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Gerald Bauer
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europe/bk.json
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europe/bk.json
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
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{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "Bosnia and Herzegovina declared sovereignty in October 1991 and independence from the former Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992 after a referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia and Montenegro - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form a \"Greater Serbia.\" In March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement creating a joint Bosniak-Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed a peace agreement that ended three years of interethnic civil strife (the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995). ++ The Dayton Peace Accords retained Bosnia and Herzegovina's international boundaries and created a multiethnic and democratic government charged with conducting foreign, diplomatic, and fiscal policy. Also recognized was a second tier of government composed of two entities roughly equal in size: the Bosniak-Bosnian Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS). The Federation and RS governments are responsible for overseeing most government functions. Additionally, the Dayton Accords established the Office of the High Representative to oversee the implementation of the civilian aspects of the agreement. The Peace Implementation Council at its conference in Bonn in 1997 also gave the High Representative the authority to impose legislation and remove officials, the so-called \"Bonn Powers.\" An original NATO-led international peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops assembled in 1995 was succeeded over time by a smaller, NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR). In 2004, European Union peacekeeping troops (EUFOR) replaced SFOR. Currently EUFOR deploys around 600 troops in theater in a security assistance and training capacity."
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"text": "Bosnia and Herzegovina declared sovereignty in October 1991 and independence from the former Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992 after a referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia and Montenegro - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form a \"Greater Serbia.\" In March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement creating a joint Bosniak-Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed a peace agreement that ended three years of interethnic civil strife (the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995). ++ The Dayton Peace Accords retained Bosnia and Herzegovina's international boundaries and created a multiethnic and democratic government charged with conducting foreign, diplomatic, and fiscal policy. Also recognized was a second tier of government composed of two entities roughly equal in size: the predominantly Bosniak-Bosnian Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the predominantly Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS). The Federation and RS governments are responsible for overseeing most government functions. Additionally, the Dayton Accords established the Office of the High Representative to oversee the implementation of the civilian aspects of the agreement. The Peace Implementation Council at its conference in Bonn in 1997 also gave the High Representative the authority to impose legislation and remove officials, the so-called \"Bonn Powers.\" An original NATO-led international peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops assembled in 1995 was succeeded over time by a smaller, NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR). In 2004, European Union peacekeeping troops (EUFOR) replaced SFOR. Currently, EUFOR deploys around 600 troops in theater in a security assistance and training capacity."
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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@ -48,12 +48,12 @@
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"Terrain": {
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"text": "mountains and valleys"
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},
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"Elevation extremes": {
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"lowest point": {
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"text": "Adriatic Sea 0 m"
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"Elevation": {
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"mean elevation": {
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"text": "500 m"
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},
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"highest point": {
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"text": "Maglic 2,386 m"
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"elevation extremes": {
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"text": "lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m ++ highest point: Maglic 2,386 m"
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}
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},
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"Natural resources": {
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@ -71,10 +71,10 @@
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}
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},
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"Irrigated land": {
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"text": "30 sq km (2003)"
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"text": "30 sq km (2012)"
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},
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"Total renewable water resources": {
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"text": "37.5 cu km (2011)"
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"Population - distribution": {
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"text": "the northern and central areas of the country are the most densely populated"
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},
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"Natural hazards": {
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"text": "destructive earthquakes"
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@ -95,6 +95,9 @@
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}
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},
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"People and Society": {
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"Population": {
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"text": "3,861,912 (July 2016 est.)"
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},
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"Nationality": {
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"noun": {
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"text": "Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)"
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@ -104,38 +107,32 @@
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}
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},
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"Ethnic groups": {
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"text": "Bosniak 48.4%, Serb 32.7%, Croat 14.6%, other 4.3%",
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"text": "Bosniak 50.1%, Serb 30.8%, Croat 15.4%, other 2.7%, not declared/no answer 1%",
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"note": {
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"text": "final 2013 census results are pending; Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam (2013 est.)"
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"text": "the methodology remains disputed and Republika Srspka authorities refuse to recognize the results; Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam (2013 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Languages": {
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"text": "Bosnian (official), Croatian (official), Serbian (official)"
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"text": "Bosnian (official) 52.9%, Serbian (official) 30.8%, Croatian (official) 14.6%, other 1.6%, no answer 0.2% (2013 est.)"
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},
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"Religions": {
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"text": "Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Roman Catholic 15%, other 14%"
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},
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"Population": {
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"text": "3,867,055 (July 2015 est.)"
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"text": "Muslim 50.7%, Orthodox 30.7%, Roman Catholic 15.2%, atheist 0.8%, agnostic 0.3%, other 1.2%, undeclared/no answer 1.1% (2013 est.)"
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},
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"Age structure": {
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"0-14 years": {
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"text": "13.48% (male 269,086/female 252,189)"
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"text": "13.36% (male 266,389/female 249,425)"
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},
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"15-24 years": {
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"text": "12.36% (male 246,849/female 231,007)"
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"text": "11.97% (male 238,682/female 223,599)"
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},
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"25-54 years": {
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"text": "46.48% (male 902,704/female 894,787)"
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"text": "46.2% (male 896,760/female 887,407)"
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},
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"55-64 years": {
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"text": "14.01% (male 259,579/female 282,371)"
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"text": "14.43% (male 267,628/female 289,464)"
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},
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"65 years and over": {
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"text": "13.67% (male 206,288/female 322,195) (2015 est.)"
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},
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"population pyramid": {
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"text": null
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"text": "14.05% (male 212,574/female 329,984) (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Dependency ratios": {
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@ -154,26 +151,29 @@
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},
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"Median age": {
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"total": {
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"text": "41.2 years"
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"text": "41.7 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "39.8 years"
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"text": "40.2 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "42.6 years (2015 est.)"
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"text": "43.1 years (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Population growth rate": {
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"text": "-0.13% (2015 est.)"
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"text": "-0.14% (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Birth rate": {
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"text": "8.87 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "8.8 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Death rate": {
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"text": "9.75 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "9.9 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Net migration rate": {
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"text": "-0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "-0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Population distribution": {
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"text": "the northern and central areas of the country are the most densely populated"
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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"urban population": {
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"text": "0.64 male(s)/female"
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},
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"total population": {
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"text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
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"text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
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"text": "26.7 (2013 est.)"
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},
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"Maternal mortality rate": {
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"text": "11 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Infant mortality rate": {
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"total": {
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"text": "5.72 deaths/1,000 live births"
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"text": "5.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "5.79 deaths/1,000 live births"
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"text": "5.7 deaths/1,000 live births"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "5.64 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
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"text": "5.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Life expectancy at birth": {
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"total population": {
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"text": "76.55 years"
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"text": "76.7 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "73.54 years"
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"text": "73.7 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "79.77 years (2015 est.)"
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"text": "80 years (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Total fertility rate": {
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"text": "1.27 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
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"text": "1.28 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
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"text": "45.8% (2011/12)"
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},
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"Health expenditures": {
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"text": "9.6% of GDP (2013)"
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"text": "9.6% of GDP (2014)"
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},
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"Physicians density": {
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"text": "1.93 physicians/1,000 population (2013)"
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@ -297,6 +300,17 @@
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"text": "97.5% (2015 est.)"
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}
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},
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"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
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"total": {
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"text": "14 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "14 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "15 years (2014)"
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}
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},
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"Child labor - children ages 5-14": {
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"total number": {
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"text": "24,722"
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@ -336,10 +350,13 @@
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},
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"abbreviation": {
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"text": "BiH"
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},
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"etymology": {
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"text": "the larger northern territory is named for the Bosna River; the smaller southern section takes its name from the German word \"herzog,\" meaning \"duke,\" and the ending \"-ovina,\" meaning \"land,\" forming the combination denoting \"dukedom\""
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}
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},
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"Government type": {
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"text": "federal democratic republic"
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"text": "parliamentary republic"
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},
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"Capital": {
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"name": {
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}
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},
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"Administrative divisions": {
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"text": "2 first-order administrative divisions and 1 internationally supervised district* - the Bosniak-Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine), the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska, Brcko District (Brcko Distrikt)*; note - Brcko District is in northeastern Bosnia and is a self-governing administrative unit under the sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina and formally held in condominium between the two entities"
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"text": "2 first-order administrative divisions and 1 internationally supervised district* - the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine) (predominantly Bosniak-Croat), the Republika Srpska (predominately Serb), Brcko District (Brcko Distrikt)*; note - Brcko District is in northeastern Bosnia and is a self-governing administrative unit under the sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina and formally held in condominium between the two entities"
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},
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"Independence": {
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"text": "1 March 1992 (from Yugoslavia); note - referendum for independence completed on 1 March 1992; independence declared on 3 March 1992"
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},
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"National holiday": {
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"text": "National Day (Statehood Day), 25 November (1943); note - observed only in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity"
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"text": "National Day (Statehood Day), 25 November (1943); Independence Day, 1 March (1992); note - observed only in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina ++ Dayton Agreement Day, 21 November (2007); note - observed only in the Republika Srpska",
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"note": {
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"text": "there is no national-level holiday"
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}
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},
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"Constitution": {
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"text": "14 December 1995 (constitution included as part of the Dayton Peace Accords); amended several times, last in 2009; note - each of the entities has its own constitution (2015)"
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"text": "14 December 1995 (constitution included as part of the Dayton Peace Accords); amended several times, last in 2009; note - each of the entities has its own constitution (2016)"
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},
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"Legal system": {
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"text": "civil law system; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts"
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"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
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},
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"Citizenship": {
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"birthright citizenship": {
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"text": "no, unless at least one parent is a citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina"
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"citizenship by birth": {
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"text": "no"
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},
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"citizenship by descent only": {
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"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina"
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},
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"dual citizenship recognized": {
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"text": "yes, provided there is a bilateral agreement with the other state"
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@ -389,7 +412,7 @@
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},
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"Executive branch": {
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"chief of state": {
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"text": "Chairman of the Presidency Dragan COVIC (chairman since 17 July 2015; presidency member since 17 November 2014 - Croat) ; other members of the three-member presidency rotate every eight months"
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"text": "Chairman of the Presidency Bakir IZETBEGOVIC (chairman since 17 March 2016, presidency member since 10 November 2010 - Bosniak); Dragan COVIC (presidency member since 17 November 2014 - Croat); Mladen IVANIC (presidency member since 17 November 2014 - Serb)"
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},
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"head of government": {
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"text": "Chairman of the Council of Ministers Denis ZVIZDIC (since 11 February 2015)"
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@ -398,7 +421,7 @@
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"text": "Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman, approved by the state-level House of Representatives"
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},
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"elections/appointments": {
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"text": "3-member presidency (one Bosniak, one Croat, one Serb) directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term, but then ineligible for 4 years) by constituencies of the 3 ethnic groups; the chairmanship rotates every 8 months and resumes where it left off following each general election; election last held on 12 October 2014 (next to be held in October 2018); the chairman of the Council of Ministers appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the state-level House of Representatives"
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"text": "3-member presidency (1 Bosniak and 1 Croat elected from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 1 Serb elected from the Republika Srpska) directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term, but then ineligible for 4 years); the presidency chairpersonship rotates every 8 months and resumes where it left off following each general election; election last held on 12 October 2014 (next to be held in October 2018); the chairman of the Council of Ministers appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the state-level House of Representatives"
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},
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"election results": {
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"text": "percent of vote - Mladen IVANIC 48.7% - Serb seat; Dragan COVIC 52.2% - Croat seat; Bakir IZETBEGOVIC 32.9% - Bosniak seat"
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},
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"Legislative branch": {
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"description": {
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"text": "bicameral Parliamentary Assembly or Skupstina consists of the House of Peoples or Dom Naroda (15 seats - 5 Bosniak, 5 Croat, 5 Serb; members designated by the Bosniak/Croat Federation's House of Peoples and the Republika Srpska's National Assembly to serve 4-year terms) and the state-level House of Representatives or Predstavnicki Dom (42 seats to include 28 seats allocated to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 14 to the Republika Srpska; members directly elected by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms); note - the Bosniak/Croat Federation has a bicameral legislature that consists of the House of Peoples (58 seats - 17 Bosniak, 17 Croat, 17 Serb, 7 other) and the House of Representatives (98 seats; members directly elected by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms); Republika Srpska's unicameral legislature is the National Assembly (83 directly elected delegates serve four-year terms)"
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"text": "bicameral Parliamentary Assembly or Skupstina consists of the House of Peoples or Dom Naroda (15 seats - 5 Bosniak, 5 Croat, 5 Serb; members designated by the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina's House of Peoples and the Republika Srpska's National Assembly to serve 4-year terms) and the state-level House of Representatives or Predstavnicki Dom (42 seats to include 28 seats allocated to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 14 to the Republika Srpska; members directly elected by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms); note - the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina has a bicameral legislature that consists of the House of Peoples (58 seats - 17 Bosniak, 17 Croat, 17 Serb, 7 other) and the House of Representatives (98 seats; members directly elected by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms); Republika Srpska's unicameral legislature is the National Assembly (83 directly elected delegates serve 4-year terms)"
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},
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"elections": {
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"text": "House of Peoples - last constituted in 11 February 2015 (next likely to be constituted in 2018); state-level House of Representatives - election last held on 12 October 2014 (next to be held in October 2018)"
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"text": "House of Peoples - last constituted in 11 February 2015 (next likely to be constituted in 2019); state-level House of Representatives - election last held on 12 October 2014 (next to be held in October 2018)"
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},
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"election results": {
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"text": "House of Peoples - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by party/coalition - NA; state-level House of Representatives - percent of vote by party/coalition - Federation votes: SDA 27.9%, DF 15.3%, SBB BiH 14.4%, HDZ BiH-HSS-NHI-HKDU-HSP-dr. Ante Starcevic-HSP Herceg-Bosne 12.2%, SDP BiH 9.5%, HDZ-1990 4.1%, BPS-Sefer Halilovic 3.7%, A-SDA 2.3%, other 10.6%; Republika Srpska votes: SNSD 38.5%, SDS 32.6%, PDP-NDP 7.8%, DNS 5.7%, SDA 4.9%, other 10.5%; seats by party/coalition - SDA 10, SNSD 6, SDS 5, DF 5, SBB BiH 4, HDZ BiH-HSS-NHI-HKDU-HSP-Dr. Ante Starcevic-HSP Herceg-Bosne 4, SDP BiH 3, PDP-NDP 1, HDZ-1990 1, BPS-Sefer Halilovic 1, DNS 1, A-SDA 1"
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"text": "House of Peoples - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by party/coalition - NA; state-level House of Representatives - percent of vote by party/coalition - Federation votes: SDA 27.9%, DF 15.3%, SBB BiH 14.4%, Croat People's Assembly coalition or HNS (HDZ BiH-HSS-NHI-HKDU-HSP BiH-HSP HB) 12.2%, SDP 9.5%, HDZ-1990 4.1%, BPS-Sefer Halilovic 3.7%, A-SDA 2.3%, other 10.6%; Republika Srpska votes: SNSD 38.5%, SDS 32.6%, PDP-NDP 7.8%, DNS 5.7%, SDA 4.9%, other 10.5%; seats by party/coalition - SDA 10, SNSD 6, SDS 5, DF 5, SBB BiH 4, Croat People's Assembly coalition or HNS (HDZ BiH-HSS-NHI-HKDU-HSP BiH-HSP HB) 4, SDP 3, PDP-NDP 1, HDZ-1990 1, BPS-Sefer Halilovic 1, DNS 1, A-SDA 1"
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}
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},
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"Judicial branch": {
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}
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},
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"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Alliance for a Better Future of BiH or SBB BiH [Fahrudin RADONCIC] ++ Alliance of Independent Social Democrats or SNSD [Milorad DODIK] ++ Bosnian-Herzegovinian Patriotic Party-Sefer Halilovic or BPS-Sefer Halilovic [Sefer HALILOVIC] ++ Croat Peasants' Party-New Croat Initiative or HSS-NHI [Ante COLAK] ++ Croatian Christian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HKDU [Ivan MUSA] ++ Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HDZ-BiH [Dragan COVIC] ++ Croatian Democratic Union 1990 or HDZ-1990 [Martin RAGUZ] ++ Croatian Party of Rights dr. Ante Starcevic or HSP dr. Ante Starcevic [Zvonko JURISIC] ++ Croatian Party of Rights of Herceg-Bosne or HSP Herceg-Bosne [Vesna PINJUH] ++ Democratic Front of DF [Zeljko KOMSIC] ++ Democratic Peoples' Alliance or DNS [Marko PAVIC] ++ Party of Democratic Action or SDA [Bakir IZETBEGOVIC] ++ Party of Democratic Activity or A-SDA [Nermin OGRESEVIC] ++ Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [Mladen IVANIC] ++ People's Democratic Movement or NDP [Dragan CAVIC] (unification of the Democratic Party or DP and the People's Democratic Party or NDS) ++ Serb Democratic Party or SDS [Mladen BOSIC] ++ Social Democratic Party of BiH or SDP BiH [Nermin NIKSIC]"
|
||||
"text": "Alliance for a Better Future of BiH or SBB BiH [Fahrudin RADONCIC] ++ Alliance of Independent Social Democrats or SNSD [Milorad DODIK] ++ Alternative Party for Democratic Activity or A-SDA [Nermin OGRESEVIC] ++ Bosnian-Herzegovinian Patriotic Party-Sefer Halilovic or BPS-Sefer Halilovic [Sefer HALILOVIC] ++ Croat Peasants' Party or HSS [Mario KARAMATIC] ++ Croatian Christian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HKDU [Ivan MUSA] ++ Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HDZ-BiH [Dragan COVIC] ++ Croatian Democratic Union 1990 or HDZ-1990 [acting president Ilija CVITANOVIC] ++ Croatian Party of Rights or HSP BiH [Stanko PRIMORAC] ++ Croatian Party of Rights of Herceg-Bosne or HSP HB [Vesna PINJUH] ++ Croatian People's Party-Liberal Democrats or HNS [Ivan VRDOLJAK] ++ Democratic Front of DF [Zeljko KOMSIC] ++ Democratic Peoples' Alliance or DNS [Marko PAVIC] ++ Party for Democratic Action or SDA [Bakir IZETBEGOVIC] ++ Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [Branislav BORENOVIC] ++ People's Democratic Movement or NDP [Dragan CAVIC] ++ Serb Democratic Party or SDS [Mladen BOSIC] ++ Social Democratic Party or SDP [Nermin NIKSIC]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -442,7 +465,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Adnan HADROVIC (since 1 August 2015)"
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador Haris HRLE (since 23 October 2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"chancery": {
|
||||
"text": "2109 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20037"
|
||||
|
|
@ -500,38 +523,38 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Economy": {
|
||||
"Economy - overview": {
|
||||
"text": "Bosnia has a transitional economy with limited market reforms. The economy relies heavily on the export of metals, energy, textiles and furniture as well as on remittances and foreign aid. A highly decentralized government hampers economic policy coordination and reform, while excessive bureaucracy and a segmented market discourage foreign investment. Interethnic warfare in Bosnia and Herzegovina caused production to plummet by 80% from 1992 to 1995 and unemployment to soar, but the economy made progress until 2009, when the global economic crisis caused a downturn. Foreign banks, primarily from Austria and Italy, now control most of the banking sector. The konvertibilna marka (convertible mark or BAM) - the national currency introduced in 1998 - is pegged to the euro, and confidence in the currency and the banking sector has remained stable. Bosnia's private sector is growing slowly, but foreign investment has dropped sharply since 2007. Government spending - including transfer payments - remains high, at roughly 40% of GDP, because of redundant government offices at the national, sub-national, and municipal level. High unemployment remains the most serious macroeconomic problem. Successful implementation of a value-added tax in 2006 provided a steady source of revenue for the government and helped rein in gray-market activity. National-level statistics have also improved over time but a large share of economic activity remains unofficial and unrecorded. Bosnia and Herzegovina became a full member of the Central European Free Trade Agreement in September 2007. Bosnia and Herzegovina's top economic priorities are: acceleration of integration into the EU; strengthening the fiscal system; public administration reform; World Trade Organization (WTO) membership; and securing economic growth by fostering a dynamic, competitive private sector. Flooding caused significant damage in the spring of 2014, and Bosnia will struggle to recover from it in 2015."
|
||||
"text": "Bosnia has a transitional economy with limited market reforms. The economy relies heavily on the export of metals, energy, textiles, and furniture as well as on remittances and foreign aid. A highly decentralized government hampers economic policy coordination and reform, while excessive bureaucracy and a segmented market discourage foreign investment. Foreign banks, primarily from Austria and Italy, now control most of the banking sector. The konvertibilna marka (convertible mark or BAM) - the national currency introduced in 1998 - is pegged to the euro, and confidence in the currency and the banking sector has remained stable. ++ ++ Interethnic warfare in Bosnia and Herzegovina caused production to plummet by 80% from 1992 to 1995 and unemployment to soar, but the economy made progress until 2008, when the global economic crisis caused a downturn. Bosnia and Herzegovina became a full member of the Central European Free Trade Agreement in September 2007. ++ ++ Bosnia's private sector is growing slowly, but foreign investment has dropped sharply since 2007. Government spending - including transfer payments - remains high, at roughly 40% of GDP, because of redundant government offices at the national, sub-national, and municipal level. High unemployment remains the most serious macroeconomic problem. Successful implementation of a value-added tax in 2006 provided a steady source of revenue for the government and helped rein in gray-market activity. National-level statistics have also improved over time but a large share of economic activity remains unofficial and unrecorded. ++ ++ Bosnia and Herzegovina's top economic priorities are: acceleration of integration into the EU; strengthening the fiscal system; public administration reform; World Trade Organization membership; and securing economic growth by fostering a dynamic, competitive private sector."
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
|
||||
"text": "$38.29 billion (2014 est.) ++ $37.89 billion (2013 est.) ++ $36.98 billion (2012 est.)",
|
||||
"text": "$40.76 billion (2015 est.) ++ $39.51 billion (2014 est.) ++ $39.08 billion (2013 est.)",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
|
||||
"text": "$18.17 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$16 billion (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - real growth rate": {
|
||||
"text": "1.1% (2014 est.) ++ 2.5% (2013 est.) ++ -1.2% (2012 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "3.2% (2015 est.) ++ 1.1% (2014 est.) ++ 2.4% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
|
||||
"text": "$9,900 (2014 est.) ++ $9,800 (2013 est.) ++ $9,600 (2012 est.)",
|
||||
"text": "$10,600 (2015 est.) ++ $10,200 (2014 est.) ++ $10,100 (2013 est.)",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Gross national saving": {
|
||||
"text": "10.1% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 11.2% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 9.3% of GDP (2012 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "10.5% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 10.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 11.7% of GDP (2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
|
||||
"household consumption": {
|
||||
"text": "81.2%"
|
||||
"text": "80.9%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"government consumption": {
|
||||
"text": "21.6%"
|
||||
"text": "21.5%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"investment in fixed capital": {
|
||||
"text": "18.3%"
|
||||
"text": "18.6%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"investment in inventories": {
|
||||
"text": "1.3%"
|
||||
|
|
@ -540,18 +563,18 @@
|
|||
"text": "32.8%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"imports of goods and services": {
|
||||
"text": "-55.1% ++ (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-55.1% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
|
||||
"agriculture": {
|
||||
"text": "8%"
|
||||
"text": "7.9%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"industry": {
|
||||
"text": "26.3%"
|
||||
"text": "26.5%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"services": {
|
||||
"text": "65.7% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "65.6% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Agriculture - products": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -561,10 +584,10 @@
|
|||
"text": "steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, ammunition, domestic appliances, oil refining"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Industrial production growth rate": {
|
||||
"text": "0.2% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "3.2% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Labor force": {
|
||||
"text": "1.47 million (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.47 million (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Labor force - by occupation": {
|
||||
"agriculture": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -578,7 +601,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Unemployment rate": {
|
||||
"text": "43.9% (2014 est.) ++ 44.8% (2013 est.)",
|
||||
"text": "43.2% (2015 est.) ++ 43.9% (2014 est.)",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "official rate; actual rate is lower as many technically unemployed persons work in the gray economy"
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -599,71 +622,71 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Budget": {
|
||||
"revenues": {
|
||||
"text": "$8.774 billion"
|
||||
"text": "$7.606 billion"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"expenditures": {
|
||||
"text": "$9.349 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$7.933 billion (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Taxes and other revenues": {
|
||||
"text": "48.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "48.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
|
||||
"text": "-3.2% of GDP (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-2.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Public debt": {
|
||||
"text": "44.8% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 41.6% of GDP (2013 est.)",
|
||||
"text": "46.1% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 44.8% of GDP (2014 est.)",
|
||||
"note": {
|
||||
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions."
|
||||
"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Fiscal year": {
|
||||
"text": "calendar year"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
|
||||
"text": "-0.9% (2014 est.) ++ -0.1% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-1% (2015 est.) ++ -0.9% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
|
||||
"text": "6.64% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 6.99% (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "5.79% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 6.64% (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of narrow money": {
|
||||
"text": "$4.538 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $4.721 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$4.554 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.538 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of broad money": {
|
||||
"text": "$11.75 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $10.95 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$9.223 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $10.72 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of domestic credit": {
|
||||
"text": "$10.48 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $11.57 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$9.389 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $10.23 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
|
||||
"text": "$NA"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Current account balance": {
|
||||
"text": "-$1.404 billion (2014 est.) ++ -$1.026 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-$901 million (2015 est.) ++ -$1.383 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports": {
|
||||
"text": "$4.49 billion (2014 est.) ++ $4.363 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$3.95 billion (2015 est.) ++ $4.489 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports - commodities": {
|
||||
"text": "metals, clothing, wood products"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports - partners": {
|
||||
"text": "Slovenia 16.4%, Italy 16.1%, Germany 12.8%, Austria 12.3%, Croatia 12% (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "Slovenia 16.5%, Italy 15.9%, Germany 12.1%, Croatia 11.5%, Austria 11.1%, Turkey 5.2% (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports": {
|
||||
"text": "$9.982 billion (2014 est.) ++ $9.337 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$8.173 billion (2015 est.) ++ $9.982 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports - commodities": {
|
||||
"text": "machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports - partners": {
|
||||
"text": "Croatia 20.2%, Germany 12.6%, Slovenia 12.2%, Italy 9.8%, Russia 6.8%, Austria 5.7%, Hungary 5% (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "Croatia 19.3%, Germany 13.9%, Slovenia 13.8%, Italy 10.9%, Austria 5.7%, Hungary 5.2%, Turkey 4.5% (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
|
||||
"text": "$4.744 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $4.868 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$4.791 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.858 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Debt - external": {
|
||||
"text": "$11.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $11.08 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$9.597 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $10.59 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
|
||||
"text": "$7.92 billion (2014 est.) ++ $7.721 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -672,10 +695,15 @@
|
|||
"text": "$0 (2014)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exchange rates": {
|
||||
"text": "konvertibilna markas (BAM) per US dollar - ++ 1.4718 (2014 est.) ++ 1.4718 (2013 est.) ++ 1.52 (2012 est.) ++ 1.407 (2011 est.) ++ 1.4767 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "konvertibilna markas (BAM) per US dollar - ++ 1.7626 (2015 est.) ++ 1.4742 (2014 est.) ++ 1.4718 (2013 est.) ++ 1.52 (2012 est.) ++ 1.407 (2011 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Energy": {
|
||||
"Electricity access": {
|
||||
"electrification - total population": {
|
||||
"text": "100% (2016)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Electricity - production": {
|
||||
"text": "16.3 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -749,53 +777,64 @@
|
|||
"Communications": {
|
||||
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
|
||||
"total subscriptions": {
|
||||
"text": "850,000"
|
||||
"text": "771,684"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||||
"text": "22 (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "20 (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "3.5 million"
|
||||
"text": "3.444 million"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||||
"text": "90 (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "89 (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Telephone system": {
|
||||
"general assessment": {
|
||||
"text": "post-war reconstruction of the telecommunications network, aided by an internationally sponsored program, resulting in sharp increases in fixed-line telephone availability"
|
||||
"text": "post-war reconstruction of the telecommunications network, aided by an internationally sponsored program, resulted in sharp increases in fixed-line telephone availability"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "fixed-line teledensity roughly 25 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership has been increasing rapidly and stands at roughly 80 telephones per 100 persons"
|
||||
"text": "fixed-line teledensity roughly 20 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership has been increasing rapidly and stands at roughly 90 telephones per 100 persons"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"international": {
|
||||
"text": "country code - 387; no satellite earth stations (2011)"
|
||||
"text": "country code - 387; no satellite earth stations (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Broadcast media": {
|
||||
"text": "3 public TV broadcasters: Radio and TV of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Federation TV (operating 2 networks), and Republika Srpska Radio-TV; a local commercial network of 5 TV stations; 3 private, near-national TV stations and dozens of small independent TV stations broadcasting; 3 large public radio broadcasters and many private radio stations (2010)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Radio broadcast stations": {
|
||||
"text": "AM 8, FM 16, shortwave 1 (1998)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Television broadcast stations": {
|
||||
"text": "33 (1995)"
|
||||
"text": "3 public TV broadcasters: Radio and TV of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Federation TV (operating 2 networks), and Republika Srpska Radio-TV; a local commercial network of 5 TV stations; 3 private, near-national TV stations and dozens of small independent TV broadcasting stations; 3 large public radio broadcasters and many private radio stations (2010)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Internet country code": {
|
||||
"text": ".ba"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Internet users": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "2.6 million"
|
||||
"text": "2.516 million"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"percent of population": {
|
||||
"text": "67.5% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "65.1% (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transportation": {
|
||||
"National air transport system": {
|
||||
"number of registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "1"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "1"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "7,070"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "87 mt-km (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
|
||||
"text": "T9 (2016)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Airports": {
|
||||
"text": "24 (2013)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -824,7 +863,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "5"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"under 914 m": {
|
||||
"text": " ++ 11 (2013)"
|
||||
"text": "11 (2013)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Heliports": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -861,37 +900,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military": {
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military branches": {
|
||||
"text": "Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Oruzanih Snaga Bosne i Hercegovine, OSBiH): Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Air Force and Air Defense (Brigada Zracnih Snaga i Protuzracne Odbrane, br ZSiPZO), Tactical Support Brigade (Brigada Takticke Podrske, br TP) (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military service age and obligation": {
|
||||
"text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; mandatory retirement at age 35 or after 15 years of service for E-1 through E-4, mandatory retirement at age 50 and 30 years of service for E-5 through E-9, mandatory retirement at age 55 and 30 years of service for all officers (2014)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower available for military service": {
|
||||
"males age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "1,180,829"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"females age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "1,143,919 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower fit for military service": {
|
||||
"males age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "968,242"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"females age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "937,327 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
|
||||
"male": {
|
||||
"text": "26,601"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"female": {
|
||||
"text": "24,879 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
"text": "0.98% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.04% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.35% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.15% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.35% of GDP (2010)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -902,21 +917,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
|
||||
"refugees (country of origin)": {
|
||||
"text": "6,703 (Croatia) (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "6,679 (Croatia) (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"IDPs": {
|
||||
"text": "100,400 (Bosnian Croats, Serbs, and Bosniaks displaced by inter-ethnic violence, human rights violations, and armed conflict during the 1992-1995 war) (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "98,324 (Bosnian Croats, Serbs, and Bosniaks displaced by inter-ethnic violence, human rights violations, and armed conflict during the 1992-1995 war) (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"stateless persons": {
|
||||
"text": "101 (2014)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Trafficking in persons": {
|
||||
"current situation": {
|
||||
"text": "Bosnia and Herzegovina is a source, destination, and transit country for men, women, and children (including the developmentally disabled) subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; Bosnian women and girls are sexually exploited domestically; Roma children are forced to beg and to marry by local organized crime groups; Bosnians are also trafficked to other European countries"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"tier rating": {
|
||||
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List – Bosnia and Herzegovina does not comply fully with the minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; some progress was made in 2013 in prosecuting and convicting trafficking offenders, but authorities significantly decreased their identification of victims; the national referral mechanism did not involve labor inspectors, hampering efforts to identify forced labor victims; the government has not amended all sub-national laws to criminalize all forms of trafficking consistent with national and international law (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "58 (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Illicit drugs": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue