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Gerald Bauer
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
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{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the Anatolian remnants of the defeated Ottoman Empire by national hero Mustafa KEMAL, who was later honored with the title Ataturk or \"Father of the Turks.\" Under his leadership, the country adopted wide-ranging social, legal, and political reforms. After a period of one-party rule, an experiment with multi-party politics led to the 1950 election victory of the opposition Democratic Party and the peaceful transfer of power. Since then, Turkish political parties have multiplied, but democracy has been fractured by periods of instability and intermittent military coups (1960, 1971, 1980), which in each case eventually resulted in a return of political power to civilians. In 1997, the military again helped engineer the ouster - popularly dubbed a \"post-modern coup\" - of the then Islamic-oriented government. Turkey intervened militarily on Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island and has since acted as patron state to the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus,\" which only Turkey recognizes. A separatist insurgency begun in 1984 by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) - now known as the Kurdistan People's Congress or Kongra-Gel (KGK) - dominated the Turkish military's attention and claimed more than 30,000 lives. After the capture of the group's leader in 1999, the insurgents largely withdrew from Turkey mainly to northern Iraq. In 2013, the PKK and the Turkish Government agreed to a cease-fire that continues despite slow progress in ongoing peace talks. Turkey joined the UN in 1945 and in 1952 it became a member of NATO. In 1963, Turkey became an associate member of the European Community; it began accession membership talks with the EU in 2005. Over the past decade, economic reforms have contributed to a quickly growing economy."
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"text": "Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the remnants of the defeated Ottoman Empire by national hero Mustafa KEMAL, who was later honored with the title Ataturk or \"Father of the Turks.\" Under his leadership, the country adopted radical social, legal, and political reforms. After a period of one-party rule, an experiment with multi-party politics led to the 1950 election victory of the opposition Democrat Party and the peaceful transfer of power. Since then, Turkish political parties have multiplied, but democracy has been fractured by periods of instability and military coups (1960, 1971, 1980), which in each case eventually resulted in a return of formal political power to civilians. In 1997, the military again helped engineer the ouster - popularly dubbed a \"post-modern coup\" - of the then Islamic-oriented government. Turkey intervened militarily on Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island and has since acted as patron state to the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus,\" which only Turkey recognizes. A separatist insurgency begun in 1984 by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) has long dominated the Turkish military's attention and claimed more than 40,000 lives. After the capture of the group's leader in 1999, the insurgents largely withdrew from Turkey mainly to northern Iraq. In 2013, the PKK and the Turkish Government agreed to a cease-fire, but fighting resumed in 2015. Turkey joined the UN in 1945 and in 1952 it became a member of NATO. In 1963, Turkey became an associate member of the European Community; it began accession membership talks with the EU in 2005. Over the past decade, economic reforms have contributed to a quickly growing economy. ++ ++ Late 2015 and the first half of 2016 witnessed an uptick in terrorist violence in Turkey's two largest cities and elsewhere. Several car bomb and gun attacks in Ankara in October 2015, and two attacks there in February and June 2015 were followed by an attack on Istanbul's Ataturk Airport. On 15 July 2016, elements of the Turkish Armed forces attempted a coup at key government and infrastructure locations in Ankara and Istanbul. An estimated 300 people were killed and over 2,000 injured when Turkish citizens took to the streets en masse to confront the coup forces. Turkish Government authorities subsequently conducted mass arrests of military personnel, detained several thousand judges and journalists, and suspended thousands of educators in connection with the coup. The government accused coup leaders of links to the \"Gulen\" movement - an Islamic transnational religious and social movement, which the government designates as a terrorist group."
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
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}
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},
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"Area - comparative": {
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"text": "slightly larger than Texas",
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"Area comparison map": {
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"text": null
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}
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"text": "slightly larger than Texas"
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},
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"Land boundaries": {
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"total": {
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@ -56,12 +53,12 @@
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"Terrain": {
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"text": "high central plateau (Anatolia); narrow coastal plain; several mountain ranges"
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},
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"Elevation extremes": {
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"lowest point": {
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"text": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m"
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"Elevation": {
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"mean elevation": {
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"text": "1,132 m"
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},
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"highest point": {
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"text": "Mount Ararat 5,166 m"
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"elevation extremes": {
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"text": "lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m ++ highest point: Mount Ararat 5,166 m"
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}
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},
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"Natural resources": {
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@ -79,18 +76,7 @@
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}
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},
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"Irrigated land": {
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"text": "53,400 sq km (2012)"
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},
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"Total renewable water resources": {
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"text": "211.6 cu km (2011)"
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},
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"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
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"total": {
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"text": "40.1 cu km/yr (14%/10%/76%)"
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},
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"per capita": {
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"text": "572.9 cu m/yr (2008)"
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}
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"text": "52,150 sq km (2012)"
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},
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"Natural hazards": {
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"text": "severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van",
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@ -114,6 +100,9 @@
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}
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},
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"People and Society": {
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"Population": {
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"text": "80,274,604 (July 2016 est.)"
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},
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"Nationality": {
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"noun": {
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"text": "Turk(s)"
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@ -131,27 +120,21 @@
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"Religions": {
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"text": "Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (mostly Christians and Jews)"
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},
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"Population": {
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"text": "79,414,269 (July 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Age structure": {
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"0-14 years": {
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"text": "25.45% (male 10,339,731/female 9,868,005)"
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"text": "25.08% (male 10,303,153/female 9,833,713)"
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},
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"15-24 years": {
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"text": "16.25% (male 6,587,897/female 6,314,306)"
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"text": "16.11% (male 6,605,634/female 6,329,921)"
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},
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"25-54 years": {
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"text": "43.07% (male 17,323,965/female 16,878,498)"
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"text": "43.15% (male 17,541,137/female 17,094,141)"
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},
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"55-64 years": {
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"text": "8.15% (male 3,216,877/female 3,253,892)"
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"text": "8.36% (male 3,335,021/female 3,374,965)"
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},
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"65 years and over": {
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"text": "7.09% (male 2,498,187/female 3,132,911) (2015 est.)"
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},
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"population pyramid": {
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"text": null
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"text": "7.3% (male 2,603,655/female 3,253,264) (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Dependency ratios": {
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@ -170,26 +153,26 @@
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},
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"Median age": {
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"total": {
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"text": "30.1 years"
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"text": "30.5 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "29.7 years"
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"text": "30.1 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "30.6 years (2015 est.)"
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"text": "31 years (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Population growth rate": {
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"text": "1.26% (2015 est.)"
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"text": "0.9% (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Birth rate": {
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"text": "16.33 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "16 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Death rate": {
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"text": "5.88 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "5.9 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Net migration rate": {
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"text": "2.16 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "-1.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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"urban population": {
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@ -222,42 +205,45 @@
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"text": "0.8 male(s)/female"
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},
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"total population": {
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"text": "1.01 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
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"text": "1.01 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
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"text": "22.3 (2010 est.)"
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},
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"Maternal mortality rate": {
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"text": "16 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Infant mortality rate": {
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"total": {
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"text": "18.87 deaths/1,000 live births"
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"text": "18.2 deaths/1,000 live births"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "20.13 deaths/1,000 live births"
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"text": "19.4 deaths/1,000 live births"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "17.55 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
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"text": "16.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Life expectancy at birth": {
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"total population": {
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"text": "74.57 years"
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"text": "74.8 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "72.26 years"
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"text": "72.5 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "77 years (2015 est.)"
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"text": "77.3 years (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Total fertility rate": {
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"text": "2.05 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
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"text": "2.03 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
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"text": "73% (2008)"
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},
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"Health expenditures": {
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"text": "5.6% of GDP (2013)"
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"text": "5.4% of GDP (2014)"
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},
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"Physicians density": {
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"text": "1.71 physicians/1,000 population (2011)"
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@ -315,13 +301,13 @@
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},
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"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
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"total": {
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"text": "15 years"
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"text": "16 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "15 years"
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"text": "17 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "14 years (2012)"
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"text": "16 years (2013)"
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}
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},
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"Child labor - children ages 5-14": {
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@ -332,18 +318,18 @@
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"text": "3%"
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},
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"note": {
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"text": "data represents children ages 6-14 (2006 est.)"
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"text": "data represent children ages 6-14 (2006 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
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"total": {
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"text": "17.5%"
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"text": "17.8%"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "16.3%"
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"text": "16.6%"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "19.9% (2012 est.)"
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"text": "20.2% (2014 est.)"
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}
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}
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},
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},
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"local short form": {
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"text": "Turkiye"
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},
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"etymology": {
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"text": "the name means \"Land of the Turks\""
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}
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},
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"Government type": {
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"text": "republican parliamentary democracy"
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"text": "parliamentary republic"
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},
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"Capital": {
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"name": {
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@ -383,13 +372,13 @@
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"text": "81 provinces (iller, singular - ili); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyonkarahisar, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Duzce, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Igdir, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir (Smyrna), Kahramanmaras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mersin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanliurfa, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon (Trebizond), Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak"
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},
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"Independence": {
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"text": "29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)"
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"text": "29 October 1923 (republic proclaimed succeeding to the Ottoman Empire)"
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},
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"National holiday": {
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"text": "Republic Day, 29 October (1923)"
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},
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"Constitution": {
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"text": "several previous; latest ratified 9 November 1982; amended 2001, 2007, 2010; note - work on a new constitution begun in 2011 has stalled in parliament (2015)"
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"text": "several previous; latest ratified 9 November 1982; amended several times, last in 2015 (2016)"
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},
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"Legal system": {
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"text": "civil law system based on various European legal systems notably the Swiss civil code"
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"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
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},
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"Citizenship": {
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"birthright citizenship": {
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"text": ""
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"citizenship by birth": {
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"text": "no"
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},
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"citizenship by descent only": {
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"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Turkey"
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},
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"dual citizenship recognized": {
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"text": "yes, but requires prior permission from the government"
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},
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"residency requirement for naturalization": {
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"text": ""
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"text": "5 years"
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}
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},
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"Suffrage": {
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@ -416,7 +408,7 @@
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"text": "President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 10 August 2014)"
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},
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"head of government": {
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"text": "Prime Minister Ahmet DAVUTOGLU (since 28 August 2014); Deputy Prime Ministers Yalcin AKDOGAN, Bulent ARINC, Ali BABACAN (all since 29 August 2014)"
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"text": "Prime Minister Binali YILDIRIM (since 22 May 2016); Deputy Prime Ministers Nurettin CANIKLI (since 24 May 2016), Veysi KAYNAK (since 24 May 2016), Mehmet SIMSEK (since 24 November 2015), Yildirim Tugrul TURKES (since 29 August 2014), Numan KURTULMUS (since 29 August 2014)"
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},
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"cabinet": {
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"text": "Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, appointed by the president"
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@ -436,22 +428,22 @@
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"text": "last held on 1 November 2015 (next to be held on June 2019); note - ERDOGAN was unable to form a coalition government and announced on 24 August 2015 that snap elections would be held; DAVUTOGLU formed the interim government"
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},
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"election results": {
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"text": "percent of vote by party - AKP 49.5%, CHP 25.3%, MHP 11.9%, HDP 10.8, other 2.6%; seats by party - AKP 317, CHP 134, MHP 40, HDP 59; note - only parties surpassing the 10% threshold can win parliamentary seats"
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"text": "percent of vote by party - AKP 49.5%, CHP 25.3%, MHP 11.9%, HDP 10.8%, other 2.6%; seats by party - AKP 317, CHP 134, MHP 40, HDP 59; note - only parties surpassing the 10% threshold can win parliamentary seats"
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}
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},
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"Judicial branch": {
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"highest court": {
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"text": "Constitutional Court or Anayasa Mahkemesi (consists of 17 members); Supreme Court of Appeals (consists of about 390 judges and organized into 15 divisions with 23 civil and 15 criminal chambers); Council of State (organized into 15 divisions - 14 judicial and 1 consultative – each with a division head and at least 5 members)"
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"text": "Constitutional Court or Anayasa Mahkemesi (consists of 17 members); Court of Cassation (consists of about 390 judges and organized into civil and penal chambers); Council of State (organized into 15 divisions - 14 judicial and 1 consultative - each with a division head and at least 5 members)"
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},
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"judge selection and term of office": {
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"text": "Constitutional Court members - 3 appointed by the Grand National Assembly and 14 by the president of the republic from among candidates nominated by the plenary assemblies of the high courts (with the exception of the Court of High Accounts), the Higher Education Council, and from among senior government administrators, lawyers, judges and prosecutors, and Constitutional Court rapporteurs; court president and 2 deputy presidents appointed from among its members for 4-year terms; judges appointed for 12-year, non-renewable terms with mandatory retirement at age 65; Supreme Court of Appeals judges appointed by the Supreme Council of Judges and Public Prosecutors (SCJP), an independent body of judicial officials; judges appointed until retirement at age 65; Council of State members appointed by the SCJP and by the president of the republic; members appointed for renewable, 4-year terms"
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"text": "Constitutional Court members - 3 appointed by the Grand National Assembly and 14 by the president of the republic from among candidates nominated by the plenary assemblies of the high courts (with the exception of the Court of High Accounts), the Higher Education Council, and from among senior government administrators, lawyers, judges and prosecutors, and Constitutional Court rapporteurs; court president and 2 deputy presidents appointed from among its members for 4-year terms; judges appointed for 12-year, non-renewable terms with mandatory retirement at age 65; Court of Cassation judges appointed by the Supreme Council of Judges and Public Prosecutors (SCJP), a 22-member body of judicial officials; Court of Cassation judges appointed until retirement at age 65; Council of State members appointed by the SCJP and by the president of the republic; members appointed for renewable, 4-year terms"
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},
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"subordinate courts": {
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"text": "basic (first instance) courts, military courts, specialized courts, including administrative and audit"
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"text": "regional appeals courts; basic (first instance) courts, peace courts; military courts; state security courts; specialized courts, including administrative and audit"
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}
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},
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"Political parties and leaders": {
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"text": "Anatolia Party or AnaParti [Emine Ulker TARHAN] ++ Center Party [Abdurrahim KARSLI] ++ Democratic Left Party or DSP [Masum TURKER] ++ Democratic Party or DP [Gultekin UYSAL] ++ Democratic Regions Party or DBP [Emine AYNA and Kamuran YUKSEK, co-chairs] ++ Electronic Democracy Party or e-Parti [Emrehan HALICI] ++ Felicity Party or SP [Mustafa KAMALAK] ++ Freedom and Solidarity Party or ODP [Alper TAS and Bilge Seckin CETINKAYA, co-chairs] ++ Grand Unity Party or BBP [Mustafa DESTICI] ++ Independent Turkey Party or BTP [Haydar BAS] ++ Justice and Development Party or AKP [Ahmet DAVUTOGLU] ++ Nation and Justice Party or MILAD [Idris Naim SAHIN] ++ Nationalist Movement Party or MHP [Devlet BAHCELI] ++ People's Democratic Party or HDP [Selahattin DEMIRTAS and Figen YUKSEKDAG, co-chairs] ++ Republican People's Party or CHP [Kemal KILICDAROGLU]"
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"text": "Democratic Party or DP [Gultekin UYSAL] ++ Felicity Party or SP [Mustafa KAMALAK] ++ Grand Unity Party or BBP [Mustafa DESTICI] ++ Justice and Development Party or AKP [Ahmet DAVUTOGLU] ++ Nationalist Movement Party or MHP [Devlet BAHCELI] ++ People's Democratic Party or HDP [Selahattin DEMIRTAS and Figen YUKSEKDAG] ++ Republican People's Party or CHP [Kemal KILICDAROGLU]"
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},
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"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
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"text": "Confederation of Businessmen and Industrialists of Turkey or TUSKON [Rizanur MERAL] ++ Confederation of Public Sector Unions or KESK [Lami OZGEN, Sazyie KOSE, co-chairs] ++ Confederation of Revolutionary Workers Unions or DISK [Tayfun GORGUN] ++ Independent Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or MUSIAD [Nail OLPAK] ++ Moral Rights Workers Union or Hak-Is [Mahmut ARSLAN] ++ Turkish Confederation of Employers' Unions or TISK [Tugrul KUDATGOBILIK] ++ Turkish Confederation of Labor or Turk-Is [Ergun ATALAY] ++ Turkish Confederation of Tradesmen and Craftsmen or TESK [Bendevi PALANDOKEN] ++ Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or TUSIAD [Muharrem YILMAZ] ++ Turkish Union of Chambers of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges or TOBB [M. Rifat HISARCIKLIOGLU]"
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@ -519,58 +511,58 @@
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},
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"Economy": {
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"Economy - overview": {
|
||||
"text": "Turkey's largely free-market economy is increasingly driven by its industry and service sectors, although its traditional agriculture sector still accounts for about 25% of employment. An aggressive privatization program has reduced state involvement in basic industry, banking, transport, and communication, and an emerging cadre of middle-class entrepreneurs is adding dynamism to the economy and expanding production beyond the traditional textiles and clothing sectors. The automotive, construction, and electronics industries are rising in importance and have surpassed textiles within Turkey's export mix. ++ ++ Oil began to flow through the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline in May 2006, marking a major milestone that has brought up to 1 million barrels per day from the Caspian region to market. Several gas pipeline projects also are moving forward to help transport Caspian gas to Europe through Turkey, which over the long term will help address Turkey's dependence on imported oil and gas, which currently meets 97% of its energy needs. ++ ++ After Turkey experienced a severe financial crisis in 2001, Ankara adopted financial and fiscal reforms as part of an IMF program. The reforms strengthened the country's economic fundamentals and ushered in an era of strong growth averaging more than 6% annually until 2008. Global economic conditions and tighter fiscal policy caused GDP to contract in 2009, but Turkey's well-regulated financial markets and banking system helped the country weather the global financial crisis, and GDP rebounded strongly to around 9% in 2010-11, as exports returned to normal levels following the recession. Two rating agencies upgraded Turkey's debt to investment grade in 2012 and 2013, and Turkey's public sector debt to GDP ratio fell to 33% in 2014. The stock value of Foreign Direct Investment reached nearly $195 billion at year-end 2014. ++ ++ Despite these positive trends, GDP growth dropped to 4.4% in 2013 and 2.9% in 2014. Growth slowed considerably in the last quarter of 2014, largely due to lackluster consumer demand both domestically and in Europe, Turkey’s most important export market. High interest rates have also contributed to the slowdown in growth, as Turkey sharply increased interest rates in January 2014 in order to strengthen the country’s currency and reduce inflation. Turkey then cut rates in February 2015 in a bid to spur economic growth. ++ ++ The Turkish economy retains significant weaknesses. Specifically, Turkey's relatively high current account deficit, domestic political uncertainty, and turmoil within Turkey's neighborhood leave the economy vulnerable to destabilizing shifts in investor confidence. Turkey also remains dependent on often volatile, short-term investment to finance its large current account deficit."
|
||||
"text": "Turkey's largely free-market economy is increasingly driven by its industry and service sectors, although its traditional agriculture sector still accounts for about 25% of employment. An aggressive privatization program has reduced state involvement in basic industry, banking, transport, and communication. An emerging cadre of middle-class entrepreneurs is adding dynamism to the economy and expanding production beyond the traditional textiles and clothing sectors. The automotive, petrochemical, and electronics industries are rising in importance and have surpassed textiles within Turkey's export mix. ++ ++ Oil began to flow through the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline in May 2006, marking a major milestone that has brought up to 1 million barrels per day from the Caspian region to market. The joint Turkish-Azeri Trans Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline (TANAP) is moving forward to help transport Caspian gas to Europe through Turkey, helping to address Turkey's dependence on imported gas, which currently meets 98% of its energy needs. ++ ++ After Turkey experienced a severe financial crisis in 2001, Ankara adopted financial and fiscal reforms as part of an IMF program. The reforms strengthened the country's economic fundamentals and ushered in an era of strong growth averaging more than 6% annually until 2008. Global economic conditions and tighter fiscal policy caused GDP to contract in 2009, but Turkey's well-regulated financial markets and banking system helped the country weather the global financial crisis, and GDP rebounded strongly to around 9% in 2010-11, as exports returned to normal levels following the crisis. Two rating agencies upgraded Turkey's debt to investment grade in 2012 and 2013, and Turkey's public sector debt to GDP ratio fell to 33% in 2014. The stock value of Foreign Direct Investment reached nearly $195 billion at yearend 2014. ++ ++ Despite these positive trends, GDP growth dropped to 4.4% in 2013 and 2.9% in 2014. Growth slowed considerably in the last quarter of 2014, largely due to lackluster consumer demand both domestically and in Europe, Turkey’s most important export market. High interest rates have also contributed to the slowdown in growth, as Turkey sharply increased interest rates in January 2014 in order to strengthen the country’s currency and reduce inflation. Turkey then cut rates in February 2015 in a bid to spur economic growth. ++ ++ The Turkish economy retains significant weaknesses. Specifically, Turkey's relatively high current account deficit, uncertain commitment to structural reform, and turmoil within Turkey's neighborhood leave the economy vulnerable to destabilizing shifts in investor confidence. Turkey also remains overly dependent on often volatile, short-term investment to finance its large current account deficit."
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
|
||||
"text": "$1.515 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $1.472 trillion (2013 est.) ++ $1.413 trillion (2012 est.)",
|
||||
"text": "$1.596 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $1.535 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $1.49 trillion (2013 est.)",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
|
||||
"text": "$798.3 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$717.9 billion (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - real growth rate": {
|
||||
"text": "2.9% (2014 est.) ++ 4.2% (2013 est.) ++ 2.1% (2012 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "4% (2015 est.) ++ 3% (2014 est.) ++ 4.2% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
|
||||
"text": "$19,700 (2014 est.) ++ $19,100 (2013 est.) ++ $18,400 (2012 est.)",
|
||||
"text": "$20,400 (2015 est.) ++ $19,800 (2014 est.) ++ $19,500 (2013 est.)",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Gross national saving": {
|
||||
"text": "14.4% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 12.8% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 14% of GDP (2012 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "14.5% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 15% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 13.4% of GDP (2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
|
||||
"household consumption": {
|
||||
"text": "68.9%"
|
||||
"text": "68.6%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"government consumption": {
|
||||
"text": "15.3%"
|
||||
"text": "15.7%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"investment in fixed capital": {
|
||||
"text": "20.1%"
|
||||
"text": "20.3%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"investment in inventories": {
|
||||
"text": "0.1%"
|
||||
"text": "-1.7%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"exports of goods and services": {
|
||||
"text": "27.8%"
|
||||
"text": "27.9%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"imports of goods and services": {
|
||||
"text": "-32.2% ++ (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-30.8% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
|
||||
"agriculture": {
|
||||
"text": "8.1%"
|
||||
"text": "8.7%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"industry": {
|
||||
"text": "27.6%"
|
||||
"text": "27%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"services": {
|
||||
"text": "67.6% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "67.8% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Agriculture - products": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -580,12 +572,12 @@
|
|||
"text": "textiles, food processing, automobiles, electronics, mining (coal, chromate, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Industrial production growth rate": {
|
||||
"text": "3.5% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "3.3% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Labor force": {
|
||||
"text": "28.79 million",
|
||||
"text": "29.67 million",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "about 1.2 million Turks work abroad (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "about 1.2 million Turks work abroad (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Labor force - by occupation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -600,7 +592,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Unemployment rate": {
|
||||
"text": "10% (2014 est.) ++ 9.1% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "10.3% (2015 est.) ++ 10% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population below poverty line": {
|
||||
"text": "16.9% (2010 est.)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -618,20 +610,20 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Budget": {
|
||||
"revenues": {
|
||||
"text": "$194.5 billion"
|
||||
"text": "$177.7 billion"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"expenditures": {
|
||||
"text": "$204.9 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$186 billion (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Taxes and other revenues": {
|
||||
"text": "24.4% of GDP (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "24.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
|
||||
"text": "-1.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-1.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Public debt": {
|
||||
"text": "35% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 37.4% of GDP (2013 est.)",
|
||||
"text": "34.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 35% of GDP (2014 est.)",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "data cover central government debt, and excludes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions"
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -640,64 +632,69 @@
|
|||
"text": "calendar year"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
|
||||
"text": "8.9% (2014 est.) ++ 7.5% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "7.7% (2015 est.) ++ 8.9% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Central bank discount rate": {
|
||||
"text": "5.25% (31 December 2011) ++ 15% (22 December 2009)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
|
||||
"text": "13.38% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 11.12% (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "13.66% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 13.23% (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of narrow money": {
|
||||
"text": "$111.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $107.4 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$107.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $111.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of broad money": {
|
||||
"text": "$474.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $425.1 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of domestic credit": {
|
||||
"text": "$618.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $576.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$581.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $618.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
|
||||
"text": "$308.8 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $201.8 billion (31 December 2011) ++ $306.7 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$188.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $219.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $195.7 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Current account balance": {
|
||||
"text": "-$46.53 billion (2014 est.) ++ -$64.66 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-$32.24 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$43.55 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports": {
|
||||
"text": "$168.9 billion (2014 est.) ++ $161.8 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$152 billion (2015 est.) ++ $168.9 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports - commodities": {
|
||||
"text": "apparel, foodstuffs, textiles, metal manufactures, transport equipment"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports - partners": {
|
||||
"text": "Germany 9.6%, Iraq 6.9%, UK 6.3%, Italy 4.5%, France 4.1%, US 4% (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "Germany 9.3%, UK 7.3%, Iraq 5.9%, Italy 4.8%, US 4.5%, France 4.1% (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports": {
|
||||
"text": "$232.5 billion (2014 est.) ++ $241.7 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$200.1 billion (2015 est.) ++ $232.5 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports - commodities": {
|
||||
"text": "machinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, fuels, transport equipment"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports - partners": {
|
||||
"text": "Russia 10.4%, China 10.3%, Germany 9.2%, US 5.3%, Italy 5%, Iran 4.1% (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "China 12%, Germany 10.3%, Russia 9.9%, US 5.4%, Italy 5.1% (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
|
||||
"text": "$127.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $131 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$110.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $127.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Debt - external": {
|
||||
"text": "$402.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $388.2 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$397.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $408.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
|
||||
"text": "$169.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $149.6 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$185.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $169.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
|
||||
"text": "$40.48 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $33.76 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$45.57 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $40.48 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exchange rates": {
|
||||
"text": "Turkish liras (TRY) per US dollar - ++ 2.1885 (2014 est.) ++ 2.1885 (2013 est.) ++ 1.8 (2012 est.) ++ 1.675 (2011 est.) ++ 1.5028 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "Turkish liras (TRY) per US dollar - ++ 2.72 (2015 est.) ++ 2.1885 (2014 est.) ++ 2.1885 (2013 est.) ++ 1.8 (2012 est.) ++ 1.675 (2011 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Energy": {
|
||||
"Electricity access": {
|
||||
"electrification - total population": {
|
||||
"text": "100% (2016)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Electricity - production": {
|
||||
"text": "228.3 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -771,18 +768,18 @@
|
|||
"Communications": {
|
||||
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
|
||||
"total subscriptions": {
|
||||
"text": "12.53 million"
|
||||
"text": "11,493,057"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||||
"text": "16 (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "14 (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "71.9 million"
|
||||
"text": "73.639 million"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||||
"text": "92 (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "93 (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Telephone system": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -790,34 +787,45 @@
|
|||
"text": "comprehensive telecommunications network undergoing rapid modernization and expansion, especially in mobile-cellular services"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "additional digital exchanges are permitting a rapid increase in subscribers; the construction of a network of technologically advanced intercity trunk lines, using both fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay, is facilitating communication between urban centers; remote areas are reached by a domestic satellite system; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity is roughly 100 telephones per 100 persons"
|
||||
"text": "additional digital exchanges are permitting a rapid increase in subscribers; the construction of a network of technologically advanced intercity trunk lines, using both fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay, is facilitating communication between urban centers; remote areas are reached by a domestic satellite system; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity is roughly 105 telephones per 100 persons"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"international": {
|
||||
"text": "country code - 90; international service is provided by the SEA-ME-WE-3 submarine cable and by submarine fiber-optic cables in the Mediterranean and Black Seas that link Turkey with Italy, Greece, Israel, Bulgaria, Romania, and Russia; satellite earth stations - 12 Intelsat; mobile satellite terminals - 328 in the Inmarsat and Eutelsat systems (2010)"
|
||||
"text": "country code - 90; international service is provided by the SEA-ME-WE-3 submarine cable and by submarine fiber-optic cables in the Mediterranean and Black Seas that link Turkey with Italy, Greece, Israel, Bulgaria, Romania, and Russia; satellite earth stations - 12 Intelsat; mobile satellite terminals - 328 in the Inmarsat and Eutelsat systems (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Broadcast media": {
|
||||
"text": "Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) operates multiple TV and radio networks and stations; multiple privately owned national television stations and up to 300 private regional and local television stations; multi-channel cable TV subscriptions available; more than 1,000 private radio broadcast stations (2009)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Radio broadcast stations": {
|
||||
"text": "1,090 (station frequency types NA) (2009)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Television broadcast stations": {
|
||||
"text": "251 (2009)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Internet country code": {
|
||||
"text": ".tr"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Internet users": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "36.6 million"
|
||||
"text": "42.681 million"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"percent of population": {
|
||||
"text": "46.6% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "53.7% (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transportation": {
|
||||
"National air transport system": {
|
||||
"number of registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "15"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "531"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "96,604,665"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "2,882.162 million mt-km (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
|
||||
"text": "TC (2016)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Airports": {
|
||||
"text": "98 (2013)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -852,7 +860,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "4"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"under 914 m": {
|
||||
"text": " ++ 2 (2013)"
|
||||
"text": "2 (2013)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Heliports": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -909,39 +917,15 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military": {
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military branches": {
|
||||
"text": "Turkish Armed Forces (TSK): Turkish Land Forces (Turk Kara Kuvvetleri), Turkish Naval Forces (Turk Deniz Kuvvetleri; includes naval air and naval infantry), Turkish Air Forces (Turk Hava Kuvvetleri) (2013)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military service age and obligation": {
|
||||
"text": "21-41 years of age for male compulsory military service; 18 years of age for voluntary service; 12 months conscript obligation for non-university graduates, 6-12 months for university graduates (graduates of higher education may perform 6 months of military service as short-term privates, or 12 months as reserve officers); conscripts are called to register at age 20, for service at 21; women serve in the Turkish Armed Forces only as officers; reserve obligation to age 41; Turkish citizens with a residence or work permit who have worked abroad for at least 3 years (1095 days) can be exempt from military service in exchange for 6,000 EUR or its equivalent in foreign currencies; a law passed in December 2014 introduced a one-time payment scheme which exempted Turkish citizens 27 and older from conscription in exchange for a payment of $8,150 (2013)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower available for military service": {
|
||||
"males age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "21,079,077"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"females age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "20,558,696 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower fit for military service": {
|
||||
"males age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "17,664,510"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"females age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "17,340,816 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
|
||||
"male": {
|
||||
"text": "700,079"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"female": {
|
||||
"text": "670,328 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
"text": "21-41 years of age for male compulsory military service; 18 years of age for voluntary service; 12-month conscript obligation for non-university graduates, 6-12 months for university graduates (graduates of higher education may perform 6 months of military service as short-term privates, or 12 months as reserve officers); conscripts are called to register at age 20, for service at 21; women serve in the Turkish Armed Forces only as officers; reserve obligation to age 41; Turkish citizens with a residence or work permit who have worked abroad for at least 3 years (1095 days) can be exempt from military service in exchange for 6,000 EUR or its equivalent in foreign currencies; a law passed in December 2014 introduced a one-time payment scheme which exempted Turkish citizens 27 and older from conscription in exchange for a payment of $8,150 (2013)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
"text": "2.29% of GDP (2015 forecast) ++ 2.36% of GDP (2014) ++ 2.39% of GDP (2013) ++ 2.31% of GDP (2012) ++ 2.28% of GDP (2011)"
|
||||
"text": "2.29% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 2.36% of GDP (2014) ++ 2.39% of GDP (2013) ++ 2.31% of GDP (2012) ++ 2.28% of GDP (2011)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) has actively pursued the goal of asserting civilian control over the military since first taking power in 2002; the Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) role in internal security has been significantly reduced; the TSK leadership continues to be an influential institution within Turkey, but plays a much smaller role in politics; the Turkish military remains focused on the threats emanating from the Syrian civil war, Russia's actions in Ukraine, and the PKK insurgency; primary domestic threats are listed as fundamentalism (with the definition in some dispute with the civilian government), separatism (Kurdish discontent), and the extreme left wing; Ankara strongly opposed establishment of an autonomous Kurdish region in Iraq; an overhaul of the Turkish Land Forces Command (TLFC) taking place under the \"Force 2014\" program is to produce 20-30% smaller, more highly trained forces characterized by greater mobility and firepower and capable of joint and combined operations; the TLFC has taken on increasing international peacekeeping responsibilities including in Afghanistan; the Turkish Navy is a regional naval power that wants to develop the capability to project power beyond Turkey's coastal waters; the Navy is heavily involved in NATO, multinational, and UN operations; its roles include control of territorial waters and security for sea lines of communications; the Turkish Air Force adopted an \"Aerospace and Missile Defense Concept\" in 2002 and has initiated project work on an integrated missile defense system; Air Force priorities include attaining a modern deployable, survivable, and sustainable force structure, and establishing a sustainable command and control system; Turkey is a NATO ally and hosts NATO's Land Forces Command in Izmir, as well as the AN/TPY-2 radar as part of NATO Missile Defense (2014)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -953,13 +937,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
|
||||
"refugees (country of origin)": {
|
||||
"text": "at least 103,000 (Iraq) (2014); 2,181,293 (Syria) (2015)"
|
||||
"text": "at least 103,000 (Iraq) (2014); 2,753,696 (Syria) (2016)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"IDPs": {
|
||||
"text": "954,000-1.2 million (displaced from 1984-2005 because of fighting between Kurdish PKK and Turkish military; most IDPs are Kurds from eastern and southeastern provinces; no information available on persons displaced by development projects) (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "954,000 (displaced from 1984-2005 because of fighting between the Kurdish PKK and Turkish military; most IDPs are Kurds from eastern and southeastern provinces; no information available on persons displaced by development projects) (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"stateless persons": {
|
||||
"text": "780 (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "780 (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Illicit drugs": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue