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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Known as Persia until 1935, Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979 after the ruling monarchy was overthrown and Shah Mohammad Reza PAHLAVI was forced into exile. Conservative clerical forces led by Ayatollah Ruhollah KHOMEINI established a theocratic system of government with ultimate political authority vested in a learned religious scholar referred to commonly as the Supreme Leader who, according to the constitution, is accountable only to the Assembly of Experts - a popularly elected 86-member body of clerics. US-Iranian relations became strained when a group of Iranian students seized the US Embassy in Tehran in November 1979 and held embassy personnel hostages until mid-January 1981. The US cut off diplomatic relations with Iran in April 1980. During the period 1980-88, Iran fought a bloody, indecisive war with Iraq that eventually expanded into the Persian Gulf and led to clashes between US Navy and Iranian military forces. Iran has been designated a state sponsor of terrorism for its activities in Lebanon and elsewhere in the world and remains subject to US, UN, and EU economic sanctions and export controls because of its continued involvement in terrorism and concerns over possible military dimensions of its nuclear program. Following the election of reformer Hojjat ol-Eslam Mohammad KHATAMI as president in 1997 and a reformist Majles (legislature) in 2000, a campaign to foster political reform in response to popular dissatisfaction was initiated. The movement floundered as conservative politicians, supported by the Supreme Leader, unelected institutions of authority like the Council of Guardians, and the security services reversed and blocked reform measures while increasing security repression. Starting with nationwide municipal elections in 2003 and continuing through Majles elections in 2004, conservatives reestablished control over Iran's elected government institutions, which culminated with the August 2005 inauguration of hardliner Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD as president. His controversial reelection in June 2009 sparked nationwide protests over allegations of electoral fraud. These protests were quickly suppressed, and the political opposition that arose as a consequence of AHMADI-NEJAD's election was repressed. Deteriorating economic conditions due primarily to government mismanagement and international sanctions prompted at least two major economically based protests in July and October 2012, but Iran's internal security situation remained stable. President AHMADI-NEJAD's independent streak angered regime establishment figures, including the Supreme Leader, leading to conservative opposition to his agenda for the last year of his presidency, and an alienation of his political supporters. In June 2013 Iranians elected a moderate conservative cleric, Dr. Hasan Fereidun RUHANI to the presidency. He is a long-time senior member in the regime, but has made promises of reforming society and Iran's foreign policy. The UN Security Council has passed a number of resolutions calling for Iran to suspend its uranium enrichment and reprocessing activities and comply with its IAEA obligations and responsibilities, but in November 2013 the five permanent members, plus Germany, (P5+1) signed a joint plan with Iran to provide the country with incremental relief from international pressure for positive steps toward transparency of their nuclear program."
"text": "Known as Persia until 1935, Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979 after the ruling monarchy was overthrown and Shah Mohammad Reza PAHLAVI was forced into exile. Conservative clerical forces led by Ayatollah Ruhollah KHOMEINI established a theocratic system of government with ultimate political authority vested in a learned religious scholar referred to commonly as the Supreme Leader who, according to the constitution, is accountable only to the Assembly of Experts - a popularly elected 86-member body of clerics. US-Iranian relations became strained when a group of Iranian students seized the US Embassy in Tehran in November 1979 and held embassy personnel hostages until mid-January 1981. The US cut off diplomatic relations with Iran in April 1980. During the period 1980-88, Iran fought a bloody, indecisive war with Iraq that eventually expanded into the Persian Gulf and led to clashes between US Navy and Iranian military forces. Iran has been designated a state sponsor of terrorism for its activities in Lebanon and elsewhere in the world and remains subject to US, UN, and EU economic sanctions and export controls because of its continued involvement in terrorism and concerns over possible military dimensions of its nuclear program. Following the election of reformer Hojjat ol-Eslam Mohammad KHATAMI as president in 1997 and a reformist Majles (legislature) in 2000, a campaign to foster political reform in response to popular dissatisfaction was initiated. The movement floundered as conservative politicians, supported by the Supreme Leader, unelected institutions of authority like the Council of Guardians, and the security services reversed and blocked reform measures while increasing security repression. ++ Starting with nationwide municipal elections in 2003 and continuing through Majles elections in 2004, conservatives reestablished control over Iran's elected government institutions, which culminated with the August 2005 inauguration of hardliner Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD as president. His controversial reelection in June 2009 sparked nationwide protests over allegations of electoral fraud. These protests were quickly suppressed, and the political opposition that arose as a consequence of AHMADI-NEJAD's election was repressed. Deteriorating economic conditions due primarily to government mismanagement and international sanctions prompted at least two major economically based protests in July and October 2012, but Iran's internal security situation remained stable. President AHMADI-NEJAD's independent streak angered regime establishment figures, including the Supreme Leader, leading to conservative opposition to his agenda for the last year of his presidency, and an alienation of his political supporters. In June 2013 Iranians elected a moderate conservative cleric Dr. Hasan Fereidun RUHANI to the presidency. He is a longtime senior member in the regime, but has made promises of reforming society and Iran's foreign policy. The UN Security Council has passed a number of resolutions calling for Iran to suspend its uranium enrichment and reprocessing activities and comply with its IAEA obligations and responsibilities, and in July 2015 Iran and the five permanent members, plus Germany (P5+1) signed the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) under which Iran agreed to restrictions on its nuclear program in exchange for sanctions relief."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "almost 2.5 times the size of Texas; slightly smaller than Alaska",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "almost 2.5 times the size of Texas; slightly smaller than Alaska"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -62,12 +59,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts, mountains; small, discontinuous plains along both coasts"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Caspian Sea -28 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "1,305 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Kuh-e Damavand 5,671 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m ++ highest point: Kuh-e Damavand 5,671 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -85,18 +82,7 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "87,000 sq km (2009)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "137 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "93.3 cu km/yr (7%/1%/92%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "1,306 cu m/yr (2004)"
}
"text": "95,530 sq km (2012)"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "periodic droughts, floods; dust storms, sandstorms; earthquakes"
@ -117,6 +103,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "82,801,633 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Iranian(s)"
@ -132,32 +121,23 @@
"text": "Persian (official), Azeri Turkic and Turkic dialects, Kurdish, Gilaki and Mazandarani, Luri, Balochi, Arabic, other"
},
"Religions": {
"text": "Muslim (official) 99.4% (Shia 90-95%, Sunni 5-10%), other (includes Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian) 0.3%, unspecified 0.4% (2011 est.)",
"religious affiliation": {
"text": null
}
},
"Population": {
"text": "81,824,270 (July 2015 est.)"
"text": "Muslim (official) 99.4% (Shia 90-95%, Sunni 5-10%), other (includes Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian) 0.3%, unspecified 0.4% (2011 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "23.69% (male 9,937,715/female 9,449,716)"
"text": "23.65% (male 10,037,814/female 9,546,710)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "17.58% (male 7,386,826/female 6,998,188)"
"text": "16.57% (male 7,041,801/female 6,675,656)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "46.87% (male 19,534,794/female 18,817,480)"
"text": "47.59% (male 20,085,331/female 19,319,933)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "6.58% (male 2,650,049/female 2,731,997)"
"text": "6.79% (male 2,770,618/female 2,855,362)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "5.28% (male 1,990,961/female 2,326,544) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "5.4% (male 2,052,541/female 2,415,867) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -176,26 +156,26 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "28.8 years"
"text": "29.4 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "28.6 years"
"text": "29.1 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "29.1 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "29.7 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "1.2% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.18% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "17.99 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "17.8 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "5.94 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "5.9 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-0.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "-0.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -216,7 +196,7 @@
"text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
@ -228,7 +208,7 @@
"text": "0.86 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "1.03 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.03 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
@ -236,34 +216,34 @@
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "38.04 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "37.1 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "38.58 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "37.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "37.48 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "36.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "71.15 years"
"text": "71.4 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "69.56 years"
"text": "69.8 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "72.82 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "73.1 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.83 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.83 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "77.4% (2010/11)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "6.7% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "6.9% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "0.89 physicians/1,000 population (2005)"
@ -288,13 +268,13 @@
}
},
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "0.14% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.14% (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
"text": "74,400 (2014 est.)"
"text": "73,200 (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
"text": "4,100 (2014 est.)"
"text": "4,000 (2015 est.)"
},
"Major infectious diseases": {
"degree of risk": {
@ -304,17 +284,14 @@
"text": "bacterial diarrhea"
},
"vectorborne diseases": {
"text": "Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever"
},
"note": {
"text": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)"
"text": "Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (2016)"
}
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "24.9% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "3.7% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "3% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -338,18 +315,18 @@
"text": "15 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "15 years (2012)"
"text": "15 years (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "23%"
"text": "24.8%"
},
"male": {
"text": "20.2%"
"text": "21%"
},
"female": {
"text": "33.9% (2008 est.)"
"text": "42.8% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -369,6 +346,9 @@
},
"former": {
"text": "Persia"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "name derives from the Avestan term \"aryanam\" meaning \"Land of the noble [ones]\""
}
},
"Government type": {
@ -398,7 +378,7 @@
"text": "Republic Day, 1 April (1979)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1906; latest adopted 24 October 1979, effective 3 December 1979; amended 1989 (2015)"
"text": "previous 1906; latest adopted 24 October 1979, effective 3 December 1979; amended 1989 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "religious legal system based on secular and Islamic law"
@ -407,14 +387,17 @@
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": ""
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "the father must be a citizen of Iran"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": ""
"text": "5 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
@ -434,7 +417,7 @@
"text": "supreme leader appointed for life by Assembly of Experts; president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term and an additional nonconsecutive term); election last held on 14 June 2013 (next to be held in June 2017)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Hasan Fereidun RUHANI elected president; percent of vote - Hasan Fereidun RUHANI 50.7%, Mohammad Baqer QALIBAF 16.5%, Saeed JALILI 11.4%, Mohsen REZAI 10.6%, Ali Akber VELAYATI 6.2%, other 4.6%"
"text": "Hasan Fereidun RUHANI elected president; percent of vote - Hasan Fereidun RUHANI Moderation and Development Party) 50.7%, Mohammad Baqer QALIBAF (Progress and Justice Population of Islamic Iran) 16.5%, Saeed JALILI (Front of Islamic Revolution Stability) 11.4%, Mohsen REZAI (Conservative) 10.6%, Ali Akber VELAYATI (Islamic Coalition Party) 6.2%, other 4.6%"
},
"note": {
"text": "3 oversight bodies are also considered part of the executive branch of government"
@ -442,40 +425,32 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly or Majles-e Shura-ye Eslami or Majles (290 seats; members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by two-round vote; members serve 4-year terms); note - all candidates to the Majles must be approved by the Guardian Council, a 12-member group of which 6 are appointed by the supreme leader and 6 are jurists nominated by the judiciary and elected by the Majles"
"text": "unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly or Majles-e Shura-ye Eslami or Majles (290 seats; 285 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by two-round vote, and 1 seat each for Zoroastrians, Jews, Assyrian and Chaldean Christians, Armenians in the north of the country, and Armenians in the South; members serve 4-year terms); note - all candidates to the Majles must be approved by the Guardian Council, a 12-member group of which 6 are appointed by the supreme leader and 6 are jurists nominated by the judiciary and elected by the Majles"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held in two rounds on 2 March and 4 May 2012; (next to be held on 26 February 2016)"
"text": "first round held on 26 February 2016 with second round for 68 remaining seats held on 29 April 2016; (next to be held in 2020)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA"
"text": "percent of vote by party - List of Hope 41.7%, Principalists Grand Coalition 28.6%, People's Voice Coalition 3.8%, religious minorities 1.7%, other 1.7%, independent 22.4%,; seats by party - List of Hope 121, Principalists Grand Coalition 83, People's Voice Coalition 11, religious minorities 5, other 5, independent 65"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
"highest court(s)": {
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of a president and NA judges)"
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of the president and NA judges)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "Supreme Court president appointed by the head of the Supreme Judicial Council in consultation with judges of the Supreme Court; president appointed for a 5-year term; other judge appointments and tenure NA"
"text": "Supreme Court president appointed by the head of the High Judicial Council (HJC), a 5-member body to include the Supreme Court chief justice, the prosecutor general, and 3 clergy, in consultation with judges of the Supreme Court; president appointed for a 5-year term; other judges appointed by the HJC; judge tenure NA"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "Penal Courts I and II; Islamic Revolutionary Courts; Courts of Peace; Special Clerical Court (functions outside the judicial system and handles cases involving clerics); military courts"
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"note": {
"text": "formal political parties are a relatively new phenomenon in Iran and most conservatives still prefer to work through political pressure groups rather than parties; often political parties or coalitions are formed prior to elections and disbanded soon thereafter; a loose pro-reform coalition called the 2nd Khordad Front, which includes political parties as well as less formal groups and organizations, achieved considerable success in elections for the sixth Majles in early 2000; groups in the coalition included the Islamic Iran Participation Front (IIPF), Executives of Construction Party (Kargozaran), Solidarity Party, Islamic Labor Party, Mardom Salari, Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization (MIRO), and Militant Clerics Society (MCS; Ruhaniyun); the coalition participated in the seventh Majles elections in early 2004 but boycotted them after 80 incumbent reformists were disqualified; following his defeat in the 2005 presidential elections, former MCS Secretary General and sixth Majles Speaker Mehdi KARUBI formed the National Trust Party; a new conservative group, Islamic Iran Developers Coalition (Abadgaran), took a leading position in the new Majles after winning a majority of the seats in February 2004; ahead of the 2008 Majles elections, traditional and hardline conservatives attempted to close ranks under the United Front of Principlists and the Broad Popular Coalition of Principlists; several reformist groups, such as the MIRO and the IIPF, also came together as a reformist coalition in advance of the 2008 Majles elections; the IIPF has repeatedly complained that the overwhelming majority of its candidates were unfairly disqualified from the 2008 elections"
}
"text": "List of Hope or People's Voice Coalition [Ali MOTAHARI] ++ Pervasive Coalition of Reformists: The Second Step [Ali SOUFI, chairman] (includes Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front, National Trust Party, Union of Islamic Iran People Party, Moderation and Development Party, Followers of Walayat [Ali LARIJANI]) ++ Principalists Grand Coalition [Alireza ZAKANI] (includes Combatant Clergy Association and Islamic Coalition Party, Society of Devotees and Pathseekers of the Islamic Revolution, Front of Islamic Revolution Stability) ++ Progress and Justice Population of Islamic Iran [Hssein GHORBANZADEH]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"groups that generally support the Islamic Republic": {
"text": " ++ Ansar-e Hizballah ++ Followers of the Line of the Imam and the Leader ++ Islamic Coalition Party (Motalefeh) ++ Islamic Engineers Society ++ Tehran Militant Clergy Association or MCA (Ruhaniyat)"
},
"active pro-reform student group": {
"text": " ++ Office of Strengthening Unity or OSU"
},
"opposition groups": {
"text": " ++ Freedom Movement of Iran ++ Green Path movement [Mehdi KARUBI, Mir-Hosein MUSAVI] ++ Marz-e Por Gohar ++ National Front ++ various ethnic and monarchist organizations"
"groups that support the Islamic Republic": {
"text": "Ansar-e Hizballah ++ Democracy Party (Hezb-e Mardom Salari) ++ Executives of Construction Party (Kargozaran) ++ Followers of the Guardianship of the Jurisprudent (Rahrovan) ++ Followers of the Line of the Imam and the Leader (Peyrovan) ++ Islamic Iran Freedom Party (Hezb-e Azadegi) ++ Islamic Coalition Party (Motalefeh) ++ Islamic Labor Party (Hezb-e Kar) ++ Militant Clerics Society or MCS (Ruhaniyun) ++ Moderation and Development Party (Hezb-e Etedal va Tose-eh) ++ Nation of Iran Unity Party (Hezb-e Etehad) ++ National Trust Party (Hezb-e Etemad-e Meli) ++ Qom Theological Lecturers Association ++ Reform Front Coordination Council (Shora-ye Hamahangi Eslahat) ++ Society of Devotees (Isargaran) ++ Society of Modern Thinking Muslim Women of Iran (Jamiat-e Zanan-e Noandish) ++ Steadfastness Front (Paydari) ++ Tehran Militant Clergy Association or MCA (Ruhaniyat) ++ Voice of Iranians (Neda) ++ Wayfarers of the Islamic Revolution (Rahpuyan) ++ "
},
"armed political groups repressed by the government": {
"text": " ++ Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan or KDPI ++ Harekat-e Ansar-e Iran (splinter faction of Jundallah) ++ Jaysh l-Adl (formerly known as Jundallah) ++ Komala ++ Mojahedin-e Khalq Organization or MEK (MKO) ++ People's Fedayeen ++ People's Free Life Party of Kurdistan or PJAK"
@ -510,47 +485,47 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Iran's economy is marked by statist policies, inefficiencies, and reliance on oil and gas exports, but Iran also possesses significant agricultural, industrial, and service sectors. The Iranian government directly owns and operates hundreds of state-owned enterprises and indirectly controls many companies affiliated with the country's security forces. Distortions - including inflation, price controls, subsidies, and a banking system holding billions of dollars of non-performing loans - weigh down the economy, undermining the potential for private-sector-led growth. Private sector activity includes small-scale workshops, farming, some manufacturing, and services, in addition to medium-scale construction, cement production, mining, and metalworking. Significant informal market activity flourishes and corruption is widespread. Fiscal and monetary constraints, following the expansion of international sanctions in 2012 on Iran's Central Bank and oil exports, significantly reduced Iran's oil revenue, forced government spending cuts, and sparked a sharp currency depreciation. Iran’s economy contracted for the first time in two decades during both 2012 and 2013, and grew only slightly 2014. Iran continues to suffer from high unemployment and underemployment. Lack of job opportunities has prompted many educated Iranian youth to seek employment overseas, resulting in a significant \"brain drain.\" In June 2013, the election of President Hasan RUHANI generated widespread public expectations of economic improvement and greater international engagement. In connection with ongoing international negotiations over Iran’s nuclear program the limited sanctions relief for Iran provided under the Joint Plan of Action of November 2013, helped to forestall the decline in the economy in 2014."
"text": "Iran's economy is marked by statist policies, inefficiencies, and reliance on oil and gas exports, but Iran also possesses significant agricultural, industrial, and service sectors. The Iranian government directly owns and operates hundreds of state-owned enterprises and indirectly controls many companies affiliated with the country's security forces. Distortions - including inflation, price controls, subsidies, and a banking system holding billions of dollars of non-performing loans - weigh down the economy, undermining the potential for private-sector-led growth. ++ ++ Private sector activity includes small-scale workshops, farming, some manufacturing, and services, in addition to medium-scale construction, cement production, mining, and metalworking. Significant informal market activity flourishes and corruption is widespread. ++ ++ Fiscal and monetary constraints, following the expansion of international sanctions in 2012 on Iran's Central Bank and oil exports, significantly reduced Iran's oil revenue, forced government spending cuts, and sparked a sharp currency depreciation. Iran’s economy contracted for the first time in two decades during both 2012 and 2013, but growth resumed in 2014. Iran continues to suffer from high unemployment and underemployment. Lack of job opportunities has prompted many educated Iranian youth to seek employment overseas, resulting in a significant \"brain drain.\" ++ ++ In June 2013, the election of President Hasan RUHANI generated widespread public expectations of economic improvement and greater international engagement. Almost two years into his term, RUHANI has achieved some success, including reining in inflation and, in July of 2015, securing the promise of sanctions relief for Iran by signing the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) with the P5+1. The JCPOA, which severely limits Iran’s nuclear program in exchange for unfreezing Iranian assets and reopening Iran to international trade, should bolster foreign direct investment, increase trade, and stimulate growth. In spite of RUHANI’s efforts, Iran’s growth was tepid in 2015, and significant economic improvement resulting from sanctions relief will take months or years to materialize."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$1.357 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $1.301 trillion (2013 est.) ++ $1.326 trillion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$1.379 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $1.373 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $1.316 trillion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$416.5 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$390 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "4.3% (2014 est.) ++ -1.9% (2013 est.) ++ -6.6% (2012 est.)"
"text": "0.4% (2015 est.) ++ 4.3% (2014 est.) ++ -1.9% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$17,400 (2014 est.) ++ $16,700 (2013 est.) ++ $17,000 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$17,300 (2015 est.) ++ $17,500 (2014 est.) ++ $17,000 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "34.8% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 39.1% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 43.8% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "31.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 34.5% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 39.1% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "50.6%"
"text": "52.4%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "10.7%"
"text": "10.6%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "26.2%"
"text": "27%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "7.2%"
"text": "6.6%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "24.2%"
"text": "19.2%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-18.9% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-15.8% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -558,10 +533,10 @@
"text": "9.2%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "37.7%"
"text": "38.8%"
},
"services": {
"text": "53.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "51.9% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -571,12 +546,12 @@
"text": "petroleum, petrochemicals, gas, fertilizers, caustic soda, textiles, cement and other construction materials, food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production), ferrous and nonferrous metal fabrication, armaments"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "4.9% (2014 est.)"
"text": "2.7% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "28.4 million",
"text": "29.07 million",
"note": {
"text": "shortage of skilled labor (2014 est.)"
"text": "shortage of skilled labor (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
@ -591,7 +566,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "10.3% (2014 est.) ++ 10.4% (2013 est.)",
"text": "10.5% (2015 est.) ++ 10.3% (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are according to the Iranian Government"
}
@ -612,20 +587,20 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$62.11 billion"
"text": "$61.95 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$67.07 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$68.72 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "14.9% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "16% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-1.2% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-1.7% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "10.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 10.4% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "11.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 10.3% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "includes publicly guaranteed debt"
}
@ -634,7 +609,7 @@
"text": "21 March - 20 March"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "15.5% (2014 est.) ++ 34.7% (2013 est.)",
"text": "11.9% (2015 est.) ++ 15.6% (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "official Iranian estimate"
}
@ -643,58 +618,72 @@
"text": "NA%"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "14% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 11% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "14.2% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 14% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$42.59 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $43.57 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$38.44 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $42.59 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$273.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $222.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$282.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $273.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$44.83 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $42.7 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$47.04 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $44.83 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$172 billion (31 December 2013 est.) ++ $140.8 billion (31 December 2012) ++ $107.2 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
"text": "$89.43 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $116.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $345.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$15.94 billion (2014 est.) ++ $26.52 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$8.234 billion (2015 est.) ++ $15.89 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$86.47 billion (2014 est.) ++ $93.12 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$64.6 billion (2015 est.) ++ $86.47 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "petroleum 80%, chemical and petrochemical products, fruits and nuts, carpets, cement, ore"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "China 29%, India 11.9%, Turkey 10.4%, Japan 6.5%, South Korea 4.8% (2014)"
"text": "China 22.2%, India 9.9%, Turkey 8.4%, Japan 4.5% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$65.08 billion (2014 est.) ++ $61.16 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$52.42 billion (2015 est.) ++ $65.08 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "industrial supplies, capital goods, foodstuffs and other consumer goods, technical services"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "UAE 30.6%, China 25.5%, Algeria 8.3%, India 4.6%, South Korea 4.4%, Turkey 4.1% (2014)"
"text": "UAE 39.6%, China 22.4%, South Korea 4.7%, Turkey 4.6% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$109 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $108 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$110 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $109 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$6.922 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $7.646 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$5.348 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $5.495 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$42.47 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $40.36 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$43.05 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $43.05 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$4.33 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $3.725 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$4.097 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.096 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar - ++ 25,912.3 (2014 est.) ++ 25,912.3 (2013 est.) ++ 12,175.5 (2012 est.) ++ 10,616.3 (2011 est.) ++ 10,254.18 (2010 est.)"
"text": "Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar - ++ 29,011.5 (2015 est.) ++ 25,941.7 (2014 est.) ++ 25,912 (2013 est.) ++ 12,176 (2012 est.) ++ 10,616 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"population without electricity": {
"text": "1,100,000"
},
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "98.6%"
},
"electrification - urban areas": {
"text": "100%"
},
"electrification - rural areas": {
"text": "95% (2013)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "239.2 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -723,7 +712,7 @@
"text": "0.8% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - production": {
"text": "3.236 million bbl/day (2014 est.)"
"text": "3.614 million bbl/day (2014 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - exports": {
"text": "1.322 million bbl/day (2013 est.)"
@ -747,39 +736,39 @@
"text": "18,150 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - production": {
"text": "161.3 billion cu m (2013 est.)"
"text": "172.6 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - consumption": {
"text": "157.3 billion cu m (2013 est.)"
"text": "170.2 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - exports": {
"text": "9.307 billion cu m (2013 est.)"
"text": "9.584 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - imports": {
"text": "5.329 billion cu m (2013 est.)"
"text": "6.886 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - proved reserves": {
"text": "33.8 trillion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)"
"text": "34.02 trillion cu m (2014 est.)"
},
"Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": {
"text": "603.6 million Mt (2012 est.)"
"text": "650.4 million Mt (2014 est.)"
}
},
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "30.59 million"
"text": "30,418,973"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "38 (2014 est.)"
"text": "37 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "68.9 million"
"text": "74.219 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "85 (2014 est.)"
"text": "91 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -787,34 +776,45 @@
"text": "currently being modernized and expanded with the goal of not only improving the efficiency and increasing the volume of the urban service but also bringing telephone service to several thousand villages not presently connected"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "the addition of new fiber cables and modern switching and exchange systems installed by Iran's state-owned telecom company have improved and expanded the fixed-line network greatly; fixed line availability has more than doubled to more than 27 million lines since 2000; additionally, mobile-cellular service has increased dramatically serving roughly 56 million subscribers in 2011; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular subscribership now exceeds 100 per 100 persons"
"text": "heavy investment by Iran's state-owned telecom company has greatly improved and expanded both the fixed-line and mobile cellular networks; a huge percentage of the cell phones in the market have been smuggled into the country"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 98; submarine fiber-optic cable to UAE with access to Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG); Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line runs from Azerbaijan through the northern portion of Iran to Turkmenistan with expansion to Georgia and Azerbaijan; HF radio and microwave radio relay to Turkey, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Syria, Kuwait, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; satellite earth stations - 13 (9 Intelsat and 4 Inmarsat) (2011)"
"text": "country code - 98; submarine fiber-optic cable to UAE with access to Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG); Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line runs from Azerbaijan through the northern portion of Iran to Turkmenistan with expansion to Georgia and Azerbaijan; HF radio and microwave radio relay to Turkey, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Syria, Kuwait, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; satellite earth stations - 13 (9 Intelsat and 4 Inmarsat) (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state-run broadcast media with no private, independent broadcasters; Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB), the state-run TV broadcaster, operates 5 nationwide channels, a news channel, about 30 provincial channels, and several international channels; about 20 foreign Persian-language TV stations broadcasting on satellite TV are capable of being seen in Iran; satellite dishes are illegal and, while their use had been tolerated, authorities began confiscating satellite dishes following the unrest stemming from the 2009 presidential election; IRIB operates 8 nationwide radio networks, a number of provincial stations, and an external service; most major international broadcasters transmit to Iran (2009)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 72, FM 10, shortwave 21 (2010)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "29 (plus 450 repeaters) (1997)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".ir"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "22.9 million"
"text": "36.07 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "28.3% (2014 est.)"
"text": "44.1% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "15"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "228"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "15,003,958"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "107,184,869 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "EP (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "319 (2013)"
},
@ -855,7 +855,7 @@
"text": "135"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 32 (2013)"
"text": "32 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -905,46 +905,19 @@
},
"Ports and terminals": {
"major seaport(s)": {
"text": "Bandar-e Asaluyeh, Bandar Abbas"
},
"river port(s)": {
"text": "Bandar Emam Khomeyni (Shatt al-Arab)"
"text": "Bandar-e Asaluyeh, Bandar Abbas, Bandar Emam"
},
"container port(s) (TEUs)": {
"text": "Bandar Abbas (2,752,460)"
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Islamic Republic of Iran Regular Forces (Artesh): Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force (IRIAF), Khatemolanbia Air Defense Headquarters; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (Sepah-e Pasdaran-e Enqelab-e Eslami, IRGC): Ground Resistance Forces, Navy, Aerospace Force, Quds Force (special operations); Law Enforcement Forces (2011)"
"text": "Islamic Republic of Iran Regular Forces (Artesh): Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force (IRIAF), Khatemolanbia Air Defense Headquarters; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (Sepah-e Pasdaran-e Enqelab-e Eslami, IRGC): Ground Resistance Forces, Navy, Aerospace Force, Qods Force (special operations); Law Enforcement Forces (2015)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for compulsory military service; 16 years of age for volunteers; 17 years of age for Law Enforcement Forces; 15 years of age for Basij Forces (Popular Mobilization Army); conscript military service obligation is 18 months; women exempt from military service (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "23,619,215"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "22,628,341 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "20,149,222"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "19,417,275 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "715,111"
},
"female": {
"text": "677,372 (2010 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
@ -953,15 +926,15 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "2.4 million (1 million registered, 1.4 million undocumented) (Afghanistan); 32,000 (Iraq) (2014)"
"text": "2.5 - 3.0 (1 million registered, 1.5 - 2.0 million undocumented) (Afghanistan); 28,268 (Iraq) (2015)"
}
},
"Trafficking in persons": {
"current situation": {
"text": "Iran is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; Iranian women and children are subjected to sex trafficking in Iran, Pakistan, the Persian Gulf, and Europe; Iranian children are forced, sometimes by their parents or crime networks, to beg, to work in sweatshops, or to be prostitutes in Iran and abroad; Azerbaijani and, reportedly, Uzbek women and children are also sexually exploited in Iran; Pakistani migrant workers are sometimes subjected to forced labor, including debt bondage; criminal organizations play a large role in human trafficking in Iran"
"text": "Iran is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; organized groups sex traffic Iranian women and children in Iran and to the UAE and Europe; the transport of girls from and through Iran en route to the Gulf for sexual exploitation or forced marriages is on the rise; Iranian children are also forced to work as beggars, street vendors, and in domestic workshops; Afghan boys forced to work in construction or agriculture are vulnerable to sexual abuse by their employers; Pakistani and Afghan migrants being smuggled to Europe often are subjected to forced labor, including debt bondage"
},
"tier rating": {
"text": "Tier 3 – Iran does not comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking, and is not making significant efforts to do so; the government does not share information on its anti-trafficking efforts making it difficult to assess the country’s human trafficking problem or the government’s attempts to curb it; Iranian law does not prohibit all forms of human trafficking; existing laws against human trafficking, forced labor, and debt bondage reportedly remain unenforced because of a lack of political will and widespread political corruption; Iran has no apparent protection services or rehabilitation programs for victims and has reportedly punished sex trafficking victims for crimes committed as a direct result of being trafficked (2014)"
"text": "Tier 3 – Iran does not comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking, and is not making significant efforts to do so; the government does not share information on its anti-trafficking efforts, but publically available information from NGOs, the media, and international organizations indicates that Iran is not taking adequate measures to address its trafficking problems, particularly protecting victims; Iranian law does not prohibit all forms of human trafficking; female victims find it extremely difficult to get justice because Iranian courts accord women’s testimony half the weight of men's, and female victims of sexual abuse, including trafficking, are likely to be prosecuted for adultery; the government did not identify or provide protection services to any victims and continued to punish victims for unlawful acts committed as a direct result of being trafficked; the government made some effort to cooperate with neighboring governments and an international organization to combat human trafficking and other crimes (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {