mirror of
https://github.com/factbook/factbook.json.git
synced 2026-06-25 19:38:06 +02:00
nov/5 up
This commit is contained in:
Gerald Bauer
parent
780ac9e05b
commit
ca94e2fef5
261 changed files with 32420 additions and 31899 deletions
339
europe/ro.json
339
europe/ro.json
|
|
@ -59,12 +59,12 @@
|
|||
"Terrain": {
|
||||
"text": "central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Elevation extremes": {
|
||||
"lowest point": {
|
||||
"text": "Black Sea 0 m"
|
||||
"Elevation": {
|
||||
"mean elevation": {
|
||||
"text": "414 m"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"highest point": {
|
||||
"text": "Moldoveanu 2,544 m"
|
||||
"elevation extremes": {
|
||||
"text": "lowest point: Black Sea 0 m ++ highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural resources": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -82,18 +82,10 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "6,153 sq km (2007)"
|
||||
"text": "31,490 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Total renewable water resources": {
|
||||
"text": "211.9 cu km (2011)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "6.88 cu km/yr (22%/61%/17%)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"per capita": {
|
||||
"text": "320.8 cu m/yr (2009)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
"Population - distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "urbanization is not particularly high, and a fairly even population distribution can be found throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; Hungarians, the country's largest minority, have a particularly strong presence in eastern Transylvania"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides"
|
||||
|
|
@ -110,10 +102,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography - note": {
|
||||
"text": "controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine"
|
||||
"text": "controls the most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine; the Carpathian Mountains dominate the center of the country, while the Danube River forms much of the southern boundary with Serbia and Bulgaria"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"People and Society": {
|
||||
"Population": {
|
||||
"text": "21,599,736 (July 2016 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Nationality": {
|
||||
"noun": {
|
||||
"text": "Romanian(s)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -131,27 +126,21 @@
|
|||
"Religions": {
|
||||
"text": "Eastern Orthodox (including all sub-denominations) 81.9%, Protestant (various denominations including Reformed and Pentecostal) 6.4%, Roman Catholic 4.3%, other (includes Muslim) 0.9%, none or atheist 0.2%, unspecified 6.3% (2011 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population": {
|
||||
"text": "21,666,350 (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Age structure": {
|
||||
"0-14 years": {
|
||||
"text": "14.49% (male 1,612,090/female 1,526,432)"
|
||||
"text": "14.4% (male 1,597,470/female 1,512,701)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"15-24 years": {
|
||||
"text": "10.94% (male 1,215,309/female 1,154,618)"
|
||||
"text": "10.76% (male 1,192,310/female 1,131,655)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"25-54 years": {
|
||||
"text": "45.92% (male 5,030,926/female 4,919,140)"
|
||||
"text": "45.97% (male 5,023,060/female 4,905,559)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"55-64 years": {
|
||||
"text": "12.92% (male 1,308,475/female 1,491,858)"
|
||||
"text": "12.8% (male 1,293,423/female 1,471,480)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"65 years and over": {
|
||||
"text": "15.73% (male 1,376,634/female 2,030,868) (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"population pyramid": {
|
||||
"text": null
|
||||
"text": "16.07% (male 1,403,211/female 2,068,867) (2016 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Dependency ratios": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -170,26 +159,29 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Median age": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "40.2 years"
|
||||
"text": "40.7 years"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"male": {
|
||||
"text": "38.8 years"
|
||||
"text": "39.3 years"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"female": {
|
||||
"text": "41.7 years (2015 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "42.1 years (2016 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population growth rate": {
|
||||
"text": "-0.3% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-0.32% (2016 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Birth rate": {
|
||||
"text": "9.14 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "9 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Death rate": {
|
||||
"text": "11.9 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "11.9 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Net migration rate": {
|
||||
"text": "-0.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "urbanization is not particularly high, and a fairly even population distribution can be found throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; Hungarians, the country's largest minority, have a particularly strong presence in eastern Transylvania"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -222,36 +214,39 @@
|
|||
"text": "0.68 male(s)/female"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"total population": {
|
||||
"text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
|
||||
"text": "22 (2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Maternal mortality rate": {
|
||||
"text": "31 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Infant mortality rate": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "9.89 deaths/1,000 live births"
|
||||
"text": "9.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"male": {
|
||||
"text": "11.23 deaths/1,000 live births"
|
||||
"text": "11 deaths/1,000 live births"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"female": {
|
||||
"text": "8.47 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "8.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Life expectancy at birth": {
|
||||
"total population": {
|
||||
"text": "74.92 years"
|
||||
"text": "75.1 years"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"male": {
|
||||
"text": "71.46 years"
|
||||
"text": "71.7 years"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"female": {
|
||||
"text": "78.59 years (2015 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "78.8 years (2016 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Total fertility rate": {
|
||||
"text": "1.33 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.34 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "69.8%",
|
||||
|
|
@ -260,7 +255,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Health expenditures": {
|
||||
"text": "5.3% of GDP (2013)"
|
||||
"text": "5.6% of GDP (2014)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Physicians density": {
|
||||
"text": "2.45 physicians/1,000 population (2012)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -297,7 +292,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "23.4% (2014)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Education expenditures": {
|
||||
"text": "3.1% of GDP (2011)"
|
||||
"text": "2.9% of GDP (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Literacy": {
|
||||
"definition": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -315,32 +310,24 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "14 years"
|
||||
"text": "15 years"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"male": {
|
||||
"text": "14 years"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"female": {
|
||||
"text": "15 years (2011)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Child labor - children ages 5-14": {
|
||||
"total number": {
|
||||
"text": "26,658"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"percentage": {
|
||||
"text": "1% (2000 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "15 years (2012)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "22.7%"
|
||||
"text": "24%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"male": {
|
||||
"text": "22.3%"
|
||||
"text": "23.6%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"female": {
|
||||
"text": "23.2% (2012 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "24.7% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -357,10 +344,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"local short form": {
|
||||
"text": "Romania"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "the name derives from the Latin \"Romanus\" meaning \"citizen of Rome\" and was used to stress the common ancient heritage of Romania's three main regions - Moldavia, Transylvania, and Wallachia - during their gradual unification between the mid-19th century and early 20th century"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
"text": "republic"
|
||||
"text": "semi-presidential republic"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Capital": {
|
||||
"name": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -386,7 +376,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Unification Day (of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991; amended 2003 (2015)"
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991; amended 2003 (2016)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Legal system": {
|
||||
"text": "civil law system"
|
||||
|
|
@ -395,14 +385,17 @@
|
|||
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Citizenship": {
|
||||
"birthright citizenship": {
|
||||
"text": ""
|
||||
},
|
||||
"dual citizenship recognized": {
|
||||
"citizenship by birth": {
|
||||
"text": "no"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"citizenship by descent only": {
|
||||
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Romania"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"dual citizenship recognized": {
|
||||
"text": "yes"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
|
||||
"text": ""
|
||||
"text": "5 years"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Suffrage": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -410,7 +403,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Executive branch": {
|
||||
"chief of state": {
|
||||
"text": "President Klaus IOHANNIS (since 21 December 2014)"
|
||||
"text": "President Klaus Werner IOHANNIS (since 21 December 2014)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"head of government": {
|
||||
"text": "Prime Minister Dacian CIOLOS (since 17 November 2015); Deputy Prime Ministers Costin Grigore BORC and Vasile DANCU (since 17 November 2015)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -419,7 +412,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections/appointments": {
|
||||
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 2 November 2014 with a runoff on 16 November 2014 (next to be held on 16 November 2019); prime minister appointed by the president with consent of Parliament"
|
||||
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 2 November 2014 with a runoff on 16 November 2014 (next to be held around 16 November 2019); prime minister appointed by the president with consent of Parliament"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "Klaus IOHANNIS elected president; percent of vote in runoff - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 54.4%, Victor PONTA (PSD) 45.6%"
|
||||
|
|
@ -427,10 +420,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat (176 seats; 137 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote and 39 directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camera Deputatilor (412 seats; 315 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote and 97 directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms); note - in the Chamber of Deputies, seats are reserved for minority parties that receive at least 10 percent of total valid votes cast"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat (176 seats; 137 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote and 39 directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camera Deputatilor (412 seats; 315 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote and 97 directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "Senate - last held on 9 December 2012 (next to be held by December 2016); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 9 December 2012 (next to be held by December 2016)"
|
||||
"text": "Senate - last held on 9 December 2012 (next to be held by December 2016); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 9 December 2012 (next to be held by December 2016); note - in the next election the total number of seats will be reduced to 466 (308 members in the Chamber of Deputies [plus 18 reserved seats for non-Hungarian national minorities; ethnic Hungarians compete for regular seats] and 134 in the Senate; the proposed number of members representing the Romanian diaspora has remained unchanged at 6)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by alliance/party - USL 60.1%, ARD 16.7%, PP-DD 14.7%, UDMR 5.2%, other 3.3%; seats by alliance/party - USL 122, ARD 24, PP-DD 21, UDMR 9; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by alliance/party - USL 58.6%, ARD 16.5%, PP-DD 14%, UDMR 5.1%, ethnic minorities 2.7%, other 3.1%; seats by alliance/party - USL 273, ARD 56, PP-DD 47, UDMR 18, ethnic minorities 18"
|
||||
|
|
@ -448,7 +441,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD [Aurelian PAVELESCU] ++ Conservative Party or PC [Daniel CONSTANTIN] (formerly Humanist Party or PUR) ++ Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Hunor KELEMEN] ++ National Liberal Party or PNL [Alina GORGHIU and Vasile BLAGA] - combined with former PDL and FC ++ National Union for Romania's Progress or UNPR [Gabriel OPREA] ++ New Republic Party or NR [George MIOC] ++ Popular Movement Party or PMP [Eugen TOMAC] ++ Social Democratic Party or PSD [Liviu DRAGNEA] (formerly Party of Social Democracy in Romania or PDSR)"
|
||||
"text": "Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD [Aurelian PAVELESCU] (formerly part of the ARD coalition) ++ Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Hunor KELEMEN] ++ Green Party [Remus CERNEA] ++ M10 Party [Monica MACOVEI] ++ National Liberal Party or PNL [Alina GORGHIU] - merged with former PDL and FC ++ National Union for Romania's Progress or UNPR [interim chairman Neculai ONTANU] - merged with former PP-DD ++ New Republic Party or NR [Alin Ioan BOTA] ++ Popular Movement Party [Traian BASESCU] ++ Party of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats or ALDE [Calin POPESCU TARICEANU, Daniel CONSTANTIN] ++ Romanian Social Party or PSRo [Mircea GEOANA] ++ Save Bucharest Union Party or Partidul USB [Nicusor DAN] ++ Social Democratic Party or PSD [Liviu DRAGNEA] ++ Social Liberal Union or USL (coalition of PSD, PC, and UNPR) ++ United Romania Party or PRU [Bogdan DIACONU]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -515,116 +508,116 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Economy": {
|
||||
"Economy - overview": {
|
||||
"text": "Romania, which joined the EU on 1 January 2007, began the transition from Communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the country's needs. Romania's macroeconomic gains have only recently started to spur creation of a middle class and to address Romania's widespread poverty. Corruption and red tape continue to permeate the business environment. In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, Romania signed on to a $26 billion emergency assistance package from the IMF, the EU, and other international lenders, but GDP contracted until 2011. In March 2011, Romania and the IMF/EU/World Bank signed a 24-month precautionary stand-by agreement, worth $6.6 billion, to promote fiscal discipline, encourage progress on structural reforms, and strengthen financial sector stability. In September 2013, Romanian authorities and the IMF/EU agreed to a follow-on precautionary two-year stand-by agreement, worth $5.4 billion, to continue with reforms, although Bucharest has announced that it does not intend to draw funds under the agreement. Economic growth rebounded in 2013, driven by strong industrial exports and an excellent agricultural harvest, and the current account deficit was reduced substantially. The economy closed out 2014 with 2.8% growth, down from the 3.5% posted in 2013. Industry outperformed other sectors of the economy. Exports remained the engine of economic growth, led by trade with the EU, which accounts for roughly 70% of Romania trade. In 2014, the Government of Romania succeeded in meeting its annual target for the budget deficit, the external deficit remained low, and inflation was the lowest since 1989, allowing a gradual loosening of the monetary policy throughout the year. However, progress on structural reforms has been uneven and the economy still is vulnerable to external shocks. An ageing population, weak domestic demand, tax evasion, and insufficient health-care represent the top vulnerabilities."
|
||||
"text": "Romania, which joined the EU on 1 January 2007, began the transition from communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the country's needs. Romania's macroeconomic gains have only recently started to spur creation of a middle class and to address Romania's widespread poverty. Corruption and red tape continue to permeate the business environment. ++ ++ In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, Romania signed a $26 billion emergency assistance package from the IMF, the EU, and other international lenders, but GDP contracted until 2011. In March 2011, Romania and the IMF/EU/World Bank signed a 24-month precautionary standby agreement, worth $6.6 billion, to promote fiscal discipline, encourage progress on structural reforms, and strengthen financial sector stability; no funds were drawn. In September 2013, Romanian authorities and the IMF/EU agreed to a follow-on standby agreement, worth $5.4 billion, to continue with reforms. This agreement expired in September 2015, and no funds were drawn. Progress on structural reforms has been uneven, and the economy still is vulnerable to external shocks. ++ ++ Economic growth rebounded in 2013-15, driven by strong industrial exports and excellent agricultural harvests, and the fiscal deficit was reduced substantially. Industry outperformed other sectors of the economy in 2015. Exports remained an engine of economic growth, led by trade with the EU, which accounts for roughly 70% of Romania trade. Domestic demand was a second driver, due to the mid-2015 cut, from 24% to 9%, of the VAT levied upon foodstuffs. In 2015, the government of Romania succeeded in meeting its annual target for the budget deficit, the external deficit remained low, even if it rose due to increasing imports. For the first time since 1989, inflation turned into deflation, allowing for a gradual loosening of monetary policy throughout the period. ++ ++ An aging population, significant tax evasion, insufficient health care, and an aggressive loosening of the fiscal package jeopardize the low fiscal deficit and public debt and are the economy's top vulnerabilities."
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
|
||||
"text": "$393.8 billion (2014 est.) ++ $383.1 billion (2013 est.) ++ $370.5 billion (2012 est.)",
|
||||
"text": "$414.7 billion (2015 est.) ++ $399.7 billion (2014 est.) ++ $388.3 billion (2013 est.)",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
|
||||
"text": "$199.1 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$178 billion (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - real growth rate": {
|
||||
"text": "2.8% (2014 est.) ++ 3.4% (2013 est.) ++ 0.6% (2012 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "3.8% (2015 est.) ++ 3% (2014 est.) ++ 3.5% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
|
||||
"text": "$19,700 (2014 est.) ++ $19,200 (2013 est.) ++ $18,600 (2012 est.)",
|
||||
"text": "$20,900 (2015 est.) ++ $20,000 (2014 est.) ++ $19,400 (2013 est.)",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Gross national saving": {
|
||||
"text": "22.6% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 23.7% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 22.5% of GDP (2012 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "24.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 24.8% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 24.5% of GDP (2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
|
||||
"household consumption": {
|
||||
"text": "69.3%"
|
||||
"text": "67.9%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"government consumption": {
|
||||
"text": "7.6%"
|
||||
"text": "7%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"investment in fixed capital": {
|
||||
"text": "22%"
|
||||
"text": "24.7%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"investment in inventories": {
|
||||
"text": "1%"
|
||||
"text": "0.9%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"exports of goods and services": {
|
||||
"text": "41.1%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"imports of goods and services": {
|
||||
"text": "-41% ++ (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-41.6% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
|
||||
"agriculture": {
|
||||
"text": "12.1%"
|
||||
"text": "4.8%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"industry": {
|
||||
"text": "35.7%"
|
||||
"text": "41.3%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"services": {
|
||||
"text": "52.2% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "53.9% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Agriculture - products": {
|
||||
"text": "wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, grapes; eggs, sheep"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Industries": {
|
||||
"text": "electric machinery and equipment, textiles and footwear, light machinery, auto assembly, mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining"
|
||||
"text": "electric machinery and equipment, auto assembly, textiles and footwear, light machinery, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining, mining, timber, construction materials"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Industrial production growth rate": {
|
||||
"text": "3% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "3.3% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Labor force": {
|
||||
"text": "9.242 million (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "9.159 million (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Labor force - by occupation": {
|
||||
"agriculture": {
|
||||
"text": "27.9%"
|
||||
"text": "28.3%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"industry": {
|
||||
"text": "28.2%"
|
||||
"text": "28.9%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"services": {
|
||||
"text": "43.9% (2013)"
|
||||
"text": "42.8% (2014)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Unemployment rate": {
|
||||
"text": "6.8% (2014 est.) ++ 7.1% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "6.8% (2015 est.) ++ 6.8% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population below poverty line": {
|
||||
"text": "22.6% (2011 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "22.4% (2012 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
|
||||
"lowest 10%": {
|
||||
"text": "14.5%"
|
||||
"text": "15.3%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"highest 10%": {
|
||||
"text": "7.7% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "7.6% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Distribution of family income - Gini index": {
|
||||
"text": "27.3 (2012) ++ 24.2 (2010)"
|
||||
"text": "27.3 (2012) ++ 28.2 (2010)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Budget": {
|
||||
"revenues": {
|
||||
"text": "$63.85 billion"
|
||||
"text": "$58.31 billion"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"expenditures": {
|
||||
"text": "$67.58 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$60.89 billion (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Taxes and other revenues": {
|
||||
"text": "32.1% of GDP (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "32.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
|
||||
"text": "-1.9% of GDP (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-1.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Public debt": {
|
||||
"text": "39.8% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 38% of GDP (2013 est.)",
|
||||
"text": "38.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 39.8% of GDP (2014 est.)",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds"
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -633,90 +626,95 @@
|
|||
"text": "calendar year"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
|
||||
"text": "1.1% (2014 est.) ++ 4% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-0.6% (2015 est.) ++ 1.1% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Central bank discount rate": {
|
||||
"text": "2.75% (31 December 2014) ++ 4% (31 December 2013)"
|
||||
"text": "1.75% (31 December 2015) ++ 2.75% (31 December 2014)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
|
||||
"text": "8.45% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 10.52% (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "6.77% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 8.47% (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of narrow money": {
|
||||
"text": "$32.16 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $30.82 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$36.06 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $32.16 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of broad money": {
|
||||
"text": "$70.95 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $74.11 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$71.58 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $78.18 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of domestic credit": {
|
||||
"text": "$68.72 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $81.58 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$64.47 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $68.72 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
|
||||
"text": "$37.26 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $43.67 billion (31 December 2013) ++ $31.71 billion (31 December 2012 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$36.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $41.04 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $42.59 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Current account balance": {
|
||||
"text": "-$868 million (2014 est.) ++ -$1.551 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-$2.032 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$910 million (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports": {
|
||||
"text": "$62.13 billion (2014 est.) ++ $58.32 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$54.52 billion (2015 est.) ++ $62.16 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports - commodities": {
|
||||
"text": "machinery and equipment, metals and metal products, textiles and footwear, chemicals, agricultural products, minerals and fuels"
|
||||
"text": "machinery and equipment, other manufactured goods, agricultural products and foodstuffs, metals and metal products, chemicals, minerals and fuels, raw materials"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports - partners": {
|
||||
"text": "Germany 19.6%, Italy 12.1%, France 6.9%, Hungary 5.2%, Turkey 4.6%, UK 4.2% (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "Germany 19.8%, Italy 12.5%, France 6.8%, Hungary 5.4%, UK 4.4% (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports": {
|
||||
"text": "$69.27 billion (2014 est.) ++ $65.55 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$63.12 billion (2015 est.) ++ $70.5 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports - commodities": {
|
||||
"text": "machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels and minerals, metals, textile and products, agricultural products"
|
||||
"text": "machinery and equipment, other manufactured goods, chemicals, agricultural products and foodstuffs, fuels and minerals, metals and metal products, raw materials"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports - partners": {
|
||||
"text": "Germany 19.2%, Italy 10.9%, Hungary 7.9%, France 5.7%, Poland 4.7% (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "Germany 19.8%, Italy 10.9%, Hungary 8%, France 5.6%, Poland 4.9%, China 4.6%, Netherlands 4% (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
|
||||
"text": "$43.16 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $48.82 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$38.71 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $43.16 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Debt - external": {
|
||||
"text": "$125 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $134 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$102.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $111.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
|
||||
"text": "$77.07 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $84.1 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$72.21 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $76 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
|
||||
"text": "$2.939 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.34 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$3.618 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $3.14 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exchange rates": {
|
||||
"text": "lei (RON) per US dollar - ++ 3.3492 (2014 est.) ++ 3.3492 (2013 est.) ++ 3.47 (2012 est.) ++ 3.0486 (2011 est.) ++ 3.1779 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "lei (RON) per US dollar - ++ 4.0057 (2015 est.) ++ 3.3492 (2014 est.) ++ 3.3492 (2013 est.) ++ 3.47 (2012 est.) ++ 3.0486 (2011 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Energy": {
|
||||
"Electricity access": {
|
||||
"electrification - total population": {
|
||||
"text": "100% (2016)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Electricity - production": {
|
||||
"text": "55.78 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "62.04 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Electricity - consumption": {
|
||||
"text": "49.69 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "50.73 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Electricity - exports": {
|
||||
"text": "2.466 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "8.2 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Electricity - imports": {
|
||||
"text": "450 million kWh (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.07 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
|
||||
"text": "24 million kW (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "24 million kW (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
|
||||
"text": "50% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "44.3% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
|
||||
"text": "5.8% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "6.1% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
|
||||
"text": "29.7% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "30% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
|
||||
"text": "14.5% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "19.6% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Crude oil - production": {
|
||||
"text": "83,350 bbl/day (2014 est.)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -743,16 +741,16 @@
|
|||
"text": "53,810 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural gas - production": {
|
||||
"text": "11.4 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "11.26 billion cu m (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural gas - consumption": {
|
||||
"text": "12.1 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "11.54 billion cu m (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural gas - exports": {
|
||||
"text": "241.7 million cu m (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.078 million cu m (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural gas - imports": {
|
||||
"text": "801 million cu m (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "277.1 million cu m (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural gas - proved reserves": {
|
||||
"text": "105.5 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -764,18 +762,18 @@
|
|||
"Communications": {
|
||||
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
|
||||
"total subscriptions": {
|
||||
"text": "4.6 million"
|
||||
"text": "4.27 million"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||||
"text": "21 (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "20 (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "22.9 million"
|
||||
"text": "23.12 million"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||||
"text": "105 (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "107 (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Telephone system": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -783,34 +781,45 @@
|
|||
"text": "the telecommunications sector is being expanded and modernized; domestic and international service improving rapidly, especially mobile-cellular services"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "more than 90% of telephone network is automatic; fixed-line teledensity exceeds 20 telephones per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 110 telephones per 100 persons"
|
||||
"text": "more than 90% of telephone network is automatic; fixed-line teledensity is about 20 telephones per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity over 100 telephones per 100 persons"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"international": {
|
||||
"text": "country code - 40; the Black Sea Fiber Optic System provides connectivity to Bulgaria and Turkey; satellite earth stations - 10; digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest (2011)"
|
||||
"text": "country code - 40; the Black Sea Fiber-Optic Cable System provides connectivity to Bulgaria and Turkey; satellite earth stations - 10; digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest (2014)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Broadcast media": {
|
||||
"text": "a mixture of public and private TV stations; the public broadcaster operates multiple stations; roughly 100 private national, regional, and local stations; more than 75% of households are connected to multi-channel cable or satellite TV systems that provide access to Romanian, European, and international stations; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks and regional and local stations; more than 100 private radio stations (2008)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Radio broadcast stations": {
|
||||
"text": "698 (station frequency type NA) (2006)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Television broadcast stations": {
|
||||
"text": "623 (plus 200 repeaters) (2006)"
|
||||
"text": "a mixture of public and private TV stations; there are 7 public TV stations (2 national, 5 regional) using terrestrial broadcasting and 187 private TV stations (out of which 171 offer local coverage) using terrestrial broadcasting, plus 11 public TV stations using satellite broadcasting and 86 private TV stations using satellite broadcasting; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks and regional and local stations, having in total 20 public radio stations by terrestrial broadcasting plus 4 public radio stations by satellite broadcasting; there are 502 operational private radio stations using terrestrial broadcasting and 26 private radio stations using satellite broadcasting (2014)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Internet country code": {
|
||||
"text": ".ro"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Internet users": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "11.2 million"
|
||||
"text": "12.082 million"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"percent of population": {
|
||||
"text": "51.7% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "55.8% (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transportation": {
|
||||
"National air transport system": {
|
||||
"number of registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "5"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "51"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "3,636,642"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "4,691,280 mt-km (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
|
||||
"text": "YR (2016)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Airports": {
|
||||
"text": "45 (2013)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -839,7 +848,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "5"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"under 914 m": {
|
||||
"text": " ++ 14 (2013)"
|
||||
"text": "14 (2013)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Heliports": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -899,39 +908,15 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military": {
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military branches": {
|
||||
"text": "Land Forces, Naval Forces (Fortele Naval, FN), Romanian Air Force (Fortele Aeriene Romane, FAR) (2013)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military service age and obligation": {
|
||||
"text": "conscription ended 2006; 18 years of age for male and female voluntary service; all military inductees (including women) contract for an initial 5-year term of service, with subsequent successive 3-year terms until age 36 (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower available for military service": {
|
||||
"males age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "5,601,234"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"females age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "5,428,939 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower fit for military service": {
|
||||
"males age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "4,550,409"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"females age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "4,507,880 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
|
||||
"male": {
|
||||
"text": "117,798"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"female": {
|
||||
"text": "111,607 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
"text": "1.42% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 1.3% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.29% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.3% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.29% of GDP (2010)"
|
||||
"text": "1.4% of GDP (2015) ++ 1.42% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 1.3% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.29% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.3% of GDP (2011)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -940,7 +925,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
|
||||
"stateless persons": {
|
||||
"text": "299 (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "240 (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Illicit drugs": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue