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nov/5 up
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Gerald Bauer
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780ac9e05b
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
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{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "In 1783, the Sunni Al-Khalifa family took power in Bahrain. In order to secure these holdings, it entered into a series of treaties with the UK during the 19th century that made Bahrain a British protectorate. The archipelago attained its independence in 1971. Facing declining oil reserves, Bahrain has turned to petroleum processing and refining and has become an international banking center. Bahrain's small size and central location among Gulf countries require it to play a delicate balancing act in foreign affairs among its larger neighbors. ++ The Sunni-led government has struggled to manage relations with its large Shia-majority population. In early 2011, amid Arab uprisings elsewhere in the region, the Bahraini Government confronted similar protests at home with police and military action, including deploying Gulf Cooperation Council security forces to Bahrain. Ongoing dissatisfaction with the political status quo has led to sporadic clashes between demonstrators and security forces."
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"text": "In 1783, the Sunni Al-Khalifa family took power in Bahrain. In order to secure these holdings, it entered into a series of treaties with the UK during the 19th century that made Bahrain a British protectorate. The archipelago attained its independence in 1971. A steady decline in oil production and reserves since 1970 prompted Bahrain to take steps to diversify its economy, in the process developing successful petroleum processing and refining, aluminum production, and hospitality and retail sectors, and also to become a leading regional banking center, especially with respect to Islamic finance. Bahrain's small size and central location among Gulf countries require it to play a delicate balancing act in foreign affairs among its larger neighbors. ++ The Sunni-led government has long struggled to manage relations with its large Shia-majority population. In early 2011, amid Arab uprisings elsewhere in the region, the Bahraini Government confronted similar pro-democracy and reform protests at home with police and military action, including deploying Gulf Cooperation Council security forces to Bahrain. Political talks throughout 2014 between the government and opposition and loyalist political groups failed to reach an agreement, prompting opposition political societies to boycott parliamentary and municipal council elections in late 2014. Ongoing dissatisfaction with the political status quo continues to factor into sporadic clashes between demonstrators and security forces."
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
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}
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},
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"Area - comparative": {
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"text": "3.5 times the size of Washington, DC",
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"Area comparison map": {
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"text": null
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}
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"text": "3.5 times the size of Washington, DC"
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},
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"Land boundaries": {
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"text": "0 km"
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@ -54,12 +51,12 @@
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"Terrain": {
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"text": "mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central escarpment"
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},
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"Elevation extremes": {
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"lowest point": {
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"text": "Persian Gulf 0 m"
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"Elevation": {
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"mean elevation": {
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"text": "NA"
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},
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"highest point": {
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"text": "Jabal ad Dukhan 122 m"
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"elevation extremes": {
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"text": "lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m ++ highest point: Jabal ad Dukhan 122 m"
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}
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},
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"Natural resources": {
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@ -77,18 +74,7 @@
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}
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},
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"Irrigated land": {
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"text": "40.15 sq km (2003)"
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},
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"Total renewable water resources": {
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"text": "0.12 cu km (2011)"
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},
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"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
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"total": {
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"text": "0.36 cu km/yr (50%/6%/45%)"
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},
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"per capita": {
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"text": "386 cu m/yr (2003)"
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}
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"text": "40 sq km (2012)"
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},
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"Natural hazards": {
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"text": "periodic droughts; dust storms"
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@ -109,6 +95,12 @@
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}
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},
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"People and Society": {
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"Population": {
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"text": "1,378,904 (July 2016 est.)",
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"note": {
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"text": "immigrants make up approximately 50% of the total population, according to UN data (2015)"
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}
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},
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"Nationality": {
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"noun": {
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"text": "Bahraini(s)"
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@ -118,38 +110,29 @@
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}
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},
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"Ethnic groups": {
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"text": "Bahraini 46%, Asian 45.5%, other Arabs 4.7%, African 1.6%, European 1%, other 1.2% (includes Gulf Co-operative country nationals, North and South Americans, and Oceanians) (2010 est.)"
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"text": "Bahraini 46%, Asian 45.5%, other Arab 4.7%, African 1.6%, European 1%, other 1.2% (includes Gulf Co-operative country nationals, North and South Americans, and Oceanians) (2010 est.)"
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},
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"Languages": {
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"text": "Arabic (official), English, Farsi, Urdu"
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},
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"Religions": {
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"text": "Muslim 70.3%, Christian 14.5%, Hindu 9.8%, Buddhist 2.5%, Jewish 0.6%, folk religion \nreligious affiliation:\n\n \n\n"
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},
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"Population": {
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"text": "1,346,613",
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"note": {
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"text": "immigrants make up almost 55% of the total population, according to UN data (2013) (July 2015 est.)"
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}
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"text": "Muslim 70.3%, Christian 14.5%, Hindu 9.8%, Buddhist 2.5%, Jewish 0.6%, folk religion \n\n"
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},
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"Age structure": {
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"0-14 years": {
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"text": "19.48% (male 133,201/female 129,140)"
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"text": "19.27% (male 134,899/female 130,792)"
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},
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"15-24 years": {
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"text": "15.84% (male 120,073/female 93,182)"
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"text": "15.76% (male 122,683/female 94,627)"
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},
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"25-54 years": {
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"text": "56.13% (male 494,405/female 261,399)"
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"text": "56.07% (male 505,181/female 268,034)"
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},
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"55-64 years": {
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"text": "5.79% (male 50,466/female 27,501)"
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"text": "6.05% (male 53,693/female 29,717)"
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},
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"65 years and over": {
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"text": "2.77% (male 18,092/female 19,154) (2015 est.)"
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},
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"population pyramid": {
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"text": null
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"text": "2.85% (male 19,253/female 20,025) (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Dependency ratios": {
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@ -168,26 +151,26 @@
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},
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"Median age": {
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"total": {
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"text": "31.8 years"
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"text": "32.1 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "33.3 years"
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"text": "33.5 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "29.1 years (2015 est.)"
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"text": "29.3 years (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Population growth rate": {
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"text": "2.41% (2015 est.)"
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"text": "2.33% (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Birth rate": {
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"text": "13.66 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "13.5 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Death rate": {
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"text": "2.69 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "2.7 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Net migration rate": {
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"text": "13.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "12.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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"urban population": {
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@ -208,19 +191,19 @@
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"text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
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},
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"15-24 years": {
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"text": "1.29 male(s)/female"
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"text": "1.3 male(s)/female"
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},
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"25-54 years": {
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"text": "1.89 male(s)/female"
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"text": "1.88 male(s)/female"
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},
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"55-64 years": {
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"text": "1.84 male(s)/female"
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"text": "1.81 male(s)/female"
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},
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"65 years and over": {
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"text": "0.95 male(s)/female"
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},
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"total population": {
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"text": "1.54 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
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"text": "1.54 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Maternal mortality rate": {
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@ -228,31 +211,31 @@
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},
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"Infant mortality rate": {
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"total": {
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"text": "9.35 deaths/1,000 live births"
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"text": "9.2 deaths/1,000 live births"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "10.4 deaths/1,000 live births"
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"text": "10.2 deaths/1,000 live births"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "8.26 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
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"text": "8.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Life expectancy at birth": {
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"total population": {
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"text": "78.73 years"
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"text": "78.9 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "76.53 years"
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"text": "76.7 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "80.98 years (2015 est.)"
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"text": "81.1 years (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Total fertility rate": {
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"text": "1.78 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
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"text": "1.77 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Health expenditures": {
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"text": "4.9% of GDP (2013)"
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"text": "5% of GDP (2014)"
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},
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"Physicians density": {
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"text": "0.92 physicians/1,000 population (2012)"
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@ -273,7 +256,7 @@
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"text": " ++ urban: 99.2% of population ++ rural: 99.2% of population ++ total: 99.2% of population"
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},
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"unimproved": {
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"text": " ++ urban: 0.8% of population ++ rural: 0.8% of population ++ total 0.8% of population (2015 est.)"
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"text": " ++ urban: 0.8% of population ++ rural: 0.8% of population ++ total: 0.8% of population (2015 est.)"
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}
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
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@ -289,7 +272,7 @@
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"text": "34.1% (2014)"
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},
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"Education expenditures": {
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"text": "2.7% of GDP (2012)"
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"text": "2.6% of GDP (2012)"
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},
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"Literacy": {
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"definition": {
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@ -305,23 +288,15 @@
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"text": "93.5% (2015 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Child labor - children ages 5-14": {
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"total number": {
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"text": "5,530"
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},
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"percentage": {
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"text": "5% (2000 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
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"total": {
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"text": "5%"
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"text": "5.3%"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "2.5%"
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"text": "2.6%"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "11.6% (2010 est.)"
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"text": "12.2% (2012 est.)"
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}
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}
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},
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@ -342,8 +317,8 @@
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"former": {
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"text": "Dilmun, State of Bahrain"
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},
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"note": {
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"text": "the name means \"The Two Seas\" in Arabic and refers to the water bodies surrounding the archipelago"
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"etymology": {
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"text": "the name means \"the two seas\" in Arabic and refers to the water bodies surrounding the archipelago"
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}
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},
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"Government type": {
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@ -373,7 +348,7 @@
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"text": "National Day, 16 December (1971); note - 15 August 1971 was the date of independence from the UK, 16 December 1971 was the date of independence from British protection"
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},
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"Constitution": {
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"text": "adopted 14 February 2002; amended 2012 (2015)"
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"text": "adopted 14 February 2002; amended 2012 (2016)"
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},
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"Legal system": {
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"text": "mixed legal system of Islamic law, English common law, Egyptian civil, criminal, and commercial codes; customary law"
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@ -382,8 +357,11 @@
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"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
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},
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"Citizenship": {
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"birthright citizenship": {
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"text": "no, unless the father was a citizen of Bahrain"
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"citizenship by birth": {
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"text": "no"
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},
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"citizenship by descent only": {
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"text": "the father must be a citizen of Bahrain"
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},
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"dual citizenship recognized": {
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"text": "no"
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@ -414,7 +392,7 @@
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"text": "bicameral National Assembly consists of the Consultative Council or Majlis al Shura (40 seats; members appointed by the king) and the Council of Representatives or Majlis al Nuwab (40 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote in two rounds if needed; members serve 4-year renewable terms)"
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},
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"elections": {
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"text": "Council of Representatives - last held in two rounds on 23 and 29 November 2014 (next in November 2018)"
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"text": "Council of Representatives - last held in two rounds on 23 and 29 November 2014 (next to be held in November 2018)"
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},
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"election results": {
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"text": "Council of Representatives - percent of vote by society - NA; seats by society - Al-Asalah (Sunni Salafi) 2, Islamic Minbar (Sunni Muslim Brotherhood) 1, independent 36, other 1; note - Bahrain has societies rather than parties"
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@ -422,10 +400,10 @@
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},
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"Judicial branch": {
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"highest court(s)": {
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"text": "Court of Cassation or Supreme Court of Appeal (consists of the chairman and 3 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of the president and 6 members); High Sharia Court of Appeal"
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"text": "Court of Cassation or Supreme Court of Appeal (consists of the chairman and 3 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of the president and 6 members); High Sharia Court of Appeal (court sittings include the president and at least one judge); appeals beyond the High Sharia Court of Appeal are heard by the Supreme Court of Appeal"
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},
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"note": {
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"text": "the judiciary of Bahrain is divided into civil law courts and sharia law courts"
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"text": "the judiciary of Bahrain is divided into civil law courts and sharia law courts; sharia courts are further divided into Sunni Muslim and Shia Muslim"
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},
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"judge selection and term of office": {
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"text": "Court of Cassation judges appointed by royal decree and serve for a specified tenure; Constitutional Court president and members appointed by the Higher Judicial Council, a body chaired by the monarch and includes judges from the Court of Cassation, sharia law courts, and Civil High Courts of Appeal; members serve 9-year terms; High Sharia Court of Appeal member appointment and tenure NA"
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},
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"Political parties and leaders": {
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"note": {
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"text": "political parties are prohibited but political societies were legalized per a July 2005 law ++ Al-Wefaq National Islamic Society or Al-Wefeq [Ali SALMAN] ++ Arab Islamic Center Society [Abdulrahman AL-BAKER] ++ Constitutional Gathering Society [Abdulrahman AL-BAKER] ++ Islamic Asalah [Abd al-Halim MURAD] ++ Islamic Saff Society [Abdullah Khalil BU GHAMAR] ++ Islamic Shura Society ++ Movement of National Justice Society [Muhi al-Din KHAN] ++ National Action Charter Society [Muhammad AL-BUAYNAYN] ++ National Democratic Action Society [Radhi AL-MOUSAWI] ++ National Democratic Assembly [Hasan AL-ALI] ++ National Dialogue Society ++ National Fraternity Society [Musa AL-ANSARI] ++ National Islamic Minbar [Ali AHMAD] ++ National Progressive Tribune [Abd al-Nabi SALMAN] ++ National Unity Gathering ++ Unitary National Democratic Assemblage [Fadhil ABBAS] ++ "
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"text": "political parties are prohibited, but political societies were legalized under a July 2005 law ++ Al-Wefaq National Islamic Society or Al-Wefeq [Ali SALMAN] ++ Arab Islamic Center Society [Abdulrahman AL-BAKER] ++ Constitutional Gathering Society [Abdulrahman AL-BAKER] ++ Islamic Asalah [Abd al-Halim MURAD] ++ Islamic Saff Society [Abdullah Khalil BU GHAMAR] ++ Islamic Shura Society ++ Movement of National Justice Society [Muhi al-Din KHAN] ++ National Action Charter Society [Muhammad AL-BUAYNAYN] ++ National Democratic Action Society [Radhi AL-MOUSAWI] ++ National Democratic Assembly [Hasan AL-ALI] ++ National Dialogue Society ++ National Fraternity Society [Musa AL-ANSARI] ++ National Islamic Minbar [Ali AHMAD] ++ National Progressive Tribune [Abd al-Nabi SALMAN] ++ National Unity Gathering [Abdullatif AL-MAHMOOD] ++ Unitary National Democratic Assemblage [Fadhil ABBAS] ++ "
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}
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},
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"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
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@ -502,47 +480,47 @@
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},
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"Economy": {
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"Economy - overview": {
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"text": "Bahrain has made great efforts to diversify its economy; its highly developed communication and transport facilities make Bahrain home to numerous multinational firms with business in the Gulf. As part of its diversification plans, Bahrain implemented a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the US in August 2006, the first FTA between the US and a Gulf state. Bahrain's economy, however, continues to depend heavily on oil. In 2013, petroleum production and refining accounted for 73% of Bahrain's export receipts, 88% of government revenues, and 21% of GDP. Other major economic activities are production of aluminum - Bahrain's second biggest export after oil - finance, and construction. Bahrain continues to seek new natural gas supplies as feedstock to support its expanding petrochemical and aluminum industries. In 2011 Bahrain experienced economic setbacks as a result of domestic unrest, however, the economy recovered in 2012-14, partly as a result of improved tourism. Lower oil prices in 2015 will likely exacerbate Bahrain's budget deficit."
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"text": "Low oil prices have generated a budget deficit of at least a $4 billion deficit in 2015, 13% of GDP. Bahrain has few options for covering this deficit, with meager foreign assets and a constrained borrowing ability, stemming in part from a sovereign debt rating averaging just above “junk” status. ++ ++ Oil comprises 86% of Bahraini budget revenues, despite past efforts to diversify its economy and to build communication and transport facilities for multinational firms with business in the Gulf. As part of its diversification plans, Bahrain implemented a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the US in August 2006, the first FTA between the US and a Gulf state. ++ ++ Other major economic activities are production of aluminum - Bahrain's second biggest export after oil - finance, and construction. Bahrain continues to seek new natural gas supplies as feedstock to support its expanding petrochemical and aluminum industries. ++ ++ In 2011 Bahrain experienced economic setbacks as a result of domestic unrest driven by the majority Shia population, however, the economy recovered in 2012-15, partly as a result of improved tourism. In addition to addressing its current fiscal woes, Bahraini authorities face the long-term challenge of boosting Bahrain’s regional competitiveness—especially regarding industry, finance, and tourism—and reconciling revenue constraints with popular pressure to maintain generous state subsidies and a large public sector."
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},
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||||
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
|
||||
"text": "$62.17 billion (2014 est.) ++ $59.49 billion (2013 est.) ++ $56.47 billion (2012 est.)",
|
||||
"text": "$64.16 billion (2015 est.) ++ $62.37 billion (2014 est.) ++ $59.77 billion (2013 est.)",
|
||||
"note": {
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||||
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
|
||||
}
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||||
},
|
||||
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
|
||||
"text": "$33.86 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$31.12 billion (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - real growth rate": {
|
||||
"text": "4.5% (2014 est.) ++ 5.3% (2013 est.) ++ 3.6% (2012 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "2.9% (2015 est.) ++ 4.4% (2014 est.) ++ 5.4% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
|
||||
"text": "$49,000 (2014 est.) ++ $46,900 (2013 est.) ++ $44,500 (2012 est.)",
|
||||
"text": "$49,600 (2015 est.) ++ $49,200 (2014 est.) ++ $48,100 (2013 est.)",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Gross national saving": {
|
||||
"text": "19.6% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 24.7% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 27.3% of GDP (2012 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "20.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 32% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 34.5% of GDP (2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
|
||||
"household consumption": {
|
||||
"text": "41%"
|
||||
"text": "46.7%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"government consumption": {
|
||||
"text": "15.7%"
|
||||
"text": "17.2%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"investment in fixed capital": {
|
||||
"text": "15.3%"
|
||||
"text": "17.6%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"investment in inventories": {
|
||||
"text": "1%"
|
||||
"text": "-0.9%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"exports of goods and services": {
|
||||
"text": "71.2%"
|
||||
"text": "54.7%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"imports of goods and services": {
|
||||
"text": "-44.1% ++ (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-35.3% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -550,10 +528,10 @@
|
|||
"text": "0.3%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"industry": {
|
||||
"text": "47.1%"
|
||||
"text": "38.3%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"services": {
|
||||
"text": "52.6% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "61.4% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Agriculture - products": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -563,12 +541,12 @@
|
|||
"text": "petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, iron pelletization, fertilizers, Islamic and offshore banking, insurance, ship repairing, tourism"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Industrial production growth rate": {
|
||||
"text": "4.3% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "2.2% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Labor force": {
|
||||
"text": "738,000",
|
||||
"text": "786,100",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "excludes unemployed; 44% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "excludes unemployed; 44% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Labor force - by occupation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -583,7 +561,10 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Unemployment rate": {
|
||||
"text": "4.1% (2014 est.) ++ 4.3% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "4.1% (2014 est.) ++ 4.3% (2013 est.)",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "official estimate; actual rate is higher"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population below poverty line": {
|
||||
"text": "NA%"
|
||||
|
|
@ -598,80 +579,94 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Budget": {
|
||||
"revenues": {
|
||||
"text": "$8.217 billion"
|
||||
"text": "$5.436 billion"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"expenditures": {
|
||||
"text": "$9.427 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$9.464 billion (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Taxes and other revenues": {
|
||||
"text": "24.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "17.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
|
||||
"text": "-3.6% of GDP (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-13.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Public debt": {
|
||||
"text": "42.1% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 41.3% of GDP (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "66.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 42.6% of GDP (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Fiscal year": {
|
||||
"text": "calendar year"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
|
||||
"text": "2.7% (2014 est.) ++ 3.3% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.8% (2015 est.) ++ 2.7% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
|
||||
"text": "5.88% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 5.93% (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "5.16% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 5.87% (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of narrow money": {
|
||||
"text": "$7.996 billion (30 September 2014 est.) ++ $7.416 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$8.762 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $8.232 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of broad money": {
|
||||
"text": "$25.95 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $24.36 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$27 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $25.95 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of domestic credit": {
|
||||
"text": "$25.44 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $25.77 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$28.29 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $25.44 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
|
||||
"text": "$22.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $18.57 billion (31 December 2013) ++ $15.65 billion (31 December 2012 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$19.25 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $22.07 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $18.57 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Current account balance": {
|
||||
"text": "$1.123 billion (2014 est.) ++ $2.56 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-$965 million (2015 est.) ++ $1.523 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports": {
|
||||
"text": "$20.75 billion (2014 est.) ++ $20.93 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$14.2 billion (2015 est.) ++ $20.75 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports - commodities": {
|
||||
"text": "petroleum and petroleum products, aluminum, textiles"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports - partners": {
|
||||
"text": "Saudi Arabia 3.3%, US 2.4%, UAE 2.2% (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "Saudi Arabia 3.6%, UAE 2.4%, US 2.2% (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports": {
|
||||
"text": "$13.32 billion (2014 est.) ++ $13.66 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$8.848 billion (2015 est.) ++ $13.32 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports - commodities": {
|
||||
"text": "crude oil, machinery, chemicals"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports - partners": {
|
||||
"text": "Saudi Arabia 24%, Algeria 11.9%, China 8.2%, US 7%, Japan 5.7%, Australia 4.4% (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "Saudi Arabia 29.1%, US 9.5%, China 7.6%, Japan 6.6%, Australia 5.1%, India 4.9% (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
|
||||
"text": "$6.049 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $5.354 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$4.657 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $6.049 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Debt - external": {
|
||||
"text": "$18.75 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $17.66 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$19.74 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $18.88 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
|
||||
"text": "$18.77 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $17.82 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$17.31 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $18.77 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
|
||||
"text": "$10.72 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $10.75 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$11.22 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $10.72 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exchange rates": {
|
||||
"text": "Bahraini dinars (BHD) per US dollar - ++ 0.376 (2014 est.) ++ 0.376 (2013 est.) ++ 0.376 (2012 est.) ++ 0.376 (2011 est.) ++ 0.376 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "Bahraini dinars (BHD) per US dollar - ++ 0.376 (2015 est.) ++ 0.376 (2014 est.) ++ 0.376 (2013 est.) ++ 0.376 (2012 est.) ++ 0.376 (2011 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Energy": {
|
||||
"Electricity access": {
|
||||
"population without electricity": {
|
||||
"text": "41,317"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"electrification - total population": {
|
||||
"text": "98%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"electrification - urban areas": {
|
||||
"text": "98%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"electrification - rural areas": {
|
||||
"text": "93% (2012)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Electricity - production": {
|
||||
"text": "13.26 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -745,18 +740,18 @@
|
|||
"Communications": {
|
||||
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
|
||||
"total subscriptions": {
|
||||
"text": "280,000"
|
||||
"text": "278,976"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||||
"text": "22 (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "21 (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "2.3 million"
|
||||
"text": "2.519 million"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||||
"text": "177 (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "187 (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Telephone system": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -767,31 +762,42 @@
|
|||
"text": "modern fiber-optic integrated services; digital network with rapidly growing use of mobile-cellular telephones"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"international": {
|
||||
"text": "country code - 973; landing point for the Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) submarine cable network that provides links to Asia, Middle East, Europe, and US; tropospheric scatter to Qatar and UAE; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; satellite earth station - 1 (2007)"
|
||||
"text": "country code - 973; landing point for the Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) submarine cable network that provides links to Asia, Middle East, Europe, and US; tropospheric scatter to Qatar and UAE; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; satellite earth station - 1 (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Broadcast media": {
|
||||
"text": "state-run Bahrain Radio and Television Corporation (BRTC) operates 5 terrestrial TV networks and several radio stations; satellite TV systems provide access to international broadcasts; 1 private FM station directs broadcasts to Indian listeners; radio and TV broadcasts from countries in the region are available (2007)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Radio broadcast stations": {
|
||||
"text": "AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 0 (1998)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Television broadcast stations": {
|
||||
"text": "4 (1997)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Internet country code": {
|
||||
"text": ".bh"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Internet users": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "1.3 million"
|
||||
"text": "1.259 million"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"percent of population": {
|
||||
"text": "96.5% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "93.5% (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transportation": {
|
||||
"National air transport system": {
|
||||
"number of registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "6"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "42"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "5,313,756"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "240,107,004 mt-km (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
|
||||
"text": "A9C (2016)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Airports": {
|
||||
"text": "4 (2013)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -843,37 +849,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military": {
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military branches": {
|
||||
"text": "Bahrain Defense Force (BDF): Royal Bahraini Army (RBA), Royal Bahraini Navy (RBN), Royal Bahraini Air Force (RBAF), Royal Bahraini Air Defense Force (RBADF) (2013)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military service age and obligation": {
|
||||
"text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; 15 years of age for NCOs, technicians, and cadets; no conscription (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower available for military service": {
|
||||
"males age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "508,863"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"females age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "290,801 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower fit for military service": {
|
||||
"males age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "423,757"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"females age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "245,302 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
|
||||
"male": {
|
||||
"text": "8,988"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"female": {
|
||||
"text": "8,117 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
"text": "4.2% of GDP (2014) ++ 4.1% of GDP (2013) ++ 3.9% of GDP (2010)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -881,14 +863,6 @@
|
|||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
"Disputes - international": {
|
||||
"text": "none"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Trafficking in persons": {
|
||||
"current situation": {
|
||||
"text": "Bahrain is a destination country for men and women subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; unskilled and domestic workers from India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Eritrea, Uzbekistan, and other countries migrate willingly to Bahrain, but some face conditions of forced labor through the withholding of passports, restrictions on movement, nonpayment, threats, and abuse; many Bahraini labor recruitment agencies and some employers charge foreign workers exorbitant fees that make them vulnerable to forced labor and debt bondage; domestic workers are particularly at risk of experiencing forced labor and sexual exploitation because they are not protected under labor laws; women from Thailand, the Philippines, China, Vietnam, Morocco, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Russia, Ukraine, and other Eastern European countries are forced into prostitution in Bahrain"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"tier rating": {
|
||||
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List – Bahrain does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government has a written plan that, if implemented, would constitute a significant effort toward meeting the minimum standards for eliminating human trafficking; an increased number of trafficking offenders were investigated, prosecuted, and convicted in 2013; the government did not prosecute or convict any forced labor perpetrators and often treated these cases as labor violations rather than serious crimes; some progress was made in identifying victims and referring them to protection services, but trafficking victims continued to be punished for crimes committed as a direct result of being trafficked (2014)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue