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Gerald Bauer
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@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
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{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "The region of present day Georgia contained the ancient kingdoms of Colchis and Kartli-Iberia. The area came under Roman influence in the first centuries A.D., and Christianity became the state religion in the 330s. Domination by Persians, Arabs, and Turks was followed by a Georgian golden age (11th-13th centuries) that was cut short by the Mongol invasion of 1236. Subsequently, the Ottoman and Persian empires competed for influence in the region. Georgia was absorbed into the Russian Empire in the 19th century. Independent for three years (1918-1921) following the Russian revolution, it was forcibly incorporated into the USSR in 1921 and regained its independence when the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. ++ Mounting public discontent over rampant corruption and ineffective government services, followed by an attempt by the incumbent Georgian Government to manipulate parliamentary elections in November 2003 touched off widespread protests that led to the resignation of Eduard SHEVARDNADZE, president since 1995. In the aftermath of that popular movement, which became known as the \"Rose Revolution,\" new elections in early 2004 swept Mikheil SAAKASHVILI into power along with his United National Movement (UNM) party. Progress on market reforms and democratization has been made in the years since independence, but this progress has been complicated by Russian assistance and support to the separatist regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Periodic flare-ups in tension and violence culminated in a five-day conflict in August 2008 between Russia and Georgia, including the invasion of large portions of undisputed Georgian territory. Russian troops pledged to pull back from most occupied Georgian territory, but in late August 2008 Russia unilaterally recognized the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and Russian military forces remain in those regions. ++ Billionaire philanthropist Bidzina IVANISHVILI's unexpected entry into politics in October 2011 brought the divided opposition together under his Georgian Dream coalition, which won a majority of seats in the October 2012 parliamentary elections and removed UNM from power. Conceding defeat, SAAKASHVILI named IVANISHVILI as prime minister and allowed Georgian Dream to create a new government. Georgian Dream's Giorgi MARGVELASHVILI was inaugurated as president on 17 November 2013, ending a tense year of power-sharing between SAAKASHVILI and IVANISHVILI. IVANISHVILI voluntarily resigned from office after the presidential succession, and Georgia's legislature on 20 November 2013 confirmed Irakli GARIBASHVILI as his replacement. Georgia's recent elections represent unique examples of a former Soviet state that emerged to conduct democratic and peaceful government transitions of power. Popular and government support for integration with the West is high in Georgia. Joining the EU and NATO are among the country's top foreign policy goals."
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"text": "The region of present day Georgia contained the ancient kingdoms of Colchis and Kartli-Iberia. The area came under Roman influence in the first centuries A.D., and Christianity became the state religion in the 330s. Domination by Persians, Arabs, and Turks was followed by a Georgian golden age (11th-13th centuries) that was cut short by the Mongol invasion of 1236. Subsequently, the Ottoman and Persian empires competed for influence in the region. Georgia was absorbed into the Russian Empire in the 19th century. Independent for three years (1918-1921) following the Russian revolution, it was forcibly incorporated into the USSR in 1921 and regained its independence when the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. ++ Mounting public discontent over rampant corruption and ineffective government services, followed by an attempt by the incumbent Georgian Government to manipulate parliamentary elections in November 2003, touched off widespread protests that led to the resignation of Eduard SHEVARDNADZE, president since 1995. In the aftermath of that popular movement, which became known as the \"Rose Revolution,\" new elections in early 2004 swept Mikheil SAAKASHVILI into power along with his United National Movement (UNM) party. Progress on market reforms and democratization has been made in the years since independence, but this progress has been complicated by Russian assistance and support to the separatist regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Periodic flare-ups in tension and violence culminated in a five-day conflict in August 2008 between Russia and Georgia, including the invasion of large portions of undisputed Georgian territory. Russian troops pledged to pull back from most occupied Georgian territory, but in late August 2008 Russia unilaterally recognized the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and Russian military forces remain in those regions. ++ Billionaire philanthropist Bidzina IVANISHVILI's unexpected entry into politics in October 2011 brought the divided opposition together under his Georgian Dream coalition, which won a majority of seats in the October 2012 parliamentary elections and removed UNM from power. Conceding defeat, SAAKASHVILI named IVANISHVILI as prime minister and allowed Georgian Dream to create a new government. Georgian Dream's Giorgi MARGVELASHVILI was inaugurated as president on 17 November 2013, ending a tense year of power-sharing between SAAKASHVILI and IVANISHVILI. IVANISHVILI voluntarily resigned from office after the presidential succession, and Georgia's legislature on 20 November 2013 confirmed Irakli GARIBASHVILI as his replacement. These changes in leadership represent unique examples of a former Soviet state that emerged to conduct democratic and peaceful government transitions of power. Popular and government support for integration with the West is high in Georgia. Joining the EU and NATO are among the country's top foreign policy goals."
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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"Location": {
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"text": "Southwestern Asia, bordering the Black Sea, between Turkey and Russia, with a sliver of land north of the Caucasus extending into Europe; note - Georgia views itself as part of Europe"
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"text": "Southwestern Asia, bordering the Black Sea, between Turkey and Russia, with a sliver of land north of the Caucasus extending into Europe; note - Georgia views itself as part of Europe; geopolitically, it can be classified as falling within Europe, the Middle East, or both"
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},
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"Geographic coordinates": {
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"text": "42 00 N, 43 30 E"
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@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
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}
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},
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"Area - comparative": {
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"text": "slightly smaller than South Carolina; slightly larger than West Virginia",
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"Area comparison map": {
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"text": null
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}
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"text": "slightly smaller than South Carolina; slightly larger than West Virginia"
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},
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"Land boundaries": {
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"total": {
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@ -56,12 +53,12 @@
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"Terrain": {
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"text": "largely mountainous with Great Caucasus Mountains in the north and Lesser Caucasus Mountains in the south; Kolkhet'is Dablobi (Kolkhida Lowland) opens to the Black Sea in the west; Mtkvari River Basin in the east; fertile soils in river valley flood plains and foothills of Kolkhida Lowland"
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},
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"Elevation extremes": {
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"lowest point": {
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"text": "Black Sea 0 m"
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"Elevation": {
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"mean elevation": {
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"text": "1,432 m"
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},
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"highest point": {
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"text": "Mt'a Shkhara 5,201 m"
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"elevation extremes": {
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"text": "lowest point: Black Sea 0 m ++ highest point: Mt'a Shkhara 5,201 m"
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}
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},
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"Natural resources": {
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@ -79,18 +76,7 @@
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}
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},
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"Irrigated land": {
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"text": "4,328 sq km (2007)"
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},
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"Total renewable water resources": {
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"text": "63.33 cu km (2011)"
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},
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"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
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"total": {
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"text": "1.81 cu km/yr (20%/22%/58%)"
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},
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"per capita": {
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"text": "410.6 cu m/yr (2005)"
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}
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"text": "4,330 sq km (2012)"
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},
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"Natural hazards": {
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"text": "earthquakes"
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@ -111,6 +97,9 @@
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}
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},
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"People and Society": {
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"Population": {
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"text": "4,928,052 (July 2016 est.)"
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},
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"Nationality": {
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"noun": {
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"text": "Georgian(s)"
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@ -120,38 +109,32 @@
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}
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},
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"Ethnic groups": {
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"text": "Georgian 83.8%, Azeri 6.5%, Armenian 5.7%, Russian 1.5%, other 2.5% (2002 est.)"
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"text": "Georgian 86.8%, Azeri 6.3%, Armenian 4.5%, other 2.3% (2014 est.)"
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},
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"Languages": {
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"text": "Georgian (official) 71%, Russian 9%, Armenian 7%, Azeri 6%, other 7%",
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"text": "Georgian (official) 87.6%, Azeri 6.2%, Armenian 3.9%, Russian 1.2%, other 1%",
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"note": {
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"text": "Abkhaz is the official language in Abkhazia"
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"text": "Abkhaz is the official language in Abkhazia (2014 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Religions": {
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"text": "Orthodox Christian (official) 83.9%, Muslim 9.9%, Armenian-Gregorian 3.9%, Catholic 0.8%, other 0.8%, none 0.7% (2002 census)"
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},
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"Population": {
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"text": "4,931,226 (July 2015 est.)"
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"text": "Orthodox (official) 83.4%, Muslim 10.7%, Armenian Apostolic 2.9%, other 1.2% (includes Catholic, Jehovah's Witness, Yazidi, Protestant, Jewish), none 0.5%, unspecified/no answer 1.2% (2014 est.)"
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},
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"Age structure": {
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"0-14 years": {
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"text": "17.73% (male 460,376/female 414,028)"
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"text": "17.91% (male 463,526/female 419,334)"
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},
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"15-24 years": {
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"text": "13.35% (male 344,179/female 314,321)"
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"text": "12.61% (male 326,675/female 294,912)"
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},
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"25-54 years": {
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"text": "40.93% (male 978,151/female 1,040,364)"
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"text": "40.93% (male 980,024/female 1,037,044)"
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},
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"55-64 years": {
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"text": "12.45% (male 275,586/female 338,524)"
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"text": "12.77% (male 282,067/female 347,287)"
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},
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"65 years and over": {
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"text": "15.53% (male 299,876/female 465,821) (2015 est.)"
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},
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"population pyramid": {
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"text": null
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"text": "15.77% (male 304,668/female 472,515) (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Dependency ratios": {
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@ -170,26 +153,26 @@
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},
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"Median age": {
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"total": {
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"text": "37.9 years"
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"text": "38 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "35 years"
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"text": "35.1 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "40.5 years (2015 est.)"
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"text": "40.7 years (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Population growth rate": {
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"text": "-0.08% (2015 est.)"
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"text": "-0.05% (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Birth rate": {
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"text": "12.74 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "12.5 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Death rate": {
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"text": "10.82 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "10.9 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Net migration rate": {
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"text": "-2.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "-2.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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"urban population": {
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@ -210,10 +193,10 @@
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"text": "1.11 male(s)/female"
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},
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"15-24 years": {
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"text": "1.1 male(s)/female"
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"text": "1.11 male(s)/female"
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},
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"25-54 years": {
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"text": "0.94 male(s)/female"
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"text": "0.95 male(s)/female"
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},
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"55-64 years": {
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"text": "0.81 male(s)/female"
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@ -222,7 +205,13 @@
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"text": "0.64 male(s)/female"
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},
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"total population": {
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"text": "0.92 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
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"text": "0.92 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
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"text": "24.4",
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"note": {
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"text": "data do not cover Abkhazia and South Ossetia (2013 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Maternal mortality rate": {
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@ -230,28 +219,28 @@
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},
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"Infant mortality rate": {
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"total": {
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"text": "16.15 deaths/1,000 live births"
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"text": "15.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "18.31 deaths/1,000 live births"
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"text": "17.8 deaths/1,000 live births"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "13.82 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
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"text": "13.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Life expectancy at birth": {
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"total population": {
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"text": "75.95 years"
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"text": "76.2 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "71.85 years"
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"text": "72.1 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "80.36 years (2015 est.)"
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"text": "80.6 years (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Total fertility rate": {
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"text": "1.76 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
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"text": "1.76 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
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"text": "53.4%",
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@ -260,7 +249,7 @@
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}
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},
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"Health expenditures": {
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"text": "9.4% of GDP (2013)"
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"text": "7.4% of GDP (2014)"
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},
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"Physicians density": {
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"text": "4.27 physicians/1,000 population (2013)"
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}
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
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"text": "0.28% (2014 est.)"
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"text": "0.39% (2015 est.)"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
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"text": "6,600 (2014 est.)"
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"text": "9,600 (2015 est.)"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
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"text": "100 (2014 est.)"
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"text": "200 (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
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"text": "22.1% (2014)"
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@ -318,13 +307,13 @@
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},
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"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
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"total": {
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"text": "14 years"
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"text": "15 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "14 years"
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"text": "15 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "14 years (2013)"
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"text": "15 years (2014)"
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}
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},
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"Child labor - children ages 5-14": {
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@ -337,7 +326,13 @@
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},
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"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
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"total": {
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"text": "33.3% (2012 est.)"
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"text": "35.6%"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "35.3%"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "36.4% (2013 est.)"
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}
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}
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},
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},
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"former": {
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"text": "Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic"
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},
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"etymology": {
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"text": "the Western name may derive from the Persian designation \"gurgan\" meaning \"Land of the wolves\"; the native name \"Sak'art'velo\" means \"Land of the Kartvelians\" and refers to the core central Georgian region of Kartli"
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}
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},
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"Government type": {
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"text": "republic"
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"text": "semi-presidential republic"
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},
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"Capital": {
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"name": {
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"Administrative divisions": {
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"text": "9 regions (mkharebi, singular - mkhare), 1 city (kalaki), and 2 autonomous republics (avtomnoy respubliki, singular - avtom respublika)",
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"regions": {
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"text": "Guria, Imereti, Kakheti, Kvemo Kartli, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Samegrelo and Zemo Svaneti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Shida Kartli; note - the breakaway region of South Ossetia consists of the northern part of Shida Kartli, eastern slivers of the Imereti region and Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, and part of western Mtskheta-Mtianeti"
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"text": "Guria, Imereti, Kakheti, Kvemo Kartli, Mtskheta Mtianeti, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Samegrelo and Zemo Svaneti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Shida Kartli; note - the breakaway region of South Ossetia consists of the northern part of Shida Kartli, eastern slivers of the Imereti region and Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, and part of western Mtskheta-Mtianeti"
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},
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"city": {
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"text": "Tbilisi"
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"text": "Independence Day, 26 May (1918); note - 26 May 1918 was the date of independence from Soviet Russia, 9 April 1991 was the date of independence from the Soviet Union"
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},
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"Constitution": {
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"text": "previous 1921, 1978 (based on 1977 Soviet Union constitution); latest approved 24 August 1995, effective 17 October 1995; amended several times, last in 2013 (2015)"
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"text": "previous 1921, 1978 (based on 1977 Soviet Union constitution); latest approved 24 August 1995, effective 17 October 1995; amended several times, last in 2013 (2016)"
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},
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"Legal system": {
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"text": "civil law system"
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"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
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},
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"Citizenship": {
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"birthright citizenship": {
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"text": "no, unless at least one parent is a citizen of Georgia"
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"citizenship by birth": {
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"text": "no"
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},
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"citizenship by descent only": {
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"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Georgia"
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},
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"dual citizenship recognized": {
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"text": "no"
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"text": "President Giorgi MARGVELASHVILI (since 17 November 2013)"
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},
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"head of government": {
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"text": "Prime Minister Irakli GARIBASHVILI (since 20 November 2013)"
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"text": "Prime Minister Giorgi KVIRIKASHVILI (since 30 December 2015); First Deputy Prime Minister Dimitry KUMSISHVILI"
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},
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"cabinet": {
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"text": "Cabinet of Ministers"
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@ -442,25 +443,28 @@
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"text": "unicameral Parliament or Sakartvelos Parlamenti (150 seats; 77 members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote and 73 directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
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},
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"elections": {
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"text": "last held on 1 October 2012 (next to be held in 2016)"
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"text": "last held on 8 October and 30 October 2012 (next to be held in 2020)"
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},
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"election results": {
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"text": "percent of vote by party - Georgian Dream-led coalition 55%, United National Movement 40.3%, other 4.7%; seats by party - Georgian Dream 85, United National Movement 65"
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"text": "percent of vote by party - Georgian Dream-Democratic Georgia 48.7%, ENM 27.1%, Alliance of Patriots 5%, other 19.2%; seats by party - Georgian Dream-Democratic Georgia 115, ENM 27, Alliance of Patriots 6, IWSG 1, independent 1"
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}
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},
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"Judicial branch": {
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"highest court(s)": {
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"text": "Supreme Court (organized into several specialized judicial chambers; number of judges determined by the president of Georgia); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges) ++ note - the Abkhazian and Ajarian Autonomous republics each have a supreme court and a hierarchy of lower courts"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court (organized into several specialized judicial chambers; number of judges determined by the president of Georgia); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges); note - the Abkhazian and Ajarian Autonomous republics each have a supreme court and a hierarchy of lower courts"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court judges nominated by the president and appointed by the Parliament; judges serve not less than 10-year terms; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president following candidate selection by the Justice Council of Georgia, a 12-member consultative body of high-level judges, and presidential and parliamentary appointees; judges appointed for 10-year terms"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court judges nominated by the president and appointed by the Parliament; judges serve not less than 10-year terms; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president following candidate selection by the Justice Council of Georgia, a 12-member consultative body of high-level judges, and presidential and parliamentary appointees; judges appointed for 10-year terms"
|
||||
"text": "Courts of Appeal; regional (town) and district courts"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Courts of Appeal; regional (town) and district courts"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Conservative Party [Zviad DZIDZIGURI] ++ European Democrats [Paata DAVITAIA] ++ Free Georgia [Kakha KUKAVA] ++ Georgian Dream (a six-party coalition composed of Georgian Dream-Democratic Georgia, Republican Party, National Forum, Conservative Party, Industry Will Save Georgia, and Green Party of Georgia) ++ Georgian Dream-Democratic Georgia [Irakli GARIBASHVILI] ++ Georgian People's Front [Nodar NATADZE] ++ Green Party of Georgia [Gia GACHECHILADZE] ++ Industry Will Save Georgia (Industrialists) or IWSG [Giorgi TOPADZE] ++ National Democratic Party or NDP [Bachuki KARDAVA] ++ National Forum [Kakhaber SHARTAVA] ++ Our Georgia-Free Democrats (OGFD) [Irakli ALASANIA] ++ People's Party [Koba DAVITASHVILI ++ Republican Party [Khatuna SAMNIDZE] ++ United Democratic Movement [Nino BURJANADZE] ++ United National Movement or UNM [Mikheil SAAKASHVILI]"
|
||||
"text": "Alliance of Patriots [Irma INASHVILI] ++ Conservative Party [Zviad DZIDZIGURI] ++ European Democrats [Paata DAVITAIA] ++ Free Georgia [Kakha KUKAVA] ++ Georgian Dream-Democratic Georgia [Giorgi KVIRIKASHVILI] ++ Green Party of Georgia [Gia GACHECHILADZE] ++ Industry Will Save Georgia (Industrialists) or IWSG [Giorgi TOPADZE] ++ National Democratic Party or NDP [Bachuki KARDAVA] ++ National Forum [Kakhaber SHARTAVA] ++ New Rights [Pikria CHIKHRADZE] ++ Our Georgia-Free Democrats (OGFD) [Irakli ALASANIA] ++ Republican Party [Khatuna SAMNIDZE] ++ United Democratic Movement [Nino BURJANADZE] ++ United National Movement or ENM [Davit BAKRADZE]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -484,12 +488,12 @@
|
|||
"text": "[1] (202) 387-0864"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"consulate(s) general": {
|
||||
"text": "New York (closed)"
|
||||
"text": "New York"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador Richard NORLAND (since 25 July 2012)"
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador Ian C. KELLY (since 17 September 2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"embassy": {
|
||||
"text": "11 George Balanchine Street, T'bilisi 0131"
|
||||
|
|
@ -524,58 +528,58 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Economy": {
|
||||
"Economy - overview": {
|
||||
"text": "Georgia's main economic activities include cultivation of agricultural products such as grapes, citrus fruits, and hazelnuts; mining of manganese, copper, and gold; and producing alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, metals, machinery, and chemicals in small-scale industries. The country imports nearly all of its needed supplies of natural gas and oil products. It has sizeable hydropower capacity that now provides most of its energy needs. Georgia has overcome the chronic energy shortages and gas supply interruptions of the past by renovating hydropower plants and by increasingly relying on natural gas imports from Azerbaijan instead of from Russia. Construction of the Baku-T'bilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline, the South Caucasus gas pipeline, and the Kars-Akhalkalaki Railroad are part of a strategy to capitalize on Georgia's strategic location between Europe and Asia and develop its role as a transit point for gas, oil, and other goods. The expansion of the South Caucasus pipeline, as part of the Shah Deniz II Southern Gas Corridor project, will result in a $2 billion foreign investment in Georgia, the largest ever in the country. Gas from Shah Deniz II is expected to begin flowing in 2019. Georgia's economy sustained GDP growth of more than 10% in 2006-07, based on strong inflows of foreign investment and robust government spending. However, GDP growth slowed following the August 2008 conflict with Russia, and sunk to negative 4% in 2009 as foreign direct investment and workers' remittances declined in the wake of the global financial crisis. The economy rebounded in 2010-13, but FDI inflows, the engine of Georgian economic growth prior to the 2008 conflict, have not recovered fully. Unemployment has also remained high. Georgia has historically suffered from a chronic failure to collect tax revenues; however, since 2004 the government has simplified the tax code, improved tax administration, increased tax enforcement, and cracked down on petty corruption, leading to higher revenues. The country is pinning its hopes for renewed growth on a determined effort to continue to liberalize the economy by reducing regulation, taxes, and corruption in order to attract foreign investment, with a focus on hydropower, agriculture, tourism, and textiles production. The government has received high marks from the World Bank for its anti-corruption efforts. Since 2012, the Georgian Dream-led government has continued the previous administration's low-regulation, low-tax, free market policies, while modestly increasing social spending, strengthening anti-trust policy, and amending the labor code to comply with International Labor Standards. The government published its 2020 Economic Development Strategy in early 2014 and former Prime Minister Bidzina IVANISHVILI launched the Georgian Co-Investment Fund, a $6 billion private equity fund that will invest in tourism, agriculture, logistics, energy, infrastructure, and manufacturing. In mid-2014, Georgia signed an association agreement with the European Union, paving the way to free trade and visa-free travel."
|
||||
"text": "Georgia's main economic activities include cultivation of agricultural products such as grapes, citrus fruits, and hazelnuts; mining of manganese, copper, and gold; and producing alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, metals, machinery, and chemicals in small-scale industries. The country imports nearly all of its needed supplies of natural gas and oil products. It has sizeable hydropower capacity that now provides most of its energy needs. ++ ++ Georgia has overcome the chronic energy shortages and gas supply interruptions of the past by renovating hydropower plants and by increasingly relying on natural gas imports from Azerbaijan instead of from Russia. Construction of the Baku-T'bilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline, the South Caucasus gas pipeline, and the Kars-Akhalkalaki railroad are part of a strategy to capitalize on Georgia's strategic location between Europe and Asia and develop its role as a transit point for gas, oil, and other goods. The expansion of the South Caucasus pipeline, as part of the Shah Deniz II Southern Gas Corridor project, will result in a $2 billion foreign investment in Georgia, the largest ever in the country. Gas from Shah Deniz II is expected to begin flowing in 2019. ++ ++ Georgia's economy sustained GDP growth of more than 10% in 2006-07, based on strong inflows of foreign investment and robust government spending. However, GDP growth slowed following the August 2008 conflict with Russia, and sunk to negative 4% in 2009 as foreign direct investment and workers' remittances declined in the wake of the global financial crisis. The economy rebounded in 2010-13, but FDI inflows, the engine of Georgian economic growth prior to the 2008 conflict, have not recovered fully. Unemployment has also remained high. ++ ++ The country is pinning its hopes for renewed growth on a determined effort to continue to liberalize the economy by reducing regulation, taxes, and corruption in order to attract foreign investment, with a focus on hydropower, agriculture, tourism, and textiles production. Georgia has historically suffered from a chronic failure to collect tax revenues; however, since 2004 the government has simplified the tax code, improved tax administration, increased tax enforcement, and cracked down on petty corruption, leading to higher revenues. The government has received high marks from the World Bank for its anti-corruption efforts. Since 2012, the Georgian Dream-led government has continued the previous administration's low-regulation, low-tax, free market policies, while modestly increasing social spending, strengthening anti-trust policy, and amending the labor code to comply with International Labor Standards. The government published its 2020 Economic Development Strategy in early 2014 and former Prime Minister Bidzina IVANISHVILI launched the Georgian Co-Investment Fund, a $6 billion private equity fund that will invest in tourism, agriculture, logistics, energy, infrastructure, and manufacturing. In mid-2014, Georgia signed an association agreement with the EU, paving the way to free trade and visa-free travel."
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
|
||||
"text": "$34.35 billion (2014 est.) ++ $32.78 billion (2013 est.) ++ $31.73 billion (2012 est.)",
|
||||
"text": "$35.68 billion (2015 est.) ++ $34.72 billion (2014 est.) ++ $33.18 billion (2013 est.)",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
|
||||
"text": "$16.54 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$13.97 billion (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - real growth rate": {
|
||||
"text": "4.8% (2014 est.) ++ 3.3% (2013 est.) ++ 6.4% (2012 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "2.8% (2015 est.) ++ 4.6% (2014 est.) ++ 3.4% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
|
||||
"text": "$9,200 (2014 est.) ++ $8,800 (2013 est.) ++ $8,500 (2012 est.)",
|
||||
"text": "$9,600 (2015 est.) ++ $9,300 (2014 est.) ++ $8,800 (2013 est.)",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Gross national saving": {
|
||||
"text": "21.5% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 19.6% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 18.1% of GDP (2012 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "20.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 19.2% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 19.5% of GDP (2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
|
||||
"household consumption": {
|
||||
"text": "69.6%"
|
||||
"text": "71.2%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"government consumption": {
|
||||
"text": "16.7%"
|
||||
"text": "16.5%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"investment in fixed capital": {
|
||||
"text": "25.8%"
|
||||
"text": "28.5%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"investment in inventories": {
|
||||
"text": "5.4%"
|
||||
"text": "3.7%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"exports of goods and services": {
|
||||
"text": "42.9%"
|
||||
"text": "45%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"imports of goods and services": {
|
||||
"text": "-60.4% ++ (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-64.9% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
|
||||
"agriculture": {
|
||||
"text": "9.1%"
|
||||
"text": "9.2%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"industry": {
|
||||
"text": "21.8%"
|
||||
"text": "22.1%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"services": {
|
||||
"text": "69.1% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "68.7% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Agriculture - products": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -585,7 +589,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "steel, machine tools, electrical appliances, mining (manganese, copper, gold), chemicals, wood products, wine"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Industrial production growth rate": {
|
||||
"text": "5.6% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "3.2% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Labor force": {
|
||||
"text": "1.959 million (2011 est.)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -602,7 +606,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Unemployment rate": {
|
||||
"text": "12.4% (2014 est.) ++ 14.6% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "12% (2015 est.) ++ 12.4% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population below poverty line": {
|
||||
"text": "9.2% (2010 est.)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -620,20 +624,20 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Budget": {
|
||||
"revenues": {
|
||||
"text": "$4.624 billion"
|
||||
"text": "$3.966 billion"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"expenditures": {
|
||||
"text": "$4.973 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$4.142 billion (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Taxes and other revenues": {
|
||||
"text": "28% of GDP (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "28.3% of GDP (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
|
||||
"text": "-2.1% of GDP (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-1.3% of GDP (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Public debt": {
|
||||
"text": "35.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 33.9% of GDP (2013 est.)",
|
||||
"text": "41.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 35.4% of GDP (2014 est.)",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities; Georgia does not maintain intra-governmental debt or social funds"
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -642,7 +646,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "calendar year"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
|
||||
"text": "3.1% (2014 est.) ++ -0.5% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "4% (2015 est.) ++ 3.1% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Central bank discount rate": {
|
||||
"text": "3.75% (15 January 2013) ++ 5.25% (31 December 2012)",
|
||||
|
|
@ -651,58 +655,63 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
|
||||
"text": "11.91% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 13.59% (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "12.49% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 11.91% (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of narrow money": {
|
||||
"text": "$2.415 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.297 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$2.063 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.388 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of broad money": {
|
||||
"text": "$4.72 billion (31 September 2012 est.) ++ $4.249 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of domestic credit": {
|
||||
"text": "$7.596 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $6.634 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$6.946 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $7.51 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
|
||||
"text": "$943.4 million (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $795.7 million (31 December 2011) ++ $1.06 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$943.4 million (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $795.7 million (31 December 2011 est.) ++ $1.06 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Current account balance": {
|
||||
"text": "-$1.611 billion (2014 est.) ++ -$926 million (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-$1.641 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$1.753 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports": {
|
||||
"text": "$3.995 billion (2014 est.) ++ $4.191 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$3.043 billion (2015 est.) ++ $3.995 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports - commodities": {
|
||||
"text": "vehicles, ferro-alloys, fertilizers, nuts, scrap metal, gold, copper ores"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports - partners": {
|
||||
"text": "Azerbaijan 19%, Armenia 10.1%, Russia 9.6%, Turkey 8.4%, US 7.3%, Bulgaria 5.7%, Ukraine 4.9% (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "Azerbaijan 10.9%, Bulgaria 9.7%, Turkey 8.4%, Armenia 8.2%, Russia 7.4%, China 5.7%, US 4.7%, Uzbekistan 4.4% (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports": {
|
||||
"text": "$8.235 billion (2014 est.) ++ $7.697 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$7.363 billion (2015 est.) ++ $8.29 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports - commodities": {
|
||||
"text": "fuels, vehicles, machinery and parts, grain and other foods, pharmaceuticals"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports - partners": {
|
||||
"text": "Turkey 20.1%, China 8.5%, Azerbaijan 7.4%, Russia 6.7%, Ukraine 6.4%, Germany 5.4%, Japan 4.3% (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "Turkey 17.2%, Russia 8.1%, China 7.6%, Azerbaijan 7%, Ireland 5.9%, Ukraine 5.9%, Germany 5.6% (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
|
||||
"text": "$2.699 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.823 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$2.521 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.699 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Debt - external": {
|
||||
"text": "$13.58 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $13.69 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$13.31 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $13.91 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
|
||||
"text": "$12.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $11.55 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$12.64 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $12.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
|
||||
"text": "$1.643 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$1.773 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.868 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exchange rates": {
|
||||
"text": "laris (GEL) per US dollar - ++ 1.7657 (2014 est.) ++ 1.7657 (2013 est.) ++ 1.65 (2012 est.) ++ 1.6865 (2011 est.) ++ 1.7823 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "laris (GEL) per US dollar - ++ 2.2694 (2015 est.) ++ 1.7657 (2014 est.) ++ 1.7657 (2013 est.) ++ 1.65 (2012 est.) ++ 1.6865 (2011 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Energy": {
|
||||
"Electricity access": {
|
||||
"electrification - total population": {
|
||||
"text": "100% (2016)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Electricity - production": {
|
||||
"text": "9.475 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -776,18 +785,18 @@
|
|||
"Communications": {
|
||||
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
|
||||
"total subscriptions": {
|
||||
"text": "1.1 million"
|
||||
"text": "950,167"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||||
"text": "22 (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "19 (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "5.4 million"
|
||||
"text": "5.551 million"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||||
"text": "109 (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "113 (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Telephone system": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -795,34 +804,45 @@
|
|||
"text": "fixed-line telecommunications network has limited coverage outside Tbilisi; multiple mobile-cellular providers provide services to an increasing subscribership throughout the country"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "cellular telephone networks cover the entire country; mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 100 per 100 people; intercity facilities include a fiber-optic line between T'bilisi and K'ut'aisi"
|
||||
"text": "cellular telephone networks cover the entire country; mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 110 per 100 persons; intercity facilities include a fiber-optic line between T'bilisi and K'ut'aisi"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"international": {
|
||||
"text": "country code - 995; the Georgia-Russia fiber-optic submarine cable provides connectivity to Russia; international service is available by microwave, landline, and satellite through the Moscow switch; international electronic mail and telex service are available (2011)"
|
||||
"text": "country code - 995; the Georgia-Russia fiber-optic submarine cable provides connectivity to Russia; international service is available by microwave, landline, and satellite through the Moscow switch; international electronic mail and telex service are available (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Broadcast media": {
|
||||
"text": "1 public broadcaster in Tbilisi, 1 state-owned broadcaster in Ajaria Autonomous Republic; 8 privately owned TV stations; state run public broadcaster operates 2 TV stations; dozens of cable TV operators, several major commercial TV stations, and several dozen private radio stations; state run public broadcaster operates 2 radio stations (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Radio broadcast stations": {
|
||||
"text": "AM 7, FM 12, shortwave 4 (1998)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Television broadcast stations": {
|
||||
"text": "12 (plus repeaters) (1998)"
|
||||
"text": "1 public broadcaster in Tbilisi, 1 state-owned broadcaster in Ajaria Autonomous Republic; 8 privately owned TV stations; state-run public broadcaster operates 2 TV stations; dozens of cable TV operators, several major commercial TV stations, and several dozen private radio stations; state-run public broadcaster operates 2 radio stations (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Internet country code": {
|
||||
"text": ".ge"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Internet users": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "2.5 million"
|
||||
"text": "2.227 million"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"percent of population": {
|
||||
"text": "50.6% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "45.2% (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transportation": {
|
||||
"National air transport system": {
|
||||
"number of registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "5"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "13"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "232,263"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "185,040 mt-km (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
|
||||
"text": "4L (2016)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Airports": {
|
||||
"text": "22 (2013)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -857,7 +877,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "2"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"under 914 m": {
|
||||
"text": " ++ 1 (2013)"
|
||||
"text": "1 (2013)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Heliports": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -905,7 +925,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military": {
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military branches": {
|
||||
"text": "Georgian Armed Forces: Land Forces (include Air and Air Defense Forces); separatist Abkhazia Armed Forces: Ground Forces, Air Forces; separatist South Ossetia Armed Forces",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -915,32 +935,8 @@
|
|||
"Military service age and obligation": {
|
||||
"text": "18 to 34 years of age for compulsory and voluntary active duty military service; conscript service obligation is 18 months (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower available for military service": {
|
||||
"males age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "1,080,840"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"females age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "1,122,031 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower fit for military service": {
|
||||
"males age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "893,003"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"females age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "931,683 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
|
||||
"male": {
|
||||
"text": "29,723"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"female": {
|
||||
"text": "27,242 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
"text": "2.7% of GDP (2013) ++ 2.88% of GDP (2012) ++ 3.25% of GDP (2011) ++ 2.88% of GDP (2010)"
|
||||
"text": "2.26% of GDP (2014) ++ 2.7% of GDP (2013) ++ 2.88% of GDP (2012) ++ 3.25% of GDP (2011) ++ 2.88% of GDP (2010)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -949,10 +945,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
|
||||
"IDPs": {
|
||||
"text": "232,700 (displaced in the 1990s as a result of armed conflict in the breakaway republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia; displaced in 2008 by fighting between Georgia and Russia over South Ossetia) (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "268,416 (displaced in the 1990s as a result of armed conflict in the breakaway republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia; displaced in 2008 by fighting between Georgia and Russia over South Ossetia) (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"stateless persons": {
|
||||
"text": "770 (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "627 (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Illicit drugs": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue