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Gerald Bauer
parent
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294
europe/fi.json
294
europe/fi.json
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
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{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries, and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It gained complete independence in 1917. During World War II, Finland successfully defended its independence through cooperation with Germany and resisted subsequent invasions by the Soviet Union - albeit with some loss of territory. In the subsequent half century, Finland transformed from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern industrial economy; per capita income is among the highest in Western Europe. A member of the European Union since 1995, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro single currency at its initiation in January 1999. In the 21st century, the key features of Finland's modern welfare state are high quality education, promotion of equality, and a national social welfare system - currently challenged by an aging population and the fluctuations of an export-driven economy."
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"text": "Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries, and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It gained complete independence in 1917. During World War II, Finland successfully defended its independence through cooperation with Germany and resisted subsequent invasions by the Soviet Union - albeit with some loss of territory. In the subsequent half century, Finland transformed from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern industrial economy; per capita income is among the highest in Western Europe. A member of the EU since 1995, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro single currency at its initiation in January 1999. In the 21st century, the key features of Finland's modern welfare state are high quality education, promotion of equality, and a national social welfare system - currently challenged by an aging population and the fluctuations of an export-driven economy."
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
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}
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},
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"Area - comparative": {
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"text": "slightly more than two times the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than Montana",
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"Area comparison map": {
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"text": null
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}
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"text": "slightly more than two times the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than Montana"
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},
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"Land boundaries": {
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"total": {
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@ -62,12 +59,12 @@
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"Terrain": {
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"text": "mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills"
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},
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"Elevation extremes": {
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"lowest point": {
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"text": "Baltic Sea 0 m"
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"Elevation": {
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"mean elevation": {
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"text": "164 m"
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},
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"highest point": {
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"text": "Halti (alternatively Haltia, Haltitunturi, Haltiatunturi) 1,328 m"
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"elevation extremes": {
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"text": "lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m ++ highest point: Halti (alternatively Haltia, Haltitunturi, Haltiatunturi) 1,328 m"
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}
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},
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"Natural resources": {
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@ -85,18 +82,10 @@
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}
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},
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"Irrigated land": {
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"text": "685.8 sq km (2010)"
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"text": "690 sq km (2012)"
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},
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"Total renewable water resources": {
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"text": "110 cu km (2011)"
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},
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"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
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"total": {
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"text": "1.63 cu km/yr (25%/72%/3%)"
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},
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"per capita": {
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"text": "308.9 cu m/yr (2005)"
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}
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"Population - distribution": {
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"text": "the vast majority of people are found in the south; the northern interior areas remain sparsely poplulated"
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},
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"Natural hazards": {
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"text": "NA"
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@ -117,6 +106,9 @@
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}
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},
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"People and Society": {
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"Population": {
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"text": "5,498,211 (July 2016 est.)"
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},
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"Nationality": {
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"noun": {
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"text": "Finn(s)"
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@ -126,35 +118,29 @@
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}
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},
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"Ethnic groups": {
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"text": "Finn 93.4%, Swede 5.6%, Russian 0.5%, Estonian 0.3%, Roma (Gypsy) 0.1%, Sami 0.1% (2006)"
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"text": "Finn 93.4%, Swede 5.6%, Russian 0.5%, Estonian 0.3%, Roma 0.1%, Sami 0.1% (2006)"
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},
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"Languages": {
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"text": "Finnish (official) 89%, Swedish (official) 5.3%, Russian 1.3%, other 4.4% (2014 est.)"
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},
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"Religions": {
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"text": "Lutheran 78.4%, Orthodox 1.1%, other Christian 1.1%, other 0.2%, none 19.2% (2010 est.)"
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},
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"Population": {
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"text": "5,476,922 (July 2015 est.)"
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"text": "Lutheran 73.8%, Orthodox 1.1%, other or none 25.1% (2014 est.)"
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},
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"Age structure": {
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"0-14 years": {
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"text": "16.41% (male 459,560/female 439,343)"
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"text": "16.42% (male 461,432/female 441,244)"
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},
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"15-24 years": {
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"text": "11.79% (male 329,815/female 316,130)"
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"text": "11.6% (male 325,919/female 312,045)"
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},
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"25-54 years": {
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"text": "38.03% (male 1,062,429/female 1,020,216)"
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"text": "37.9% (male 1,063,494/female 1,020,194)"
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},
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"55-64 years": {
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"text": "13.56% (male 365,383/female 377,390)"
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"text": "13.42% (male 362,788/female 374,985)"
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},
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"65 years and over": {
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"text": "20.21% (male 477,024/female 629,632) (2015 est.)"
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},
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"population pyramid": {
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"text": null
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"text": "20.66% (male 492,143/female 643,967) (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Dependency ratios": {
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@ -176,23 +162,26 @@
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"text": "42.4 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "40.7 years"
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"text": "40.8 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "44.3 years (2015 est.)"
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"text": "44.3 years (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Population growth rate": {
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"text": "0.4% (2015 est.)"
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"text": "0.38% (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Birth rate": {
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"text": "10.72 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "10.7 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Death rate": {
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"text": "9.83 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "9.9 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Net migration rate": {
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"text": "3.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Population distribution": {
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"text": "the vast majority of people are found in the south; the northern interior areas remain sparsely poplulated"
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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"urban population": {
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@ -225,39 +214,42 @@
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"text": "0.76 male(s)/female"
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},
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"total population": {
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"text": "0.97 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
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"text": "0.97 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
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"text": "28.5 (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Maternal mortality rate": {
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"text": "3 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Infant mortality rate": {
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"total": {
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"text": "2.52 deaths/1,000 live births"
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"text": "2.5 deaths/1,000 live births"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "2.65 deaths/1,000 live births"
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"text": "2.7 deaths/1,000 live births"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "2.39 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
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"text": "2.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Life expectancy at birth": {
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"total population": {
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"text": "80.77 years"
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"text": "80.9 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "77.82 years"
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"text": "77.9 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "83.86 years (2015 est.)"
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"text": "84 years (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Total fertility rate": {
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"text": "1.75 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
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"text": "1.75 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Health expenditures": {
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"text": "9.4% of GDP (2013)"
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"text": "9.7% of GDP (2014)"
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},
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"Physicians density": {
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"text": "2.91 physicians/1,000 population (2009)"
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@ -294,28 +286,28 @@
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"text": "22.8% (2014)"
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},
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"Education expenditures": {
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"text": "6.8% of GDP (2011)"
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"text": "7.2% of GDP (2013)"
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},
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"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
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"total": {
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"text": "17 years"
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"text": "19 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "16 years"
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"text": "18 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "18 years (2012)"
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"text": "20 years (2014)"
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}
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},
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"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
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"total": {
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"text": "17.7%"
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"text": "20.5%"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "17.6%"
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"text": "22.8%"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "17.9% (2012 est.)"
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"text": "18.4% (2014 est.)"
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}
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}
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},
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@ -332,10 +324,13 @@
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},
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"local short form": {
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"text": "Suomi/Finland"
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},
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"etymology": {
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"text": "name may derive from the ancient Fenni peoples who are first described as living in northeastern Europe in the first centuries A.D."
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}
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},
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"Government type": {
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"text": "republic"
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"text": "parliamentary republic"
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},
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"Capital": {
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"name": {
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@ -361,7 +356,7 @@
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"text": "Independence Day, 6 December (1917)"
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},
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"Constitution": {
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"text": "previous 1906, 1919; latest drafted 17 June 1997, approved by Parliament 11 June 1999, entered into force 1 March 2000; amended several times, last in 2011 (2015)"
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"text": "previous 1906, 1919; latest drafted 17 June 1997, approved by Parliament 11 June 1999, entered into force 1 March 2000; amended several times, last in 2012 (2016)"
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},
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"Legal system": {
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"text": "civil law system based on the Swedish model"
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@ -370,8 +365,11 @@
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"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
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},
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"Citizenship": {
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"birthright citizenship": {
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"text": "no, unless at least one parent is a citizen of Finland"
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"citizenship by birth": {
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"text": "no"
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},
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"citizenship by descent only": {
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"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Finland"
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},
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"dual citizenship recognized": {
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"text": "yes"
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@ -388,16 +386,16 @@
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"text": "President Sauli NIINISTO (since 1 March 2012)"
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},
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"head of government": {
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"text": "Prime Minister Juha SIPILA (since 29 May 2015)"
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"text": "Prime Minister Juha SIPILA (since 28 May 2015)"
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},
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"cabinet": {
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"text": "Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible to Parliament"
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},
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"elections/appointments": {
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"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 5 February 2012 (next to be held in February 2018); prime minister elected by Parliament and appointed by the president"
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"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 5 February 2012 (next to be held in February 2018); prime minister appointed by Parliament in 2015"
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},
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"election results": {
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"text": "percent of vote in first round - Sauli NIINISTO (Kok) 37%, Pekka HAAVISTO (Vihr) 18.8%, Paavo VAYRYNEN (Kesk) 17.5%, Timo SOINI (TF) 9.4%, Paavo LIPPONEN (SDP) 6.7%, Paavo ARHINMAKI (Vas) 5.5%, Eva BIAUDET (SFP) 2.7%, Sari ESSAYAH (KD) 2.5%; Sauli NIINISTO elected president in second round held on 5 February 2012 - NIINISTO 62.6%, HAAVISTO 37.4%; Jyrki KATAINEN elected prime minister"
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"text": "percent of vote in first round - Sauli NIINISTO (Kok) 37%, Pekka HAAVISTO (Vihr) 18.8%, Paavo VAYRYNEN (Kesk) 17.5%, Timo SOINI (TF) 9.4%, Paavo LIPPONEN (SDP) 6.7%, Paavo ARHINMAKI (Vas) 5.5%, Eva BIAUDET (SFP) 2.7%, Sari ESSAYAH (KD) 2.5%; Sauli NIINISTO elected president in second round held on 5 February 2012 - NIINISTO 62.6%, HAAVISTO 37.4%; Juha SIPILA appointed prime minister"
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}
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},
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"Legislative branch": {
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@ -405,7 +403,7 @@
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"text": "unicameral Parliament or Eduskunta (200 seats; 199 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 1 member in the province of Aland directly elected by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
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},
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"elections": {
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"text": "last held on 19 April 2015 (next to be held in April 2019)"
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"text": "last held on 19 April 2015 (next to be held by April 2019)"
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},
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"election results": {
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"text": "percent of vote by party - Kesk 21.1%, PS 17.6%, Kok 18.2%, SDP 16.5%, Vihr 8.5%, Vas 7.1%, SFP 4.9%, KD 3.5%, other 2.6%; seats by party - Kesk 49, PS 38, Kok 37, SDP 34, Vihr 15, Vas 12, SFP 9, KD 5, other 1 (Aland Coalition)"
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@ -423,7 +421,7 @@
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}
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},
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"Political parties and leaders": {
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"text": "Center Party or Kesk [Juha SIPILA] ++ Christian Democrats or KD [Paivi RASANEN] ++ Green League or Vihr [Ville NIINISTO] ++ Left Alliance or Vas [Paavo ARHINMAKI] ++ National Coalition Party or Kok [Alexander STUBB] ++ Social Democratic Party or SDP [Antii RINNE] ++ Swedish People's Party or SFP [Carl HAGLUND] ++ The Finns Party or PS [Timo SOINI]"
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"text": "Center Party or Kesk [Juha SIPILA] ++ Christian Democrats or KD [Sari ESSAYAH] ++ Finns Party or PS [Timo SOINI] ++ Green League or Vihr [Ville NIINISTO] ++ Left Alliance or Vas [Paavo ARHINMAKI] ++ National Coalition Party or Kok [Petteri ORPO] ++ Social Democratic Party or SDP [Antti RINNE] ++ Swedish People's Party or SFP [Carl HAGLUND]"
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},
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"International organization participation": {
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"text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
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@ -447,7 +445,7 @@
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},
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"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
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"chief of mission": {
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"text": "Ambassador Bruce J. ORECK (since 12 August 2009)"
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"text": "Ambassador Charles C. ADAMS, Jr. (since 3 August 2015)"
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},
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"embassy": {
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"text": "Itainen Puistotie 14B, 00140 Helsinki"
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@ -482,58 +480,58 @@
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},
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"Economy": {
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"Economy - overview": {
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"text": "Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free-market economy with per capita output almost as high as that of Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, or Sweden. Trade is important, with exports accounting for over one-third of GDP in recent years. Finland is historically competitive in manufacturing - principally the wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and electronics industries. Finland excels in export of technology for mobile phones as well as promotion of startups in the ICT, gaming, cleantech, and biotechnology sectors. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of raw materials, energy, and some components for manufactured goods. Because of the climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an important export earner, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population. Finland had been one of the best performing economies within the EU before 2009 and its banks and financial markets avoided the worst of global financial crisis. However, the world slowdown hit exports and domestic demand hard in that year, with Finland experiencing one of the deepest contractions in the euro zone. A recovery of exports, domestic trade, and household consumption stimulated economic growth in 2010-12, however, continued recession within the EU dampened the economy in 2012-14. The recession affected general government finances and the debt ratio, turning previously strong budget surpluses into deficits, losing its coveted triple-A credit rating, and on pace to breach EU debt limits in 2015. Finland's main challenge will be to stimulate growth while faced with weak export demand in the EU and its own government austerity measures. Longer-term, Finland must address a rapidly aging population and decreasing productivity in traditional industries that threaten competitiveness, fiscal sustainability, and economic growth. The depreciating ruble will retard exports to Russia."
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"text": "Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free-market economy with per capita GDP almost as high as that of Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, or Sweden. Trade is important, with exports accounting for over one-third of GDP in recent years. ++ ++ Finland is historically competitive in manufacturing - principally the wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and electronics industries. Finland excels in export of technology for mobile phones as well as promotion of startups in the information and communications technology, gaming, cleantech, and biotechnology sectors. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of raw materials, energy, and some components for manufactured goods. Because of the cold climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an important export industry, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population. ++ ++ Finland had been one of the best performing economies within the EU before 2009 and its banks and financial markets avoided the worst of global financial crisis. However, the world slowdown hit exports and domestic demand hard in that year, causing Finland’s economy to contract from 2012-14. The recession affected general government finances and the debt ratio. ++ ++ Finland's main challenges will be reducing high labor costs and boosting demand for its exports. In the long term, Finland must address a rapidly aging population and decreasing productivity in traditional industries that threaten competitiveness, fiscal sustainability, and economic growth. The depreciating ruble and Russia’s general economic slowdown will dampen exports to Russia."
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},
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"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
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"text": "$221.7 billion (2014 est.) ++ $222.6 billion (2013 est.) ++ $225.1 billion (2012 est.)",
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"text": "$224.9 billion (2015 est.) ++ $224.5 billion (2014 est.) ++ $226.1 billion (2013 est.)",
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"note": {
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"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
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"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
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}
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},
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"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
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||||
"text": "$272.6 billion (2014 est.)"
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"text": "$232.1 billion (2015 est.)"
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},
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"GDP - real growth rate": {
|
||||
"text": "-0.4% (2014 est.) ++ -1.1% (2013 est.) ++ -1.4% (2012 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.2% (2015 est.) ++ -0.7% (2014 est.) ++ -0.8% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
|
||||
"text": "$40,700 (2014 est.) ++ $40,800 (2013 est.) ++ $41,300 (2012 est.)",
|
||||
"text": "$41,100 (2015 est.) ++ $41,200 (2014 est.) ++ $41,700 (2013 est.)",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Gross national saving": {
|
||||
"text": "18.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 19.3% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 20.5% of GDP (2012 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "20.9% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 19.9% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 19.8% of GDP (2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
|
||||
"household consumption": {
|
||||
"text": "55.4%"
|
||||
"text": "55.3%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"government consumption": {
|
||||
"text": "24.8%"
|
||||
"text": "24.4%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"investment in fixed capital": {
|
||||
"text": "20.3%"
|
||||
"text": "20.4%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"investment in inventories": {
|
||||
"text": "0.3%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"exports of goods and services": {
|
||||
"text": "37.9%"
|
||||
"text": "36.6%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"imports of goods and services": {
|
||||
"text": "-38.7% ++ (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-37.1% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
|
||||
"agriculture": {
|
||||
"text": "2.8%"
|
||||
"text": "2.5%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"industry": {
|
||||
"text": "26.5%"
|
||||
"text": "26.8%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"services": {
|
||||
"text": "70.6% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "70.6% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Agriculture - products": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -543,10 +541,10 @@
|
|||
"text": "metals and metal products, electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Industrial production growth rate": {
|
||||
"text": "-1% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-1.8% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Labor force": {
|
||||
"text": "2.679 million (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "2.689 million (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Labor force - by occupation": {
|
||||
"agriculture and forestry": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -572,7 +570,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Unemployment rate": {
|
||||
"text": "8.7% (2014 est.) ++ 8.1% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "9.3% (2015 est.) ++ 8.7% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population below poverty line": {
|
||||
"text": "NA%"
|
||||
|
|
@ -590,44 +588,44 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Budget": {
|
||||
"revenues": {
|
||||
"text": "$151.4 billion"
|
||||
"text": "$127.6 billion"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"expenditures": {
|
||||
"text": "$160 billion"
|
||||
"text": "$134 billion"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "Central Government Budget (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "Central Government Budget (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Taxes and other revenues": {
|
||||
"text": "55.5% of GDP (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "55.6% of GDP (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
|
||||
"text": "-3.2% of GDP (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-2.8% of GDP (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Public debt": {
|
||||
"text": "59.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 55.8% of GDP (2013 est.)",
|
||||
"text": "62.5% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 59.3% of GDP (2014 est.)",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
|
||||
"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Fiscal year": {
|
||||
"text": "calendar year"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
|
||||
"text": "1.2% (2014 est.) ++ 2.2% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-0.2% (2015 est.) ++ 1.2% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Central bank discount rate": {
|
||||
"text": "0.75% (31 December 2013) ++ 1.5% (31 December 2010)",
|
||||
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2013) ++ 0.3% (31 December 2010)",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
|
||||
"text": "2.21% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 2.11% (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "2% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 2.2% (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of narrow money": {
|
||||
"text": "$118.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $125.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)",
|
||||
"text": "$121.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $118.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -636,49 +634,54 @@
|
|||
"text": "$179.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $195.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of domestic credit": {
|
||||
"text": "$410.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $398.4 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$357.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $410.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
|
||||
"text": "$158.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $143.1 billion (31 December 2011) ++ $118.2 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$158.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $143.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.) ++ $118.2 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Current account balance": {
|
||||
"text": "-$5.083 billion (2014 est.) ++ -$4.783 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$316 million (2015 est.) ++ -$2.566 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports": {
|
||||
"text": "$79.2 billion (2014 est.) ++ $78.56 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$61.29 billion (2015 est.) ++ $75.6 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports - commodities": {
|
||||
"text": "electrical and optical equipment, machinery, transport equipment, paper and pulp, chemicals, basic metals; timber"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports - partners": {
|
||||
"text": "Germany 12.2%, Sweden 11.2%, Russia 8.1%, US 6.7%, Netherlands 6.2%, UK 5.5%, China 4.5% (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "Germany 13.9%, Sweden 10.1%, US 7%, Netherlands 6.6%, Russia 5.9%, UK 5.2%, China 4.7% (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports": {
|
||||
"text": "$72.94 billion (2014 est.) ++ $73.76 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$58.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $74.43 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports - commodities": {
|
||||
"text": "foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, computers, electronic industry products, textile yarn and fabrics, grains"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports - partners": {
|
||||
"text": "Sweden 15.8%, Germany 15.3%, Russia 14.8%, Netherlands 8.7%, Denmark 4.2% (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "Germany 17%, Sweden 16%, Russia 11%, Netherlands 9.1%, Denmark 4.1% (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
|
||||
"text": "$10.67 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $11.27 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$10.02 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $10.67 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Debt - external": {
|
||||
"text": "$10.67 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $11.27 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$547.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $571.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
|
||||
"text": "$138 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $136.1 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$135.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $131.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
|
||||
"text": "$202.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $197.2 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$141.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $155.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exchange rates": {
|
||||
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.7489 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.) ++ 0.755 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Energy": {
|
||||
"Electricity access": {
|
||||
"electrification - total population": {
|
||||
"text": "100% (2016)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Electricity - production": {
|
||||
"text": "67.51 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -752,18 +755,18 @@
|
|||
"Communications": {
|
||||
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
|
||||
"total subscriptions": {
|
||||
"text": "640,000"
|
||||
"text": "537,000"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||||
"text": "12 (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "10 (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "7.6 million"
|
||||
"text": "7.399 million"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||||
"text": "139 (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "135 (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Telephone system": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -771,34 +774,45 @@
|
|||
"text": "modern system with excellent service"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "digital fiber-optic fixed-line network and an extensive mobile-cellular network provide domestic needs"
|
||||
"text": "digital fiber-optic, fixed-line network and an extensive mobile-cellular network provide domestic needs"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"international": {
|
||||
"text": "country code - 358; submarine cables provide links to Estonia and Sweden; satellite earth stations - access to Intelsat transmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) (2011)"
|
||||
"text": "country code - 358; submarine cables provide links to Estonia and Sweden; satellite earth stations - access to Intelsat transmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Broadcast media": {
|
||||
"text": "a mix of publicly operated TV stations and privately owned TV stations; in 2008, the 2 publicly owned TV stations expanded services and the largest private TV station has introduced several special-interest pay-TV channels; cable and satellite multi-channel subscription services are available; all TV signals have been broadcast digitally since September 2007; analog broadcasts via cable networks were terminated in February 2008; public broadcasting maintains a network of 13 national and 25 regional radio stations; a large number of private radio broadcasters (2008)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Radio broadcast stations": {
|
||||
"text": "AM 2, FM 59, shortwave 2 (2008)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Television broadcast stations": {
|
||||
"text": "120 (plus 431 repeaters) (1999); note - on 1 September 2007, Finland began broadcasting all television signals digitally; analog broadcasts via cable networks were discontinued 29 February 2008"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Internet country code": {
|
||||
"text": ".fi; note - Aland Islands assigned .ax"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Internet users": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "5.1 million"
|
||||
"text": "5.074 million"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"percent of population": {
|
||||
"text": "94.0% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "92.6% (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transportation": {
|
||||
"National air transport system": {
|
||||
"number of registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "3"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "73"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "9,972,333"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "713.484 million mt-km (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
|
||||
"text": "OH (2016)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Airports": {
|
||||
"text": "148 (2013)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -830,7 +844,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "3"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"under 914 m": {
|
||||
"text": " ++ 71 (2013)"
|
||||
"text": "71 (2013)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Pipelines": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -859,7 +873,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Waterways": {
|
||||
"text": "8,000 km (includes Saimaa Canal system of 3,577 km; southern part leased from Russia; water transport used frequently in the summer and widely replaced with sledges on the ice in winter; there are 187,888 lakes in Finland that cover 31,500 km); Finand also maintains 8,200 km of coastal fairways (2013)"
|
||||
"text": "8,000 km (includes Saimaa Canal system of 3,577 km; southern part leased from Russia; water transport used frequently in the summer and widely replaced with sledges on the ice in winter; there are 187,888 lakes in Finland that cover 31,500 km); Finland also maintains 8,200 km of coastal fairways (2013)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Merchant marine": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -881,48 +895,24 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military": {
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military branches": {
|
||||
"text": "Finnish Defense Forces (FDF): Army (Puolustusvoimat), Navy (Merivoimat; includes Coastal Defense Forces), Air Force (Ilmavoimat) (2013)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military service age and obligation": {
|
||||
"text": "18 years of age for male voluntary and compulsory - and female voluntary - national military and nonmilitary service; service obligation 6-12 months; military obligation to age 60 (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower available for military service": {
|
||||
"males age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "1,155,368"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"females age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "1,106,193 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower fit for military service": {
|
||||
"males age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "955,151"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"females age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "912,983 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
|
||||
"male": {
|
||||
"text": "32,599"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"female": {
|
||||
"text": "31,416 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
"text": "1.47% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.42% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.47% of GDP (2010)"
|
||||
"text": "1.37% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 1.29% of GDP (2015) ++ 1.3% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.41% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.47% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.42% of GDP (2011)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
"Disputes - international": {
|
||||
"text": "various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union, but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands"
|
||||
"text": "various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia and other areas ceded to the former Soviet Union, but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
|
||||
"stateless persons": {
|
||||
"text": "2,293 (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "2,427 (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue