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Gerald Bauer
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780ac9e05b
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
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{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "Formerly part of the Ottoman Empire, Iraq was occupied by Britain during the course of World War I; in 1920, it was declared a League of Nations mandate under UK administration. In stages over the next dozen years, Iraq attained its independence as a kingdom in 1932. A \"republic\" was proclaimed in 1958, but in actuality a series of strongmen ruled the country until 2003. The last was SADDAM Husayn. Territorial disputes with Iran led to an inconclusive and costly eight-year war (1980-88). In August 1990, Iraq seized Kuwait but was expelled by US-led, UN coalition forces during the Gulf War of January-February 1991. Following Kuwait's liberation, the UN Security Council (UNSC) required Iraq to scrap all weapons of mass destruction and long-range missiles and to allow UN verification inspections. Continued Iraqi noncompliance with UNSC resolutions over a period of 12 years led to the US-led invasion of Iraq in March 2003 and the ouster of the SADDAM Husayn regime. US forces remained in Iraq under a UNSC mandate through 2009 and under a bilateral security agreement thereafter, helping to provide security and to train and mentor Iraqi security forces. ++ In October 2005, Iraqis approved a constitution in a national referendum and, pursuant to this document, elected a 275-member Council of Representatives (COR) in December 2005. The COR approved most cabinet ministers in May 2006, marking the transition to Iraq's first constitutional government in nearly a half century. Nearly nine years after the start of the Second Gulf War in Iraq, US military operations there ended in mid-December 2011. In January 2009 and April 2013, Iraq held elections for provincial councils in all governorates except for the three comprising the Kurdistan Regional Government and Kirkuk Governorate. Iraq held a national legislative election in March 2010 - choosing 325 legislators in an expanded COR - and, after nine months of deadlock the COR approved the new government in December 2010. In April 2014, Iraq held a national legislative election and expanded the COR to 328 legislators. Prime Minister Nuri al-MALIKI dropped his bid for a third term in office, enabling new Prime Minister Haydar al-ABADI, a Shia from Baghdad, to win parliamentary approval of his new cabinet in September 2014. Since early 2015, Iraq has been engaged in a military campaign against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) to recapture territory lost in the western and northern portion of the country."
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"text": "Formerly part of the Ottoman Empire, Iraq was occupied by Britain during the course of World War I; in 1920, it was declared a League of Nations mandate under UK administration. In stages over the next dozen years, Iraq attained its independence as a kingdom in 1932. A \"republic\" was proclaimed in 1958, but in actuality a series of strongmen ruled the country until 2003. The last was SADDAM Husayn. Territorial disputes with Iran led to an inconclusive and costly eight-year war (1980-88). In August 1990, Iraq seized Kuwait but was expelled by US-led UN coalition forces during the Gulf War of January-February 1991. Following Kuwait's liberation, the UN Security Council (UNSC) required Iraq to scrap all weapons of mass destruction and long-range missiles and to allow UN verification inspections. Continued Iraqi noncompliance with UNSC resolutions over a period of 12 years led to the US-led invasion of Iraq in March 2003 and the ouster of the SADDAM Husayn regime. US forces remained in Iraq under a UNSC mandate through 2009 and under a bilateral security agreement thereafter, helping to provide security and to train and mentor Iraqi security forces. ++ In October 2005, Iraqis approved a constitution in a national referendum and, pursuant to this document, elected a 275-member Council of Representatives (COR) in December 2005. The COR approved most cabinet ministers in May 2006, marking the transition to Iraq's first constitutional government in nearly a half century. Nearly nine years after the start of the Second Gulf War in Iraq, US military operations there ended in mid-December 2011. In January 2009 and April 2013, Iraq held elections for provincial councils in all governorates except for the three comprising the Kurdistan Regional Government and Kirkuk Governorate. Iraq held a national legislative election in March 2010 - choosing 325 legislators in an expanded COR - and, after nine months of deadlock the COR approved the new government in December 2010. In April 2014, Iraq held a national legislative election and expanded the COR to 328 legislators. Prime Minister Nuri al-MALIKI dropped his bid for a third term in office, enabling new Prime Minister Haydar al-ABADI, a Shia Muslim from Baghdad, to win parliamentary approval of his new cabinet in September 2014. Since early 2015, Iraq has been engaged in a military campaign against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) to recapture territory lost in the western and northern portion of the country."
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
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}
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},
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"Area - comparative": {
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"text": "slightly more than three times the size of New York state",
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"Area comparison map": {
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"text": null
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}
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"text": "slightly more than three times the size of New York state"
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},
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"Land boundaries": {
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"total": {
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@ -56,12 +53,12 @@
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"Terrain": {
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"text": "mostly broad plains; reedy marshes along Iranian border in south with large flooded areas; mountains along borders with Iran and Turkey"
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},
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"Elevation extremes": {
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"lowest point": {
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"text": "Persian Gulf 0 m"
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"Elevation": {
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"mean elevation": {
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"text": "312 m"
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},
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"highest point": {
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"text": "Cheekha Dar (Kurdish for \"Black Tent\") 3,611 m"
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"elevation extremes": {
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"text": "lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m ++ highest point: Cheekha Dar (Kurdish for \"Black Tent\") 3,611 m"
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}
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},
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"Natural resources": {
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@ -79,18 +76,7 @@
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}
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},
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"Irrigated land": {
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"text": "35,250 sq km (2003)"
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},
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"Total renewable water resources": {
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"text": "89.86 cu km (2011)"
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},
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"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
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"total": {
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"text": "66 cu km/yr (7%/15%/79%)"
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},
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"per capita": {
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"text": "2,616 cu m/yr (2000)"
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}
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"text": "35,250 sq km (2012)"
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},
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"Natural hazards": {
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"text": "dust storms; sandstorms; floods"
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@ -111,6 +97,9 @@
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}
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},
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"People and Society": {
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"Population": {
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"text": "38,146,025 (July 2016 est.)"
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},
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"Nationality": {
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"noun": {
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"text": "Iraqi(s)"
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@ -120,35 +109,32 @@
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}
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},
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"Ethnic groups": {
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"text": "Arab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian, or other 5%"
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"text": "Arab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian, other 5%"
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},
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"Languages": {
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"text": "Arabic (official), Kurdish (official), Turkmen (a Turkish dialect) and Assyrian (Neo-Aramaic) are official in areas where they constitute a majority of the population), Armenian"
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},
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"Religions": {
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"text": "Muslim (official) 99% (Shia 60%-65%, Sunni 32%-37%), Christian 0.8%, Hindu \nnote: while there has been voluntary relocation of many Christian families to northern Iraq, recent reporting indicates that the overall Christian population may have dropped by as much as 50 percent since the fall of the Saddam HUSSEIN regime in 2003, with many fleeing to Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon (2010 est.)\nreligious affiliation:\n\n \n\n"
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},
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"Population": {
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"text": "37,056,169 (July 2015 est.)"
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"text": "Muslim (official) 99% (Shia 60%-65%, Sunni 32%-37%), Christian 0.8%, Hindu <0.1, Buddhist <0.1, Jewish <0.1, folk religion <0.1, unafilliated 0.1, other <0.1",
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"note": {
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"text": "while there has been voluntary relocation of many Christian families to northern Iraq, recent reporting indicates that the overall Christian population may have dropped by as much as 50 percent since the fall of the SADDAM Husayn regime in 2003, with many fleeing to Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon (2010 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Age structure": {
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"0-14 years": {
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"text": "40.25% (male 7,615,835/female 7,300,957)"
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"text": "39.88% (male 7,766,832/female 7,445,633)"
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},
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"15-24 years": {
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"text": "18.98% (male 3,576,740/female 3,454,768)"
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"text": "19.07% (male 3,703,302/female 3,572,702)"
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},
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"25-54 years": {
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"text": "33.49% (male 6,276,669/female 6,132,968)"
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"text": "33.7% (male 6,499,345/female 6,354,506)"
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},
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"55-64 years": {
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"text": "3.95% (male 693,629/female 771,624)"
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"text": "3.96% (male 720,976/female 790,301)"
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},
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"65 years and over": {
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"text": "3.33% (male 549,034/female 683,945) (2015 est.)"
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},
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"population pyramid": {
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"text": null
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"text": "3.39% (male 574,521/female 717,907) (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Dependency ratios": {
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@ -167,26 +153,26 @@
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},
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"Median age": {
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"total": {
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"text": "19.7 years"
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"text": "19.9 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "19.4 years"
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"text": "19.6 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "20 years (2015 est.)"
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"text": "20.2 years (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Population growth rate": {
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"text": "2.93% (2015 est.)"
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"text": "2.87% (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Birth rate": {
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"text": "31.45 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "30.9 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Death rate": {
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"text": "3.77 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "3.8 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Net migration rate": {
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"text": "1.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "1.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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"urban population": {
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@ -213,13 +199,13 @@
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"text": "1.02 male(s)/female"
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},
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"55-64 years": {
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"text": "0.9 male(s)/female"
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"text": "0.91 male(s)/female"
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},
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"65 years and over": {
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"text": "0.8 male(s)/female"
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},
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"total population": {
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"text": "1.02 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
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"text": "1.02 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Maternal mortality rate": {
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@ -227,34 +213,34 @@
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},
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"Infant mortality rate": {
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"total": {
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"text": "37.49 deaths/1,000 live births"
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"text": "37.5 deaths/1,000 live births"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "40.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "34.23 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
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"text": "34.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Life expectancy at birth": {
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"total population": {
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"text": "74.85 years"
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"text": "74.9 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "72.62 years"
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"text": "72.6 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "77.19 years (2015 est.)"
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"text": "77.2 years (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Total fertility rate": {
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"text": "4.12 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
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"text": "4.06 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
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"text": "52.5% (2011)"
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},
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"Health expenditures": {
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"text": "5.2% of GDP (2013)"
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"text": "5.5% of GDP (2014)"
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},
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"Physicians density": {
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"text": "0.61 physicians/1,000 population (2010)"
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@ -292,10 +278,7 @@
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"text": "intermediate"
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},
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"food or waterborne diseases": {
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"text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever"
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},
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"note": {
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"text": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)"
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"text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever (2016)"
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}
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},
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"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
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@ -343,10 +326,13 @@
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},
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"local short form": {
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"text": "Al Iraq/Eraq"
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},
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"etymology": {
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"text": "the name probably derives from \"Uruk\" (Biblical \"Erech\"), the ancient Sumerian and Babylonian city on the Euphrates River"
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}
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},
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"Government type": {
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"text": "parliamentary democracy"
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"text": "federal parliamentary republic"
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},
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"Capital": {
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"name": {
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@ -369,7 +355,7 @@
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"text": "Republic Day, July 14 (1958); note - the Government of Iraq has yet to declare an official national holiday but still observes Republic Day"
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},
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"Constitution": {
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"text": "several previous; latest adopted by referendum 15 October 2005; amended 2010, 2012, 2013 (2015)"
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"text": "several previous; latest adopted by referendum 15 October 2005 (2016)"
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},
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"Legal system": {
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"text": "mixed legal system of civil and Islamic law"
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@ -378,14 +364,17 @@
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"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
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},
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"Citizenship": {
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"birthright citizenship": {
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"text": ""
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"citizenship by birth": {
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"text": "no"
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},
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"citizenship by descent only": {
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"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Iraq"
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},
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"dual citizenship recognized": {
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"text": "yes"
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},
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"residency requirement for naturalization": {
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"text": ""
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"text": "10 years"
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}
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},
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"Suffrage": {
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@ -396,7 +385,7 @@
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"text": "President Fuad MASUM (since 24 July 2014); Vice Presidents Ayad ALLAWI (since 9 September 2014), Nuri MALIKI (since 9 September 2014), Usama al-NUJAYFI (since 9 September 2014)"
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},
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"head of government": {
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"text": "Prime Minister Haydar al-ABADI (since 8 September 2014); Deputy Prime Ministers Baha al-ARAJI (since 8 September 2014), Salih al-MUTLAQ (since 8 September 2014), Rowsch SHAWAYS (since 18 October 2014)"
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"text": "Prime Minister Haydar al-ABADI (since 8 September 2014)"
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},
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"cabinet": {
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"text": "Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, approved by Council of Representatives"
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@ -405,7 +394,7 @@
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"text": "president indirectly elected by Council of Representatives to serve a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 30 April 2014 (next to be held in 2018); prime minister nominated by the president, approved by Council of Representatives"
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},
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"election results": {
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"text": "Fuad MASUM elected president; Council of Representatives vote count in second round - Fuad MASUM (PUK) 211, Barham SALIH (PUK) 17; Haydar al-ABADI (Da'wa Party) approved as prime minister"
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"text": "Fuad MASUM elected president; Council of Representatives vote - Fuad MASUM (PUK) 211, Barham SALIH (PUK) 17; Haydar al-ABADI (Da'wa Party) approved as prime minister"
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}
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},
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"Legislative branch": {
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@ -416,35 +405,35 @@
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"text": "last held on 30 April 2014 (next to be held in 2018)"
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},
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"election results": {
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"text": "Council of Representatives - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by coalition/party – State of Law Coalition 95, Sadrist Movement 34, ISCI 30, KDP 25, United for Reform Coalition/Muttahidun 23, PUK 21, Nationalism Coalition/Al-Wataniyah 19, other Sunni coalitions/parties 15, Al-Arabiyah Coalition 10, Goran 9, other Shia parties/coalitions 9, Fadilah 6, National Reform Trend 6, Iraq Coalition 5,Kurdistan Islamic Union 4, other parties 17"
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"text": "Council of Representatives - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by coalition/party – State of Law Coalition 95, Sadrist Movement 34, ISCI/Muwatin 30, KDP 25, United for Reform Coalition/Muttahidun 23, PUK 21, Nationalism Coalition/Wataniyah 19, other Sunni coalitions/parties 15, Al-Arabiyah Coalition 10, Goran 9, other Shia parties/coalitions 9, Fadilah 6, National Reform Trend 6, Iraq Coalition 5, KIU 4, other 17"
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}
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},
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"Judicial branch": {
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"highest court(s)": {
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"text": "Federal Supreme Court or FSC (consists of 9 judges); note - court jurisdiction limited to constitutional issues); Court of Cassation (consists of a court president, 5 vice-presidents, and at least 24 judges)"
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"text": "Federal Supreme Court or FSC (consists of 9 judges); note - court jurisdiction limited to constitutional issues and disputes between regions or governorates and the central government); Court of Cassation (consists of a court president, 5 vice-presidents, and at least 24 judges)"
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},
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"judge selection and term of office": {
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"text": "Federal Supreme Court and Court of Cassation judges appointed by the Higher Juridical Council, a 26-member independent committee of judicial officials; FSC members appointed for life; Court of Cassation judges appointed for 1-year probationary period and upon satisfactory performance may be confirmed for permanent tenure until retirement at age 63"
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"text": "Federal Supreme Court and Court of Cassation judges appointed by the Higher Juridical Council, a 25-member committee of judicial officials that manage the judiciary and prosecutors; FSC members appointed for life; Court of Cassation judges appointed for 1-year probationary period and upon satisfactory performance may be confirmed for permanent tenure until retirement nominally at age 63"
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},
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"subordinate courts": {
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"text": "Courts of Appeal (governorate level); courts of first instance; personal status, labor, criminal, juvenile, and religious courts"
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}
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},
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"Political parties and leaders": {
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"text": "Al-Arabiyah Coalition [Deputy Prime Minister Salih al-MUTLAQ] ++ Badr Organization [Hadi al-AMIRI] ++ Fadilah Party [Ammar TUAMA] ++ Goran (Change) List (also known as the Movement for Change) [Nushirwan MUSTAFA] ++ Iraq Coalition [Abd al-Salam al-HAMMUDI] ++ Iraqi Front for National Dialogue [Deputy Prime Minister Salih al-MUTLAQ] ++ Iraqi Justice and Reform Movement [Shaykh Abdallah al-YAWR] ++ Iraqi National Congress or INC [Ahmad CHALABI] ++ Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq or ISCI [Ammar al-HAKIM] ++ Kurdistan Democratic Party or KDP [Kurdistan Regional Government President Masud BARZANI] ++ Kurdish Islamic Union [ Mohammed FARAI] ++ Nationalism Coalition/Al Wataniyah [Vice President Ayad ALLAWI] ++ National Movement for Reform and Development [Muhammad al-KARBULI] ++ National Reform Trend [Foreign Minister Ibrahim al-JAFARI] ++ Patriotic Union of Kurdistan or PUK [former President Jalal TALABANI] ++ Sadrist Movement [Muqtada al-SADR] ++ State of Law Coalition [Vice President Nouri al MALIKI] ++ United for Iraq/Muttahidun Party [Vice President Usama al-NUJAYFI] ++ United for Reform Coalition/Muttahidun Party [Vice President Usama al-NUJAYFI]",
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"text": "Al-Arabiyah Coalition [Salih al-MUTLAQ] ++ Badr Organization [Hadi al-AMIRI] ++ Da`wa Party [Vice President Nuri al-MALIKI] ++ Da`wa Tanzim [Hashim al-MUSAWI] ++ Fadilah Party [Muhammad al-YAQUBI] ++ Goran Party [Nawhirwan MUSTAFA] ++ Iraq Coalition [Abd al-Salam al-HAMMUDI] ++ Iraqi Front for National Dialogue [Salih al-MUTLAQ] ++ Iraqi Justice and Reform Movement [Shaykh Abdallah al-YAWR] ++ Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq or ISCI/Muwatin Coalition [Ammar al-HAKIM] ++ Kurdistan Democratic Party or KDP [Masud BARZANI] ++ Kurdistan Islamic Union or KIU [Mohammed FARA] ++ Nationalism Coalition/Wataniyah [Vice President Ayad ALLAWI] ++ National Movement for Reform and Development [Muhammad al-KARBULI] ++ National Reform Trend [Foreign Minister Ibrahim al-JAFARI] ++ Patriotic Union of Kurdistan or PUK [former President Jalal TALABANI] ++ Sadrist Movement or Ahrar Bloc [Muqtada al-SADR] ++ State of Law Coalition [Vice President Nuri al MALIKI] ++ Unites for Reform Coalition/Muttahidun [Vice President Usama al-NUJAYFI]",
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"note": {
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"text": "numerous smaller local, tribal, and minority parties"
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}
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},
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"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
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"text": "Sunni militias"
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"text": "Sunni militias; Shia militias, some associated with political parties"
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},
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"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, CICA, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador Luqman Abd al-Rahim FAYLI (since 31 May 2013)"
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Mohamad Jawad Mahdi Jawad ALQURAISHY (since 1 July 2016)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"chancery": {
|
||||
"text": "3421 Massachusetts Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20007"
|
||||
|
|
@ -461,7 +450,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador Stuart E. JONES (since 2 October 2014)"
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador Douglas A. SILLIMAN (since 1 September 2016)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"embassy": {
|
||||
"text": "Al-Kindi Street, International Zone, Baghdad"
|
||||
|
|
@ -477,9 +466,9 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Flag description": {
|
||||
"text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the Takbir (Arabic expression meaning \"God is great\") in green Arabic script is centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white); the Council of Representatives approved this flag in 2008 as a compromise temporary replacement for the Ba'athist Saddam-era flag",
|
||||
"text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the Takbir (Arabic expression meaning \"God is great\") in green Arabic script is centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white); the Council of Representatives approved this flag in 2008 as a compromise temporary replacement for the Ba'athist SADDAM-era flag",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "similar to the flag of Syria, which has two stars but no script; Yemen, which has a plain white band; and that of Egypt, which has a gold Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band"
|
||||
"text": "similar to the flag of Syria, which has two stars but no script; Yemen, which has a plain white band; and that of Egypt, which has a golden Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"National symbol(s)": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -499,58 +488,58 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Economy": {
|
||||
"Economy - overview": {
|
||||
"text": "During 2014, worsening security and financial stability throughout Iraq - driven by an ongoing insurgency, decreasing oil prices, and political upheaval - decreased the prospects for improving the country's economic environment and securing much-needed foreign investment. Long-term fiscal health, a strengthened investment climate, and sustained improvements in the overall standard of living still depend on the central government passing major policy reforms. Iraq's largely state-run economy is dominated by the oil sector, which provides more than 90% of government revenue and 80% of foreign exchange earnings. Oil exports in 2014 remained relatively flat at 2.4 million barrels per day on average, despite new production coming online at the West Qurna 2 and Badrah oilfields, because repeated attacks on the Iraq-Turkey pipeline reduced export capacity. During the second half of 2014, government revenues decreased as global oil prices fell by more than 30%. Iraq's contracts with major oil companies have the potential to further expand oil exports and revenues, but Iraq will need to make significant upgrades to its oil processing, pipeline, and export infrastructure to enable these deals to reach their economic potential. The Iraqi Kurdistan Region's (IKR) autonomous Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) passed its own oil law in 2007, and has directly signed about 50 contracts to develop IKR energy reserves. The federal government has disputed the legal authority of the KRG to conclude most of these contracts, some of which are also in areas with unresolved administrative boundaries in dispute between the federal and regional government. In December, the federal government and the KRG agreed to sell oil exports from Kurdish-controlled oil fields under the federal oil ministry, in exchange for the central government paying $1 billion to the Kurdish Peshmerga forces and resuming budget transfers to the KRG that amount to 17% of Iraq's national budget. Iraq is making slow progress enacting laws and developing the institutions needed to implement economic policy, and political reforms are still needed to assuage investors' concerns regarding the uncertain business climate.. The government of Iraq is eager to attract additional foreign direct investment, but it faces a number of obstacles, including a tenuous political system and concerns about security and societal stability. Rampant corruption, outdated infrastructure, insufficient essential services, skilled labor shortages, and antiquated commercial laws stifle investment and continue to constrain growth of private, nonoil sectors. Under the Iraqi Constitution, some competencies relevant to the overall investment climate are either shared by the federal government and the regions or are devolved entirely to local governments. Investment in the IKR operates within the framework of the Kurdistan Region Investment Law (Law 4 of 2006) and the Kurdistan Board of Investment, which is designed to provide incentives to help economic development in areas under the authority of the KRG. Inflation has remained under control since 2006. However, Iraqi leaders remain hard pressed to translate macroeconomic gains into an improved standard of living for the Iraqi populace. Unemployment remains a problem throughout the country despite a bloated public sector. Encouraging private enterprise through deregulation would make it easier for Iraqi citizens and foreign investors to start new businesses. Rooting out corruption and implementing reforms - such as restructuring banks and developing the private sector - would be important steps in this direction."
|
||||
"text": "During 2015, worsening security and financial stability throughout Iraq - driven by an ongoing insurgency, decreasing oil prices, and political upheaval - decreased prospects for improving the country's economic environment and securing much-needed foreign investment. Long-term fiscal health, a strengthened investment climate, and sustained improvements in the overall standard of living still depend on a rebound in global oil prices, the central government passing major policy reforms, and finishing the conflict with ISIL. ++ ++ Iraq's largely state-run economy is dominated by the oil sector, which provides more than 90% of government revenue and 80% of foreign exchange earnings. Oil exports in 2015 averaged 3.0 million barrels per day, up from 2014, but a failed revenue- and oil-sharing agreement with the Iraqi Kurdistan Region's (IKR) autonomous Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) resulted in a loss of exports from northern oil fields. Moreover, falling global oil prices resulted in declining export revenues. Iraq's contracts with major oil companies have the potential to further expand oil exports and revenues, but Iraq will need to make significant upgrades to its oil processing, pipeline, and export infrastructure to enable these deals to reach their economic potential. The IKR's autonomous KRG passed its own oil law in 2007, and has directly signed about 50 contracts to develop IKR energy reserves. The federal government has disputed the legal authority of the KRG to conclude most of these contracts, some of which are also in areas with unresolved administrative boundaries in dispute between the federal and regional government. In December 2014, the federal government and the KRG agreed to sell oil exports from Kurdish-controlled oilfields under the federal oil ministry, in exchange for the central government paying $1 billion to the Kurdish Peshmerga forces and resuming budget transfers to the KRG that amount to 17% of Iraq's national budget. However, that deal fell apart in 2015. ++ ++ Iraq is making slow progress enacting laws and developing the institutions needed to implement economic policy, and political reforms are still needed to assuage investors' concerns regarding the uncertain business climate. The Government of Iraq is eager to attract additional foreign direct investment, but it faces a number of obstacles, including a tenuous political system and concerns about security and societal stability. Rampant corruption, outdated infrastructure, insufficient essential services, skilled labor shortages, and antiquated commercial laws stifle investment and continue to constrain growth of private, nonoil sectors. Under the Iraqi constitution, some competencies relevant to the overall investment climate are either shared by the federal government and the regions or are devolved entirely to local governments. Investment in the IKR operates within the framework of the Kurdistan Region Investment Law (Law 4 of 2006) and the Kurdistan Board of Investment, which is designed to provide incentives to help economic development in areas under the authority of the KRG. ++ ++ Inflation has remained under control since 2006. However, Iraqi leaders remain hard-pressed to translate macroeconomic gains into an improved standard of living for the Iraqi populace. Unemployment remains a problem throughout the country despite a bloated public sector. Encouraging private enterprise through deregulation would make it easier for Iraqi citizens and foreign investors to start new businesses. Rooting out corruption and implementing reforms - such as restructuring banks and developing the private sector - would be important steps in this direction."
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
|
||||
"text": "$526.1 billion (2014 est.) ++ $537.5 billion (2013 est.) ++ $504.3 billion (2012 est.)",
|
||||
"text": "$534 billion (2015 est.) ++ $546.9 billion (2014 est.) ++ $549.4 billion (2013 est.)",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
|
||||
"text": "$223.5 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$165.1 billion (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - real growth rate": {
|
||||
"text": "-2.1% (2014 est.) ++ 6.6% (2013 est.) ++ 13.9% (2012 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-2.4% (2015 est.) ++ -0.4% (2014 est.) ++ 7.6% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
|
||||
"text": "$15,300 (2014 est.) ++ $15,700 (2013 est.) ++ $14,700 (2012 est.)",
|
||||
"text": "$15,200 (2015 est.) ++ $16,000 (2014 est.) ++ $16,400 (2013 est.)",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Gross national saving": {
|
||||
"text": "23.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 28.3% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 28.8% of GDP (2012 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "19.8% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 26.2% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 28.3% of GDP (2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
|
||||
"household consumption": {
|
||||
"text": "55.5%"
|
||||
"text": "50.4%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"government consumption": {
|
||||
"text": "21.5%"
|
||||
"text": "18.8%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"investment in fixed capital": {
|
||||
"text": "16.5%"
|
||||
"text": "23.5%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"investment in inventories": {
|
||||
"text": "2%"
|
||||
"text": "-4.5%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"exports of goods and services": {
|
||||
"text": "40.8%"
|
||||
"text": "39.7%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"imports of goods and services": {
|
||||
"text": "-36.3%"
|
||||
"text": "-27.9%"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
|
||||
"agriculture": {
|
||||
"text": "4.2%"
|
||||
"text": "5.3%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"industry": {
|
||||
"text": "59.5%"
|
||||
"text": "48.8%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"services": {
|
||||
"text": "36.3% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "45.9% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Agriculture - products": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -560,7 +549,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "petroleum, chemicals, textiles, leather, construction materials, food processing, fertilizer, metal fabrication/processing"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Industrial production growth rate": {
|
||||
"text": "-2.1% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "10.8% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Labor force": {
|
||||
"text": "8.9 million (2010 est.)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -592,74 +581,88 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Budget": {
|
||||
"revenues": {
|
||||
"text": "$86.03 billion"
|
||||
"text": "$63.6 billion"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"expenditures": {
|
||||
"text": "$97.57 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$89.84 billion (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Taxes and other revenues": {
|
||||
"text": "38.5% of GDP (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "37.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
|
||||
"text": "-5.2% of GDP (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-15.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Fiscal year": {
|
||||
"text": "calendar year"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
|
||||
"text": "2.2% (2014 est.) ++ 1.9% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.4% (2015 est.) ++ 2.2% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Central bank discount rate": {
|
||||
"text": "6% (December 2012) ++ 6% (December 2011)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
|
||||
"text": "6% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 6% (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "6% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 6% (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of narrow money": {
|
||||
"text": "$62.31 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $63.32 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$55.36 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $62.34 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of broad money": {
|
||||
"text": "$78.65 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $75.2 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$80.83 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $78.65 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of domestic credit": {
|
||||
"text": "$-359,300 (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $-898,500 (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$1.773 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $-718,800 (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
|
||||
"text": "$4 billion (9 December 2011) ++ $2.6 billion (31 July 2010) ++ $2 billion (31 July 2009 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Current account balance": {
|
||||
"text": "-$6.208 billion (2014 est.) ++ $3.024 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-$11.84 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$1.728 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports": {
|
||||
"text": "$83.98 billion (2014 est.) ++ $89.77 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$54.67 billion (2015 est.) ++ $83.98 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports - commodities": {
|
||||
"text": "crude oil 84%, crude materials excluding fuels, food and live animals"
|
||||
"text": "crude oil 84%, crude materials excluding fuels, food, live animals"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports - partners": {
|
||||
"text": "China 23.8%, India 18.4%, US 15.7%, South Korea 7.7%, Greece 5.9%, Italy 4.9% (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "China 22.6%, India 21.1%, South Korea 11.2%, US 7.8%, Italy 6.7%, Greece 6% (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports": {
|
||||
"text": "$45.2 billion (2014 est.) ++ $49.98 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$43.84 billion (2015 est.) ++ $45.2 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports - commodities": {
|
||||
"text": "food, medicine, manufactures"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports - partners": {
|
||||
"text": "Turkey 23.3%, Syria 17.3%, China 16.6%, US 4.5% (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "Turkey 20.7%, Syria 19.6%, China 19.2%, US 4.8%, Russia 4.4% (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
|
||||
"text": "$66.85 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $77.74 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$54.06 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $66.35 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Debt - external": {
|
||||
"text": "$58.13 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $59.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$60.28 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $58.14 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exchange rates": {
|
||||
"text": "Iraqi dinars (IQD) per US dollar - ++ 1,213.7 (2014 est.) ++ 1,213.72 (2013 est.) ++ 1,166.17 (2012 est.) ++ 1,170 (2011 est.) ++ 1,170 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "Iraqi dinars (IQD) per US dollar - ++ 1,167.6 (2015 est.) ++ 1,166 (2014 est.) ++ 1,213.72 (2013 est.) ++ 1,166.17 (2012 est.) ++ 1,170 (2011 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Energy": {
|
||||
"Electricity access": {
|
||||
"population without electricity": {
|
||||
"text": "600,000"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"electrification - total population": {
|
||||
"text": "98%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"electrification - urban areas": {
|
||||
"text": "99.6%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"electrification - rural areas": {
|
||||
"text": "95.4% (2013)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Electricity - production": {
|
||||
"text": "62.3 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -733,53 +736,64 @@
|
|||
"Communications": {
|
||||
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
|
||||
"total subscriptions": {
|
||||
"text": "1.95 million"
|
||||
"text": "1.997 million"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||||
"text": "5 (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "5 (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "33 million"
|
||||
"text": "33.559 million"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||||
"text": "92 (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "91 (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Telephone system": {
|
||||
"general assessment": {
|
||||
"text": "the 2003 liberation of Iraq severely disrupted telecommunications throughout Iraq including international connections; widespread government efforts to rebuild domestic and international communications through fiber optic links are in progress; the mobile cellular market expanded rapidly to some 27 million subscribers by the end of 2012"
|
||||
"text": "the 2003 liberation of Iraq severely disrupted telecommunications throughout Iraq; widespread government efforts to rebuild domestic and international communications have slowed due to the ongoing conflict with ISIL"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "repairs to switches and lines destroyed during 2003 continue; additional switching capacity is improving access; 3 GSM operators since 2007 have expanded beyond their regional roots and offer near country-wide access to second-generation services; third-generation mobile services are not available nationwide; wireless local loop is available in some metropolitan areas and additional licenses have been issued with the hope of overcoming the lack of fixed-line infrastructure"
|
||||
"text": "the mobile cellular market continues to expand (cell phones were banned prior to 2003 under the SADDAM regime); 3G services offered by three major mobile operators in 2015; ongoing conflict has destroyed infrastructure in areas"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"international": {
|
||||
"text": "country code - 964; satellite earth stations - 4 (2 Intelsat - 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean, 1 Intersputnik - Atlantic Ocean region, and 1 Arabsat (inoperative)); local microwave radio relay connects border regions to Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey; international terrestrial fiber-optic connections have been established with Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Kuwait, Jordan, and Iran; links to the Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) and the Gulf Bridge International (GBI) submarine fiber-optic cables have been established (2011)"
|
||||
"text": "country code - 964; satellite earth stations - 4 (2 Intelsat - 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean, 1 Intersputnik - Atlantic Ocean region, and 1 Arabsat (inoperative)); local microwave radio relay connects border regions to Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey; international terrestrial fiber-optic connections have been established with Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Kuwait, Jordan, and Iran; links to the Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) and the Gulf Bridge International (GBI) submarine fiber-optic cables have been established (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Broadcast media": {
|
||||
"text": "the number of private radio and TV stations has increased rapidly since 2003; government-owned TV and radio stations are operated by the publicly funded Iraqi Media Network; private broadcast media are mostly linked to political, ethnic, or religious groups; satellite TV is available to an estimated 70% of viewers and many of the broadcasters are based abroad; transmissions of multiple international radio broadcasters are accessible (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Radio broadcast stations": {
|
||||
"text": "55 (station frequency types NA) (2009)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Television broadcast stations": {
|
||||
"text": "28 (2009)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Internet country code": {
|
||||
"text": ".iq"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Internet users": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "2.8 million"
|
||||
"text": "6.381 million"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"percent of population": {
|
||||
"text": "7.8% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "17.2% (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transportation": {
|
||||
"National air transport system": {
|
||||
"number of registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "4"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "39"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "484,803"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "10,758,230 mt-km (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
|
||||
"text": "YI (2016)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Airports": {
|
||||
"text": "102 (2013)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -820,7 +834,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "13"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"under 914 m": {
|
||||
"text": " ++ 6 (2013)"
|
||||
"text": "6 (2013)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Heliports": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -865,37 +879,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military": {
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military branches": {
|
||||
"text": "Ministry of Defense: Iraqi Army (includes Army Aviation Directorate), Iraqi Navy, Iraqi Air Force; Counterterrorism Service (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military service age and obligation": {
|
||||
"text": "18-40 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2013)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower available for military service": {
|
||||
"males age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "7,767,329"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"females age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "7,461,766 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower fit for military service": {
|
||||
"males age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "6,591,185"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"females age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "6,421,717 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
|
||||
"male": {
|
||||
"text": "332,194"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"female": {
|
||||
"text": "322,010 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
"text": "8.7% of GDP (2014) ++ 3.4% of GDP (2013) ++ 2.88% of GDP (2012) ++ 3.27% of GDP (2011) ++ 2.88% of GDP (2010)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -906,13 +896,16 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
|
||||
"refugees (country of origin)": {
|
||||
"text": "16,637 (Turkey); 11,053 (Iran); 9,246 (West Bank and Gaza Strip) (2014); 244,765 (Syria) (2015)"
|
||||
"text": "15,557 (Turkey); 9,250 (West Bank and Gaza Strip); 8,231 (Iran) (2015); 225,455 (Syria) (2016)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"IDPs": {
|
||||
"text": "4,160,864 (since 2006 from ethno-sectarian violence; includes 3,206,736 displaced in central and northern Iraq since January 2014) (2015)"
|
||||
"text": "4,187,960 (since 2006 due to ethno-sectarian violence; includes 3,233,832 displaced in central and northern Iraq since January 2014) (2016)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"stateless persons": {
|
||||
"text": "120,000 (2014); note - in the 1970s and 1980s under SADDAM Husayn's administration, thousands of Iraq's Faili Kurds, followers of Shia Islam, were stripped of their Iraqi citizenship, had their property seized by the government, and many were deported; some Faili Kurds had their citizenship reinstated under the 2006 Iraqi Nationality Law, but others lack the documentation to prove their Iraqi origins; some Palestinian refugees, who were also persecuted under the SADDAM Husayn regime, still remain stateless in Iraq"
|
||||
"text": "50,000 (2015); note - in the 1970s and 1980s under SADDAM Husayn's regime, thousands of Iraq's Faili Kurds, followers of Shia Islam, were stripped of their Iraqi citizenship, had their property seized by the government, and many were deported; some Faili Kurds had their citizenship reinstated under the 2006 Iraqi Nationality Law, but others lack the documentation to prove their Iraqi origins; some Palestinian refugees persecuted by the SADDAM regime remain stateless"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "estimate revised to reflect the reduction of statelessness in line with Law 26 of 2006, which allows stateless persons to apply for nationality in certain circumstances; more accurate studies of statelessness in Iraq are pending (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue