, particularly from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, may be subject to forced labor, and foreign women may be sex trafficked in Pakistan, with refugees and ethnic minorities being most vulnerable"
},
"tier rating": {
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List – Pakistan does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; officials continue to focus on trafficking as a transnational problem and lack the political will to address the issue unless pressured by the media and activists; the government does not prohibit and penalize all forms of trafficking and has not submitted a draft anti-trafficking bill to the National Assembly or Senate; authorities have yet to convict any offenders under the Bonded Labor System Act since it came into force in 1992; trafficking and smuggling continue to be conflated, with trafficking victims often prosecuted for prostitution or other crimes committed as a result of trafficking; Pakistan does not have systematic methods for identifying trafficking victims among vulnerable population and referring them to protective services (2014)"
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List – Pakistan does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government lacks political will and capacity to fully address human trafficking, as evidenced by ineffective law enforcement efforts, official complicity, penalization of victims, and the continued conflation of migrant smuggling and human trafficking by many officials; not all forms of trafficking are prohibited; an anti-trafficking bill drafted in 2013 to address gaps in existing legislation remains pending, and a national action plan drafted in 2014 is not finalized; feudal landlords and brick kiln owners use their political influence to protect their involvement in bonded labor, while some police personnel have taken bribes to ignore prostitution that may have included sex trafficking; authorities began to use standard procedures for the identification and referral of trafficking victims, but it is not clear how widely these methods were practiced; in other instances, police were reluctant to assist NGOs with rescues and even punished victims for crimes committed as a direct result of being trafficked (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {