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Gerald Bauer
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293
europe/bo.json
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europe/bo.json
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
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{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "After seven decades as a constituent republic of the USSR, Belarus attained its independence in 1991. It has retained closer political and economic ties to Russia than have any of the other former Soviet republics. Belarus and Russia signed a treaty on a two-state union on 8 December 1999 envisioning greater political and economic integration. Although Belarus agreed to a framework to carry out the accord, serious implementation has yet to take place. Since his election in July 1994 as the country's first and only directly elected president, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO has steadily consolidated his power through authoritarian means and a centralized economic system. Government restrictions on political and civil freedoms, freedom of speech and the press, peaceful assembly, and religion have remained in place. The situation was somewhat aggravated after security services cracked down on protests challenging election results in the capital Minsk following the 2010 presidential election, but little protest occurred after the 2015 election."
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"text": "After seven decades as a constituent republic of the USSR, Belarus attained its independence in 1991. It has retained closer political and economic ties to Russia than have any of the other former Soviet republics. Belarus and Russia signed a treaty on a two-state union on 8 December 1999 envisioning greater political and economic integration. Although Belarus agreed to a framework to carry out the accord, serious implementation has yet to take place. Since his election in July 1994 as the country's first and only directly elected president, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO has steadily consolidated his power through authoritarian means and a centralized economic system. Government restrictions on political and civil freedoms, freedom of speech and the press, peaceful assembly, and religion have remained in place. The situation was somewhat aggravated after security services cracked down on mass protests challenging election results in the capital, Minsk, following the 2010 presidential election, but little protest occurred after the 2015 election."
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
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}
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},
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"Area - comparative": {
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"text": "slightly less than twice the size of Kentucky; slightly smaller than Kansas",
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"Area comparison map": {
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"text": null
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}
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"text": "slightly less than twice the size of Kentucky; slightly smaller than Kansas"
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},
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"Land boundaries": {
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"total": {
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@ -51,12 +48,12 @@
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"Terrain": {
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"text": "generally flat with much marshland"
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},
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"Elevation extremes": {
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"lowest point": {
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"text": "Nyoman River 90 m"
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"Elevation": {
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"mean elevation": {
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"text": "160 m"
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},
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"highest point": {
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"text": "Dzyarzhynskaya Hara 346 m"
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"elevation extremes": {
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"text": "lowest point: Nyoman River 90 m ++ highest point: Dzyarzhynskaya Hara 346 m"
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}
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},
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"Natural resources": {
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@ -74,18 +71,10 @@
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}
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},
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"Irrigated land": {
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"text": "1,150 sq km (2003)"
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"text": "1,140 sq km (2012)"
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},
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"Total renewable water resources": {
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"text": "58 cu km (2011)"
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},
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"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
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"total": {
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"text": "4.34 cu km/yr (32%/65%/3%)"
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},
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"per capita": {
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"text": "435.4 cu m/yr (2009)"
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}
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"Population - distribution": {
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"text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations"
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},
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"Natural hazards": {
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"text": "NA"
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@ -106,6 +95,9 @@
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}
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},
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"People and Society": {
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"Population": {
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"text": "9,570,376 (July 2016 est.)"
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},
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"Nationality": {
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"noun": {
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"text": "Belarusian(s)"
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@ -121,29 +113,23 @@
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"text": "Russian (official) 70.2%, Belarusian (official) 23.4%, other 3.1% (includes small Polish- and Ukrainian-speaking minorities), unspecified 3.3% (2009 est.)"
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},
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"Religions": {
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"text": "Eastern Orthodox 80%, other (including Roman Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, and Muslim) 20% (1997 est.)"
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},
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"Population": {
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"text": "9,589,689 (July 2015 est.)"
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"text": "Orthodox 48.3%, Catholic 7.1%, other 3.5%, non-believers 41.1% (2011 est.)"
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},
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"Age structure": {
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"0-14 years": {
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"text": "15.51% (male 765,070/female 722,540)"
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"text": "15.65% (male 770,014/female 727,338)"
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},
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"15-24 years": {
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"text": "11.12% (male 548,487/female 517,840)"
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"text": "10.68% (male 525,704/female 496,414)"
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},
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"25-54 years": {
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"text": "45.3% (male 2,132,051/female 2,212,223)"
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"text": "45.04% (male 2,118,447/female 2,191,694)"
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},
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"55-64 years": {
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"text": "13.62% (male 575,816/female 730,432)"
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"text": "13.95% (male 589,288/female 745,815)"
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},
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"65 years and over": {
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"text": "14.44% (male 439,257/female 945,973) (2015 est.)"
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},
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"population pyramid": {
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"text": null
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"text": "14.69% (male 448,135/female 957,527) (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Dependency ratios": {
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@ -162,26 +148,29 @@
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},
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"Median age": {
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"total": {
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"text": "39.6 years"
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"text": "39.8 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "36.5 years"
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"text": "36.8 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "42.6 years (2015 est.)"
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"text": "42.9 years (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Population growth rate": {
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"text": "-0.2% (2015 est.)"
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"text": "-0.21% (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Birth rate": {
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"text": "10.7 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "10.5 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Death rate": {
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"text": "13.36 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "13.3 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Net migration rate": {
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"text": "0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Population distribution": {
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"text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations"
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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"urban population": {
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@ -205,7 +194,7 @@
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"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
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},
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"25-54 years": {
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"text": "0.96 male(s)/female"
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"text": "0.97 male(s)/female"
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},
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"55-64 years": {
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"text": "0.79 male(s)/female"
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@ -214,42 +203,45 @@
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"text": "0.46 male(s)/female"
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},
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"total population": {
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"text": "0.87 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
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"text": "0.87 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
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"text": "25.4 (2013 est.)"
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},
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"Maternal mortality rate": {
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"text": "4 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Infant mortality rate": {
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"total": {
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"text": "3.62 deaths/1,000 live births"
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"text": "3.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "4.04 deaths/1,000 live births"
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"text": "4 deaths/1,000 live births"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "3.17 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
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"text": "3.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Life expectancy at birth": {
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"total population": {
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"text": "72.48 years"
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"text": "72.7 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "66.91 years"
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"text": "67.2 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "78.38 years (2015 est.)"
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"text": "78.6 years (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Total fertility rate": {
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"text": "1.47 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
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"text": "1.48 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
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"text": "63.1% (2012)"
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},
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"Health expenditures": {
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"text": "6.1% of GDP (2013)"
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"text": "5.7% of GDP (2014)"
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},
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"Physicians density": {
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"text": "3.93 physicians/1,000 population (2013)"
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@ -274,13 +266,13 @@
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}
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
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"text": "0.52% (2014 est.)"
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"text": "0.64% (2015 est.)"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
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"text": "29,400 (2014 est.)"
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"text": "35,200 (2015 est.)"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
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"text": "1,000 (2014 est.)"
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"text": "1,000 (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
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"text": "25.2% (2014)"
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@ -289,7 +281,7 @@
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"text": "1.3% (2005)"
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},
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"Education expenditures": {
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"text": "5.1% of GDP (2012)"
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"text": "5% of GDP (2014)"
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},
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"Literacy": {
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"definition": {
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@ -313,7 +305,7 @@
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"text": "15 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "16 years (2013)"
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"text": "16 years (2014)"
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}
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},
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"Child labor - children ages 5-14": {
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@ -326,7 +318,7 @@
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},
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"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
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"total": {
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"text": "12.6%"
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"text": "12.5%"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "12.4%"
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@ -353,12 +345,12 @@
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"former": {
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"text": "Belorussian (Byelorussian) Soviet Socialist Republic"
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},
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"note": {
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"etymology": {
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"text": "the name is a compound of the Belarusian words \"bel\" (white) and \"Rus\" (the Old East Slavic ethnic designation) to form the meaning White Rusian or White Ruthenian"
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}
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},
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"Government type": {
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"text": "republic in name, although in fact an authoritarian system centered on the executive"
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"text": "presidential republic in name, although in fact a dictatorship"
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},
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"Capital": {
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"name": {
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@ -384,7 +376,7 @@
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"text": "Independence Day, 3 July (1944); note - 3 July 1944 was the date Minsk was liberated from German troops, 25 August 1991 was the date of independence from the Soviet Union"
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},
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"Constitution": {
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"text": "several previous; latest drafted between late 1991 and early 1994, signed 15 March 1994; amended 1996, 2004, 2015 (2015)"
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"text": "several previous; latest drafted between late 1991 and early 1994, signed 15 March 1994; amended 1996, 2004 (2016)"
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},
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"Legal system": {
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"text": "civil law system; note - nearly all major codes (civil, civil procedure, criminal, criminal procedure, family, and labor) have been revised and came into force in 1999 or 2000"
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@ -393,8 +385,11 @@
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"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
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},
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"Citizenship": {
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"birthright citizenship": {
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"text": "no, unless at least one parent is a citizen of Belarus"
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"citizenship by birth": {
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"text": "no"
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},
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"citizenship by descent only": {
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"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Belarus"
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},
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"dual citizenship recognized": {
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"text": "no"
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@ -411,7 +406,7 @@
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"text": "president Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20 July 1994)"
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},
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"head of government": {
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"text": "prime minister Andrey KABYAKOW (since 27 December 2014); first deputy prime minister Vasily MATYUSHEVSKIY (since 27 December 2014)"
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"text": "prime minister Andrey KABYAKOV (since 27 December 2014); first deputy prime minister Vasily MATYUSHEVSKIY (since 27 December 2014)"
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},
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"cabinet": {
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"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president"
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@ -420,7 +415,7 @@
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"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (no term limits); first election took place on 23 June and 10 July 1994; according to the 1994 constitution, the next election should have been held in 1999, however, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001 via a November 1996 referendum; subsequent election held on 9 September 2001; an October 2004 referendum ended presidential term limits and allowed the president to run in a third (19 March 2006), fourth (19 December 2010), and fifth election (11 October 2015); next election in 2020; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president and approved by the National Assembly"
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},
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"election results": {
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"text": "Aleksandr LUKASHENKO reelected president; percent of vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (independent) 84.1%, Tatsyana KARATKEVICH (BSDPH) 4.4%, Sergey GAYDUKEVICH (LDP) 3.3%, other 8.2%; note - election marred by electoral fraud"
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"text": "Aleksandr LUKASHENKO reelected president; percent of vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (independent) 83.5%, Tatsiana KARATKEVICH (Tell the Truth) 4.4%, Sergey GAYDUKEVICH (LDP) 3.3%, other 8.8%; note - election marred by electoral fraud"
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}
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},
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"Legislative branch": {
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@ -428,18 +423,18 @@
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"text": "bicameral National Assembly or Natsionalnoye Sobraniye consists of the Council of the Republic or Sovet Respubliki (64 seats; 56 members indirectly elected by regional and Minsk city councils and 8 members appointed by the president; members serve 4-year terms) and the Chamber of Representatives or Palata Predstaviteley (110 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote with a second round if needed; members serve 4-year terms); note - the US does not recognize the legitimacy of the National Assembly"
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},
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"elections": {
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"text": "Palata Predstaviteley - last held on 23 September 2012 (next to be held September 2016); OSCE observers determined that the election was neither free nor impartial and that vote counting was problematic in a number of polling stations; pro-LUKASHENKO candidates won every seat with no opposition representation in the chamber; international observers determined that the previous election, on 28 September 2008, despite minor improvements, also fell short of democratic standards, with pro-LUKASHENKO candidates winning every seat"
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"text": "Palata Predstaviteley - last held on 11 September 2016 (next to be held in 2020); OSCE observers determined that the election was neither free nor impartial and that vote counting was problematic in a number of polling stations; pro-LUKASHENKO candidates won virtually every seat with only the UCP member and one independent forming opposition representation in the chamber; international observers determined that the previous elections, on 28 September 2008 and 23 September 2012, also fell short of democratic standards, with pro-LUKASHENKO candidates winning every seat"
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},
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"election results": {
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"text": "Sovet Respubliki - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; Palata Predstaviteley - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - KPB 3, AP 1, Republican Party of Labor and Justice 1, no affiliation 104, vacant 1"
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"text": "Sovet Respubliki - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; Palata Predstaviteley - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - KPB 8, Belarusian Patriotic Party 3, Republican Party of Labor and Justice 3, LDP 1, UCP 1, independents 104"
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}
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},
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"Judicial branch": {
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"highest court(s)": {
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"text": "Supreme Court (consists of the chairman, deputy chairman, and NA judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 12 judges including a chairman and deputy chairman)"
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"text": "Supreme Court (consists of the chairman, deputy chairman, and organized into several specialized panels including economic and military; number of judges set by the president of the republic and the court chairman); Constitutional Court (consists of 12 judges including a chairman and deputy chairman)"
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},
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"judge selection and term of office": {
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"text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the president with the consent of the Council of the Republic; judges initially appointed for 5 years and evaluated for life appointment; Constitutional Court judges - 6 appointed by the president and 6 elected by the Chamber of Representatives; judges can serve for 11 years with an age limit of 70"
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"text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the president with the consent of the Council of the Republic; judges initially appointed for 5 years and evaluated for life appointment; Constitutional Court judges - 6 including the court chairman appointed by the president and 6 elected by the Chamber of Representatives; judges can serve for 11 years with an age limit of 70"
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},
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"subordinate courts": {
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"text": "provincial (including Minsk city) courts; first instance (district) courts; economic courts; military courts"
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@ -447,21 +442,21 @@
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},
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"Political parties and leaders": {
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"pro-government parties": {
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"text": " ++ Belarusian Agrarian Party or AP [Mikhail RUS] ++ Belarusian Patriotic Party [Nikolay ULAKHOVICH] ++ Belarusian Socialist Sporting Party [Vladimir ALEKSANDROVICH] ++ Belaya Rus [Aleksandr RADKOV] ++ Communist Party of Belarus or KPB [Igor KARPENKO] ++ Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Sergey GAYDUKEVICH] ++ Republican Party of Labor and Justice [Vasiliy ZADNEPRYANIY]"
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"text": " ++ Belarusian Agrarian Party or AP [Mikhail SHIMANSKIY] ++ Belarusian Patriotic Party [Nikolai ULAKHOVICH] ++ Belarusian Socialist Sporting Party [Vladimir ALEKSANDROVICH] ++ Communist Party of Belarus or KPB [Igor KARPENKO] ++ Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Sergey GAYDUKEVICH] ++ Republican Party [Vladimir BELOZOR] ++ Republican Party of Labor and Justice [Vasiliy ZADNEPRYANIY]"
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},
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"opposition parties": {
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"text": " ++ Belarusian Christian Democracy Party [Pavel SEVERINETS] (unregistered) ++ Belarusian Labor Party [Aleksandr BUCHVOSTOV] (unregistered) ++ Belarusian Liberal Party of Freedom and Progress [Vladimir NOVOSYAD] (unregistered) ++ Belarusian Party of the Green [Oleg NOVIKOV] ++ Belarusian Party of the Left \"Fair World\" [Sergey KALYAKIN] ++ Belarusian Popular Front or BPF [Aleksey YANUKEVICH] ++ Belarusian Social-Democratic Assembly [Stanislav SHUSHKEVICH] ++ Belarusian Social Democratic Party (\"Assembly\") or BSDPH [Irina VESHTARD] ++ Belarusian Social Democratic Party (People's Assembly) [Nikolay STATKEVICH] (unregistered) ++ Christian Conservative Party or BPF [Zyanon PAZNIAK] ++ United Civic Party or UCP [Anatoliy LEBEDKO]"
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"text": " ++ Belarusian Christian Democracy Party [Pavel SEVERINETS] (unregistered) ++ Belarusian Liberal Party of Freedom and Progress [Vladimir NOVOSYAD] (unregistered) ++ Belarusian Party of the Green [Anastasiya DOROFEYEVA] ++ Belarusian Party of the Left \"Fair World\" [Sergey KALYAKIN] ++ Belarusian Popular Front or BPF [Aleksey YANUKEVICH] ++ Belarusian Social-Democratic Assembly [Stanislav SHUSHKEVICH] ++ Belarusian Social Democratic Party (\"Assembly\") or BSDPH [Irina VESHTARD] ++ Belarusian Social Democratic Party (People's Assembly) [Nikolay STATKEVICH] (unregistered) ++ Christian Conservative Party or BPF [Zyanon PAZNYAK] ++ United Civic Party or UCP [Anatoliy LEBEDKO]"
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}
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},
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"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Assembly of Pro-Democratic NGOs [Sergey MATSKEVICH] (unregistered) ++ Belarusian Association of Journalists [Zhanna LITVINA] ++ Belarusian Congress of Democratic Trade Unions [Aleksandr YAROSHUK] ++ Belarusian Helsinki Committee [Aleh HULAK] ++ Malady Front (Young Front) [Zmitser DASHKEVICH] (unregistered) ++ Vyasna (Spring) human rights center [Ales BELYATSKIY] (unregistered) ++ Perspektiva [Anatol SHUMCHENKO] (small business association) ++ \"Tell the Truth\" Movement [Vladimir NEKLYAYEV] (unregistered) ++ Women's Independent Democratic Movement [Ludmila PETINA]"
|
||||
"text": "Assembly of Pro-Democratic NGOs [Sergey MATSKEVICH] (unregistered) ++ Belarusian Association of Journalists [Andrei BASTUNETS] ++ Belarusian Congress of Democratic Trade Unions [Aleksandr YAROSHUK] ++ Belarusian Helsinki Committee [Aleh HULAK] ++ For Freedom Movement [Aleksandr Milinkevich] ++ Malady Front (Young Front) [Zmitser DASHKEVICH] (unregistered) ++ Vyasna (Spring) human rights center [Ales BELYATSKIY] (unregistered) ++ Perspektiva [Anatoliy SHUMCHENKO] (small business association) ++ \"Tell the Truth\" Movement [Tatsiana KARATKEVICH] (unregistered) ++ Women's Independent Democratic Movement [Ludmila PETINA]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CEI, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, NSG, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SCO (dialogue member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer), ZC"
|
||||
"text": "BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CEI, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAEU, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, NSG, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SCO (dialogue member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer), ZC"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador (vacant; recalled by Belarus in 2008); Charge d'Affaires Pavel SHIDLOVSKY (since 23 April 2014)"
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador (vacant; recalled by Belarus in 2008); Charge d'Affaires Pavel SHIDLOVSKIY (since 23 April 2014)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"chancery": {
|
||||
"text": "1619 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009"
|
||||
|
|
@ -484,13 +479,13 @@
|
|||
"text": "46 Starovilenskaya Street, Minsk 220002"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"mailing address": {
|
||||
"text": "PSC 78, Box B Minsk, APO 09723"
|
||||
"text": "Unit 7010 Box 100, DPO AE 09769"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"telephone": {
|
||||
"text": "[375] (17) 210-12-83"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"FAX": {
|
||||
"text": "[375] (17) 234-7853"
|
||||
"text": "[375] (17) 334-7853"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Flag description": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -513,47 +508,47 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Economy": {
|
||||
"Economy - overview": {
|
||||
"text": "As part of the former Soviet Union, Belarus had a relatively well-developed, though aging industrial base; it retained this industrial base - which is now outdated, energy inefficient, and dependent on subsidized Russian energy and preferential access to Russian markets - following the breakup of the USSR. The country also has a broad agricultural base which is largely inefficient and dependent on government subsidies. After an initial burst of capitalist reform from 1991-94, including privatization of smaller state enterprises and some service sector businesses, creation of institutions of private property, and development of entrepreneurship, Belarus' economic development greatly slowed. About 80% of all industry remains in state hands, and foreign investment has been hindered by a climate hostile to business. A few banks, which had been privatized after independence, were renationalized. State banks account for 75% of the banking sector. Economic output, which had declined for several years following the collapse of the Soviet Union, revived in the mid-2000s thanks to the boom in oil prices. Belarus has only small reserves of crude oil, though it imports most of its crude oil and natural gas from Russia at prices substantially below the world market. Belarus exported refined oil products at market prices produced from Russian crude oil purchased at a steep discount. In late 2006, Russia began a process of rolling back its subsidies on oil and gas to Belarus. Tensions over Russian energy reached a peak in 2010, when Russia stopped the export of all subsidized oil to Belarus save for domestic needs. In December 2010, Russia and Belarus reached a deal to restart the export of discounted oil to Belarus. In 2015, Belarus continued to import Russian crude oil at a discounted price. However, the plunge in global oil prices heavily reduced revenues. Little new foreign investment has occurred in recent years. In 2011, a financial crisis began, triggered by government directed salary hikes unsupported by commensurate productivity increases. The crisis was compounded by an increased cost in Russian energy inputs and an overvalued Belarusian ruble, and eventually led to a near three-fold devaluation of the Belarusian ruble in 2011. In November 2011, Belarus agreed to sell to Russia its remaining shares in Beltransgaz, the Belarusian natural gas pipeline operator, in exchange for reduced prices for Russian natural gas. Receiving more than half of a $3 billion loan from the Russian-dominated Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) Bail-out Fund, a $1 billion loan from the Russian state-owned bank Sberbank, and the $2.5 billion sale of Beltranzgas to Russian state-owned Gazprom helped stabilize the situation in 2012; nevertheless, the Belarusian currency lost more than 60% of its value, as the rate of inflation reached new highs in 2011 and 2012, before calming in 2013. As of January 2014, the final tranche of the EurAsEC loan has been delayed. In December 2013, Russia announced a new loan for Belarus of up to $2 billion for 2014. Notwithstanding foreign assistance, the Belarusian economy continued to struggle under the weight of high external debt servicing payments and trade deficit. In mid-December 2014, structural economic shortcomings were aggravated by the devaluation of the Russian ruble and triggered a near 40% devaluation of the Belarusian ruble. Belarus entered 2015 with stagnant economic growth and reduced hard currency reserves, with under one month of import cover."
|
||||
"text": "As part of the former Soviet Union, Belarus had a relatively well-developed, though aging industrial base; it retained this industrial base - which is now outdated, energy inefficient, and dependent on subsidized Russian energy and preferential access to Russian markets - following the breakup of the USSR. The country also has a broad agricultural base which is largely inefficient and dependent on government subsidies. After an initial burst of capitalist reform from 1991-94, including privatization of smaller state enterprises and some service sector businesses, creation of institutions of private property, and development of entrepreneurship, Belarus' economic development greatly slowed. About 80% of all industry remains in state hands, and foreign investment has been hindered by a climate hostile to business. A few banks, which had been privatized after independence, were renationalized. State banks account for 75% of the banking sector. ++ ++ Economic output, which had declined for several years following the collapse of the Soviet Union, revived in the mid-2000s due to the boom in oil prices. Belarus has only small reserves of crude oil, though it imports most of its crude oil and natural gas from Russia at prices substantially below the world market. Belarus exported refined oil products at market prices produced from Russian crude oil purchased at a steep discount. In late 2006, Russia began a process of rolling back its subsidies on oil and gas to Belarus. Tensions over Russian energy reached a peak in 2010, when Russia stopped the export of all subsidized oil to Belarus save for domestic needs. In December 2010, Russia and Belarus reached a deal to restart the export of discounted oil to Belarus. In 2015, Belarus continued to import Russian crude oil at a discounted price. However, the plunge in global oil prices heavily reduced revenues. ++ ++ Little new foreign investment has occurred in recent years. In 2011, a financial crisis began, triggered by government directed salary hikes unsupported by commensurate productivity increases. The crisis was compounded by an increased cost in Russian energy inputs and an overvalued Belarusian ruble, and eventually led to a near three-fold devaluation of the Belarusian ruble in 2011. In November 2011, Belarus agreed to sell to Russia its remaining shares in Beltransgaz, the Belarusian natural gas pipeline operator, in exchange for reduced prices for Russian natural gas. Receiving part of a $3 billion loan from the Russian-dominated Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) Bail-out Fund, a $1 billion loan from the Russian state-owned bank Sberbank, and the $2.5 billion sale of Beltransgaz to Russian state-owned Gazprom helped stabilize the situation in 2012; nevertheless, the Belarusian currency lost more than 60% of its value, as the rate of inflation reached new highs in 2011 and 2012, before calming in 2013. In December 2013, Russia announced a new loan for Belarus of up to $2 billion for 2014. Notwithstanding foreign assistance, the Belarusian economy continued to struggle under the weight of high external debt servicing payments and trade deficit. In mid-December 2014, structural economic shortcomings were aggravated by the devaluation of the Russian ruble and triggered a near 40% devaluation of the Belarusian ruble. Belarus entered 2015 with stagnant economic growth and reduced hard currency reserves, with under one month of import cover."
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
|
||||
"text": "$172.8 billion (2014 est.) ++ $170.1 billion (2013 est.) ++ $168.3 billion (2012 est.)",
|
||||
"text": "$168.3 billion (2015 est.) ++ $175.1 billion (2014 est.) ++ $172.1 billion (2013 est.)",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
|
||||
"text": "$76.14 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$54.61 billion (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - real growth rate": {
|
||||
"text": "1.6% (2014 est.) ++ 1% (2013 est.) ++ 1.7% (2012 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-3.9% (2015 est.) ++ 1.7% (2014 est.) ++ 1% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
|
||||
"text": "$18,200 (2014 est.) ++ $18,000 (2013 est.) ++ $17,800 (2012 est.)",
|
||||
"text": "$17,700 (2015 est.) ++ $18,500 (2014 est.) ++ $18,200 (2013 est.)",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Gross national saving": {
|
||||
"text": "28.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 29.2% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 31.6% of GDP (2012 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "30.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 28.5% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 29.2% of GDP (2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
|
||||
"household consumption": {
|
||||
"text": "50.6%"
|
||||
"text": "50.3%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"government consumption": {
|
||||
"text": "14.1%"
|
||||
"text": "14.9%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"investment in fixed capital": {
|
||||
"text": "32.1%"
|
||||
"text": "28.6%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"investment in inventories": {
|
||||
"text": "3.9%"
|
||||
"text": "6%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"exports of goods and services": {
|
||||
"text": "57.2%"
|
||||
"text": "60%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"imports of goods and services": {
|
||||
"text": "-57.9% ++ (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-59.8% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -561,10 +556,10 @@
|
|||
"text": "8.9%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"industry": {
|
||||
"text": "42.4%"
|
||||
"text": "41.3%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"services": {
|
||||
"text": "48.7% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "49.8% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Agriculture - products": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -574,7 +569,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "metal-cutting machine tools, tractors, trucks, earthmovers, motorcycles, televisions, synthetic fibers, fertilizer, textiles, radios, refrigerators"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Industrial production growth rate": {
|
||||
"text": "0.5% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-6.5% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Labor force": {
|
||||
"text": "4.546 million (2013 est.)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -612,71 +607,71 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Budget": {
|
||||
"revenues": {
|
||||
"text": "$30.53 billion"
|
||||
"text": "$22.97 billion"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"expenditures": {
|
||||
"text": "$29.71 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$22.17 billion (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Taxes and other revenues": {
|
||||
"text": "40.1% of GDP (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "42.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
|
||||
"text": "1.1% of GDP (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Public debt": {
|
||||
"text": "34.1% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 31.9% of GDP (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "48.5% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 34.1% of GDP (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Fiscal year": {
|
||||
"text": "calendar year"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
|
||||
"text": "18.1% (2014 est.) ++ 18.3% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "13.5% (2015 est.) ++ 18.1% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Central bank discount rate": {
|
||||
"text": "20% (13 August 2014) ++ 10.5% (31 December 2010)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
|
||||
"text": "18.74% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 19.13% (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "18.08% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 18.74% (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of narrow money": {
|
||||
"text": "$3.524 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $3.901 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$2.301 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $3.524 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of broad money": {
|
||||
"text": "$9.073 billion (31 December 2013 est.) ++ $7.655 billion (31 December 2012 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$5.651 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $7.608 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of domestic credit": {
|
||||
"text": "$27.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $26.31 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$22.23 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $27.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
|
||||
"text": "$NA"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Current account balance": {
|
||||
"text": "-$5.094 billion (2014 est.) ++ -$7.567 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-$2.074 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$5.222 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports": {
|
||||
"text": "$35.74 billion (2014 est.) ++ $36.54 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$26.19 billion (2015 est.) ++ $35.42 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports - commodities": {
|
||||
"text": "machinery and equipment, mineral products, chemicals, metals, textiles, foodstuffs"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports - partners": {
|
||||
"text": "Russia 42.2%, Ukraine 11.3%, UK 8.2%, Netherlands 4.8%, Germany 4.6% (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "Russia 39%, UK 11.2%, Ukraine 9.5%, Netherlands 4.3%, Germany 4.1% (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports": {
|
||||
"text": "$38.33 billion (2014 est.) ++ $41.13 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$28.33 billion (2015 est.) ++ $38.06 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports - commodities": {
|
||||
"text": "mineral products, machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, metals"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports - partners": {
|
||||
"text": "Russia 54.6%, Germany 6%, China 5.8%, Ukraine 4.1% (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "Russia 56.6%, China 7.9%, Germany 4.6% (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
|
||||
"text": "$5.059 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $6.651 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$4.176 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $5.059 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Debt - external": {
|
||||
"text": "$38.64 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $39.11 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$34.85 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $40.01 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
|
||||
"text": "$10.17 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -685,10 +680,15 @@
|
|||
"text": "$6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exchange rates": {
|
||||
"text": "Belarusian rubles (BYB/BYR) per US dollar - ++ 10,224.1 (2014 est.) ++ 10,224.1 (2013 est.) ++ 8,336.9 (2012 est.) ++ 4,974.6 (2011 est.) ++ 2,978.5 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "Belarusian rubles (BYB/BYR) per US dollar - ++ 15,926 (2015 est.) ++ 10,224.1 (2014 est.) ++ 10,224.1 (2013 est.) ++ 8,336.9 (2012 est.) ++ 4,974.6 (2011 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Energy": {
|
||||
"Electricity access": {
|
||||
"electrification - total population": {
|
||||
"text": "100% (2016)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Electricity - production": {
|
||||
"text": "31.5 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -762,18 +762,18 @@
|
|||
"Communications": {
|
||||
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
|
||||
"total subscriptions": {
|
||||
"text": "4.5 million"
|
||||
"text": "4,540,678"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||||
"text": "47 (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "47 (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "11.4 million"
|
||||
"text": "11.448 million"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||||
"text": "119 (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "119 (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Telephone system": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -781,34 +781,45 @@
|
|||
"text": "Belarus lags behind its neighbors in upgrading telecommunications infrastructure; modernization of the network progressing with roughly two-thirds of switching equipment now digital"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "state-owned Beltelcom is the sole provider of fixed-line local and long distance service; fixed-line teledensity is improving although rural areas continue to be underserved; multiple GSM mobile-cellular networks are experiencing rapid growth; mobile-cellular teledensity now exceeds 100 telephones per 100 persons"
|
||||
"text": "state-owned Beltelcom is the sole provider of fixed-line local and long distance service; fixed-line teledensity is improving although rural areas continue to be underserved; multiple GSM mobile-cellular networks are experiencing rapid growth; mobile-cellular teledensity now approaching 120 telephones per 100 persons"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"international": {
|
||||
"text": "country code - 375; Belarus is a member of the Trans-European Line (TEL), Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line, and has access to the Trans-Siberia Line (TSL); 3 fiber-optic segments provide connectivity to Latvia, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine; worldwide service is available to Belarus through this infrastructure; additional analog lines to Russia; Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik earth stations (2008)"
|
||||
"text": "country code - 375; Belarus is a member of the Trans-European Line (TEL), Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line, and has access to the Trans-Siberia Line (TSL); 3 fiber-optic segments provide connectivity to Latvia, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine; worldwide service is available to Belarus through this infrastructure; additional analog lines to Russia; Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik earth stations (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Broadcast media": {
|
||||
"text": "4 state-controlled national TV channels; Polish and Russian TV broadcasts are available in some areas; state-run Belarusian Radio operates 3 national networks and an external service; Russian and Polish radio broadcasts are available (2007)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Radio broadcast stations": {
|
||||
"text": "AM 28, FM 37, shortwave 11 (1998)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Television broadcast stations": {
|
||||
"text": "47 (plus 27 repeaters) (1995)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Internet country code": {
|
||||
"text": ".by"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Internet users": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "5 million"
|
||||
"text": "5.968 million"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"percent of population": {
|
||||
"text": "52.2% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "62.2% (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transportation": {
|
||||
"National air transport system": {
|
||||
"number of registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "2"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "30"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "1,489,035"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "1.807 million mt-km (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
|
||||
"text": "EW (2016)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Airports": {
|
||||
"text": "65 (2013)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -846,7 +857,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "2"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"under 914 m": {
|
||||
"text": " ++ 28 (2013)"
|
||||
"text": "28 (2013)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Heliports": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -886,39 +897,15 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military": {
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military branches": {
|
||||
"text": "Belarus Armed Forces: Land Force, Air and Air Defense Force, Special Operations Force (2013)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military service age and obligation": {
|
||||
"text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation is 12-18 months, depending on academic qualifications; 17 year olds are eligible to become cadets at military higher education institutes, where they are classified as military personnel (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower available for military service": {
|
||||
"males age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "2,401,785"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"females age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "2,429,653 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower fit for military service": {
|
||||
"males age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "1,693,626"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"females age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "2,012,401 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
|
||||
"male": {
|
||||
"text": "51,855"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"female": {
|
||||
"text": "48,760 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
"text": "1.3% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.2% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.27% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.2% of GDP (2010)"
|
||||
"text": "1.3% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.3% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.2% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.27% of GDP (2011)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -930,15 +917,15 @@
|
|||
"text": "126,407 applicants for forms of legal stay other than asylum (Ukraine) (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"stateless persons": {
|
||||
"text": "6,440 (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "5,635 (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Trafficking in persons": {
|
||||
"current situation": {
|
||||
"text": "Belarus is a source, transit, and destination country for women, men, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; women and children are trafficked to European and Middle Eastern countries and within Belarus for sexual exploitation; Belarusian men, women, and children are found in forced labor in the construction industry and other sectors in Russia, Belarus, and other countries; Ukrainian women may be sex trafficked in Belarus"
|
||||
"text": "Belarus is a source, transit, and destination country for women, men, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; more victims are exploited within Belarus than abroad; Belarusians exploited abroad are primarily trafficked to Germany, Poland, Russian, and Turkey but also other European countries, the Middle East, Japan, Kazakhstan, and Mexico; Moldovans, Russians, Ukrainians, and Vietnamese are exploited in Belarus; state-sponsored forced labor is a continuing problem; students are forced to do farm labor without pay and military conscripts are forced to perform unpaid non-military work; the government has retained a decree forbidding workers in state-owned wood processing factories from leaving their jobs without their employers’ permission"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"tier rating": {
|
||||
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List – Belarus does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government has a written plan that, if implemented, would constitute a significant effort toward meeting the minimum standards for eliminating human trafficking; authorities did not convict any trafficker and conducted the fewest investigations in the last four years; a 2013 law permitting state funding for NGOs that provide services to victims has not been implemented; the government retained a decree forbidding workers from leaving their jobs in the wood processing industry without their employer’s permission, and authorities did not identify any labor trafficking victims; continuing efforts to prevent human trafficking included awareness campaigns, penalizing fraudulent labor recruitment, and a safe migration hotline (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "Tier 3 – Belarus does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and was placed on Tier 3 after being on the Tier 2 Watch List for two consecutive years without making progress; government efforts to repeal state-sponsored forced labor policies and domestic trafficking were inadequate; no trafficking offenders were convicted in 2014, and the number of investigations progressively declined from 2005-2014; efforts to protect trafficking victims remain insufficient, with no identification and referral mechanism in place; care facilities were not trafficking-specific and were poorly equipped, leading most victims to seek assistance from private shelters (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Illicit drugs": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue