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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Albania declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1912, but was conquered by Italy in 1939, and occupied by Germany in 1943. Communist partisans took over the country in 1944. Albania allied itself first with the USSR (until 1960), and then with China (to 1978). In the early 1990s, Albania ended 46 years of xenophobic communist rule and established a multiparty democracy. The transition has proven challenging as successive governments have tried to deal with high unemployment, widespread corruption, dilapidated infrastructure, powerful organized crime networks, and combative political opponents. ++ Albania has made progress in its democratic development since first holding multiparty elections in 1991, but deficiencies remain. International observers judged elections to be largely free and fair since the restoration of political stability following the collapse of pyramid schemes in 1997; however, most of Albania's post-communist elections have been marred by claims of electoral fraud. Albania joined NATO in April 2009 and in June 2014 became a candidate for EU accession. Although Albania's economy continues to grow, it has slowed, and the country is still one of the poorest in Europe. A large informal economy and an inadequate energy and transportation infrastructure remain obstacles."
"text": "Albania declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1912, but was conquered by Italy in 1939 and occupied by Germany in 1943. Communist partisans took over the country in 1944. Albania allied itself first with the USSR (until 1960), and then with China (to 1978). In the early 1990s, Albania ended 46 years of xenophobic communist rule and established a multiparty democracy. The transition has proven challenging as successive governments have tried to deal with high unemployment, widespread corruption, dilapidated infrastructure, powerful organized crime networks, and combative political opponents. ++ Albania has made progress in its democratic development since first holding multiparty elections in 1991, but deficiencies remain. International observers judged elections to be largely free and fair since the restoration of political stability following the collapse of pyramid schemes in 1997; however, most of Albania's post-communist elections have been marred by claims of electoral fraud. Albania joined NATO in April 2009 and in June 2014 became a candidate for EU accession. Although Albania's economy continues to grow, it has slowed, and the country is still one of the poorest in Europe. A large informal economy and an inadequate energy and transportation infrastructure remain obstacles."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -53,12 +53,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coast"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Adriatic Sea 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "708 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Maja e Korabit (Golem Korab) 2,764 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m ++ highest point: Maja e Korabit (Golem Korab) 2,764 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -76,18 +76,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "1,027 sq km (2006)"
"text": "3,310 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "41.7 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "1.31 cu km/yr (43%/18%/39%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "413.6 cu m/yr (2006)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "a fairly even distribution, with somewhat higher concentrations of people in the western and central parts of the country"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "destructive earthquakes; tsunamis occur along southwestern coast; floods; drought"
@ -108,6 +100,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "3,038,594 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Albanian(s)"
@ -128,27 +123,21 @@
"text": "all mosques and churches were closed in 1967 and religious observances prohibited; in November 1990, Albania began allowing private religious practice (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Population": {
"text": "3,029,278 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "18.78% (male 300,661/female 268,369)"
"text": "18.37% (male 295,022/female 263,141)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "18.67% (male 291,479/female 274,019)"
"text": "18.09% (male 284,201/female 265,530)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "40.39% (male 582,207/female 641,361)"
"text": "40.73% (male 589,707/female 648,021)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "10.85% (male 163,003/female 165,805)"
"text": "11.23% (male 168,500/female 172,587)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "11.3% (male 160,913/female 181,461) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "11.58% (male 165,076/female 186,809) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -167,26 +156,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "32 years"
"text": "32.5 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "30.8 years"
"text": "31.2 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "33.3 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "33.8 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "0.3% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.31% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "12.92 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "13.1 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "6.58 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "6.7 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-3.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "-3.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "a fairly even distribution, with somewhat higher concentrations of people in the western and central parts of the country"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -207,7 +199,7 @@
"text": "1.12 male(s)/female"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.07 male(s)/female"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "0.91 male(s)/female"
@ -219,42 +211,45 @@
"text": "0.89 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.98 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.98 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "25 (2010 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "29 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "12.75 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "12.3 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "14.19 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "13.7 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "11.15 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "10.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "78.13 years"
"text": "78.3 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "75.49 years"
"text": "75.7 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "81.04 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "81.2 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.5 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.51 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "69.3% (2008/09)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "5.9% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "5.9% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "1.15 physicians/1,000 population (2013)"
@ -294,7 +289,7 @@
"text": "6.3% (2009)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "3.3% of GDP (2007)"
"text": "3.54% of GDP (2013)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -310,6 +305,17 @@
"text": "96.9% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
"text": "16 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "16 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "16 years (2014)"
}
},
"Child labor - children ages 5-14": {
"total number": {
"text": "72,818"
@ -320,13 +326,13 @@
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "22.5%"
"text": "30.2%"
},
"male": {
"text": "23.8%"
"text": "32.5%"
},
"female": {
"text": "20.7% (2010 est.)"
"text": "26.1% (2013 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -347,12 +353,12 @@
"former": {
"text": "People's Socialist Republic of Albania"
},
"note": {
"text": "the English-language country name seems to be derived from the ancient Illyrian tribe of the Albani; the native name \"Shqiperia\" is popularly interpreted to mean \"Land of the Eagles\""
"etymology": {
"text": "the English-language country name seems to be derived from the ancient Illyrian tribe of the Albani; the native name \"Shqiperia\" is popularly interpreted to mean \"Land of the eagles\""
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "parliamentary democracy"
"text": "parliamentary republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -378,7 +384,7 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 28 November (1912) also known as Flag Day"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest approved by parliament 21 October 1998, adopted by popular referendum 22 November 1998, promulgated 28 November 1998; amended 2007, 2008, 2012 (2015)"
"text": "several previous; latest approved by the Assembly 21 October 1998, adopted by popular referendum 22 November 1998, promulgated 28 November 1998; amended several times, last in 2015 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system except in the northern rural areas where customary law known as the \"Code of Leke\" prevails"
@ -387,8 +393,11 @@
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": "no, unless one of the parents is an Albanian citizen"
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Albania"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes"
@ -411,10 +420,10 @@
"text": "Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, nominated by the president, and approved by the Assembly"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president indirectly elected by the Assembly for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); a candidate needs three-fifths majority vote of the Assembly in one of three rounds or a simple majority in 2 additional rounds to become president; election last held in 4 rounds 30 May-11 June 2012 (next election to be held in 2017); prime minister appointed by the president on the proposal of the majority party or coalition of parties in the Assembly"
"text": "president indirectly elected by the Assembly for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); a candidate needs three-fifths majority vote of the Assembly in 1 of 3 rounds or a simple majority in 2 additional rounds to become president; election last held in 4 rounds during the period 30 May-11 June 2012 (next election to be held in 2017); prime minister appointed by the president on the proposal of the majority party or coalition of parties in the Assembly"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Bujar NISHANI elected president; Assembly vote - 73 on fourth round"
"text": "Bujar NISHANI elected president; Assembly vote - 73 of 140 in fourth round"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -430,10 +439,10 @@
},
"Judicial branch": {
"highest court(s)": {
"text": "Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges, including a chairman); Court of Cassation (consists of 14 judges, including the chief justice)"
"text": "highest court(s): Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of 150 judges organized into 4 divisions: civil and commercial; social security and labor; criminal; and administrative; Constitutional Council (consists of 9 members including the court president); note - Algeria's judicial system does not include sharia courts"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president with the consent of the Assembly to serve single 9-year terms with one-third of the membership renewed every 3 years; chairman elected by the People's Assembly for a single 3-year term; Court of Cassation judges, including the chairman, appointed by the president with the consent of the Assembly to serve single, 9-year terms)"
"text": "Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president with the consent of the Assembly to serve single 9-year terms with one-third of the membership renewed every 3 years; chairman elected by the People's Assembly for a single 3-year term; Court of Cassation judges, including the chairman, appointed by the president with the consent of the Assembly to serve single 9-year terms)"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "Courts of Appeal; Courts of First Instance"
@ -513,58 +522,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Albania, a formerly closed, centrally-planned state, is a developing country with a modern open-market economy. Albania managed to weather the first waves of the global financial crisis but, more recently, its negative effects have put some pressure on the Albanian economy, resulting in a significant economic slowdown. While the government is focused on establishing a favorable business climate through the simplification of licensing requirements and tax codes, it entered into a new arrangement with the IMF for additional financial and technical support. Remittances, a significant catalyst for economic growth, declined from 12-15% of GDP before the 2008 financial crisis to 5.7% of GDP in 2014, mostly from Albanians residing in Greece and Italy. The agricultural sector, which accounts for almost half of employment but only about one-fifth of GDP, is limited primarily to small family operations and subsistence farming, because of a lack of modern equipment, unclear property rights, and the prevalence of small, inefficient plots of land. Complex tax codes and licensing requirements, a weak judicial system, endemic corruption, poor enforcement of contracts and property issues, and antiquated infrastructure contribute to Albania's poor business environment and make attracting foreign investment difficult. Inward FDI has significantly increased in recent years as the government has embarked on an ambitious program to improve the business climate through fiscal and legislative reforms. Albania’s electricity supply is uneven despite upgraded transmission capacities with neighboring countries. Technical and non-technical losses in electricity - including theft and non-payment - continue to undermine the financial viability of the entire system, although the government has taken steps to stem non-technical losses and begin to upgrade the distribution grid. Also, with help from international donors, the government is taking steps to improve the poor national road and rail network, a long-standing barrier to sustained economic growth. The country will continue to face challenges from increasing public debt, having exceeded its former statutory limit of 60% of GDP in 2013 and reaching 72% in 2014. Strong trade, remittance, and banking sector ties with Greece and Italy make Albania vulnerable to spillover effects of debt crises and weak growth in the euro zone. The government will face critical tests in 2015 as it works to implement IMF-mandated reforms, especially those aimed at improving the electricity sector."
"text": "Albania, a formerly closed, centrally-planned state, is a developing country with a modern open-market economy. Albania managed to weather the first waves of the global financial crisis but, more recently, the negative effects of the crisis have caused a significant economic slowdown. Close trade, remittance, and banking sector ties with Greece and Italy make Albania vulnerable to spillover effects of debt crises and weak growth in the euro zone. ++ ++ Remittances, a significant catalyst for economic growth, declined from 12-15% of GDP before the 2008 financial crisis to 5.7% of GDP in 2014, mostly from Albanians residing in Greece and Italy. The agricultural sector, which accounts for almost half of employment but only about one-fifth of GDP, is limited primarily to small family operations and subsistence farming, because of a lack of modern equipment, unclear property rights, and the prevalence of small, inefficient plots of land. Complex tax codes and licensing requirements, a weak judicial system, endemic corruption, poor enforcement of contracts and property issues, and antiquated infrastructure contribute to Albania's poor business environment making attracting foreign investment difficult. ++ ++ Albania’s electricity supply is uneven despite upgraded transmission capacities with neighboring countries. Technical and non-technical losses in electricity - including theft and non-payment - continue to undermine the financial viability of the entire system, although the government has taken steps to stem non-technical losses and has begun to upgrade the distribution grid. Also, with help from international donors, the government is taking steps to improve the poor national road and rail network, a long standing barrier to sustained economic growth. ++ ++ Inward FDI has increased significantly in recent years as the government has embarked on an ambitious program to improve the business climate through fiscal and legislative reforms. The government is focused on the simplification of licensing requirements and tax codes, and it entered into a new arrangement with the IMF for additional financial and technical support. Albania’s IMF program may be at risk, however, because the government has not collected sufficient tax revenue needed to reduce the budget deficit. The country continues to face increasing public debt, exceeding its former statutory limit of 60% of GDP in 2013 and reaching 73% in 2015."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$31.59 billion (2014 est.) ++ $31.02 billion (2013 est.) ++ $30.59 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$32.66 billion (2015 est.) ++ $31.78 billion (2014 est.) ++ $31.21 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars ++ unreported output may be as large as 50% of official GDP"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars ++ unreported output may be as large as 50% of official GDP"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$13.28 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$11.4 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1.9% (2014 est.) ++ 1.4% (2013 est.) ++ 1.6% (2012 est.)"
"text": "2.8% (2015 est.) ++ 1.8% (2014 est.) ++ 1% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$11,400 (2014 est.) ++ $11,200 (2013 est.) ++ $11,000 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$11,300 (2015 est.) ++ $11,000 (2014 est.) ++ $10,800 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "16.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 17.8% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 19.9% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "15% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 13% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 16.4% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "82.1%"
"text": "85.8%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "11%"
"text": "10.6%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "26.5%"
"text": "27.7%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.3%"
"text": "1.7%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "36.4%"
"text": "36.7%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-56.2% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-62.5% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "22.7%"
"text": "21.9%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "14.9%"
},
"services": {
"text": "62.4% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "63.3% ++ (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -574,10 +583,10 @@
"text": "food and tobacco products; textiles and clothing; lumber, oil, cement, chemicals, mining, basic metals, hydropower"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "0.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "2.3% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "1.077 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "1.122 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -591,9 +600,9 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "18% (2014 est.) ++ 17.1% (2013 est.)",
"text": "17.3% (2015 est.) ++ 17.5% (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "these are official rates that may not include those working at near-subsistence farming"
"text": "these official rates may not include those working at near-subsistence farming"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
@ -608,84 +617,89 @@
}
},
"Distribution of family income - Gini index": {
"text": "26.9 (2012 est.) ++ 34.5 (2008 est.)"
"text": "29 (2012 est.) ++ 30 (2008 est.)"
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$3.476 billion"
"text": "$3.019 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$4.16 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$3.472 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "26.2% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "26.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-5.1% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-3.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "72% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 70.1% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "71.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 69.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "1.6% (2014 est.) ++ 1.9% (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.9% (2015 est.) ++ 1.6% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "2.25% (31 December 2014) ++ 3% (31 December 2013)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "8.66% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 9.83% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "8.7% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 8.66% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$3.355 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.791 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$3.054 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $3.066 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$6.863 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $6.556 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$5.72 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $6.269 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$8.231 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $8.968 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$7.18 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $8.231 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$1.732 billion (2014 est.) ++ -$1.377 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$1.281 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$1.71 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$2.431 billion (2014 est.) ++ $2.331 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$854.7 million (2015 est.) ++ $1.241 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "textiles, footwear; asphalt, metals and metallic ores, crude oil; vegetables, fruits, tobacco"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Italy 45.2%, Kosovo 7.6%, China 7.4%, Spain 6.7%, Greece 4.6% (2014)"
"text": "Italy 43.4%, Kosovo 9.8%, US 7.7%, China 6.2%, Greece 5.3%, Spain 4.8% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$5.25 billion (2014 est.) ++ $4.894 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$3.402 billion (2015 est.) ++ $4.17 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, textiles, chemicals"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Italy 35.4%, Greece 11%, China 8%, Turkey 6.7%, Germany 4.3% (2014)"
"text": "Italy 33.5%, China 10.1%, Greece 9%, Turkey 6.7%, Germany 5.2% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$2.908 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.674 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$3.139 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.665 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$8.782 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $8.209 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$7.716 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$5.557 billion (31 December 2013) ++ $4.994 billion (31 December 2012)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "leke (ALL) per US dollar - ++ 105.48 (2014 est.) ++ 105.48 (2013 est.) ++ 108.19 (2012 est.) ++ 100.9 (2011 est.) ++ 103.94 (2010 est.)"
"text": "leke (ALL) per US dollar - ++ 125.96 (2015 est.) ++ 105.48 (2014 est.) ++ 105.48 (2013 est.) ++ 108.19 (2012 est.) ++ 100.9 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "4.726 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -732,7 +746,7 @@
"text": "25,000 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - exports": {
"text": "354.2 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
"text": "354 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - imports": {
"text": "20,770 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
@ -759,18 +773,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "250,000"
"text": "226,718"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "8 (2014 est.)"
"text": "7 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "3.4 million"
"text": "3.401 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "111 (2014 est.)"
"text": "112 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -781,33 +795,44 @@
"text": "offsetting the shortage of fixed-line capacity, mobile-cellular phone service has been available since 1996; by 2011, multiple companies were providing mobile services, and mobile teledensity had reached 100 per 100 persons; Internet broadband services initiated in 2005, but growth has been slow; Internet cafes are popular in Tirana and have started to spread outside the capital"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 355; submarine cable provides connectivity to Italy, Croatia, and Greece; the Trans-Balkan Line, a combination submarine cable and land fiber-optic system, provides additional connectivity to Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Turkey; international traffic carried by fiber-optic cable and, when necessary, by microwave radio relay from the Tirana exchange to Italy and Greece (2011)"
"text": "country code - 355; submarine cable provides connectivity to Italy, Croatia, and Greece; the Trans-Balkan Line, a combination submarine cable and land fiber-optic system, provides additional connectivity to Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Turkey; international traffic carried by fiber-optic cable and, when necessary, by microwave radio relay from the Tirana exchange to Italy and Greece (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "3 public TV networks, one of which transmits by satellite to Albanian-language communities in neighboring countries; more than 60 private TV stations; many viewers can pick up Italian and Greek TV broadcasts via terrestrial reception; cable TV service is available; 2 public radio networks and roughly 25 private radio stations; several international broadcasters are available (2010)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 13, FM 46, shortwave 1 (2005)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "65 (3 national, 62 local); 2 cable networks (2005)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".al"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "1.7 million"
"text": "1.916 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "56.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "63.2% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "1"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "1"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "151,632"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "0 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "ZA (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "4 (2013)"
"text": "4 (2016)"
},
"Airports - with paved runways": {
"total": {
@ -876,37 +901,13 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Land Forces Command, Navy Force Command, Air Forces Command (2013)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "19 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; 18 is the legal minimum age in case of general/partial compulsory mobilization (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "731,111"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "780,216 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "622,379"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "660,715 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "31,986"
},
"female": {
"text": "29,533 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "0.85% of GDP (2015) ++ 1.04% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.5% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.47% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.52% of GDP (2011)"
}
@ -917,7 +918,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"stateless persons": {
"text": "7,443 (2014)"
"text": "7,442 (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

161
europe/an.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "The landlocked Principality of Andorra is one of the smallest states in Europe, nestled high in the Pyrenees between the French and Spanish borders. For 715 years, from 1278 to 1993, Andorrans lived under a unique co-principality, ruled by French and Spanish leaders (from 1607 onward, the French chief of state and the Bishop of Urgell). In 1993, this feudal system was modified with the introduction of a modern, constitution; the co-princes remained as titular heads of state, but the government transformed into a parliamentary democracy. ++ Andorra has become a popular tourist destination visited by approximately 10 million people each year drawn by the winter sports, summer climate, and duty-free shopping. Andorra has also become a wealthy international commercial center because of its mature banking sector and low taxes. As part of its effort to modernize its economy, Andorra has opened to foreign investment, and engaged in other reforms, such as advancing tax initiatives aimed at supporting a broader infrastructure. Although not a member of the European Union (EU), Andorra enjoys a special relationship with the EU and uses the euro as its national currency."
"text": "The landlocked Principality of Andorra is one of the smallest states in Europe, nestled high in the Pyrenees between the French and Spanish borders. For 715 years, from 1278 to 1993, Andorrans lived under a unique coprincipality, ruled by French and Spanish leaders (from 1607 onward, the French chief of state and the Bishop of Urgell). In 1993, this feudal system was modified with the introduction of a modern, constitution; the co-princes remained as titular heads of state, but the government transformed into a parliamentary democracy. ++ Andorra has become a popular tourist destination visited by approximately 10 million people each year drawn by the winter sports, summer climate, and duty-free shopping. Andorra has also become a wealthy international commercial center because of its mature banking sector and low taxes. As part of its effort to modernize its economy, Andorra has opened to foreign investment, and engaged in other reforms, such as advancing tax initiatives aimed at supporting a broader infrastructure. Although not a member of the EU, Andorra enjoys a special relationship with the organization and uses the euro as its national currency."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -48,12 +48,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "rugged mountains dissected by narrow valleys"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Riu Runer 840 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "1,996 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Pic de Coma Pedrosa 2,946 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Riu Runer 840 m ++ highest point: Pic de Coma Pedrosa 2,946 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -71,7 +71,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "NA"
"text": "0 sq km (2012)"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "population is unevenly distributed and is concentrated in the 7 urbanized valleys that make up the country's parishes (political administrative divisions)"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "avalanches"
@ -92,6 +95,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "85,660 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Andorran(s)"
@ -109,51 +115,48 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Roman Catholic (predominant)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "85,580 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "15.04% (male 6,598/female 6,269)"
"text": "14.74% (male 6,476/female 6,151)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "9.42% (male 4,182/female 3,880)"
"text": "9.52% (male 4,236/female 3,915)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "47.78% (male 20,980/female 19,910)"
"text": "47.01% (male 20,614/female 19,651)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "13.05% (male 5,996/female 5,176)"
"text": "13.59% (male 6,229/female 5,412)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "14.71% (male 6,357/female 6,232) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "15.15% (male 6,566/female 6,410) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "43 years"
"text": "43.7 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "43.2 years"
"text": "43.8 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "42.8 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "43.5 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "0.12% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.07% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "8.13 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "7.8 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "6.96 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "7.1 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "population is unevenly distributed and is concentrated in the 7 urbanized valleys that make up the country's parishes (political administrative divisions)"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -180,42 +183,42 @@
"text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "1.16 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.15 male(s)/female"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "1.02 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "3.65 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "3.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "3.65 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "3.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "3.65 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "82.72 years"
"text": "82.8 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "80.56 years"
"text": "80.6 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "85.02 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "85.1 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.38 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.39 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "8.1% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "8.1% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "4 physicians/1,000 population (2010)"
@ -252,7 +255,7 @@
"text": "32.1% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "3.1% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "3.1% of GDP (2014)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -268,10 +271,13 @@
},
"local short form": {
"text": "Andorra"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "the origin of the country's name is obscure; since the area served as part of the Spanish March (defensive buffer zone) against the invading Moors in the 8th century, the name may derive from the Arabic \"ad-darra\" meaning \"the forest\""
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "parliamentary democracy (since March 1993) that retains as its chiefs of state a co-principality; the two princes are the President of France and Bishop of Urgell, whose diocese is located in neighboring Spain; both co-princes maintain offices and representatives in Andorra"
"text": "parliamentary democracy (since March 1993) that retains its chiefs of state in the form of a co-principality; the two princes are the president of France and bishop of Seu d'Urgell, Spain, who are represented in Andorra by the co-princes' representatives"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -297,7 +303,7 @@
"text": "Our Lady of Meritxell Day, 8 September (1278)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "drafted 1991, approved by referendum 14 March 1993, effective 28 April 1993 (2015)"
"text": "drafted 1991, approved by referendum 14 March 1993, effective 28 April 1993 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "mixed legal system of civil and customary law with the influence of canon law"
@ -306,8 +312,11 @@
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": "no, unless the mother is an Andorran citizen or the father was born in Andorra and both parents maintain permanent residence in Andorra"
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "the mother must be an Andorran citizen or the father must have been born in Andorra and both parents maintain permanent residence in Andorra"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no"
@ -321,16 +330,16 @@
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "French Co-prince Francois HOLLANDE (since 15 May 2012); represented by Thierry LATASTE (since 5 January 2015) and Spanish Co-prince Archbishop Joan-Enric VIVES i Sicilia (since 12 May 2003); represented by Josep Maria MAUN (since 20 July 2012)"
"text": "French Coprince Francois HOLLANDE (since 15 May 2012); represented by Thierry LATASTE (since 5 January 2015) and Spanish Coprince Archbishop Joan-Enric VIVES i Sicilia (since 12 May 2003); represented by Josep Maria MAUN (since 20 July 2012)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Head of Government (or Cap de Govern) Antoni MARTI PETIT (since 12 May 2011)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Executive Council designated by Head of Government"
"text": "Executive Council designated by head of government"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "head of government indirectly elected by the General Council (Andorran parliament), formally appointed by the co-princes for a 4-year term; election last held on 31 March 2015 (next to be held in April 2019); the leader of the majority party in the General Council is usually elected head of government"
"text": "head of government indirectly elected by the General Council (Andorran parliament), formally appointed by the coprinces for a 4-year term; election last held on 31 March 2015 (next to be held in April 2019); the leader of the majority party in the General Council is usually elected head of government"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Antoni MARTI PETIT (DA) elected head of government; percent of General Council vote - 79%"
@ -352,16 +361,16 @@
"text": "Supreme Court of Justice of Andorra or Tribunal Superior de la Justicia d'Andorra (consists of the court president and 8 judges organized into civil, criminal, and administrative chambers); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional (consists of 4 magistrates)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "Supreme Court president and judges appointed by the Supreme Council of Justice, a 5-member judicial policy and administrative body appointed 1 each by the co-princes, 1 by the General Council, 1 by the executive council president, and 1 by the courts; judges serve 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional magistrates appointed 2 by the co-princes and 2 by the General Council; magistrates' appointments limited to 2 consecutive 8-year terms"
"text": "Supreme Court president and judges appointed by the Supreme Council of Justice, a 5-member judicial policy and administrative body appointed 1 each by the coprinces, 1 by the General Council, 1 by the executive council president, and 1 by the courts; judges serve 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional magistrates appointed 2 by the coprinces and 2 by the General Council; magistrates' appointments limited to 2 consecutive 8-year terms"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "Tribunal of Judges or Tribunal de Batlles; Tribunal of the Courts or Tribunal de Corts"
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Citizens' Initiative or IC [Sergi RICART] ++ coalition (including PS, VA, IC, and independents) ++ Democrats for Andorra or DA [Antoni MARTI PETIT] ++ Greens of Andorra or VA [Isabel LOZANO MUNOZ, Juli FERNANDEZ BLASI] ++ Liberal Party or PLA [Josep PINTAT FORNE] ++ Social Democratic Party or PS [Vincenc ALAY FERRER] ++ Social Democratic Progress Party or SDP [Victor NAUDI ZAMORA]",
"text": "Citizens' Initiative or IC [Sergi RICART] (including PS, VA, IC, and independents) ++ Democrats for Andorra or DA [Antoni MARTI PETIT] ++ Greens of Andorra or VA [Isabel LOZANO MUNOZ, Juli FERNANDEZ BLASI] ++ Liberal Party or PLA [Josep PINTAT FORNE] ++ Social Democratic Party or PS [Vincenc ALAY FERRER] ++ Social Democratic Progress Party or SDP [Victor NAUDI ZAMORA]",
"note": {
"text": "there are also several smaller parties at the Parish level (one is Lauredian Union)"
"text": "there are also several smaller parties at the parish level (one is Lauredian Union)"
}
},
"International organization participation": {
@ -369,7 +378,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Elisenda VIVES BALMANA (since 22 September 2015)"
"text": "Ambassador Elisenda VIVES BALMANA (since 2 March 2016)"
},
"chancery": {
"text": "2 United Nations Plaza, 27th Floor, New York, NY 10017"
@ -379,13 +388,10 @@
},
"FAX": {
"text": "[1] (212) 750-6630"
},
"consulate(s)": {
"text": "San Diego"
}
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"text": "the US does not have an embassy in Andorra; the US Ambassador to Spain is accredited to Andorra; US interests in Andorra are represented by the US Consulate General's office in Barcelona (Spain); mailing address: Paseo Reina Elisenda de Montcada, 23, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; telephone: [34] (93) 280-2227; FAX: [34] (93) 280-6175"
"text": "the US does not have an embassy in Andorra; the US ambassador to Spain is accredited to Andorra; US interests in Andorra are represented by the US Consulate General's office in Barcelona (Spain); mailing address: Paseo Reina Elisenda de Montcada, 23, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; telephone: [34] (93) 280-2227; FAX: [34] (93) 280-6175"
},
"Flag description": {
"text": "three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red, with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the latter band is slightly wider than the other two so that the ratio of band widths is 8:9:8; the coat of arms features a quartered shield with the emblems of (starting in the upper left and proceeding clockwise): Urgell, Foix, Bearn, and Catalonia; the motto reads VIRTUS UNITA FORTIOR (Strength United is Stronger); the flag combines the blue and red French colors with the red and yellow of Spain to show Franco-Spanish protection",
@ -410,7 +416,7 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Tourism, retail sales, and finance are the mainstays of Andorra's tiny, well-to-do economy, accounting for more than three-quarters of GDP. Andorra's duty-free status for some products and its summer and winter resorts attract millions of visitors annually, although the economic downturn in neighboring countries has curtailed the number of tourists. Andorra's comparative advantage as a tax haven eroded when the borders of neighboring France and Spain opened; its bank secrecy laws have been relaxed under pressure from the EU and OECD. Agricultural production is limited - only 5% of the land is arable - and most food has to be imported, making the economy vulnerable to changes in fuel and food prices. The principal livestock is sheep. Manufacturing output and exports consist mainly of perfumes and cosmetic products, products of the printing industry, electrical machinery and equipment, clothing, tobacco products, and furniture. Andorra is a member of the EU Customs Union and is treated as an EU member for trade in manufactured goods (no tariffs) and as a non-EU member for agricultural products. Andorra uses the euro and is effectively subject to the monetary policy of the European Central Bank. Slower growth in Spain and France has dimmed Andorra's economic prospects. Since 2010, a drop in tourism contributed to a contraction in GDP and a sharp deterioration of public finances, prompting the government to begin implementing several austerity measures to reduce the budget deficit, including levying a special corporate tax. The Government is also planning to institute an income tax at the behest of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The new tax will apply to anyone who lives in the principality for at least 183 days in a calendar year. The first $30,000 of income will be tax free, with the next $20,000 taxed at 5%. The balance of income exceeding the initial $50,000 will be taxed at 10%, which is still less than in most West European countries. Andorra’s Government also relaxed its residency and investment laws in 2012 to make the country more attractive to foreign investors. A person now must spend 90 days a year in the principality to qualify for residency, compared with the previous 180-day requirement. Foreigners now have the same property ownership rights as citizens. In addition, three new categories of residency permits were introduced. Anyone who is retired or at least not working in Andorra can obtain a permit in the first category by making a financial investment in the country of at least €400,000, which can include a property purchase."
"text": "Tourism, retail sales, and finance are the mainstays of Andorra's tiny, well-to-do economy, accounting for more than three-quarters of GDP. Andorra's duty-free status for some products and its summer and winter resorts attract millions of visitors annually, although the economic downturn in neighboring countries has curtailed the number of tourists. Agricultural production is limited - only about 5% of the land is arable - and most food has to be imported, making the economy vulnerable to changes in fuel and food prices. The principal livestock is sheep. Manufacturing output and exports consist mainly of perfumes and cosmetic products, products of the printing industry, electrical machinery and equipment, clothing, tobacco products, and furniture. Andorra is a member of the EU Customs Union and is treated as an EU member for trade in manufactured goods (no tariffs) and as a non-EU member for agricultural products. Andorra uses the euro and is effectively subject to the monetary policy of the European Central Bank. Andorra's comparative advantage as a tax haven eroded when the borders of neighboring France and Spain opened; its bank secrecy laws have been relaxed under pressure from the EU and OECD. ++ ++ Slower growth in Spain and France has dimmed Andorra's economic prospects. Since 2010, a drop in tourism contributed to a contraction in GDP and a sharp deterioration of public finances, prompting the government to begin implementing several austerity measures to reduce the budget deficit, including levying a special corporate tax. The Government is also planning to institute an income tax at the behest of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The new tax will apply to anyone who lives in the principality for at least 183 days in a calendar year. The first $30,000 of income will be tax free, with the next $20,000 taxed at 5%. The balance of income exceeding the initial $50,000 will be taxed at 10%, which is still less than in most West European countries. Andorra’s Government also relaxed its residency and investment laws in 2012 to make the country more attractive to foreign investors. A person now must spend 90 days a year in the principality to qualify for residency, compared with the previous 180-day requirement. Foreigners now have the same property ownership rights as citizens. In addition, three new categories of residency permits were introduced. Anyone who is retired or at least not working in Andorra can obtain a permit in the first category by making a financial investment in the country of at least €400,000, which can include a property purchase."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$3.163 billion (2012 est.) ++ $3.214 billion (2011 est.) ++ $3.227 billion (2010 est.)",
@ -514,10 +520,15 @@
"text": "$NA"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.75 (2014 est.) ++ 0.76 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.72 (2011 est.) ++ 0.76 (2010 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "91.24 million kWh (2011)"
},
@ -546,18 +557,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "38,200"
"text": "38,850"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "45 (2014 est.)"
"text": "45 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "66,200"
"text": "71,000"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "78 (2014 est.)"
"text": "83 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -574,56 +585,32 @@
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "1 public TV station and 2 public radio stations; about 10 commercial radio stations; good reception of radio and TV broadcasts from stations in France and Spain; upgraded to terrestrial digital TV broadcasting in 2007; roughly 25 international TV channels available (2012)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 0, FM 1, shortwave 0 (easy access to radio and television broadcasts originating in France and Spain) (2009)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "1 (2009)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".ad"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "76,300"
"text": "83,000"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "89.3% (2014 est.)"
"text": "96.9% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "C3 (2016)"
},
"Roadways": {
"total": {
"text": "320 km (2008)"
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "no regular military forces, Police Service of Andorra (2011)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "22,390 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "17,977"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "17,069 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "397"
},
"female": {
"text": "347 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "defense is the responsibility of France and Spain"
}

356
europe/au.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Once the center of power for the large Austro-Hungarian Empire, Austria was reduced to a small republic after its defeat in World War I. Following annexation by Nazi Germany in 1938 and subsequent occupation by the victorious Allies in 1945, Austria's status remained unclear for a decade. A State Treaty signed in 1955 ended the occupation, recognized Austria's independence, and forbade unification with Germany. A constitutional law that same year declared the country's \"perpetual neutrality\" as a condition for Soviet military withdrawal. The Soviet Union's collapse in 1991 and Austria's entry into the European Union in 1995 have altered the meaning of this neutrality. A prosperous, democratic country, Austria entered the EU Economic and Monetary Union in 1999."
"text": "Once the center of power for the large Austro-Hungarian Empire, Austria was reduced to a small republic after its defeat in World War I. Following annexation by Nazi Germany in 1938 and subsequent occupation by the victorious Allies in 1945, Austria's status remained unclear for a decade. A State Treaty signed in 1955 ended the occupation, recognized Austria's independence, and forbade unification with Germany. A constitutional law that same year declared the country's \"perpetual neutrality\" as a condition for Soviet military withdrawal. The Soviet Union's collapse in 1991 and Austria's entry into the EU in 1995 have altered the meaning of this neutrality. A prosperous, democratic country, Austria entered the EU Economic and Monetary Union in 1999."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "about the size of South Carolina; slightly more than two-thirds the size of Pennsylvania",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "about the size of South Carolina; slightly more than two-thirds the size of Pennsylvania"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -51,12 +48,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "mostly mountains (Alps) in the west and south; mostly flat or gently sloping along the eastern and northern margins"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Neusiedler See 115 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "910 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Grossglockner 3,798 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Neusiedler See 115 m ++ highest point: Grossglockner 3,798 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -74,18 +71,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "1,170 sq km (2007)"
"text": "1,170 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "77.7 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "3.66 cu km/yr (18%/79%/3%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "452.4 cu m/yr (2008)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "the northern and eastern portions of the country are more densely populated; nearly two-thirds of the populace lives in urban areas"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "landslides; avalanches; earthquakes"
@ -106,6 +95,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "8,711,770 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Austrian(s)"
@ -115,35 +107,29 @@
}
},
"Ethnic groups": {
"text": "Austrians 91.1%, former Yugoslavs 4% (includes Croatians, Slovenes, Serbs, and Bosniaks), Turks 1.6%, German 0.9%, other or unspecified 2.4% (2001 census)"
"text": "Austrians 91.1%, former Yugoslavs 4% (includes Croatians, Slovenes, Serbs, and Bosniaks), Turks 1.6%, Germans 0.9%, other or unspecified 2.4% (2001 census)"
},
"Languages": {
"text": "German (official nationwide) 88.6%, Turkish 2.3%, Serbian 2.2%, Croatian (official in Burgenland) 1.6%, other (includes Slovene, official in South Carinthia, and Hungarian, official in Burgenland) 5.3% (2001 est.)"
},
"Religions": {
"text": "Catholic 73.8% (includes Roman Catholic 73.6%, other Catholic .2%), Protestant 4.9%, Muslim 4.2%, Orthodox 2.2%, other 0.8% (includes other Christian), none 12%, unspecified 2% (2001 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "8,665,550 (July 2015 est.)"
"text": "Catholic 73.8% (includes Roman Catholic 73.6%, other Catholic 0.2%), Protestant 4.9%, Muslim 4.2%, Orthodox 2.2%, other 0.8% (includes other Christian), none 12%, unspecified 2% (2001 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "14.05% (male 622,856/female 594,349)"
"text": "14.02% (male 625,391/female 596,310)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "11.55% (male 510,614/female 490,390)"
"text": "11.33% (male 503,333/female 483,748)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "42.98% (male 1,861,777/female 1,862,705)"
"text": "42.71% (male 1,859,985/female 1,860,641)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "12.51% (male 535,691/female 548,022)"
"text": "12.85% (male 554,191/female 565,189)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "18.92% (male 706,288/female 932,858) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "19.09% (male 719,012/female 943,970) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -162,26 +148,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "43.6 years"
"text": "43.8 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "42.5 years"
"text": "42.7 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "44.6 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "44.9 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "0.55% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.51% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "9.41 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "9.5 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "9.42 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "9.5 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "5.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "5.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "the northern and eastern portions of the country are more densely populated; nearly two-thirds of the populace lives in urban areas"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -214,36 +203,39 @@
"text": "0.76 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.96 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.96 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "28.5 (2011 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "4 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "3.45 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "3.4 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "3.82 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "3.8 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "3.06 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "81.39 years"
"text": "81.5 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "78.76 years"
"text": "78.9 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "84.15 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "84.3 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.46 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.47 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "69.6%",
@ -252,7 +244,7 @@
}
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "11% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "11.2% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "4.83 physicians/1,000 population (2011)"
@ -289,28 +281,28 @@
"text": "20.1% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5.8% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "5.6% of GDP (2013)"
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
"text": "16 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "15 years"
"text": "16 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "16 years (2012)"
"text": "16 years (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "8.7%"
"text": "10.3%"
},
"male": {
"text": "8.8%"
"text": "10.6%"
},
"female": {
"text": "8.7% (2012 est.)"
"text": "9.9% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -328,12 +320,12 @@
"local short form": {
"text": "Oesterreich"
},
"note": {
"text": "the name Oesterreich means \"eastern realm\" or \"eastern march\" and dates back to the 10th century; the designation refers to the fact that Austria was the easternmost extension of Bavaria, and in fact of all the Germans; the word Austria is a Latinization of the German name"
"etymology": {
"text": "the name Oesterreich means \"eastern realm\" or \"eastern march\" and dates to the 10th century; the designation refers to the fact that Austria was the easternmost extension of Bavaria, and in fact of all the Germans; the word Austria is a Latinization of the German name"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "federal republic"
"text": "federal parliamentary republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -359,7 +351,7 @@
"text": "National Day, 26 October (1955); note - commemorates the passage of the law on permanent neutrality"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 1 October 1920, revised 1929, replaced May 1934 (authoritarian-corporate constitution), replaced by German Weimar constitution in 1938 following German annexation; latest reinstated 1 May 1945 (1920 constitution with 1929 revisions); amended many times, last in 2015 (2015)"
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 1 October 1920, revised 1929, replaced May 1934 (authoritarian-corporate constitution), replaced by German Weimar constitution in 1938 following German annexation; latest reinstated 1 May 1945 (1920 constitution with 1929 revisions); amended many times, last in 2014 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts by the Constitutional Court"
@ -368,8 +360,11 @@
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": "no, unless one parent is an Austrian citizen"
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Austria"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no"
@ -383,19 +378,19 @@
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "President Heinz FISCHER (since 8 July 2004)"
"text": "Acting Presidents Doris BURES (SPOe), Karlheinz KOPF (OeVP), Norbert HOFER (FPOe) (since 8 July 2016)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Chancellor Werner FAYMANN (SPOe) (since 2 December 2008); Vice Chancellor Michael SPINDELEGGER (OeVP) (since 21 April 2011)"
"text": "Chancellor Christian KERN (SPOe) (since 17 May 2016); Vice Chancellor Reinhold MITTERLEHNER (OeVP) (since 1 September 2014)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the advice of the chancellor"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 25 April 2010 (next to be held on 25 April 2016); chancellor appointed by the president but determined by the majority coalition parties in the Federal Assembly; vice chancellor appointed by the president on the advice of the chancellor"
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); elections last held on 24 April 2016 (first round) and 22 May 2016 (second round), the latter was ruled invalid and a re-vote will be held 4 December 2016; next presidential elections to be held in April 2022; chancellor appointed by the president but determined by the majority coalition parties in the Federal Assembly; vice chancellor appointed by the president on the advice of the chancellor"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Heinz FISCHER reelected president; percent of vote - Heinz FISCHER (SPOe) 79.3%, Barbara ROSENKRANZ (FPOe) 15.2%, Rudolf GEHRING 5.4%"
"text": "percent of vote: first-round results - Norbet HOFER (FPOe) 35.1%, Alexander van der BELLIEN (independent, allied with the Greens) 21.3%, Irmgard GRISS (independent) 18.9%, Rudolf HUNDSTORFER (SPOe) 11.3%, Andreas KHOL (OeVP) 11.1%, Richard LUGNER (independent) 2.3%; second round results - Alexander van der BELLIEN 50.3%, Norbet HOFER 49.7%; on 1 July 2016, the Constitutional Court ordered a rerun of the 22 May 2016 runoff election to be held 2 October 2016; former President Heinz FISCHER's term ended July 8; his functions were replaced by the three Presidents of the National Council Doris BURES (SPOe), Karlheinz KOPF (OeVP), and Norbert HOFER (FPOe)"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -406,7 +401,7 @@
"text": "National Council - last held on 29 September 2013 (next to be held by September 2018)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "National Council - percent of vote by party - SPOe 26.8%, OeVP 24.0%, FPOe 20.5%, Greens 12.4%, Team Stronach 5.7%, NEOS 5.0%, other 5.6%; seats by party - SPOe 52, OeVP 47, FPOe 40, Greens 24, Team Stronach 11, NEOS 9"
"text": "National Council - percent of vote by party - SPOe 26.8%, OeVP 24.0%, FPOe 20.5%, Greens 12.4%, Team Stronach 5.7%, NEOS 5.0%, other 5.6%; seats by party - SPOe 52, OeVP 47, FPOe 40, Greens 24, Team Stronach 11, NEOS 9; note - currently: SPOe 52, OeVP 50, FPOe 38, Greens 24, NEOS 9, Team Stronach 6, without faction 4"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -421,10 +416,10 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Alliance for the Future of Austria or BZOe [Gerald GROSZ] ++ Austrian People's Party or OeVP [Reinhold MITTERLEHNER] ++ Communist Party of Austria or KPOe [Mirko MESSNER] ++ Freedom Party of Austria or FPOe [Heinz Christian STRACHE] ++ The Greens [Eva GLAWISCHNIG] ++ NEOS - The New Austria [Matthias STROLZ] ++ Social Democratic Party of Austria or SPOe [Werner FAYMANN] ++ \"Team Stronach\" [Frank STRONACH]"
"text": "Austrian People's Party or OeVP [Reinhold MITTERLEHNER] ++ Communist Party of Austria or KPOe [Mirko MESSNER] ++ Freedom Party of Austria or FPOe [Heinz Christian STRACHE] ++ The Greens [Eva GLAWISCHNIG] ++ NEOS - The New Austria [Matthias STROLZ] ++ Social Democratic Party of Austria or SPOe [Christian KERN] ++ \"Team Stronach\" [Frank STRONACH]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Austrian Trade Union Federation or OeGB (nominally independent but primarily Social Democratic) ++ Federal Economic Chamber (OeVP-dominated) ++ Labor Chamber or AK (Social Democratic-leaning think tank) ++ OeVP-oriented Association of Austrian Industrialists or IV ++ Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay organization, Catholic Action",
"text": "Austrian Trade Union Federation or OeGB (nominally independent but primarily Social Democratic) ++ Federal Agriculture Chamber (OeVP-dominated) ++ Federal Economic Chamber (OeVP-dominated) ++ Labor Chamber or AK (Social Democratic-leaning think tank) ++ OeVP-oriented Association of Austrian Industrialists or IV ++ Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay organization, Catholic Action",
"other": {
"text": "three composite leagues of the Austrian People's Party or OeVP representing business, labor, farmers, and other nongovernment organizations in the areas of environment and human rights"
}
@ -434,7 +429,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Hans Peter MANZ (since 2 December 2011)"
"text": "Ambassador Wolfgang WALDNER (since 28 January 2016)"
},
"chancery": {
"text": "3524 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008-3035"
@ -446,7 +441,10 @@
"text": "[1] (202) 895-6750"
},
"consulate(s) general": {
"text": "Chicago, Los Angeles, New York"
"text": "Los Angeles, New York"
},
"consulate(s)": {
"text": "Chicago"
}
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
@ -480,122 +478,122 @@
"text": "Paula von PRERADOVIC/Wolfgang Amadeus MOZART or Johann HOLZER (disputed)"
},
"note": {
"text": "adopted 1947; the anthem is also known as \"Land der Berge, Land am Strome\" (Land of the Mountains, Land on the River); Austria adopted a new national anthem after World War II to replace the former imperial anthem composed by Franz Josef HAYDN, which had been appropriated by Germany in 1922 and was thereafter associated with the Nazi regime; a gendered version of the lyrics was adopted by the Austrian Parliament in fall 2011 and became effective 1 January 2012"
"text": "adopted 1947; the anthem is also known as \"Land der Berge, Land am Strome\" (Land of the Mountains, Land by the River); Austria adopted a new national anthem after World War II to replace the former imperial anthem composed by Franz Josef HAYDN, which had been appropriated by Germany in 1922 and was thereafter associated with the Nazi regime; a gendered version of the lyrics was adopted by the Austrian Federal Assembly in fall 2011 and became effective 1 January 2012"
}
}
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Austria, with its well-developed market economy, skilled labor force, and high standard of living, is closely tied to other EU economies, especially Germany's. Its economy features a large service sector, a relatively sound industrial sector, and a small, but highly developed agricultural sector. Economic growth was anemic at less than 0.5% in 2013 and 2014, and growth in 2015 is not expected to exceed 0.5%. Austria's 5.6% unemployment rate, while low by European standards, is at an historic high for Austria. Without extensive vocational training programs and generous early retirement, the unemployment rate would be even higher. Public finances have not stabilized even after a 2012 austerity package of expenditure cuts and new revenues. On the contrary, in 2014, the government created a \"bad bank\" for the troubled nationalized \"Hypo Alpe Adria\" bank, pushing the budget deficit up by 0.9% of GDP to 2.4% and public debt to 84.5% of the GDP. Although Austria's fiscal position compares favorably with other euro-zone countries, it faces several external risks, such as Austrian banks' continued exposure to Central and Eastern Europe, repercussions from the Hypo Alpe Adria bank collapse, political and economic uncertainties caused by the European sovereign debt crisis, the current crisis in Russia/Ukraine, the recent appreciation of the Swiss Franc, and political developments in Hungary."
"text": "Austria, with its well-developed market economy, skilled labor force, and high standard of living, is closely tied to other EU economies, especially Germany's. Its economy features a large service sector, a relatively sound industrial sector, and a small, but highly developed agricultural sector. ++ ++ Economic growth has been relatively weak in recent years, approaching 0.9% in 2015. Austria's 5.8% unemployment rate, while low by European standards, is at its highest rate since the end of World War II, driven by an increased number of refugees and EU migrants entering the labor market. Without extensive vocational training programs and generous early retirement, the unemployment rate would be even higher. ++ ++ Although Austria's fiscal position compares favorably with other euro-zone countries, it faces several external risks, such as unexpectedly weak world economic growth threatening the export market, Austrian banks' continued exposure to Central and Eastern Europe, repercussions from the Hypo Alpe Adria bank collapse, political and economic uncertainties caused by the European sovereign debt crisis, the current refugee crisis, and continued unrest in Russia/Ukraine. Early signs point towards a slight improvement in 2016, driven by low interest rates on government debt. Currently, the budget deficit stands at 2.7% of GDP and public debt has reached a post-war high of 84.2% of the GDP."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$396.8 billion (2014 est.) ++ $395.4 billion (2013 est.) ++ $394.1 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$405.1 billion (2015 est.) ++ $401.6 billion (2014 est.) ++ $400.2 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$437.6 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$374.3 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "0.4% (2014 est.) ++ 0.3% (2013 est.) ++ 0.8% (2012 est.)"
"text": "0.9% (2015 est.) ++ 0.4% (2014 est.) ++ 0.3% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$46,600 (2014 est.) ++ $46,500 (2013 est.) ++ $46,300 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$47,000 (2015 est.) ++ $47,000 (2014 est.) ++ $47,200 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "23.5% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 24.2% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 26.3% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "25% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 24.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 25.2% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "53.9%"
"text": "52.6%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "19.9%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "22.4%"
"text": "22.6%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.1%"
"text": "0.4%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "53.2%"
"text": "53%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-49.5% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-48.6% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "1.4%"
"text": "1.3%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "28.1%"
"text": "28.3%"
},
"services": {
"text": "70.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "70.4% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
"text": "grains, potatoes, wine, fruit; dairy products, cattle, pigs, poultry; lumber"
"text": "grains, potatoes, wine, fruit; dairy products, cattle, pigs, poultry; lumber and other forestry products"
},
"Industries": {
"text": "construction, machinery, vehicles and parts, food, metals, chemicals, lumber and wood, paper and paperboard, communications equipment, tourism"
"text": "construction, machinery, vehicles and parts, food, metals, chemicals, lumber, paper and paperboard, communications equipment, tourism"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "0.9% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.8% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "3.823 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "3.889 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "5.5%"
"text": "0.7%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "26%"
"text": "25.3%"
},
"services": {
"text": "68.5% (2012 est.)"
"text": "74% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "5.6% (2014 est.) ++ 5.3% (2013 est.)"
"text": "5.7% (2015 est.) ++ 5.6% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "4.2% (2013 est.)"
"text": "4% (2014 est.)"
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
"lowest 10%": {
"text": "4%"
"text": "2.8%"
},
"highest 10%": {
"text": "22% (2011 est.)"
"text": "23.5% (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Distribution of family income - Gini index": {
"text": "26.3 (2007) ++ 31 (1995)"
"text": "29.2 (2013) ++ 26.3 (2007)"
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$217.9 billion"
"text": "$189.1 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$228.4 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$193.1 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "49.8% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "50.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-2.4% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-1.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "84.5% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 80.9% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "86.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 84.3% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "this is general government gross debt, defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year; it covers the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises the sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government and social security funds; as a percentage of GDP, the GDP used as a denominator is the gross domestic product in current year prices"
}
@ -604,13 +602,13 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "1.5% (2014 est.) ++ 2.1% (2013 est.)"
"text": "0.8% (2015 est.) ++ 1.5% (2014 est.)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "2.15% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 2.21% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "2% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 2.15% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$191.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $204.7 billion (31 December 2013 est.)",
"text": "$193.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $191.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
}
@ -619,87 +617,92 @@
"text": "$428.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $439.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$507.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $582.7 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$462.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $507.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$106 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $82.37 billion (31 December 2011) ++ $67.68 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$96.08 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $96.79 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $117.7 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$3.228 billion (2014 est.) ++ $4.091 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$9.583 billion (2015 est.) ++ $8.478 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$170.1 billion (2014 est.) ++ $167.3 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$142.9 billion (2015 est.) ++ $166 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, paper and paperboard, metal goods, chemicals, iron and steel, textiles, foodstuffs"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 30.4%, Italy 6.5%, France 5%, US 4.7%, Switzerland 4.5%, Slovakia 4.2% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 29.4%, US 6.4%, Italy 6.1%, Switzerland 5.7%, France 4.4%, Slovakia 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$172.5 billion (2014 est.) ++ $173.8 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$140 billion (2015 est.) ++ $164 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals, metal goods, oil and oil products; foodstuffs"
"text": "machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals, metal goods, oil and oil products, natural gas; foodstuffs"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 41.9%, Italy 6.5%, Switzerland 4.6%, Czech Republic 4.3%, Netherlands 4.1% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 41.5%, Italy 6.3%, Switzerland 6%, Czech Republic 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$24.94 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $23.29 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$22.24 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $24.94 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$24.94 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $23.29 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$675 billion (30 September 2015 est.) ++ $740.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$318.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $342.4 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$294.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $321 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$366.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $396.4 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$349.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $367.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.7489 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.) ++ 0.755 (2010 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "68.02 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "64.74 billion kWh (2015 est.)"
},
"Electricity - consumption": {
"text": "69.01 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "69.75 billion kWh (2015 est.)"
},
"Electricity - exports": {
"text": "17.69 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "19.31 billion kWh (2015 est.)"
},
"Electricity - imports": {
"text": "24.96 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "29.37 billion kWh (2015 est.)"
},
"Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
"text": "22.98 million kW (2012 est.)"
"text": "24.22 million kW (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
"text": "20.8% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)"
"text": "32.8% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)"
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
"text": "67.2% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)"
"text": "56% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
"text": "12% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)"
"text": "11.1% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - production": {
"text": "17,250 bbl/day (2014 est.)"
"text": "21,760 bbl/day (2014 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
"text": "0 bbl/day (2014 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - imports": {
"text": "158,800 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
"text": "173,900 bbl/day (2014 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - proved reserves": {
"text": "47.5 million bbl (1 January 2015 est.)"
"text": "61.69 million bbl (1 January 2015 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - production": {
"text": "194,600 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
@ -726,27 +729,27 @@
"text": "10.17 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - proved reserves": {
"text": "9.656 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)"
"text": "11.1 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)"
},
"Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": {
"text": "NA Mt (2012 est.)"
"text": "76.2 million Mt (2014 est.)"
}
},
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "3.27 million"
"text": "3,609,900"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "38 (2014 est.)"
"text": "42 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "13 million"
"text": "13.471 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "150 (2014 est.)"
"text": "155 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -754,34 +757,45 @@
"text": "highly developed and efficient"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "fixed-line subscribership has been in decline since the mid-1990s with mobile-cellular subscribership eclipsing it by the late 1990s; the fiber-optic net is very extensive; all telephone applications and Internet services are available"
"text": "fixed-line subscribership has been in decline since the mid-1990s with mobile-cellular subscribership eclipsing it by the late 1990s; the fiber-optic net is very extensive; all telephone applications and Internet services are available; broadband is available in major cities"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 43; satellite earth stations - 15; in addition, there are about 600 VSATs (very small aperture terminals) (2007)"
"text": "country code - 43; earth stations available in the Intelsat, Eutelsat satellite systems (2016)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "Austria's public broadcaster, Osterreichischer Rundfunk (ORF), was the main broadcast source until commercial radio and TV service was introduced in the 1990s; cable and satellite TV are available, including German TV stations (2008)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "FM 65 (plus several hundred repeaters), shortwave 1 (2009)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "9 (2010)"
"text": "worldwide cable and satellite TV are available; the public incumbent ORF competes with three other major, several regional domestic, and up to 400 international TV stations; TV coverage is in principle 100%, but only 90% use broadcast media; Internet streaming not only complements, but increasingly replaces regular TV stations (2016)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".at"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "7.2 million"
"text": "7.273 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "83.7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "83.9% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "11"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "130"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "14,718,641"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "351.379 million mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "OE (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "52 (2013)"
},
@ -816,7 +830,7 @@
"text": "3"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 24 (2013)"
"text": "24 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -835,10 +849,10 @@
},
"Roadways": {
"total": {
"text": "124,508 km"
"text": "133,597 km"
},
"paved": {
"text": "124,508 km (includes 1,719 km of expressways) (2012)"
"text": "133,597 km (includes 2,207 km of expressways) (2016)"
}
},
"Waterways": {
@ -855,39 +869,15 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Land Forces (KdoLdSK), Air Forces (KdoLuSK)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "registration requirement at age 17, the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; 18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service (6 months), or optionally, alternative civil/community service (9-12 months); males 18 to 50 years old in the militia or inactive reserve are subject to compulsory service; in a January 2012 referendum, a majority of Austrians voted in favor of retaining the system of compulsory military service (with the option of alternative/non-military service) instead of switching to a professional army system (2015)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,941,110"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,910,434 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,579,862"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,554,130 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "48,108"
},
"female": {
"text": "45,752 (2010 est.)"
}
"text": "registration requirement at age 17, the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; 18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service (6 months), or optionally, alternative civil/community service (9 months); males 18 to 50 years old in the militia or inactive reserve are subject to compulsory service; in a January 2012 referendum, a majority of Austrians voted in favor of retaining the system of compulsory military service (with the option of alternative/non-military service) instead of switching to a professional army system (2015)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "0.55% of GDP (2015 projected) ++ 0.62% of GDP (2014) ++ 0.63% of GDP (2013) ++ 0.68% of GDP (2012) ++ 0.7% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "0.55% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 0.62% of GDP (2014) ++ 0.63% of GDP (2013) ++ 0.68% of GDP (2012) ++ 0.7% of GDP (2011)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
@ -896,10 +886,10 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "11,906 (Afghanistan); 19,577 (Russia) (2014)"
"text": "17,458 (Afghanistan); 15,526 (Russia); 14,894 (Syria) (2015)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "570 (2014)"
"text": "828 (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

27
europe/ax.json
View file

@ -47,11 +47,11 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "approximately 15,700 on the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia including 7,700 Cypriots, 3,600 Service and UK-based contract personnel, and 4,400 dependents"
},
"Languages": {
"text": "English, Greek"
},
"Population": {
"text": "approximately 15,700 live on the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia including 7,700 Cypriots, 3,600 Service and UK-based contract personnel, and 4,400 dependents"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -61,6 +61,9 @@
},
"conventional short form": {
"text": "Akrotiri"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "named for the village that lies within the Western Sovereign Base Area on Cyprus"
}
},
"Dependency status": {
@ -81,7 +84,7 @@
}
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "presented 3 August 1960, effective 16 August 1960 (The Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Order in Council 1960, serves as a basic legal document); amended 1966 (2015)"
"text": "presented 3 August 1960, effective 16 August 1960 (The Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Order in Council 1960 serves as a basic legal document); amended 1966 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "laws applicable to the Cypriot population are, as far as possible, the same as the laws of the Republic of Cyprus; note - the Sovereign Base Area Administration has its own court system to deal with civil and criminal matters"
@ -91,7 +94,7 @@
"text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Administrator Air Vice-Marshal Michael WIGSTON (since 21 January 2015); note - administrator reports to the British Ministry of Defense; the Chief Officer is responsible for the day-to-day running of the civil government of the Sovereign Bases"
"text": "Administrator Air Vice-Marshal Michael WIGSTON (since 21 January 2015); note - administrator reports to the British Ministry of Defense; the chief officer is responsible for the day-to-day running of the civil government of the Sovereign Bases"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; administrator appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Ministry of Defense"
@ -102,7 +105,7 @@
"text": "Senior Judges' Court (consists of several visiting judges from England and Wales)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "judge appointment and tenure NA"
"text": "see entry for United Kingdom"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "Resident Judges' Court; Courts Martial"
@ -119,7 +122,7 @@
},
"National anthem": {
"note": {
"text": "as a United Kingdom area of special sovereignty, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)"
"text": "as a UK area of special sovereignty, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)"
}
}
},
@ -135,16 +138,10 @@
},
"Communications": {
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "British Forces Broadcast Service (BFBS) provides multi-channel satellite TV service as well as BFBS radio broadcasts to the Akrotiri Sovereign Base (2009)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM NA, FM 1, shortwave NA (British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS) provides Radio 1 and Radio 2 service to Akrotiri, Dhekelia, and Nicosia) (2006)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "0 (British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS) provides multi-channel satellite service to Akrotiri, Dhekelia, and Nicosia) (2006)"
"text": "British Forces Broadcast Service (BFBS) provides multi-channel satellite TV service as well as BFBS radio broadcasts to the Akrotiri Sovereign Base Area (2009)"
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military - note": {
"text": "defense is the responsibility of the UK; Akrotiri has a full RAF base, headquarters for British Forces Cyprus, and Episkopi Support Unit"
}

286
europe/be.json
View file

@ -59,12 +59,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "flat coastal plains in northwest, central rolling hills, rugged mountains of Ardennes Forest in southeast"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "North Sea 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "181 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Botrange 694 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: North Sea 0 m ++ highest point: Botrange 694 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -82,24 +82,16 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "233.5 sq km (2007)"
"text": "230 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "18.3 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "6.22 cu km/yr (12%/88%/1%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "589.8 cu m/yr (2007)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "most of the population concentrated in the northern two-thirds of the country; the southeast is more thinly populated; considered to have one of the highest population densities in the world; approximately 97% live in urban areas"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "flooding is a threat along rivers and in areas of reclaimed coastal land, protected from the sea by concrete dikes"
},
"Environment - current issues": {
"text": "the environment is exposed to intense pressures from human activities: urbanization, dense transportation network, industry, extensive animal breeding and crop cultivation; air and water pollution also have repercussions for neighboring countries; uncertainties regarding federal and regional responsibilities (now resolved) had slowed progress in tackling environmental challenges"
"text": "intense pressures from human activities: urbanization, dense transportation network, industry, extensive animal breeding and crop cultivation; air and water pollution also have repercussions for neighboring countries"
},
"Environment - international agreements": {
"party to": {
@ -110,10 +102,13 @@
}
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "crossroads of Western Europe; most West European capitals within 1,000 km of Brussels, the seat of both the European Union and NATO"
"text": "crossroads of Western Europe; most West European capitals are within 1,000 km of Brussels, the seat of both the European Union and NATO"
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "11,409,077 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Belgian(s)"
@ -131,27 +126,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Roman Catholic 75%, other (includes Protestant) 25%"
},
"Population": {
"text": "11,323,973 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "17.08% (male 990,272/female 943,363)"
"text": "17.12% (male 1,000,155/female 952,529)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "11.59% (male 669,540/female 642,486)"
"text": "11.47% (male 667,760/female 640,364)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "40.45% (male 2,308,285/female 2,272,085)"
"text": "40.25% (male 2,315,256/female 2,277,308)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "12.65% (male 709,347/female 723,696)"
"text": "12.76% (male 720,823/female 735,225)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "18.23% (male 893,096/female 1,171,803) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "18.4% (male 911,199/female 1,188,458) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -176,20 +165,23 @@
"text": "40.2 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "42.6 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "42.7 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "0.76% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.73% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "11.41 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "11.4 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "9.63 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "9.7 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "5.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "5.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "most of the population concentrated in the northern two-thirds of the country; the southeast is more thinly populated; considered to have one of the highest population densities in the world; approximately 97% live in urban areas"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -222,36 +214,39 @@
"text": "0.76 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.97 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.97 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "28.2 (2010 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "7 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "3.41 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "3.4 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "3.81 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "3.8 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "3 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "3 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "80.88 years"
"text": "81 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "78.3 years"
"text": "78.4 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "83.58 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "83.7 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.78 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.78 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "70.4%",
@ -260,7 +255,7 @@
}
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "11.2% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "10.6% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "3.78 physicians/1,000 population (2010)"
@ -297,28 +292,28 @@
"text": "22.1% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "6.5% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "6.4% of GDP (2011)"
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
"text": "16 years"
"text": "20 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "16 years"
"text": "19 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "17 years (2012)"
"text": "21 years (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "19.8%"
"text": "23.2%"
},
"male": {
"text": "20.4%"
"text": "24%"
},
"female": {
"text": "19.8% (2012 est.)"
"text": "22.3% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -335,6 +330,9 @@
},
"local short form": {
"text": "Belgique/Belgie/Belgien"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "the name derives from the Belgae, an ancient Celtic tribal confederation that inhabited an area between the English Channel and the west bank of the Rhine in the first centuries B.C."
}
},
"Government type": {
@ -364,10 +362,10 @@
"text": "4 October 1830 (a provisional government declared independence from the Netherlands); 21 July 1831 (King LEOPOLD I ascended to the throne)"
},
"National holiday": {
"text": "21 July (1831) ascension to the Throne of King LEOPOLD I"
"text": "21 July (1831) Ascension Day (ascension to the throne of King LEOPOLD I)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "drafted 25 November 1830, approved 7 February 1831, entered into force 26 July 1831, revised 14 July 1993 (creating a federal state); amended many times, last in 2014 (2015)"
"text": "drafted 25 November 1830, approved 7 February 1831, entered into force 26 July 1831, revised 14 July 1993 (creating a federal state); amended many times, last in 2014 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system based on the French Civil Code; note - Belgian law continues to be modified in conformance with the legislative norms mandated by the European Union; judicial review of legislative acts"
@ -376,8 +374,11 @@
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": "no, unless at least one parent is a citizen of Belguim"
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Belgium"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes"
@ -405,7 +406,7 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of a Senate or Senaat in Dutch, Senat in French (71 seats; 40 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 31 indirectly elected by Community Parliaments; members serve 4-year terms) and the Chamber of Representatives or Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers in Dutch, Chambre des Representants in French (150 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate or Senaat in Dutch, Senat in French (71 seats; 40 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 31 indirectly elected by Community Parliaments; members serve 4-year terms) and the Chamber of Representatives or Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers in Dutch, Chambre des Representants in French (150 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
},
"note": {
"text": "the 1993 constitutional revision that further devolved Belgium into a federal state created three levels of government (federal, regional, and linguistic community) with a complex division of responsibilities; this reality leaves six governments, each with its own legislative assembly; changes above occurred since the sixth state reform"
@ -414,15 +415,15 @@
"text": "Chamber of Deputies - last held on 23 May 2014 (next to be held in May 2019); note - elections will coincide with the EU's elections"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - N-VA 20.3%, PS 11.7%, CD&V 11.6%, Open VLD 9.8%, MR 9.6%, SP.A 8.8%, Groen! 5.3%, CDH 5.0% Workers' Party 3.7%, VB 3.7%, Ecolo 3.3%, FDF 1.8%, PP 1.5%, other 7.2%; seats by party - N-VA 33, PS 23, CD&V 18, Open VLD 14, MR 20, SP.A 13, Groen! 6, CDH 9, Workers' Party 2, VB 3, Ecolo 6, FDF 2, PP 1"
"text": "Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - N-VA 20.3%, PS 11.7%, CD&V 11.6%, Open VLD 9.8%, MR 9.6%, SP.A 8.8%, Groen! 5.3%, CDH 5.0% Workers' Party 3.7%, VB 3.7%, Ecolo 3.3%, Defi 1.8%, PP 1.5%, other 3.9%; seats by party - N-VA 33, PS 23, CD&V 18, Open VLD 14, MR 20, SP.A 13, Groen! 6, CDH 9, Workers' Party 2, VB 3, Ecolo 6, Defi 2, PP 1"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
"highest court(s)": {
"text": "Constitutional Court or Grondwettelijk Hof in Dutch and Cour constitutionelle in French (consists of 12 judges - 6 Dutch-speaking and 6 French-speaking); Supreme Court of Justice or Hof van Cassatie in Dutch and Cour de Cassation in French (court organized into 3 chambers: civil and commercial; criminal; social, fiscal, and armed forces; each chamber includes a Dutch division and a French division, each with a chairperson and 5-6 judges)"
"text": "highest court(s): Constitutional Court or Grondwettelijk Hof in Dutch and Cour constitutionelle in French (consists of 12 judges - 6 Dutch-speaking and 6 French-speaking); Supreme Court of Justice or Hof van Cassatie in Dutch and Cour de Cassation in French (court organized into 3 chambers: civil and commercial; criminal; social, fiscal, and armed forces; each chamber includes a Dutch division and a French division, each with a chairperson and 5-6 judges)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "Constitutional Court judges appointed by the monarch from candidates submitted by Parliament; judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 70; Supreme Court judges appointed by the monarch from candidates submitted by the High Council of Justice, a 44-member independent body of judicial and non-judicial members; judges appointed for life"
"text": "Constitutional Court judges appointed by the monarch from candidates submitted by Parliament; judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 70; Supreme Court judges appointed by the monarch from candidates submitted by the High Council of Justice, a 44-member independent body of judicial and non-judicial members; judges appointed for life"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "Courts of Appeal; regional courts; specialized courts for administrative, commercial, labor, and audit issues; magistrate's courts; justices of the peace"
@ -430,10 +431,10 @@
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"Flemish parties": {
"text": " ++ Christian Democratic and Flemish or CD&V [Wouter BEKE] ++ Flemish Liberals and Democrats or Open VLD [Gwendolyn RUTTEN] ++ Groen! [Meyrem ALMACI] (formerly AGALEV, Flemish Greens) ++ Libertarian, Direct, Democratic or LDD (formerly Dedecker's List) [Jean-Marie DEDECKER] ++ New Flemish Alliance or N-VA [Bart DE WEVER] ++ Social Progressive Alternative or SP.A [John CROMBEZ] ++ Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest) or VB [Tom VAN GRIEKEN]"
"text": " ++ Christian Democratic and Flemish or CD&V [Wouter BEKE] ++ Flemish Liberals and Democrats or Open VLD [Gwendolyn RUTTEN] ++ Groen! [Meyrem ALMACI] (formerly AGALEV, Flemish Greens) ++ New Flemish Alliance or N-VA [Bart DE WEVER] ++ Social Progressive Alternative or SP.A [John CROMBEZ] ++ Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest) or VB [Tom VAN GRIEKEN]"
},
"Francophone parties": {
"text": " ++ Ecolo (Francophone Greens) [Patrick DUPRIEZ and Zakia KHATTABI] ++ Francophone Federalist Democrats or FDF [Olivier MAINGAIN] ++ Humanist and Democratic Center or CDH [Benoit LUTGEN] ++ People's Party or PP [Mischael MODRIKAMEN] ++ Reform Movement or MR [Olivier CHASTEL] ++ Socialist Party or PS [Paul MAGNETTE] ++ Workers' Party [Peter Mertens] ++ other minor parties"
"text": " ++ Ecolo (Francophone Greens) [Patrick DUPRIEZ and Zakia KHATTABI] ++ Francophone Federalist Democrats or Defi [Olivier MAINGAIN] ++ Humanist and Democratic Center or CDH [Benoit LUTGEN] ++ People's Party or PP [Mischael MODRIKAMEN] ++ Reform Movement or MR [Olivier CHASTEL] ++ Socialist Party or PS [Elio DI RUPO] ++ Workers' Party [Peter MERTENS] ++ other minor parties"
}
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
@ -447,7 +448,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Johan VERBEKE (since 10 March 2014)"
"text": "Ambassador Dirk Jozef M. WOUTERS (since 16 September 2016)"
},
"chancery": {
"text": "3330 Garfield Street NW, Washington, DC 20008"
@ -499,58 +500,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "This modern, open, and private-enterprise-based economy has capitalized on its central geographic location, highly developed transport network, and diversified industrial and commercial base. Industry is concentrated mainly in the more heavily-populated region of Flanders in the north. With few natural resources, Belgium imports substantial quantities of raw materials and exports a large volume of manufactures, making its economy vulnerable to shifts in foreign demand, particularly in Belgium’s EU trade partners. Roughly three-quarters of Belgium's trade is with other EU countries. In 2014 Belgian GDP grew by 0.9%, the unemployment rate stabilized at 8.5%, and the budget deficit was 3.2% of GDP. Prime Minister Charles MICHEL's center-right government has pledged to further reduce the deficit in response to EU pressure to reduce Belgium's high public debt, which remains above 100% of GDP, but such efforts could also dampen economic growth. In addition to restrained public spending, low wage growth and high unemployment promise to curtail a more robust recovery in private consumption. The government has pledged to pursue a reform program to improve Belgium’s competitiveness, including changes to tax policy, labor market rules, and welfare benefits. These changes risk worsening tensions with trade unions and triggering extended strikes."
"text": "This modern, open, and private-enterprise-based economy has capitalized on its central geographic location, highly developed transport network, and diversified industrial and commercial base. Industry is concentrated mainly in the more heavily-populated region of Flanders in the north. With few natural resources, Belgium imports substantial quantities of raw materials and exports a large volume of manufactures, making its economy vulnerable to shifts in foreign demand, particularly with Belgium’s EU trade partners. Roughly three-quarters of Belgium's trade is with other EU countries. ++ ++ In 2015, Belgian GDP grew by 1.4%, the unemployment rate stabilized at 8.6%, and the budget deficit was 2.7% of GDP. Prime Minister Charles MICHEL's center-right government has pledged to further reduce the deficit in response to EU pressure to reduce Belgium's high public debt, which remains above 100% of GDP, but such efforts could also dampen economic growth. In addition to restrained public spending, low wage growth and high unemployment promise to curtail a more robust recovery in private consumption. ++ ++ The government has pledged to pursue a reform program to improve Belgium’s competitiveness, including changes to tax policy, labor market rules, and welfare benefits. These changes risk worsening tensions with trade unions and triggering extended strikes."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$483.3 billion (2014 est.) ++ $478.2 billion (2013 est.) ++ $476.8 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$494.9 billion (2015 est.) ++ $488.1 billion (2014 est.) ++ $481.9 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$534.2 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$454.3 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1.1% (2014 est.) ++ 0.3% (2013 est.) ++ 0.1% (2012 est.)"
"text": "1.4% (2015 est.) ++ 1.3% (2014 est.) ++ 0% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$43,100 (2014 est.) ++ $42,700 (2013 est.) ++ $42,600 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$44,100 (2015 est.) ++ $43,600 (2014 est.) ++ $43,200 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "23.6% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 22.4% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 22.8% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "22.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 22.8% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 21.9% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "51.6%"
"text": "51.5%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "24.6%"
"text": "24.2%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "23.1%"
"text": "23.3%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-1.2%"
"text": "-0.7%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "83.6%"
"text": "84.4%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-81.7% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-82.7% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "0.7%"
"text": "0.6%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "22.5%"
"text": "21.9%"
},
"services": {
"text": "76.8% (2014 est.)"
"text": "77.4% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -560,10 +561,10 @@
"text": "engineering and metal products, motor vehicle assembly, transportation equipment, scientific instruments, processed food and beverages, chemicals, base metals, textiles, glass, petroleum"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "2.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.9% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "5.237 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "5.247 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -577,7 +578,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "8.5% (2014 est.) ++ 8.4% (2013 est.)"
"text": "8.5% (2015 est.) ++ 8.6% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "15.1% (2013 est.)"
@ -595,41 +596,41 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$276.8 billion"
"text": "$233.4 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$293.4 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$245.2 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "51.8% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "51.3% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-3.1% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-2.6% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "106.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 104.4% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "106.1% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 106.6% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions; general government debt is defined by the Maastricht definition and calculated by the National Bank of Belgium as consolidated gross debt; the debt is defined in European Regulation EC479/2009 concerning the implementation of the protocol on the excessive deficit procedure annexed to the Treaty on European Union (Treaty of Maastricht) of 7 February 1992; the sub-sectors of consolidated gross debt are: federal government, communities and regions, local government, and social security funds"
"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions; general government debt is defined by the Maastricht definition and calculated by the National Bank of Belgium as consolidated gross debt; the debt is defined in European Regulation EC479/2009 concerning the implementation of the protocol on the excessive deficit procedure annexed to the Treaty on European Union (Treaty of Maastricht) of 7 February 1992; the sub-sectors of consolidated gross debt are: federal government, communities and regions, local government, and social security funds"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.5% (2014 est.) ++ 1.2% (2013 est.)"
"text": "0.6% (2015 est.) ++ 0.5% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.75% (31 December 2013) ++ 1.5% (31 December 2010)",
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2013) ++ 0.3% (31 December 2010)",
"note": {
"text": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area"
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "3.23% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 3.49% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "2.46% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 3.23% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$182.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $181.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)",
"text": "$181.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $182.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
}
@ -638,49 +639,54 @@
"text": "$606.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $630.9 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$564.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $606.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$660.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $750.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$300.1 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $229.9 billion (31 December 2011) ++ $269.3 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$414.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $378.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $374.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$8.628 billion (2014 est.) ++ -$1.203 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$155 million (2015 est.) ++ -$1.147 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$326 billion (2014 est.) ++ $322 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$259.9 billion (2015 est.) ++ $320.2 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "chemicals, machinery and equipment, finished diamonds, metals and metal products, foodstuffs"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 17.3%, France 16.2%, Netherlands 12.2%, UK 8.6%, US 4.9%, Italy 4.5% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 16.9%, France 15.5%, Netherlands 11.4%, UK 8.8%, US 6%, Italy 5% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$330.8 billion (2014 est.) ++ $331.7 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$259.6 billion (2015 est.) ++ $325.2 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "raw materials, machinery and equipment, chemicals, raw diamonds, pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, transportation equipment, oil products"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Netherlands 20.2%, Germany 13.3%, France 10.3%, US 7.1%, UK 5% (2014)"
"text": "Netherlands 16.7%, Germany 12.7%, France 9.6%, US 8.7%, UK 5.1%, Ireland 4.7%, China 4.3% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$25.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $26.92 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$24.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $25.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$25.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $26.92 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.312 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.285 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$1.206 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.193 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.034 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.055 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$1.144 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.118 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.01 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.024 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.7489 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.) ++ 0.755 (2010 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "76.09 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -754,18 +760,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "4.7 million"
"text": "4,488,711"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "42 (2014 est.)"
"text": "40 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "12.7 million"
"text": "12.938 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "113 (2014 est.)"
"text": "114 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -776,31 +782,42 @@
"text": "nationwide mobile-cellular telephone system; extensive cable network; limited microwave radio relay network"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 32; landing point for a number of submarine cables that provide links to Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; satellite earth stations - 7 (Intelsat - 3) (2007)"
"text": "country code - 32; landing point for a number of submarine cables that provide links to Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; satellite earth stations - 7 (Intelsat - 3) (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "a segmented market with the three major communities (Flemish, French, and German-speaking) each having responsibility for their own broadcast media; multiple TV channels exist for each community; additionally, in excess of 90% of households are connected to cable and can access broadcasts of TV stations from neighboring countries; each community has a public radio network co-existing with private broadcasters (2007)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 7, FM 79, shortwave 1 (1998)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "25 (plus 10 repeaters) (1997)"
"text": "a segmented market with the three major communities (Flemish, French, and German-speaking) each having responsibility for their own broadcast media; multiple TV channels exist for each community; additionally, in excess of 90% of households are connected to cable and can access broadcasts of TV stations from neighboring countries; each community has a public radio network coexisting with private broadcasters (2007)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".be"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "9.5 million"
"text": "9.631 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "84.7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "85% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "7"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "117"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "11,193,023"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "1,464,316,900 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "OO (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "41 (2013)"
},
@ -829,7 +846,7 @@
"text": "15"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 15 (2013)"
"text": "15 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -889,39 +906,15 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Belgian Armed Forces: Land Operations Command, Naval Operations Command, Air Operations Command (2012)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 1994 (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "2,359,232"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "2,291,689 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,934,957"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,877,268 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "59,665"
},
"female": {
"text": "57,142 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.05% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.08% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.05% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "0.97% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.01% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.05% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.05% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.08% of GDP (2010)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
@ -929,11 +922,8 @@
"text": "none"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "5,038 (Afghanistan) (2014)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "2,554 (2014)"
"text": "5,776 (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

293
europe/bk.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Bosnia and Herzegovina declared sovereignty in October 1991 and independence from the former Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992 after a referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia and Montenegro - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form a \"Greater Serbia.\" In March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement creating a joint Bosniak-Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed a peace agreement that ended three years of interethnic civil strife (the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995). ++ The Dayton Peace Accords retained Bosnia and Herzegovina's international boundaries and created a multiethnic and democratic government charged with conducting foreign, diplomatic, and fiscal policy. Also recognized was a second tier of government composed of two entities roughly equal in size: the Bosniak-Bosnian Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS). The Federation and RS governments are responsible for overseeing most government functions. Additionally, the Dayton Accords established the Office of the High Representative to oversee the implementation of the civilian aspects of the agreement. The Peace Implementation Council at its conference in Bonn in 1997 also gave the High Representative the authority to impose legislation and remove officials, the so-called \"Bonn Powers.\" An original NATO-led international peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops assembled in 1995 was succeeded over time by a smaller, NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR). In 2004, European Union peacekeeping troops (EUFOR) replaced SFOR. Currently EUFOR deploys around 600 troops in theater in a security assistance and training capacity."
"text": "Bosnia and Herzegovina declared sovereignty in October 1991 and independence from the former Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992 after a referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia and Montenegro - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form a \"Greater Serbia.\" In March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement creating a joint Bosniak-Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed a peace agreement that ended three years of interethnic civil strife (the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995). ++ The Dayton Peace Accords retained Bosnia and Herzegovina's international boundaries and created a multiethnic and democratic government charged with conducting foreign, diplomatic, and fiscal policy. Also recognized was a second tier of government composed of two entities roughly equal in size: the predominantly Bosniak-Bosnian Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the predominantly Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS). The Federation and RS governments are responsible for overseeing most government functions. Additionally, the Dayton Accords established the Office of the High Representative to oversee the implementation of the civilian aspects of the agreement. The Peace Implementation Council at its conference in Bonn in 1997 also gave the High Representative the authority to impose legislation and remove officials, the so-called \"Bonn Powers.\" An original NATO-led international peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops assembled in 1995 was succeeded over time by a smaller, NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR). In 2004, European Union peacekeeping troops (EUFOR) replaced SFOR. Currently, EUFOR deploys around 600 troops in theater in a security assistance and training capacity."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -48,12 +48,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "mountains and valleys"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Adriatic Sea 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "500 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Maglic 2,386 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m ++ highest point: Maglic 2,386 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -71,10 +71,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "30 sq km (2003)"
"text": "30 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "37.5 cu km (2011)"
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "the northern and central areas of the country are the most densely populated"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "destructive earthquakes"
@ -95,6 +95,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "3,861,912 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)"
@ -104,38 +107,32 @@
}
},
"Ethnic groups": {
"text": "Bosniak 48.4%, Serb 32.7%, Croat 14.6%, other 4.3%",
"text": "Bosniak 50.1%, Serb 30.8%, Croat 15.4%, other 2.7%, not declared/no answer 1%",
"note": {
"text": "final 2013 census results are pending; Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam (2013 est.)"
"text": "the methodology remains disputed and Republika Srspka authorities refuse to recognize the results; Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam (2013 est.)"
}
},
"Languages": {
"text": "Bosnian (official), Croatian (official), Serbian (official)"
"text": "Bosnian (official) 52.9%, Serbian (official) 30.8%, Croatian (official) 14.6%, other 1.6%, no answer 0.2% (2013 est.)"
},
"Religions": {
"text": "Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Roman Catholic 15%, other 14%"
},
"Population": {
"text": "3,867,055 (July 2015 est.)"
"text": "Muslim 50.7%, Orthodox 30.7%, Roman Catholic 15.2%, atheist 0.8%, agnostic 0.3%, other 1.2%, undeclared/no answer 1.1% (2013 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "13.48% (male 269,086/female 252,189)"
"text": "13.36% (male 266,389/female 249,425)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "12.36% (male 246,849/female 231,007)"
"text": "11.97% (male 238,682/female 223,599)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "46.48% (male 902,704/female 894,787)"
"text": "46.2% (male 896,760/female 887,407)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "14.01% (male 259,579/female 282,371)"
"text": "14.43% (male 267,628/female 289,464)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "13.67% (male 206,288/female 322,195) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "14.05% (male 212,574/female 329,984) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -154,26 +151,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "41.2 years"
"text": "41.7 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "39.8 years"
"text": "40.2 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "42.6 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "43.1 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "-0.13% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-0.14% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "8.87 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "8.8 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "9.75 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "9.9 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "-0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "the northern and central areas of the country are the most densely populated"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -206,42 +206,45 @@
"text": "0.64 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "26.7 (2013 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "11 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "5.72 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "5.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "5.79 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "5.7 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "5.64 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "5.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "76.55 years"
"text": "76.7 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "73.54 years"
"text": "73.7 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "79.77 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "80 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.27 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.28 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "45.8% (2011/12)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "9.6% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "9.6% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "1.93 physicians/1,000 population (2013)"
@ -297,6 +300,17 @@
"text": "97.5% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
"text": "14 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "14 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "15 years (2014)"
}
},
"Child labor - children ages 5-14": {
"total number": {
"text": "24,722"
@ -336,10 +350,13 @@
},
"abbreviation": {
"text": "BiH"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "the larger northern territory is named for the Bosna River; the smaller southern section takes its name from the German word \"herzog,\" meaning \"duke,\" and the ending \"-ovina,\" meaning \"land,\" forming the combination denoting \"dukedom\""
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "federal democratic republic"
"text": "parliamentary republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -356,16 +373,19 @@
}
},
"Administrative divisions": {
"text": "2 first-order administrative divisions and 1 internationally supervised district* - the Bosniak-Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine), the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska, Brcko District (Brcko Distrikt)*; note - Brcko District is in northeastern Bosnia and is a self-governing administrative unit under the sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina and formally held in condominium between the two entities"
"text": "2 first-order administrative divisions and 1 internationally supervised district* - the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine) (predominantly Bosniak-Croat), the Republika Srpska (predominately Serb), Brcko District (Brcko Distrikt)*; note - Brcko District is in northeastern Bosnia and is a self-governing administrative unit under the sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina and formally held in condominium between the two entities"
},
"Independence": {
"text": "1 March 1992 (from Yugoslavia); note - referendum for independence completed on 1 March 1992; independence declared on 3 March 1992"
},
"National holiday": {
"text": "National Day (Statehood Day), 25 November (1943); note - observed only in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity"
"text": "National Day (Statehood Day), 25 November (1943); Independence Day, 1 March (1992); note - observed only in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina ++ Dayton Agreement Day, 21 November (2007); note - observed only in the Republika Srpska",
"note": {
"text": "there is no national-level holiday"
}
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "14 December 1995 (constitution included as part of the Dayton Peace Accords); amended several times, last in 2009; note - each of the entities has its own constitution (2015)"
"text": "14 December 1995 (constitution included as part of the Dayton Peace Accords); amended several times, last in 2009; note - each of the entities has its own constitution (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts"
@ -374,8 +394,11 @@
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": "no, unless at least one parent is a citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina"
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes, provided there is a bilateral agreement with the other state"
@ -389,7 +412,7 @@
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "Chairman of the Presidency Dragan COVIC (chairman since 17 July 2015; presidency member since 17 November 2014 - Croat) ; other members of the three-member presidency rotate every eight months"
"text": "Chairman of the Presidency Bakir IZETBEGOVIC (chairman since 17 March 2016, presidency member since 10 November 2010 - Bosniak); Dragan COVIC (presidency member since 17 November 2014 - Croat); Mladen IVANIC (presidency member since 17 November 2014 - Serb)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Chairman of the Council of Ministers Denis ZVIZDIC (since 11 February 2015)"
@ -398,7 +421,7 @@
"text": "Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman, approved by the state-level House of Representatives"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "3-member presidency (one Bosniak, one Croat, one Serb) directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term, but then ineligible for 4 years) by constituencies of the 3 ethnic groups; the chairmanship rotates every 8 months and resumes where it left off following each general election; election last held on 12 October 2014 (next to be held in October 2018); the chairman of the Council of Ministers appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the state-level House of Representatives"
"text": "3-member presidency (1 Bosniak and 1 Croat elected from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 1 Serb elected from the Republika Srpska) directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term, but then ineligible for 4 years); the presidency chairpersonship rotates every 8 months and resumes where it left off following each general election; election last held on 12 October 2014 (next to be held in October 2018); the chairman of the Council of Ministers appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the state-level House of Representatives"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote - Mladen IVANIC 48.7% - Serb seat; Dragan COVIC 52.2% - Croat seat; Bakir IZETBEGOVIC 32.9% - Bosniak seat"
@ -409,13 +432,13 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "bicameral Parliamentary Assembly or Skupstina consists of the House of Peoples or Dom Naroda (15 seats - 5 Bosniak, 5 Croat, 5 Serb; members designated by the Bosniak/Croat Federation's House of Peoples and the Republika Srpska's National Assembly to serve 4-year terms) and the state-level House of Representatives or Predstavnicki Dom (42 seats to include 28 seats allocated to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 14 to the Republika Srpska; members directly elected by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms); note - the Bosniak/Croat Federation has a bicameral legislature that consists of the House of Peoples (58 seats - 17 Bosniak, 17 Croat, 17 Serb, 7 other) and the House of Representatives (98 seats; members directly elected by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms); Republika Srpska's unicameral legislature is the National Assembly (83 directly elected delegates serve four-year terms)"
"text": "bicameral Parliamentary Assembly or Skupstina consists of the House of Peoples or Dom Naroda (15 seats - 5 Bosniak, 5 Croat, 5 Serb; members designated by the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina's House of Peoples and the Republika Srpska's National Assembly to serve 4-year terms) and the state-level House of Representatives or Predstavnicki Dom (42 seats to include 28 seats allocated to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 14 to the Republika Srpska; members directly elected by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms); note - the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina has a bicameral legislature that consists of the House of Peoples (58 seats - 17 Bosniak, 17 Croat, 17 Serb, 7 other) and the House of Representatives (98 seats; members directly elected by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms); Republika Srpska's unicameral legislature is the National Assembly (83 directly elected delegates serve 4-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "House of Peoples - last constituted in 11 February 2015 (next likely to be constituted in 2018); state-level House of Representatives - election last held on 12 October 2014 (next to be held in October 2018)"
"text": "House of Peoples - last constituted in 11 February 2015 (next likely to be constituted in 2019); state-level House of Representatives - election last held on 12 October 2014 (next to be held in October 2018)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "House of Peoples - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by party/coalition - NA; state-level House of Representatives - percent of vote by party/coalition - Federation votes: SDA 27.9%, DF 15.3%, SBB BiH 14.4%, HDZ BiH-HSS-NHI-HKDU-HSP-dr. Ante Starcevic-HSP Herceg-Bosne 12.2%, SDP BiH 9.5%, HDZ-1990 4.1%, BPS-Sefer Halilovic 3.7%, A-SDA 2.3%, other 10.6%; Republika Srpska votes: SNSD 38.5%, SDS 32.6%, PDP-NDP 7.8%, DNS 5.7%, SDA 4.9%, other 10.5%; seats by party/coalition - SDA 10, SNSD 6, SDS 5, DF 5, SBB BiH 4, HDZ BiH-HSS-NHI-HKDU-HSP-Dr. Ante Starcevic-HSP Herceg-Bosne 4, SDP BiH 3, PDP-NDP 1, HDZ-1990 1, BPS-Sefer Halilovic 1, DNS 1, A-SDA 1"
"text": "House of Peoples - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by party/coalition - NA; state-level House of Representatives - percent of vote by party/coalition - Federation votes: SDA 27.9%, DF 15.3%, SBB BiH 14.4%, Croat People's Assembly coalition or HNS (HDZ BiH-HSS-NHI-HKDU-HSP BiH-HSP HB) 12.2%, SDP 9.5%, HDZ-1990 4.1%, BPS-Sefer Halilovic 3.7%, A-SDA 2.3%, other 10.6%; Republika Srpska votes: SNSD 38.5%, SDS 32.6%, PDP-NDP 7.8%, DNS 5.7%, SDA 4.9%, other 10.5%; seats by party/coalition - SDA 10, SNSD 6, SDS 5, DF 5, SBB BiH 4, Croat People's Assembly coalition or HNS (HDZ BiH-HSS-NHI-HKDU-HSP BiH-HSP HB) 4, SDP 3, PDP-NDP 1, HDZ-1990 1, BPS-Sefer Halilovic 1, DNS 1, A-SDA 1"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -430,7 +453,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Alliance for a Better Future of BiH or SBB BiH [Fahrudin RADONCIC] ++ Alliance of Independent Social Democrats or SNSD [Milorad DODIK] ++ Bosnian-Herzegovinian Patriotic Party-Sefer Halilovic or BPS-Sefer Halilovic [Sefer HALILOVIC] ++ Croat Peasants' Party-New Croat Initiative or HSS-NHI [Ante COLAK] ++ Croatian Christian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HKDU [Ivan MUSA] ++ Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HDZ-BiH [Dragan COVIC] ++ Croatian Democratic Union 1990 or HDZ-1990 [Martin RAGUZ] ++ Croatian Party of Rights dr. Ante Starcevic or HSP dr. Ante Starcevic [Zvonko JURISIC] ++ Croatian Party of Rights of Herceg-Bosne or HSP Herceg-Bosne [Vesna PINJUH] ++ Democratic Front of DF [Zeljko KOMSIC] ++ Democratic Peoples' Alliance or DNS [Marko PAVIC] ++ Party of Democratic Action or SDA [Bakir IZETBEGOVIC] ++ Party of Democratic Activity or A-SDA [Nermin OGRESEVIC] ++ Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [Mladen IVANIC] ++ People's Democratic Movement or NDP [Dragan CAVIC] (unification of the Democratic Party or DP and the People's Democratic Party or NDS) ++ Serb Democratic Party or SDS [Mladen BOSIC] ++ Social Democratic Party of BiH or SDP BiH [Nermin NIKSIC]"
"text": "Alliance for a Better Future of BiH or SBB BiH [Fahrudin RADONCIC] ++ Alliance of Independent Social Democrats or SNSD [Milorad DODIK] ++ Alternative Party for Democratic Activity or A-SDA [Nermin OGRESEVIC] ++ Bosnian-Herzegovinian Patriotic Party-Sefer Halilovic or BPS-Sefer Halilovic [Sefer HALILOVIC] ++ Croat Peasants' Party or HSS [Mario KARAMATIC] ++ Croatian Christian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HKDU [Ivan MUSA] ++ Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HDZ-BiH [Dragan COVIC] ++ Croatian Democratic Union 1990 or HDZ-1990 [acting president Ilija CVITANOVIC] ++ Croatian Party of Rights or HSP BiH [Stanko PRIMORAC] ++ Croatian Party of Rights of Herceg-Bosne or HSP HB [Vesna PINJUH] ++ Croatian People's Party-Liberal Democrats or HNS [Ivan VRDOLJAK] ++ Democratic Front of DF [Zeljko KOMSIC] ++ Democratic Peoples' Alliance or DNS [Marko PAVIC] ++ Party for Democratic Action or SDA [Bakir IZETBEGOVIC] ++ Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [Branislav BORENOVIC] ++ People's Democratic Movement or NDP [Dragan CAVIC] ++ Serb Democratic Party or SDS [Mladen BOSIC] ++ Social Democratic Party or SDP [Nermin NIKSIC]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"other": {
@ -442,7 +465,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Adnan HADROVIC (since 1 August 2015)"
"text": "Ambassador Haris HRLE (since 23 October 2015)"
},
"chancery": {
"text": "2109 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20037"
@ -500,38 +523,38 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Bosnia has a transitional economy with limited market reforms. The economy relies heavily on the export of metals, energy, textiles and furniture as well as on remittances and foreign aid. A highly decentralized government hampers economic policy coordination and reform, while excessive bureaucracy and a segmented market discourage foreign investment. Interethnic warfare in Bosnia and Herzegovina caused production to plummet by 80% from 1992 to 1995 and unemployment to soar, but the economy made progress until 2009, when the global economic crisis caused a downturn. Foreign banks, primarily from Austria and Italy, now control most of the banking sector. The konvertibilna marka (convertible mark or BAM) - the national currency introduced in 1998 - is pegged to the euro, and confidence in the currency and the banking sector has remained stable. Bosnia's private sector is growing slowly, but foreign investment has dropped sharply since 2007. Government spending - including transfer payments - remains high, at roughly 40% of GDP, because of redundant government offices at the national, sub-national, and municipal level. High unemployment remains the most serious macroeconomic problem. Successful implementation of a value-added tax in 2006 provided a steady source of revenue for the government and helped rein in gray-market activity. National-level statistics have also improved over time but a large share of economic activity remains unofficial and unrecorded. Bosnia and Herzegovina became a full member of the Central European Free Trade Agreement in September 2007. Bosnia and Herzegovina's top economic priorities are: acceleration of integration into the EU; strengthening the fiscal system; public administration reform; World Trade Organization (WTO) membership; and securing economic growth by fostering a dynamic, competitive private sector. Flooding caused significant damage in the spring of 2014, and Bosnia will struggle to recover from it in 2015."
"text": "Bosnia has a transitional economy with limited market reforms. The economy relies heavily on the export of metals, energy, textiles, and furniture as well as on remittances and foreign aid. A highly decentralized government hampers economic policy coordination and reform, while excessive bureaucracy and a segmented market discourage foreign investment. Foreign banks, primarily from Austria and Italy, now control most of the banking sector. The konvertibilna marka (convertible mark or BAM) - the national currency introduced in 1998 - is pegged to the euro, and confidence in the currency and the banking sector has remained stable. ++ ++ Interethnic warfare in Bosnia and Herzegovina caused production to plummet by 80% from 1992 to 1995 and unemployment to soar, but the economy made progress until 2008, when the global economic crisis caused a downturn. Bosnia and Herzegovina became a full member of the Central European Free Trade Agreement in September 2007. ++ ++ Bosnia's private sector is growing slowly, but foreign investment has dropped sharply since 2007. Government spending - including transfer payments - remains high, at roughly 40% of GDP, because of redundant government offices at the national, sub-national, and municipal level. High unemployment remains the most serious macroeconomic problem. Successful implementation of a value-added tax in 2006 provided a steady source of revenue for the government and helped rein in gray-market activity. National-level statistics have also improved over time but a large share of economic activity remains unofficial and unrecorded. ++ ++ Bosnia and Herzegovina's top economic priorities are: acceleration of integration into the EU; strengthening the fiscal system; public administration reform; World Trade Organization membership; and securing economic growth by fostering a dynamic, competitive private sector."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$38.29 billion (2014 est.) ++ $37.89 billion (2013 est.) ++ $36.98 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$40.76 billion (2015 est.) ++ $39.51 billion (2014 est.) ++ $39.08 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$18.17 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$16 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1.1% (2014 est.) ++ 2.5% (2013 est.) ++ -1.2% (2012 est.)"
"text": "3.2% (2015 est.) ++ 1.1% (2014 est.) ++ 2.4% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$9,900 (2014 est.) ++ $9,800 (2013 est.) ++ $9,600 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$10,600 (2015 est.) ++ $10,200 (2014 est.) ++ $10,100 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "10.1% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 11.2% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 9.3% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "10.5% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 10.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 11.7% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "81.2%"
"text": "80.9%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "21.6%"
"text": "21.5%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "18.3%"
"text": "18.6%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "1.3%"
@ -540,18 +563,18 @@
"text": "32.8%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-55.1% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-55.1% (2014 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "8%"
"text": "7.9%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "26.3%"
"text": "26.5%"
},
"services": {
"text": "65.7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "65.6% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -561,10 +584,10 @@
"text": "steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, ammunition, domestic appliances, oil refining"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "0.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "3.2% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "1.47 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "1.47 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -578,7 +601,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "43.9% (2014 est.) ++ 44.8% (2013 est.)",
"text": "43.2% (2015 est.) ++ 43.9% (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "official rate; actual rate is lower as many technically unemployed persons work in the gray economy"
}
@ -599,71 +622,71 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$8.774 billion"
"text": "$7.606 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$9.349 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$7.933 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "48.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "48.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-3.2% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-2.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "44.8% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 41.6% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "46.1% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 44.8% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions."
"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-0.9% (2014 est.) ++ -0.1% (2013 est.)"
"text": "-1% (2015 est.) ++ -0.9% (2014 est.)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "6.64% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 6.99% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "5.79% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 6.64% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$4.538 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $4.721 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$4.554 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.538 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$11.75 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $10.95 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$9.223 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $10.72 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$10.48 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $11.57 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$9.389 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $10.23 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$1.404 billion (2014 est.) ++ -$1.026 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$901 million (2015 est.) ++ -$1.383 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$4.49 billion (2014 est.) ++ $4.363 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$3.95 billion (2015 est.) ++ $4.489 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "metals, clothing, wood products"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Slovenia 16.4%, Italy 16.1%, Germany 12.8%, Austria 12.3%, Croatia 12% (2014)"
"text": "Slovenia 16.5%, Italy 15.9%, Germany 12.1%, Croatia 11.5%, Austria 11.1%, Turkey 5.2% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$9.982 billion (2014 est.) ++ $9.337 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$8.173 billion (2015 est.) ++ $9.982 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Croatia 20.2%, Germany 12.6%, Slovenia 12.2%, Italy 9.8%, Russia 6.8%, Austria 5.7%, Hungary 5% (2014)"
"text": "Croatia 19.3%, Germany 13.9%, Slovenia 13.8%, Italy 10.9%, Austria 5.7%, Hungary 5.2%, Turkey 4.5% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$4.744 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $4.868 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$4.791 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.858 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$11.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $11.08 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$9.597 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $10.59 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$7.92 billion (2014 est.) ++ $7.721 billion (2013 est.)"
@ -672,10 +695,15 @@
"text": "$0 (2014)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "konvertibilna markas (BAM) per US dollar - ++ 1.4718 (2014 est.) ++ 1.4718 (2013 est.) ++ 1.52 (2012 est.) ++ 1.407 (2011 est.) ++ 1.4767 (2010 est.)"
"text": "konvertibilna markas (BAM) per US dollar - ++ 1.7626 (2015 est.) ++ 1.4742 (2014 est.) ++ 1.4718 (2013 est.) ++ 1.52 (2012 est.) ++ 1.407 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "16.3 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
},
@ -749,53 +777,64 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "850,000"
"text": "771,684"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "22 (2014 est.)"
"text": "20 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "3.5 million"
"text": "3.444 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "90 (2014 est.)"
"text": "89 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "post-war reconstruction of the telecommunications network, aided by an internationally sponsored program, resulting in sharp increases in fixed-line telephone availability"
"text": "post-war reconstruction of the telecommunications network, aided by an internationally sponsored program, resulted in sharp increases in fixed-line telephone availability"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "fixed-line teledensity roughly 25 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership has been increasing rapidly and stands at roughly 80 telephones per 100 persons"
"text": "fixed-line teledensity roughly 20 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership has been increasing rapidly and stands at roughly 90 telephones per 100 persons"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 387; no satellite earth stations (2011)"
"text": "country code - 387; no satellite earth stations (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "3 public TV broadcasters: Radio and TV of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Federation TV (operating 2 networks), and Republika Srpska Radio-TV; a local commercial network of 5 TV stations; 3 private, near-national TV stations and dozens of small independent TV stations broadcasting; 3 large public radio broadcasters and many private radio stations (2010)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 8, FM 16, shortwave 1 (1998)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "33 (1995)"
"text": "3 public TV broadcasters: Radio and TV of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Federation TV (operating 2 networks), and Republika Srpska Radio-TV; a local commercial network of 5 TV stations; 3 private, near-national TV stations and dozens of small independent TV broadcasting stations; 3 large public radio broadcasters and many private radio stations (2010)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".ba"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "2.6 million"
"text": "2.516 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "67.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "65.1% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "1"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "1"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "7,070"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "87 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "T9 (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "24 (2013)"
},
@ -824,7 +863,7 @@
"text": "5"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 11 (2013)"
"text": "11 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -861,37 +900,13 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Oruzanih Snaga Bosne i Hercegovine, OSBiH): Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Air Force and Air Defense (Brigada Zracnih Snaga i Protuzracne Odbrane, br ZSiPZO), Tactical Support Brigade (Brigada Takticke Podrske, br TP) (2015)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; mandatory retirement at age 35 or after 15 years of service for E-1 through E-4, mandatory retirement at age 50 and 30 years of service for E-5 through E-9, mandatory retirement at age 55 and 30 years of service for all officers (2014)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,180,829"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,143,919 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "968,242"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "937,327 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "26,601"
},
"female": {
"text": "24,879 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "0.98% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.04% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.35% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.15% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.35% of GDP (2010)"
}
@ -902,21 +917,13 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "6,703 (Croatia) (2014)"
"text": "6,679 (Croatia) (2015)"
},
"IDPs": {
"text": "100,400 (Bosnian Croats, Serbs, and Bosniaks displaced by inter-ethnic violence, human rights violations, and armed conflict during the 1992-1995 war) (2014)"
"text": "98,324 (Bosnian Croats, Serbs, and Bosniaks displaced by inter-ethnic violence, human rights violations, and armed conflict during the 1992-1995 war) (2015)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "101 (2014)"
}
},
"Trafficking in persons": {
"current situation": {
"text": "Bosnia and Herzegovina is a source, destination, and transit country for men, women, and children (including the developmentally disabled) subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; Bosnian women and girls are sexually exploited domestically; Roma children are forced to beg and to marry by local organized crime groups; Bosnians are also trafficked to other European countries"
},
"tier rating": {
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List – Bosnia and Herzegovina does not comply fully with the minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; some progress was made in 2013 in prosecuting and convicting trafficking offenders, but authorities significantly decreased their identification of victims; the national referral mechanism did not involve labor inspectors, hampering efforts to identify forced labor victims; the government has not amended all sub-national laws to criminalize all forms of trafficking consistent with national and international law (2014)"
"text": "58 (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

293
europe/bo.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "After seven decades as a constituent republic of the USSR, Belarus attained its independence in 1991. It has retained closer political and economic ties to Russia than have any of the other former Soviet republics. Belarus and Russia signed a treaty on a two-state union on 8 December 1999 envisioning greater political and economic integration. Although Belarus agreed to a framework to carry out the accord, serious implementation has yet to take place. Since his election in July 1994 as the country's first and only directly elected president, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO has steadily consolidated his power through authoritarian means and a centralized economic system. Government restrictions on political and civil freedoms, freedom of speech and the press, peaceful assembly, and religion have remained in place. The situation was somewhat aggravated after security services cracked down on protests challenging election results in the capital Minsk following the 2010 presidential election, but little protest occurred after the 2015 election."
"text": "After seven decades as a constituent republic of the USSR, Belarus attained its independence in 1991. It has retained closer political and economic ties to Russia than have any of the other former Soviet republics. Belarus and Russia signed a treaty on a two-state union on 8 December 1999 envisioning greater political and economic integration. Although Belarus agreed to a framework to carry out the accord, serious implementation has yet to take place. Since his election in July 1994 as the country's first and only directly elected president, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO has steadily consolidated his power through authoritarian means and a centralized economic system. Government restrictions on political and civil freedoms, freedom of speech and the press, peaceful assembly, and religion have remained in place. The situation was somewhat aggravated after security services cracked down on mass protests challenging election results in the capital, Minsk, following the 2010 presidential election, but little protest occurred after the 2015 election."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "slightly less than twice the size of Kentucky; slightly smaller than Kansas",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "slightly less than twice the size of Kentucky; slightly smaller than Kansas"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -51,12 +48,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "generally flat with much marshland"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Nyoman River 90 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "160 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Dzyarzhynskaya Hara 346 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Nyoman River 90 m ++ highest point: Dzyarzhynskaya Hara 346 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -74,18 +71,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "1,150 sq km (2003)"
"text": "1,140 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "58 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "4.34 cu km/yr (32%/65%/3%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "435.4 cu m/yr (2009)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "NA"
@ -106,6 +95,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "9,570,376 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Belarusian(s)"
@ -121,29 +113,23 @@
"text": "Russian (official) 70.2%, Belarusian (official) 23.4%, other 3.1% (includes small Polish- and Ukrainian-speaking minorities), unspecified 3.3% (2009 est.)"
},
"Religions": {
"text": "Eastern Orthodox 80%, other (including Roman Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, and Muslim) 20% (1997 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "9,589,689 (July 2015 est.)"
"text": "Orthodox 48.3%, Catholic 7.1%, other 3.5%, non-believers 41.1% (2011 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "15.51% (male 765,070/female 722,540)"
"text": "15.65% (male 770,014/female 727,338)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "11.12% (male 548,487/female 517,840)"
"text": "10.68% (male 525,704/female 496,414)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "45.3% (male 2,132,051/female 2,212,223)"
"text": "45.04% (male 2,118,447/female 2,191,694)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "13.62% (male 575,816/female 730,432)"
"text": "13.95% (male 589,288/female 745,815)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "14.44% (male 439,257/female 945,973) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "14.69% (male 448,135/female 957,527) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -162,26 +148,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "39.6 years"
"text": "39.8 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "36.5 years"
"text": "36.8 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "42.6 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "42.9 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "-0.2% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-0.21% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "10.7 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "10.5 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "13.36 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "13.3 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -205,7 +194,7 @@
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "0.96 male(s)/female"
"text": "0.97 male(s)/female"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "0.79 male(s)/female"
@ -214,42 +203,45 @@
"text": "0.46 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.87 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.87 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "25.4 (2013 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "4 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "3.62 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "3.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "4.04 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "4 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "3.17 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "72.48 years"
"text": "72.7 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "66.91 years"
"text": "67.2 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "78.38 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "78.6 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.47 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.48 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "63.1% (2012)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "6.1% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "5.7% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "3.93 physicians/1,000 population (2013)"
@ -274,13 +266,13 @@
}
},
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "0.52% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.64% (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
"text": "29,400 (2014 est.)"
"text": "35,200 (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
"text": "1,000 (2014 est.)"
"text": "1,000 (2015 est.)"
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "25.2% (2014)"
@ -289,7 +281,7 @@
"text": "1.3% (2005)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5.1% of GDP (2012)"
"text": "5% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -313,7 +305,7 @@
"text": "15 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "16 years (2013)"
"text": "16 years (2014)"
}
},
"Child labor - children ages 5-14": {
@ -326,7 +318,7 @@
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "12.6%"
"text": "12.5%"
},
"male": {
"text": "12.4%"
@ -353,12 +345,12 @@
"former": {
"text": "Belorussian (Byelorussian) Soviet Socialist Republic"
},
"note": {
"etymology": {
"text": "the name is a compound of the Belarusian words \"bel\" (white) and \"Rus\" (the Old East Slavic ethnic designation) to form the meaning White Rusian or White Ruthenian"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "republic in name, although in fact an authoritarian system centered on the executive"
"text": "presidential republic in name, although in fact a dictatorship"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -384,7 +376,7 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 3 July (1944); note - 3 July 1944 was the date Minsk was liberated from German troops, 25 August 1991 was the date of independence from the Soviet Union"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest drafted between late 1991 and early 1994, signed 15 March 1994; amended 1996, 2004, 2015 (2015)"
"text": "several previous; latest drafted between late 1991 and early 1994, signed 15 March 1994; amended 1996, 2004 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system; note - nearly all major codes (civil, civil procedure, criminal, criminal procedure, family, and labor) have been revised and came into force in 1999 or 2000"
@ -393,8 +385,11 @@
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": "no, unless at least one parent is a citizen of Belarus"
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Belarus"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no"
@ -411,7 +406,7 @@
"text": "president Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20 July 1994)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "prime minister Andrey KABYAKOW (since 27 December 2014); first deputy prime minister Vasily MATYUSHEVSKIY (since 27 December 2014)"
"text": "prime minister Andrey KABYAKOV (since 27 December 2014); first deputy prime minister Vasily MATYUSHEVSKIY (since 27 December 2014)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president"
@ -420,7 +415,7 @@
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (no term limits); first election took place on 23 June and 10 July 1994; according to the 1994 constitution, the next election should have been held in 1999, however, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001 via a November 1996 referendum; subsequent election held on 9 September 2001; an October 2004 referendum ended presidential term limits and allowed the president to run in a third (19 March 2006), fourth (19 December 2010), and fifth election (11 October 2015); next election in 2020; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president and approved by the National Assembly"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Aleksandr LUKASHENKO reelected president; percent of vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (independent) 84.1%, Tatsyana KARATKEVICH (BSDPH) 4.4%, Sergey GAYDUKEVICH (LDP) 3.3%, other 8.2%; note - election marred by electoral fraud"
"text": "Aleksandr LUKASHENKO reelected president; percent of vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (independent) 83.5%, Tatsiana KARATKEVICH (Tell the Truth) 4.4%, Sergey GAYDUKEVICH (LDP) 3.3%, other 8.8%; note - election marred by electoral fraud"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -428,18 +423,18 @@
"text": "bicameral National Assembly or Natsionalnoye Sobraniye consists of the Council of the Republic or Sovet Respubliki (64 seats; 56 members indirectly elected by regional and Minsk city councils and 8 members appointed by the president; members serve 4-year terms) and the Chamber of Representatives or Palata Predstaviteley (110 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote with a second round if needed; members serve 4-year terms); note - the US does not recognize the legitimacy of the National Assembly"
},
"elections": {
"text": "Palata Predstaviteley - last held on 23 September 2012 (next to be held September 2016); OSCE observers determined that the election was neither free nor impartial and that vote counting was problematic in a number of polling stations; pro-LUKASHENKO candidates won every seat with no opposition representation in the chamber; international observers determined that the previous election, on 28 September 2008, despite minor improvements, also fell short of democratic standards, with pro-LUKASHENKO candidates winning every seat"
"text": "Palata Predstaviteley - last held on 11 September 2016 (next to be held in 2020); OSCE observers determined that the election was neither free nor impartial and that vote counting was problematic in a number of polling stations; pro-LUKASHENKO candidates won virtually every seat with only the UCP member and one independent forming opposition representation in the chamber; international observers determined that the previous elections, on 28 September 2008 and 23 September 2012, also fell short of democratic standards, with pro-LUKASHENKO candidates winning every seat"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Sovet Respubliki - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; Palata Predstaviteley - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - KPB 3, AP 1, Republican Party of Labor and Justice 1, no affiliation 104, vacant 1"
"text": "Sovet Respubliki - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; Palata Predstaviteley - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - KPB 8, Belarusian Patriotic Party 3, Republican Party of Labor and Justice 3, LDP 1, UCP 1, independents 104"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
"highest court(s)": {
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of the chairman, deputy chairman, and NA judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 12 judges including a chairman and deputy chairman)"
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of the chairman, deputy chairman, and organized into several specialized panels including economic and military; number of judges set by the president of the republic and the court chairman); Constitutional Court (consists of 12 judges including a chairman and deputy chairman)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the president with the consent of the Council of the Republic; judges initially appointed for 5 years and evaluated for life appointment; Constitutional Court judges - 6 appointed by the president and 6 elected by the Chamber of Representatives; judges can serve for 11 years with an age limit of 70"
"text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the president with the consent of the Council of the Republic; judges initially appointed for 5 years and evaluated for life appointment; Constitutional Court judges - 6 including the court chairman appointed by the president and 6 elected by the Chamber of Representatives; judges can serve for 11 years with an age limit of 70"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "provincial (including Minsk city) courts; first instance (district) courts; economic courts; military courts"
@ -447,21 +442,21 @@
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"pro-government parties": {
"text": " ++ Belarusian Agrarian Party or AP [Mikhail RUS] ++ Belarusian Patriotic Party [Nikolay ULAKHOVICH] ++ Belarusian Socialist Sporting Party [Vladimir ALEKSANDROVICH] ++ Belaya Rus [Aleksandr RADKOV] ++ Communist Party of Belarus or KPB [Igor KARPENKO] ++ Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Sergey GAYDUKEVICH] ++ Republican Party of Labor and Justice [Vasiliy ZADNEPRYANIY]"
"text": " ++ Belarusian Agrarian Party or AP [Mikhail SHIMANSKIY] ++ Belarusian Patriotic Party [Nikolai ULAKHOVICH] ++ Belarusian Socialist Sporting Party [Vladimir ALEKSANDROVICH] ++ Communist Party of Belarus or KPB [Igor KARPENKO] ++ Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Sergey GAYDUKEVICH] ++ Republican Party [Vladimir BELOZOR] ++ Republican Party of Labor and Justice [Vasiliy ZADNEPRYANIY]"
},
"opposition parties": {
"text": " ++ Belarusian Christian Democracy Party [Pavel SEVERINETS] (unregistered) ++ Belarusian Labor Party [Aleksandr BUCHVOSTOV] (unregistered) ++ Belarusian Liberal Party of Freedom and Progress [Vladimir NOVOSYAD] (unregistered) ++ Belarusian Party of the Green [Oleg NOVIKOV] ++ Belarusian Party of the Left \"Fair World\" [Sergey KALYAKIN] ++ Belarusian Popular Front or BPF [Aleksey YANUKEVICH] ++ Belarusian Social-Democratic Assembly [Stanislav SHUSHKEVICH] ++ Belarusian Social Democratic Party (\"Assembly\") or BSDPH [Irina VESHTARD] ++ Belarusian Social Democratic Party (People's Assembly) [Nikolay STATKEVICH] (unregistered) ++ Christian Conservative Party or BPF [Zyanon PAZNIAK] ++ United Civic Party or UCP [Anatoliy LEBEDKO]"
"text": " ++ Belarusian Christian Democracy Party [Pavel SEVERINETS] (unregistered) ++ Belarusian Liberal Party of Freedom and Progress [Vladimir NOVOSYAD] (unregistered) ++ Belarusian Party of the Green [Anastasiya DOROFEYEVA] ++ Belarusian Party of the Left \"Fair World\" [Sergey KALYAKIN] ++ Belarusian Popular Front or BPF [Aleksey YANUKEVICH] ++ Belarusian Social-Democratic Assembly [Stanislav SHUSHKEVICH] ++ Belarusian Social Democratic Party (\"Assembly\") or BSDPH [Irina VESHTARD] ++ Belarusian Social Democratic Party (People's Assembly) [Nikolay STATKEVICH] (unregistered) ++ Christian Conservative Party or BPF [Zyanon PAZNYAK] ++ United Civic Party or UCP [Anatoliy LEBEDKO]"
}
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Assembly of Pro-Democratic NGOs [Sergey MATSKEVICH] (unregistered) ++ Belarusian Association of Journalists [Zhanna LITVINA] ++ Belarusian Congress of Democratic Trade Unions [Aleksandr YAROSHUK] ++ Belarusian Helsinki Committee [Aleh HULAK] ++ Malady Front (Young Front) [Zmitser DASHKEVICH] (unregistered) ++ Vyasna (Spring) human rights center [Ales BELYATSKIY] (unregistered) ++ Perspektiva [Anatol SHUMCHENKO] (small business association) ++ \"Tell the Truth\" Movement [Vladimir NEKLYAYEV] (unregistered) ++ Women's Independent Democratic Movement [Ludmila PETINA]"
"text": "Assembly of Pro-Democratic NGOs [Sergey MATSKEVICH] (unregistered) ++ Belarusian Association of Journalists [Andrei BASTUNETS] ++ Belarusian Congress of Democratic Trade Unions [Aleksandr YAROSHUK] ++ Belarusian Helsinki Committee [Aleh HULAK] ++ For Freedom Movement [Aleksandr Milinkevich] ++ Malady Front (Young Front) [Zmitser DASHKEVICH] (unregistered) ++ Vyasna (Spring) human rights center [Ales BELYATSKIY] (unregistered) ++ Perspektiva [Anatoliy SHUMCHENKO] (small business association) ++ \"Tell the Truth\" Movement [Tatsiana KARATKEVICH] (unregistered) ++ Women's Independent Democratic Movement [Ludmila PETINA]"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CEI, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, NSG, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SCO (dialogue member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer), ZC"
"text": "BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CEI, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAEU, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, NSG, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SCO (dialogue member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer), ZC"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador (vacant; recalled by Belarus in 2008); Charge d'Affaires Pavel SHIDLOVSKY (since 23 April 2014)"
"text": "Ambassador (vacant; recalled by Belarus in 2008); Charge d'Affaires Pavel SHIDLOVSKIY (since 23 April 2014)"
},
"chancery": {
"text": "1619 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009"
@ -484,13 +479,13 @@
"text": "46 Starovilenskaya Street, Minsk 220002"
},
"mailing address": {
"text": "PSC 78, Box B Minsk, APO 09723"
"text": "Unit 7010 Box 100, DPO AE 09769"
},
"telephone": {
"text": "[375] (17) 210-12-83"
},
"FAX": {
"text": "[375] (17) 234-7853"
"text": "[375] (17) 334-7853"
}
},
"Flag description": {
@ -513,47 +508,47 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "As part of the former Soviet Union, Belarus had a relatively well-developed, though aging industrial base; it retained this industrial base - which is now outdated, energy inefficient, and dependent on subsidized Russian energy and preferential access to Russian markets - following the breakup of the USSR. The country also has a broad agricultural base which is largely inefficient and dependent on government subsidies. After an initial burst of capitalist reform from 1991-94, including privatization of smaller state enterprises and some service sector businesses, creation of institutions of private property, and development of entrepreneurship, Belarus' economic development greatly slowed. About 80% of all industry remains in state hands, and foreign investment has been hindered by a climate hostile to business. A few banks, which had been privatized after independence, were renationalized. State banks account for 75% of the banking sector. Economic output, which had declined for several years following the collapse of the Soviet Union, revived in the mid-2000s thanks to the boom in oil prices. Belarus has only small reserves of crude oil, though it imports most of its crude oil and natural gas from Russia at prices substantially below the world market. Belarus exported refined oil products at market prices produced from Russian crude oil purchased at a steep discount. In late 2006, Russia began a process of rolling back its subsidies on oil and gas to Belarus. Tensions over Russian energy reached a peak in 2010, when Russia stopped the export of all subsidized oil to Belarus save for domestic needs. In December 2010, Russia and Belarus reached a deal to restart the export of discounted oil to Belarus. In 2015, Belarus continued to import Russian crude oil at a discounted price. However, the plunge in global oil prices heavily reduced revenues. Little new foreign investment has occurred in recent years. In 2011, a financial crisis began, triggered by government directed salary hikes unsupported by commensurate productivity increases. The crisis was compounded by an increased cost in Russian energy inputs and an overvalued Belarusian ruble, and eventually led to a near three-fold devaluation of the Belarusian ruble in 2011. In November 2011, Belarus agreed to sell to Russia its remaining shares in Beltransgaz, the Belarusian natural gas pipeline operator, in exchange for reduced prices for Russian natural gas. Receiving more than half of a $3 billion loan from the Russian-dominated Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) Bail-out Fund, a $1 billion loan from the Russian state-owned bank Sberbank, and the $2.5 billion sale of Beltranzgas to Russian state-owned Gazprom helped stabilize the situation in 2012; nevertheless, the Belarusian currency lost more than 60% of its value, as the rate of inflation reached new highs in 2011 and 2012, before calming in 2013. As of January 2014, the final tranche of the EurAsEC loan has been delayed. In December 2013, Russia announced a new loan for Belarus of up to $2 billion for 2014. Notwithstanding foreign assistance, the Belarusian economy continued to struggle under the weight of high external debt servicing payments and trade deficit. In mid-December 2014, structural economic shortcomings were aggravated by the devaluation of the Russian ruble and triggered a near 40% devaluation of the Belarusian ruble. Belarus entered 2015 with stagnant economic growth and reduced hard currency reserves, with under one month of import cover."
"text": "As part of the former Soviet Union, Belarus had a relatively well-developed, though aging industrial base; it retained this industrial base - which is now outdated, energy inefficient, and dependent on subsidized Russian energy and preferential access to Russian markets - following the breakup of the USSR. The country also has a broad agricultural base which is largely inefficient and dependent on government subsidies. After an initial burst of capitalist reform from 1991-94, including privatization of smaller state enterprises and some service sector businesses, creation of institutions of private property, and development of entrepreneurship, Belarus' economic development greatly slowed. About 80% of all industry remains in state hands, and foreign investment has been hindered by a climate hostile to business. A few banks, which had been privatized after independence, were renationalized. State banks account for 75% of the banking sector. ++ ++ Economic output, which had declined for several years following the collapse of the Soviet Union, revived in the mid-2000s due to the boom in oil prices. Belarus has only small reserves of crude oil, though it imports most of its crude oil and natural gas from Russia at prices substantially below the world market. Belarus exported refined oil products at market prices produced from Russian crude oil purchased at a steep discount. In late 2006, Russia began a process of rolling back its subsidies on oil and gas to Belarus. Tensions over Russian energy reached a peak in 2010, when Russia stopped the export of all subsidized oil to Belarus save for domestic needs. In December 2010, Russia and Belarus reached a deal to restart the export of discounted oil to Belarus. In 2015, Belarus continued to import Russian crude oil at a discounted price. However, the plunge in global oil prices heavily reduced revenues. ++ ++ Little new foreign investment has occurred in recent years. In 2011, a financial crisis began, triggered by government directed salary hikes unsupported by commensurate productivity increases. The crisis was compounded by an increased cost in Russian energy inputs and an overvalued Belarusian ruble, and eventually led to a near three-fold devaluation of the Belarusian ruble in 2011. In November 2011, Belarus agreed to sell to Russia its remaining shares in Beltransgaz, the Belarusian natural gas pipeline operator, in exchange for reduced prices for Russian natural gas. Receiving part of a $3 billion loan from the Russian-dominated Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) Bail-out Fund, a $1 billion loan from the Russian state-owned bank Sberbank, and the $2.5 billion sale of Beltransgaz to Russian state-owned Gazprom helped stabilize the situation in 2012; nevertheless, the Belarusian currency lost more than 60% of its value, as the rate of inflation reached new highs in 2011 and 2012, before calming in 2013. In December 2013, Russia announced a new loan for Belarus of up to $2 billion for 2014. Notwithstanding foreign assistance, the Belarusian economy continued to struggle under the weight of high external debt servicing payments and trade deficit. In mid-December 2014, structural economic shortcomings were aggravated by the devaluation of the Russian ruble and triggered a near 40% devaluation of the Belarusian ruble. Belarus entered 2015 with stagnant economic growth and reduced hard currency reserves, with under one month of import cover."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$172.8 billion (2014 est.) ++ $170.1 billion (2013 est.) ++ $168.3 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$168.3 billion (2015 est.) ++ $175.1 billion (2014 est.) ++ $172.1 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$76.14 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$54.61 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1.6% (2014 est.) ++ 1% (2013 est.) ++ 1.7% (2012 est.)"
"text": "-3.9% (2015 est.) ++ 1.7% (2014 est.) ++ 1% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$18,200 (2014 est.) ++ $18,000 (2013 est.) ++ $17,800 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$17,700 (2015 est.) ++ $18,500 (2014 est.) ++ $18,200 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "28.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 29.2% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 31.6% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "30.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 28.5% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 29.2% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "50.6%"
"text": "50.3%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "14.1%"
"text": "14.9%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "32.1%"
"text": "28.6%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "3.9%"
"text": "6%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "57.2%"
"text": "60%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-57.9% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-59.8% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -561,10 +556,10 @@
"text": "8.9%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "42.4%"
"text": "41.3%"
},
"services": {
"text": "48.7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "49.8% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -574,7 +569,7 @@
"text": "metal-cutting machine tools, tractors, trucks, earthmovers, motorcycles, televisions, synthetic fibers, fertilizer, textiles, radios, refrigerators"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "0.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "-6.5% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "4.546 million (2013 est.)"
@ -612,71 +607,71 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$30.53 billion"
"text": "$22.97 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$29.71 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$22.17 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "40.1% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "42.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "1.1% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "1.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "34.1% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 31.9% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "48.5% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 34.1% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "18.1% (2014 est.) ++ 18.3% (2013 est.)"
"text": "13.5% (2015 est.) ++ 18.1% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "20% (13 August 2014) ++ 10.5% (31 December 2010)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "18.74% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 19.13% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "18.08% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 18.74% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$3.524 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $3.901 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$2.301 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $3.524 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$9.073 billion (31 December 2013 est.) ++ $7.655 billion (31 December 2012 est.)"
"text": "$5.651 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $7.608 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$27.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $26.31 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$22.23 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $27.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$5.094 billion (2014 est.) ++ -$7.567 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$2.074 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$5.222 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$35.74 billion (2014 est.) ++ $36.54 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$26.19 billion (2015 est.) ++ $35.42 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, mineral products, chemicals, metals, textiles, foodstuffs"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Russia 42.2%, Ukraine 11.3%, UK 8.2%, Netherlands 4.8%, Germany 4.6% (2014)"
"text": "Russia 39%, UK 11.2%, Ukraine 9.5%, Netherlands 4.3%, Germany 4.1% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$38.33 billion (2014 est.) ++ $41.13 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$28.33 billion (2015 est.) ++ $38.06 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "mineral products, machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, metals"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Russia 54.6%, Germany 6%, China 5.8%, Ukraine 4.1% (2014)"
"text": "Russia 56.6%, China 7.9%, Germany 4.6% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$5.059 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $6.651 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$4.176 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $5.059 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$38.64 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $39.11 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$34.85 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $40.01 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$10.17 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
@ -685,10 +680,15 @@
"text": "$6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Belarusian rubles (BYB/BYR) per US dollar - ++ 10,224.1 (2014 est.) ++ 10,224.1 (2013 est.) ++ 8,336.9 (2012 est.) ++ 4,974.6 (2011 est.) ++ 2,978.5 (2010 est.)"
"text": "Belarusian rubles (BYB/BYR) per US dollar - ++ 15,926 (2015 est.) ++ 10,224.1 (2014 est.) ++ 10,224.1 (2013 est.) ++ 8,336.9 (2012 est.) ++ 4,974.6 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "31.5 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
},
@ -762,18 +762,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "4.5 million"
"text": "4,540,678"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "47 (2014 est.)"
"text": "47 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "11.4 million"
"text": "11.448 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "119 (2014 est.)"
"text": "119 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -781,34 +781,45 @@
"text": "Belarus lags behind its neighbors in upgrading telecommunications infrastructure; modernization of the network progressing with roughly two-thirds of switching equipment now digital"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "state-owned Beltelcom is the sole provider of fixed-line local and long distance service; fixed-line teledensity is improving although rural areas continue to be underserved; multiple GSM mobile-cellular networks are experiencing rapid growth; mobile-cellular teledensity now exceeds 100 telephones per 100 persons"
"text": "state-owned Beltelcom is the sole provider of fixed-line local and long distance service; fixed-line teledensity is improving although rural areas continue to be underserved; multiple GSM mobile-cellular networks are experiencing rapid growth; mobile-cellular teledensity now approaching 120 telephones per 100 persons"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 375; Belarus is a member of the Trans-European Line (TEL), Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line, and has access to the Trans-Siberia Line (TSL); 3 fiber-optic segments provide connectivity to Latvia, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine; worldwide service is available to Belarus through this infrastructure; additional analog lines to Russia; Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik earth stations (2008)"
"text": "country code - 375; Belarus is a member of the Trans-European Line (TEL), Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line, and has access to the Trans-Siberia Line (TSL); 3 fiber-optic segments provide connectivity to Latvia, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine; worldwide service is available to Belarus through this infrastructure; additional analog lines to Russia; Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik earth stations (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "4 state-controlled national TV channels; Polish and Russian TV broadcasts are available in some areas; state-run Belarusian Radio operates 3 national networks and an external service; Russian and Polish radio broadcasts are available (2007)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 28, FM 37, shortwave 11 (1998)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "47 (plus 27 repeaters) (1995)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".by"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "5 million"
"text": "5.968 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "52.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "62.2% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "2"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "30"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "1,489,035"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "1.807 million mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "EW (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "65 (2013)"
},
@ -846,7 +857,7 @@
"text": "2"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 28 (2013)"
"text": "28 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -886,39 +897,15 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Belarus Armed Forces: Land Force, Air and Air Defense Force, Special Operations Force (2013)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation is 12-18 months, depending on academic qualifications; 17 year olds are eligible to become cadets at military higher education institutes, where they are classified as military personnel (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "2,401,785"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "2,429,653 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,693,626"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "2,012,401 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "51,855"
},
"female": {
"text": "48,760 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.3% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.2% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.27% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.2% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "1.3% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.3% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.2% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.27% of GDP (2011)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
@ -930,15 +917,15 @@
"text": "126,407 applicants for forms of legal stay other than asylum (Ukraine) (2015)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "6,440 (2014)"
"text": "5,635 (2015)"
}
},
"Trafficking in persons": {
"current situation": {
"text": "Belarus is a source, transit, and destination country for women, men, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; women and children are trafficked to European and Middle Eastern countries and within Belarus for sexual exploitation; Belarusian men, women, and children are found in forced labor in the construction industry and other sectors in Russia, Belarus, and other countries; Ukrainian women may be sex trafficked in Belarus"
"text": "Belarus is a source, transit, and destination country for women, men, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; more victims are exploited within Belarus than abroad; Belarusians exploited abroad are primarily trafficked to Germany, Poland, Russian, and Turkey but also other European countries, the Middle East, Japan, Kazakhstan, and Mexico; Moldovans, Russians, Ukrainians, and Vietnamese are exploited in Belarus; state-sponsored forced labor is a continuing problem; students are forced to do farm labor without pay and military conscripts are forced to perform unpaid non-military work; the government has retained a decree forbidding workers in state-owned wood processing factories from leaving their jobs without their employers’ permission"
},
"tier rating": {
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List – Belarus does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government has a written plan that, if implemented, would constitute a significant effort toward meeting the minimum standards for eliminating human trafficking; authorities did not convict any trafficker and conducted the fewest investigations in the last four years; a 2013 law permitting state funding for NGOs that provide services to victims has not been implemented; the government retained a decree forbidding workers from leaving their jobs in the wood processing industry without their employer’s permission, and authorities did not identify any labor trafficking victims; continuing efforts to prevent human trafficking included awareness campaigns, penalizing fraudulent labor recruitment, and a safe migration hotline (2014)"
"text": "Tier 3 – Belarus does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and was placed on Tier 3 after being on the Tier 2 Watch List for two consecutive years without making progress; government efforts to repeal state-sponsored forced labor policies and domestic trafficking were inadequate; no trafficking offenders were convicted in 2014, and the number of investigations progressively declined from 2005-2014; efforts to protect trafficking victims remain insufficient, with no identification and referral mechanism in place; care facilities were not trafficking-specific and were poorly equipped, leading most victims to seek assistance from private shelters (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

340
europe/bu.json
View file

@ -56,12 +56,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "mostly mountains with lowlands in north and southeast"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Black Sea 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "472 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Musala 2,925 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Black Sea 0 m ++ highest point: Musala 2,925 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -79,18 +79,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "1,046 sq km (2007)"
"text": "1,020 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "21.3 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "6.12 cu km/yr (16%/68%/16%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "821.8 cu m/yr (2009)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger populations"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "earthquakes; landslides"
@ -111,6 +103,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "7,144,653 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Bulgarian(s)"
@ -128,27 +123,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Eastern Orthodox 59.4%, Muslim 7.8%, other (including Catholic, Protestant, Armenian Apostolic Orthodox, and Jewish) 1.7%, none 3.7%, unspecified 27.4% (2011 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "7,186,893 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "14.53% (male 538,266/female 505,927)"
"text": "14.54% (male 535,131/female 503,540)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "9.95% (male 373,340/female 341,507)"
"text": "9.73% (male 362,805/female 332,358)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "43.35% (male 1,598,130/female 1,517,744)"
"text": "43.33% (male 1,589,183/female 1,506,285)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "13.45% (male 451,841/female 514,696)"
"text": "13.38% (male 447,865/female 507,805)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "18.72% (male 547,887/female 797,555) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "19.03% (male 552,217/female 807,464) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -167,26 +156,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "42.1 years"
"text": "42.4 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "40.2 years"
"text": "40.6 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "44.2 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "44.5 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "-0.58% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-0.6% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "8.92 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "8.8 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "14.44 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "14.5 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-0.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "-0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger populations"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -210,7 +202,7 @@
"text": "1.09 male(s)/female"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "0.88 male(s)/female"
@ -219,36 +211,39 @@
"text": "0.69 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "26.5 (2013 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "11 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "8.66 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "8.5 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "9.73 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "9.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "7.52 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "7.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "74.39 years"
"text": "74.5 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "71.05 years"
"text": "71.2 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "77.93 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "78 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.45 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.46 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "69.2%",
@ -257,7 +252,7 @@
}
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "7.6% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "8.4% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "3.87 physicians/1,000 population (2012)"
@ -294,7 +289,7 @@
"text": "25.6% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "3.8% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "3.5% of GDP (2012)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -312,24 +307,24 @@
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
"text": "14 years"
"text": "15 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "14 years"
"text": "15 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "15 years (2012)"
"text": "15 years (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "28.1%"
"text": "23.8%"
},
"male": {
"text": "29.5%"
"text": "23.8%"
},
"female": {
"text": "26% (2012 est.)"
"text": "23.7% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -342,14 +337,17 @@
"text": "Bulgaria"
},
"local long form": {
"text": "Republika Balgariya"
"text": "Republika Bulgaria"
},
"local short form": {
"text": "Balgariya"
"text": "Bulgaria"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "named after the Bulgar tribes who settled the lower Balkan region in the 7th century A.D."
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "parliamentary democracy"
"text": "parliamentary republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -366,7 +364,7 @@
}
},
"Administrative divisions": {
"text": "28 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast); Blagoevgrad, Burgas, Dobrich, Gabrovo, Khaskovo, Kurdzhali, Kyustendil, Lovech, Montana, Pazardzhik, Pernik, Pleven, Plovdiv, Razgrad, Ruse, Shumen, Silistra, Sliven, Smolyan, Sofiya (Sofia), Sofiya-Grad (Sofia City), Stara Zagora, Turgovishte, Varna, Veliko Turnovo, Vidin, Vratsa, Yambol"
"text": "28 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast); Blagoevgrad, Burgas, Dobrich, Gabrovo, Haskovo, Kardzhali, Kyustendil, Lovech, Montana, Pazardzhik, Pernik, Pleven, Plovdiv, Razgrad, Ruse, Shumen, Silistra, Sliven, Smolyan, Sofia, Sofia-Grad (Sofia City), Stara Zagora, Targovishte, Varna, Veliko Tarnovo, Vidin, Vratsa, Yambol"
},
"Independence": {
"text": "3 March 1878 (as an autonomous principality within the Ottoman Empire); 22 September 1908 (complete independence from the Ottoman Empire)"
@ -375,7 +373,7 @@
"text": "Liberation Day, 3 March (1878)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest drafted between late 1990 and early 1991, adopted 12 July 1991; amended several times, last in 2007 (2015)"
"text": "several previous; latest drafted between late 1990 and early 1991, adopted 12 July 1991; amended several times, last in 2015 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law"
@ -384,8 +382,11 @@
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": "no, unless at least one parent is a citizen of Bulgaria"
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Bulgaria"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes"
@ -402,7 +403,7 @@
"text": "President Rosen PLEVNELIEV (since 22 January 2012); Vice President Margarita POPOVA (since 22 January 2012)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Boyko BORISOV (since 7 November 2014); Deputy Prime Ministers Tomislav DONCHEV (since 7 November 2014), Rumyana BACHVAROVA (since 7 November 2014), Meglena KUNEVA (since 7 November 2014), Ivaylo KALFIN (since 7 November 2014); note - this is BORISOV's second term as prime minister, he first served between 27 July 2009 and 13 March 2013"
"text": "Prime Minister Boyko BORISOV (since 7 November 2014); Deputy Prime Ministers Tomislav DONCHEV (since 7 November 2014), Rumyana BACHVAROVA (since 7 November 2014), Meglena KUNEVA (since 7 November 2014); note - this is BORISOV's second term as prime minister, he first served between 27 July 2009 and 13 March 2013"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, elected by the National Assembly"
@ -427,17 +428,17 @@
},
"Judicial branch": {
"highest court(s)": {
"text": "Supreme Court of Cassation (consists of a chairman and approximately 72 judges organized into penal, civil, and commercial colleges); Supreme Administrative Court (organized in 2 colleges with various panels of 5 judges each); Constitutional Court (consists of 12 justices); note - Constitutional Court resides outside the Judiciary"
"text": "Supreme Court of Cassation (consists of a chairman and approximately 72 judges organized into penal, civil, and commercial colleges); Supreme Administrative Court (organized in 2 colleges with various panels of 5 judges each); Constitutional Court (consists of 12 justices); note - Constitutional Court resides outside the judiciary"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "Supreme Court of Cassation and Supreme Administrative judges elected by the Supreme Judicial Council or SJC (consists of 25 members with extensive legal experience) and appointed by the president; judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court justices elected by the National Assembly and appointed by the president and the SJC; justices appointed for 9-year terms with renewal of 4 justices every 3 years"
"text": "Supreme Court of Cassation and Supreme Administrative judges elected by the Supreme Judicial Council or SJC (consists of 25 members with extensive legal experience) and appointed by the president; judges can serve until mandatory retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court justices elected by the National Assembly and appointed by the president and the SJC; justices appointed for 9-year terms with renewal of 4 justices every 3 years"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "appeals courts; regional and district courts; administrative courts; courts martial"
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Alternative for Bulgarian Revival or ABV [Georgi PARVANOV] ++ Attack (Ataka) [Volen Nikolov SIDEROV] ++ Bulgarian Socialist Party or BSP [Mihail MIKOV] ++ Bulgaria of the Citizens or DBG [Meglena KUNEVA] ++ Bulgaria Without Censorship or BBTs [Nikolay BAREKOV] ++ Citizens for the European Development of Bulgaria or GERB [Boyko BORISOV] ++ Coalition for Bulgaria or CfB [Mikhail MIKOV] (coalition dominated by BSP) ++ Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria or DSB [Radan KANEV] ++ IMRO - Bulgarian National Movement or IMRO-BNM [Krasimir KARAKACHANOV] ++ Movement for Rights and Freedoms or DPS [Lyutvi MESTAN] ++ National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria or NFSB [Valeri SIMEONOV] ++ National Movement for Stability and Progress or NDSV [Hristina HRISTOVA] (formerly National Movement Simeon II or NMS2) ++ Order, Law, and Justice or RZS [Yane YANEV] ++ Patriotic Front or PF (alliance of IMRO-BNM and NFSB) ++ Union of Democratic Forces or SDS [Bozhidar LUKARSKI] ++ Reformist Bloc or RB (a five-party alliance including the DSB, DBG, and SDS)"
"text": "Alternative for Bulgarian Revival or ABV [Georgi PARVANOV] ++ Attack (Ataka) [Volen Nikolov SIDEROV] ++ Bulgarian Socialist Party or BSP [Mihail MIKOV] ++ Bulgaria of the Citizens or DBG [Meglena KUNEVA] ++ Bulgaria Without Censorship or BBTs [Nikolay BAREKOV] ++ Citizens for the European Development of Bulgaria or GERB [Boyko BORISOV] ++ Coalition for Bulgaria or CfB [Mikhail MIKOV] (coalition dominated by BSP) ++ Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria or DSB [Radan KANEV] ++ IMRO - Bulgarian National Movement or IMRO-BNM [Krasimir KARAKACHANOV] ++ Movement for Rights and Freedoms or DPS [Lyutvi MESTAN] ++ National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria or NFSB [Valeri SIMEONOV] ++ National Movement for Stability and Progress or NDSV [Hristina HRISTOVA] (formerly National Movement Simeon II or NMS2) ++ Patriotic Front or PF (alliance of IMRO-BNM and NFSB) ++ Union of Democratic Forces or SDS [Bozhidar LUKARSKI] ++ Reformist Bloc or RB (a five-party alliance including the DSB, DBG, and SDS)"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria or CITUB ++ Podkrepa Labor Confederation",
@ -450,7 +451,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Elena POPTODOROVA (since 4 August 2010)"
"text": "Ambassador Tihomir Anguelov STOYTCHEV (since 27 June 2016)"
},
"chancery": {
"text": "1621 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008"
@ -467,7 +468,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Marcie B. RIES (since 5 September 2012)"
"text": "Ambassador Eric RUBIN (since February 2016)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "16 Kozyak Street, Sofia 1408"
@ -505,58 +506,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Bulgaria, a former Communist country that entered the EU on 1 January 2007, averaged more than 6% annual growth from 2004 to 2008, driven by significant amounts of bank lending, consumption, and foreign direct investment. Successive governments have demonstrated a commitment to economic reforms and responsible fiscal planning, but the global downturn sharply reduced domestic demand, exports, capital inflows, and industrial production. GDP contracted by 5.5% in 2009, and has been slow to recover in the years since. Despite having a favorable investment regime, including low, flat corporate income taxes, significant challenges remain. Corruption in public administration, a weak judiciary, and the presence of organized crime continue to hamper the country's investment climate and economic prospects."
"text": "Bulgaria, a former communist country that entered the EU on 1 January 2007, averaged more than 6% annual growth from 2004 to 2008, driven by significant amounts of bank lending, consumption, and foreign direct investment. ++ ++ Successive governments have demonstrated a commitment to economic reforms and responsible fiscal planning, but the global downturn sharply reduced domestic demand, exports, capital inflows, and industrial production. GDP contracted by 5.5% in 2009, and has been slow to recover in the years since. ++ ++ Despite a favorable investment regime, including low, flat corporate income taxes, significant challenges remain. Corruption in public administration, a weak judiciary, and the presence of organized crime continue to hamper the country's investment climate and economic prospects."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$129.1 billion (2014 est.) ++ $126.9 billion (2013 est.) ++ $125.6 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$137.1 billion (2015 est.) ++ $133.2 billion (2014 est.) ++ $131.1 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$55.82 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$48.95 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1.7% (2014 est.) ++ 1.1% (2013 est.) ++ 0.5% (2012 est.)"
"text": "3% (2015 est.) ++ 1.5% (2014 est.) ++ 1.3% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$17,900 (2014 est.) ++ $17,600 (2013 est.) ++ $17,400 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$19,200 (2015 est.) ++ $18,500 (2014 est.) ++ $18,100 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "21.6% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 23.8% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 21.1% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "22.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 22.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 22.7% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "63%"
"text": "60.9%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "16.5%"
"text": "16.3%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "21.1%"
"text": "21.2%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.3%"
"text": "0.2%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "65.1%"
"text": "66.5%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-66% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-65% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "5.3%"
"text": "5.1%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "27.2%"
"text": "27.6%"
},
"services": {
"text": "67.6% (2014 est.)"
"text": "67.2% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -566,30 +567,30 @@
"text": "electricity, gas, water; food, beverages, tobacco; machinery and equipment, base metals, chemical products, coke, refined petroleum, nuclear fuel"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "0.7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "2.7% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.57 million",
"text": "2.552 million",
"note": {
"text": "number of employed persons (2014 est.)"
"text": "number of employed persons (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "6.7%"
"text": "7%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "30.2%"
"text": "30.1%"
},
"services": {
"text": "63.1% (2013)"
"text": "62.9% (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "11.2% (2014 est.) ++ 11.3% (2013 est.)"
"text": "10.1% (2015 est.) ++ 11.2% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "21% (2012 est.)"
"text": "21.8% (2014 est.)"
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
"lowest 10%": {
@ -600,24 +601,24 @@
}
},
"Distribution of family income - Gini index": {
"text": "35.4 (2012) ++ 26 (2001)"
"text": "35.4 (2013) ++ 31.2 (2005)"
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$19.95 billion"
"text": "$18.25 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$22.03 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$19.12 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "35.7% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "38.7% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-3.7% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-1.8% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "25.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 25.9% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "26.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 27% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds"
}
@ -626,93 +627,98 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-1.6% (2014 est.) ++ 0.4% (2013 est.)"
"text": "-1.1% (2015 est.) ++ -1.6% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.03% (31 December 2014) ++ 0.02% (31 December 2013)",
"text": "0.01% (31 December 2015) ++ 0.03% (31 December 2014)",
"note": {
"text": "Bulgarian National Bank (BNB) has had no independent monetary policy since the introduction of the Currency Board regime in 1997; this is BNB's base interest rate"
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "7.56% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 8.11% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "7.48% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 8.28% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$19.34 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $19.05 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$20.09 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $19.34 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$46.42 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $47.33 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$41.32 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $37.99 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$32.47 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $40.29 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$29.83 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $32.47 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$7.232 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $7.014 billion (31 December 2013) ++ $6.666 billion (31 December 2012 est.)"
"text": "$4.797 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $5.45 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $6.666 billion (31 December 2012 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$25 million (2014 est.) ++ $1.228 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$676 million (2015 est.) ++ $484 million (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$27.91 billion (2014 est.) ++ $28.2 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$24.62 billion (2015 est.) ++ $27.94 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "clothing, footwear, iron and steel, machinery and equipment, fuels"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 12.3%, Italy 9.1%, Turkey 8.9%, Romania 8.1%, Greece 6.8%, France 4.4%, Belgium 4.2% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 12.5%, Italy 9.2%, Turkey 8.5%, Romania 8.2%, Greece 6.5%, France 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$31.6 billion (2014 est.) ++ $32.03 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$26.74 billion (2015 est.) ++ $31.63 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment; metals and ores; chemicals and plastics; fuels, minerals, and raw materials"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Russia 14.5%, Germany 12.4%, Italy 7.2%, Romania 6.9%, Turkey 5.6%, Greece 5.2%, Spain 5% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 12.9%, Russia 12%, Italy 7.6%, Romania 6.8%, Turkey 5.7%, Greece 4.8%, Spain 4.8% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$20.11 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $19.88 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$22.09 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $20.11 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$54.61 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $52.99 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$42.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $48.74 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$52.78 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $50.75 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$44.29 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $51.78 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$3.01 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.199 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$4.49 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $5.354 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "leva (BGN) per US dollar - ++ 1.4742 (2014 est.) ++ 1.4742 (2013 est.) ++ 1.52 (2012 est.) ++ 1.4053 (2011 est.) ++ 1.4774 (2010 est.)"
"text": "leva (BGN) per US dollar - ++ 1.7644 (2015 est.) ++ 1.4742 (2014 est.) ++ 1.4742 (2013 est.) ++ 1.52 (2012 est.) ++ 1.4053 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "47.21 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
"text": "48.44 billion kWh (2015 est.)"
},
"Electricity - consumption": {
"text": "28.5 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "37.99 billion kWh (2015 est.)"
},
"Electricity - exports": {
"text": "9.532 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "14.7 billion kWh (2015 est.)"
},
"Electricity - imports": {
"text": "3.351 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "4.25 billion kWh (2015 est.)"
},
"Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
"text": "12.9 million kW (2013 est.)"
"text": "11.84 million kW (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
"text": "46% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)"
"text": "41.7% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
"text": "15.5% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)"
"text": "16.9% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
"text": "21% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)"
"text": "8.5% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
"text": "17.5% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)"
"text": "32.9% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - production": {
"text": "1,000 bbl/day (2014 est.)"
@ -739,39 +745,39 @@
"text": "37,280 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - production": {
"text": "278 million cu m (2013 est.)"
"text": "181 million cu m (2014 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - consumption": {
"text": "2.975 billion cu m (2013 est.)"
"text": "2.635 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2013 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - imports": {
"text": "2.697 billion cu m (2013 est.)"
"text": "2.725 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - proved reserves": {
"text": "5.663 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)"
},
"Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": {
"text": "44.51 million Mt (2013 est.)"
"text": "43.61 million Mt (2014 est.)"
}
},
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "1.8 million"
"text": "1,654,535"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "25 (2014 est.)"
"text": "23 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "9.9 million"
"text": "9.195 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "137 (2014 est.)"
"text": "128 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -779,34 +785,45 @@
"text": "inherited an extensive but antiquated telecommunications network from the Soviet era; quality has improved with a modern digital trunk line now connecting switching centers in most of the regions; remaining areas are connected by digital microwave radio relay"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "the Bulgaria Telecommunications Company's fixed-line monopoly terminated in 2005 in an effort to upgrade fixed-line services; mobile-cellular teledensity, fostered by multiple service providers, has reached 150 telephones per 100 persons"
"text": "the Bulgaria Telecommunications Company's fixed-line monopoly terminated in 2005 in an effort to upgrade fixed-line services; mobile-cellular teledensity, fostered by multiple service providers, is over 125 telephones per 100 persons"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 359; submarine cable provides connectivity to Ukraine and Russia; a combination submarine cable and land fiber-optic system provides connectivity to Italy, Albania, and Macedonia; satellite earth stations - 3 (1 Intersputnik in the Atlantic Ocean region, 2 Intelsat in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions) (2011)"
"text": "country code - 359; submarine cable provides connectivity to Ukraine and Russia; a combination submarine cable and land fiber-optic system provides connectivity to Italy, Albania, and Macedonia; satellite earth stations - 3 (1 Intersputnik in the Atlantic Ocean region, 2 Intelsat in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions) (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "4 national terrestrial TV stations with 1 state-owned and 3 privately owned; a vast array of TV stations are available from cable and satellite TV providers; state-owned national radio broadcasts over 3 networks; large number of private radio stations broadcasting, especially in urban areas (2010)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 31, FM 63, shortwave 2 (2001)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "39 (plus 1,242 repeaters) (2001)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".bg"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "4.1 million"
"text": "4.072 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "57.0% (2014 est.)"
"text": "56.7% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "8"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "44"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "1,118,689"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "1,583,340 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "LZ (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "68 (2013)"
},
@ -835,7 +852,7 @@
"text": "2"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 9 (2013)"
"text": "9 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -892,39 +909,15 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Bulgarian Armed Forces: Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Bulgarian Air Forces (Bulgarski Voennovazdyshni Sily, BVVS) (2011)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-27 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription ended in January 2008; service obligation 6-9 months (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,637,470"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,621,352 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,320,955"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,337,616 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "33,444"
},
"female": {
"text": "32,075 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.6% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.46% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.55% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.46% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "1.2% of GDP (2015) ++ 1.6% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.46% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.55% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.46% of GDP (2010)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
@ -933,10 +926,21 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "8,501 (Syria) (2014)"
"text": "13,819 (Syria) (2015)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "67 (2014)"
"text": "67 (2015)"
},
"note": {
"text": "44,736 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (2015 - October 2016)"
}
},
"Trafficking in persons": {
"current situation": {
"text": "Bulgaria is a source and, to a lesser extent, a transit and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; Bulgaria is one of the main sources of human trafficking in the EU; women and children are increasingly sex trafficked domestically, as well as in Europe, Russia, the Middle East, and the US; adults and children become forced laborers in agriculture, construction, and the service sector in Europe, Israel, and Zambia; Romanian girls are also subjected to sex trafficking in Bulgaria"
},
"tier rating": {
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List – Bulgaria does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; in 2014, authorities prosecuted and convicted fewer traffickers and issued suspended sentences for the majority of those convicted; victim protection efforts declined and were minimal relative to the number of victims identified; funding for the state’s two NGO-operated shelters was significantly cut, forcing them to close; specialized services for child and adult male victims were non-existent; the government took action to combat trafficking-related complicity among public officials and police officers (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

342
europe/cy.json
View file

@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "A former British colony, Cyprus became independent in 1960 following years of resistance to British rule. Tensions between the Greek Cypriot majority and Turkish Cypriot minority came to a head in December 1963, when violence broke out in the capital of Nicosia. Despite the deployment of UN peacekeepers in 1964, sporadic intercommunal violence continued forcing most Turkish Cypriots into enclaves throughout the island. In 1974, a Greek Government-sponsored attempt to overthrow the elected president of Cyprus was met by military intervention from Turkey, which soon controlled more than a third of the island. In 1983, the Turkish Cypriot administered area declared itself the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" (\"TRNC\"), but it is recognized only by Turkey. In February 2014, after a hiatus of nearly two years, the leaders of the two communities resumed formal discussions under UN auspices aimed at reuniting the divided island. Talks were suspended in October 2014, but the UN has continued discussions with both sides in an effort to resume talks. The entire island entered the EU on 1 May 2004, although the EU acquis - the body of common rights and obligations - applies only to the areas under the internationally recognized government, and is suspended in the area administered by Turkish Cypriots. However, individual Turkish Cypriots able to document their eligibility for Republic of Cyprus citizenship legally enjoy the same rights accorded to other citizens of European Union states."
"text": "A former British colony, Cyprus became independent in 1960 following years of resistance to British rule. Tensions between the Greek Cypriot majority and Turkish Cypriot minority came to a head in December 1963, when violence broke out in the capital of Nicosia. Despite the deployment of UN peacekeepers in 1964, sporadic intercommunal violence continued, forcing most Turkish Cypriots into enclaves throughout the island. In 1974, a Greek Government-sponsored attempt to overthrow the elected president of Cyprus was met by military intervention from Turkey, which soon controlled more than a third of the island. In 1983, the Turkish Cypriot administered area declared itself the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" (\"TRNC\"), but it is recognized only by Turkey. A UN-mediated agreement, the Annan Plan, failed to win approval by both communities in 2004. In February 2014, after a hiatus of nearly two years, the leaders of the two communities resumed formal discussions under UN auspices aimed at reuniting the divided island. Talks were suspended in October 2014, but resumed in earnest in May 2015 following the election of a new Turkish Cypriot \"president.\" The entire island entered the EU on 1 May 2004, although the EU acquis - the body of common rights and obligations - applies only to the areas under the internationally recognized government, and is suspended in the area administered by Turkish Cypriots. However, individual Turkish Cypriots able to document their eligibility for Republic of Cyprus citizenship legally enjoy the same rights accorded to other citizens of EU states."
}
},
"Geography": {
"Location": {
"text": "Middle East, island in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Turkey"
"text": "Middle East, island in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Turkey; note - Cyprus views itself as part of Europe; geopolitically, it can be classified as falling within Europe, the Middle East, or both"
},
"Geographic coordinates": {
"text": "35 00 N, 33 00 E"
@ -56,12 +56,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "central plain with mountains to north and south; scattered but significant plains along southern coast"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "91 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Mount Olympus 1,951 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m ++ highest point: Mount Olympus 1,951 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -79,18 +79,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "457.9 sq km (2007)"
"text": "460 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "0.78 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "0.18 cu km/yr (10%/3%/86%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "164.7 cu m/yr (2009)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "population concentrated in central Nicosia and in the major cities of the south: Paphos, Limassol, and Larnaca"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "moderate earthquake activity; droughts"
@ -111,6 +103,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "1,205,575 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Cypriot(s)"
@ -122,42 +117,36 @@
"Ethnic groups": {
"text": "Greek 98.8%, other 1% (includes Maronite, Armenian, Turkish-Cypriot), unspecified 0.2%",
"note": {
"text": "data represents only the government-controlled area of Cyprus (2011 est.)"
"text": "data represent only the government-controlled area of Cyprus (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Languages": {
"text": "Greek (official) 80.9%, Turkish (official) 0.2%, English 4.1%, Romanian 2.9%, Russian 2.5%, Bulgarian 2.2%, Arabic 1.2%, Filipino 1.1%, other 4.3%, unspecified 0.6%",
"note": {
"text": "data represents only the government-controlled area of Cyprus (2011 est.)"
"text": "data represent only the government-controlled area of Cyprus (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Religions": {
"text": "Orthodox Christian 89.1%, Roman Catholic 2.9%, Protestant/Anglican 2%, Muslim 1.8%, Buddhist 1%, other (includes Maronite, Armenian Church, Hindu) 1.4%, unknown 1.1%, none/atheist 0.6%",
"note": {
"text": "data represents only the government-controlled area of Cyprus (2011 est.)"
"text": "data represent only the government-controlled area of Cyprus (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Population": {
"text": "1,189,197 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "15.61% (male 95,431/female 90,159)"
"text": "15.58% (male 96,582/female 91,296)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "14.87% (male 96,152/female 80,633)"
"text": "14.37% (male 94,262/female 78,982)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "46.97% (male 293,582/female 264,935)"
"text": "46.99% (male 298,368/female 268,080)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "11.05% (male 62,826/female 68,551)"
"text": "11.26% (male 65,005/female 70,752)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "11.51% (male 59,363/female 77,565) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "11.8% (male 61,581/female 80,667) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -176,26 +165,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "36.1 years"
"text": "36.4 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "34.7 years"
"text": "35.1 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "37.7 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "38 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "1.43% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.38% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "11.41 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "11.4 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "6.62 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "6.7 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "9.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "9.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "population concentrated in central Nicosia and in the major cities of the south: Paphos, Limassol, and Larnaca"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -228,13 +220,13 @@
"text": "0.77 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "1.04 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.04 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "28.5",
"note": {
"text": "data represents only government-controlled areas (2010 est.)"
"text": "data represent only government-controlled areas (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
@ -242,31 +234,31 @@
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "8.36 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "8.1 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "9.97 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "9.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "6.68 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "6.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "78.51 years"
"text": "78.7 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "75.7 years"
"text": "75.8 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "81.46 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "81.6 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.46 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.47 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "7.4% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "7.4% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "2.33 physicians/1,000 population (2012)"
@ -303,7 +295,7 @@
"text": "24.5% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "7.2% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "6.6% of GDP (2011)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -327,18 +319,18 @@
"text": "14 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "14 years (2012)"
"text": "15 years (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "27.8%"
"text": "35.9%"
},
"male": {
"text": "28.8%"
"text": "37.4%"
},
"female": {
"text": "26.6% (2012 est.)"
"text": "34.6% (2014 est.)"
}
},
"People - note": {
@ -361,12 +353,15 @@
},
"note": {
"text": "the Turkish Cypriot community, which administers the northern part of the island, refers to itself as the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" or \"TRNC\" (\"Kuzey Kibris Turk Cumhuriyeti\" or \"KKTC\")"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "the derivation of the name \"Cyprus\" is unknown, but the extensive mining of copper metal on the island in antiquity gave rise to the Latin word \"cuprum\" for copper"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "republic",
"text": "Republic of Cyprus - presidential democracy; Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (self-declared) - semi-presidential democracy",
"note": {
"text": "a separation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the island began following the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was further solidified after the Turkish intervention in July 1974, following a Greek military-junta-supported coup attempt that gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government; on 15 November 1983 Turkish Cypriot \"President\" Rauf DENKTAS declared independence and the formation of a \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" (\"TRNC\"), which is recognized only by Turkey"
"text": "a separation of the two main ethnic communities inhabiting the island began following the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was further solidified when a Greek military-junta-supported coup attempt prompted the Turkish intervention in July 1974 that gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government on the island; on 15 November 1983, then Turkish Cypriot \"President\" Rauf DENKTAS declared independence and the formation of a \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" (\"TRNC\"), which is recognized only by Turkey"
}
},
"Capital": {
@ -384,7 +379,7 @@
}
},
"Administrative divisions": {
"text": "6 districts; Ammochostos (Famagusta; all but a small part administered by Turkish Cypriots), Keryneia (Kyrenia; the only district completely administered by Turkish Cypriots), Larnaka (Larnaca; a small part administered by Turkish Cypriots), Lefkosia (Nicosia; a small part administered by Turkish Cypriots), Lemesos (Limassol), Pafos (Paphos); note - the 5 districts of Turkish Cypriot-administered part of Cyprus are Gazimagusa (Famagusta), Girne (Kyrenia), Guzelyurt (Morphou), Iskele (Trikomo), Lefkosia (Nicosia)"
"text": "6 districts; Ammochostos (Famagusta); (all but a small part located in the Turkish Cypriot community), Keryneia (Kyrenia; the only district located entirely in the Turkish Cypriot community), Larnaka (Larnaca; with a small part located in the Turkish Cypriot community), Lefkosia (Nicosia; a small part administered by Turkish Cypriots), Lemesos (Limassol), Pafos (Paphos); note - the 5 \"districts\" of the \"TRNC\" are Gazimagusa (Famagusta), Girne (Kyrenia), Guzelyurt (Morphou), Iskele (Trikomo), Lefkosia (Nicosia)"
},
"Independence": {
"text": "16 August 1960 (from the UK); note - Turkish Cypriots proclaimed self-rule on 13 February 1975 and independence in 1983, but these proclamations are recognized only by Turkey"
@ -393,7 +388,7 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 1 October (1960); note - Turkish Cypriots celebrate 15 November (1983) as \"Republic Day\""
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "ratified 16 August 1960; amended 1996, 2013; note - in 1963, the constitution was partly suspended as Turkish Cypriots withdrew from the government; Turkish-held territory in 1983 was declared the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" (\"TRNC\"); in 1985, the \"TRNC\" approved its own constitution (2015)"
"text": "ratified 16 August 1960; amended 1996, 2013; note - in 1963, the constitution was partly suspended as Turkish Cypriots withdrew from the government; Turkish-held territory in 1983 was declared the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" (\"TRNC\"); in 1985, the \"TRNC\" approved its own constitution (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "mixed legal system of English common law and civil law with European law supremacy"
@ -402,8 +397,11 @@
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": "no, unless at least one parent is a citizen of Cyprus"
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Cyprus"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes"
@ -429,10 +427,10 @@
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term; election last held on 17 and 24 February 2013 (next to be held in February 2018)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Nicos ANASTASIADES elected president; percent of vote in first round - Nicos ANASTASIADES (DISY) 45.5%, Stavros MALAS(AKEL) 26.9%, Giorgos LILLIKAS (SP) 24.9%, other 2.7%; percent of vote in second round - Nicos ANASTASIADES 57.5%, Savros MALAS 42.5%"
"text": "Nicos ANASTASIADES elected president; percent of vote in first round - Nicos ANASTASIADES (DISY) 45.5%, Stavros MALAS (AKEL) 26.9%, Giorgos LILLIKAS (SP) 24.9%, other 2.7%; percent of vote in second round - Nicos ANASTASIADES 57.5%, Savros MALAS 42.5%"
},
"note": {
"text": "Mustafa AKINCI elected \"president\" of the \"TRNC\" on 30 April 2015; percent of vote in first round (19 April 2015) - Dervis EROGLU (UBP) 28.2%, Mustafa AKINCI (TDP) 26.9%, other 44.9%; percent of vote in runoff (26 April 2015) - AKINCI 60.5%, EROGLU 39.5%; Omer KALYONCU is \"TRNC prime minister\" since 4 July 2015"
"text": "Mustafa AKINCI elected \"president\" of the \"TRNC\" on 30 April 2015; percent of vote in first round (19 April 2015) - Dervis EROGLU (UBP) 28.2%, Mustafa AKINCI (TDP) 26.9%, other 44.9%; percent of vote in runoff (26 April 2015) - AKINCI 60.5%, EROGLU 39.5%; Huseyin OZGURGUN is \"TRNC prime minister\" since 8 April 2016"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -440,10 +438,10 @@
"text": "area under government control: unicameral House of Representatives or Vouli Antiprosopon (80 seats; 56 assigned to Greek Cypriots, 24 to Turkish Cypriots, but only those assigned to Greek Cypriots are filled; members directly elected by both proportional representation and preferential vote; members serve 5-year terms); area administered by Turkish Cypriots: unicameral Assembly of the Republic or Cumhuriyet Meclisi (50 seats; members directly elected by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "area under government control: last held on 22 May 2011 (next to be held in May 2016); area administered by Turkish Cypriots: last held on 28 July 2013 (next to be held on July 2018)"
"text": "area under government control: last held on 22 May 2016 (next to be held in May 2021); area administered by Turkish Cypriots: last held on 28 July 2013 (next to be held on July 2018)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "area under government control: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - DISY 34.3%, AKEL 32.7%, DIKO 15.8%, KS-EDEK 8.9%, EVROKO 3.9%, other 4.4%; seats by party - DISY 20, AKEL 19, DIKO 9, KS-EDEK 5, EVROKO 2, KOP 1; note - according to the website of the Cypriot House of Representatives there were 59 members on 4 November 2015 including KS EDEK 5, AKEL 19, DIKO 8, DISY 20, Maronite 1, Member of Famagusta constituency, European Party 1, Armenian 1, Latin 1, Cyprus Green Party 1; area administered by Turkish Cypriots: \"Assembly of the Republic\" - percent of vote by party - CTP-BG 38.4%, UBP 27.3%, DP-UG 23.2%, TDP 7.4%, other 3.7%; seats by party - CTP-BG 21, UBP 14, DP-UG 12, TDP 3"
"text": "area under government control: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - DISY 30.7%, AKEL 25.7%, DIKO 14.5%, KS-EDEK 6.2%, Citizen's Alliance 5.0% Solidarity Movement 5.2%, other 11.7%; seats by party - DISY 18, AKEL 16, DIKO 9, KS-EDEK 3, Citizen's Alliance 3, Solidarity Movement 3, other 7; area administered by Turkish Cypriots: \"Assembly of the Republic\" - percent of vote by party - CTP-BG 38.4%, UBP 27.3%, DP-UG 23.2%, TDP 7.4%, other 3.7%; seats by party - CTP-BG 21, UBP 14, DP-UG 12, TDP 3"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -451,7 +449,7 @@
"text": "Supreme Court of Cyprus (consists of 13 judges including the court president); note - the highest court in the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC)\" is the \"Supreme Court\" (consists of 8 \"judges\" including the \"court president\")"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "Republic of Cyprus Supreme Court judges appointed by the president of the republic upon the recommendation of the Supreme Court judges; judges tenure is until the age of 68; \"TRNC Supreme Court\" judges appointed by the \"Supreme Council of Judicature\", a 12-member body of \"judges\", the \"attorney general\", \"appointees\" - 1 each by the \"president\" of the \"TRNC\" and by the \"Legislative Assembly\" and 1 member elected by the Bar Association; \"judge\" tenure NA"
"text": "Republic of Cyprus Supreme Court judges appointed by the president of the republic upon the recommendation of the Supreme Court judges; judges can serve until age 68; \"TRNC Supreme Court\" judges appointed by the \"Supreme Council of Judicature,\" a 12-member body of judges, the attorney general, appointees - 1 each by the president of the \"TRNC\" and by the \"Legislative Assembly\" - and 1 member elected by the bar association; judge tenure NA"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "Republic of Cyprus district courts; Assize Courts; specialized courts for issues relating to family, industrial disputes, military, and rent control; \"TRNC Assize Courts\"; \"district and family courts\""
@ -459,14 +457,14 @@
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"area under government control": {
"text": " ++ Citizens' Alliance or SP [Giorgos LILLIKAS] ++ Democratic Party or DIKO [Nicolas PAPADOPOULOS] ++ Democratic Rally or DISY [Averof NEOPHYTOU (Neofytou)] ++ Ecological and Environmental Movement or KOP (Green Party) [Giorgos PERDIKIS] ++ European Party or EVROKO [Dimitris SYLLOURIS] ++ Movement of Social Democrats or KS-EDEK [Marinos SIZOPOULOS] ++ National Popular Front or ELAM [Christos CHRISTOU] ++ Progressive Party of the Working People or AKEL (Communist Party) [Andros KYPRIANOU] ++ United Democrats or EDI [Praxoula ANTONIADOU]"
"text": " ++ Citizens' Alliance or SP [Giorgos LILLIKAS] ++ Democratic Party or DIKO [Nikolas PAPADOPOULOS] ++ Democratic Rally or DISY [Averof NEOPHYTOU (of Neofytou)] ++ Ecological and Environmental Movement or KOP (Green Party) [Giorgos PERDIKIS] ++ European Party or EVROKO [Dimitris SYLLOURIS] ++ Movement of Social Democrats or KS-EDEK [Marinos SIZOPOULOS] ++ National Popular Front or ELAM [Christos CHRISTOU] ++ Progressive Party of the Working People or AKEL (Communist Party) [Andros KYPRIANOU] ++ Solidarity Movement [Eleni THEOCHAROUS] ++ United Democrats or EDI [Praxoula ANTONIADOU]"
},
"area administered by Turkish Cypriots": {
"text": " ++ Communal Democracy Party or TDP [Cemal OZYIGIT] ++ Cyprus Socialist Party or KSP [Mehmet BIRINCI] ++ Democrat Party- National Forces or DP-UG [Serdar DENKTAS] ++ National Justice Party or UAP [Fatma SOLMAZ] ++ National Unity Party or UBP [Huseyin OZGURGUN] ++ New Cyprus Party or YKP [Murat KANATLI] ++ Republican Turkish Party-United Forces or CTP-BG [Mehmet Ali TALAT] ++ Social Democratic Party or SDP [Tozun TUNALI] ++ United Cyprus Party or BKP [Izzet IZCAN]"
"text": " ++ Communal Democracy Party or TDP [Cemal OZYIGIT] ++ Cyprus Socialist Party or KSP [Mehmet BIRINCI] ++ Democrat Party- National Forces or DP-UG [Serdar DENKTAS] ++ National Justice Party or UAP [Fatma SOLMAZ] ++ National Unity Party or UBP [Huseyin OZGURGUN] ++ New Cyprus Party or YKP [Murat KANATLI] ++ People's Party or HP [Kudret OZERSAY] ++ Republican Turkish Party-United Forces or CTP-BG [Mehmet Ali TALAT] ++ Social Democratic Party or SDP [Tozun TUNALI] ++ United Cyprus Party or BKP [Izzet IZCAN]"
}
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Confederation of Cypriot Workers or SEK [Nicos MOYSEOS] (pro-West) ++ Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation or PEO (Communist controlled) [Pambis KYRITSIS]",
"text": "Confederation of Cypriot Workers or SEK [Nikos MOYSEOS] (pro-West) ++ Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation or PEO [Pambis KYRITSIS] (Communist controlled)",
"area administered by Turkish Cypriots": {
"text": "Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions or Dev-Is ++ Federation of Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions or Turk-Sen [Asian BICAKLI]"
}
@ -476,7 +474,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador George CHACALLI (since 30 May 2013)"
"text": "Ambassador Leonidas PANTELIDIS (since 27 June 2016)"
},
"chancery": {
"text": "2211 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008"
@ -491,12 +489,12 @@
"text": "New York"
},
"note": {
"text": "representative of the Turkish Cypriot community in the US is Ahmet ERDENGIZ; office at 1667 K Street NW, Washington, DC; telephone [1] (202) 887-6198"
"text": "representative of the Turkish Cypriot community in the US is Ismet KORUKOGLU; office at 1667 K Street NW, Washington, DC; telephone [1] (202) 887-6198"
}
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador John M. KOENIG (since 17 August 2012)"
"text": "Ambassador Kathleen Ann DOHERTY (since 7 October 2015)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "corner of Metochiou and Ploutarchou Streets, 2407 Engomi, Nicosia"
@ -512,7 +510,7 @@
}
},
"Flag description": {
"text": "white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the name Cyprus is derived from the Greek word for copper) above two green crossed olive branches in the center of the flag; the branches symbolize the hope for peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities",
"text": "white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the island has long been famous for its copper deposits) above two green crossed olive branches in the center of the flag; the branches symbolize the hope for peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities",
"note": {
"text": "the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" flag retains the white field of the Cyprus national flag but displays narrow horizontal red stripes positioned a small distance from the top and bottom edges between which are centered a red crescent and a red five-pointed star; the banner is modeled after the Turkish national flag but with the colors reversed"
}
@ -528,62 +526,62 @@
"text": "Dionysios SOLOMOS/Nikolaos MANTZAROS"
},
"note": {
"text": "adopted 1960; Cyprus adopted the Greek national anthem as its own; the Turkish community in Cyprus uses the anthem of Turkey"
"text": "adopted 1960; Cyprus adopted the Greek national anthem as its own; the Turkish Cypriot community in Cyprus uses the anthem of Turkey"
}
}
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "The area of the Republic of Cyprus under government control has a market economy dominated by the service sector, which accounts for four-fifths of GDP. Tourism, financial services, and real estate have traditionally been the most important sectors. Cyprus has been a member of the European Union (EU) since May 2004 and adopted the euro as its national currency in January 2008. During the first five years of EU membership, the Cyprus economy grew at an average rate of about 4%, with unemployment between 2004 and 2008 averaging about 4%. However, the economy tipped into recession in 2009 as the ongoing global financial crisis and resulting low demand hit the tourism and construction sectors. An overextended banking sector with excessive exposure to Greek debt added to the contraction. Cyprus’s biggest two banks were among the largest holders of Greek bonds in Europe and had a substantial presence in Greece through bank branches and subsidiaries. Following numerous downgrades of its credit rating, Cyprus lost access to international capital markets in May 2011. In July 2012, Cyprus became the fifth eurozone government to request an economic bailout program from the European Commission, European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund - known collectively as the \"Troika.\" ++ Shortly after the election of President Nikos ANASTASIADES in February 2013, Cyprus reached an agreement with the Troika on a $10 billion bailout that resulted in losses on uninsured bank deposits. The bailout triggered a two-week bank closure and the imposition of capital controls that were completely withdrawn in April 2015. Cyprus' two largest banks merged and the combined entity was recapitalized through conversion of some large bank deposits to shares and imposition of losses on bank bondholders. As with other EU countries, the Troika conditioned the bailout on passing financial and structural reforms and privatizing state-owned enterprises. Despite downsizing and restructuring, the Cypriot financial sector throughout 2014 remained burdened by the largest stock of non-performing loans (NPLs) in the euro-zone, equal to nearly half of all loans. Since the bailout, Cyprus has received positive appraisals by the Troika but met its first signs of resistance to passing bailout-mandated legislation in 2014. Political disagreements held up passage of contentious legislation required by the Troika to reform bankruptcy rules, delaying disbursal of bailout funds during the second half of the year. In October 2013, a US-Israeli consortium completed preliminary appraisals of hydrocarbon deposits in Cyprus’ exclusive economic zone (EEZ), which revealed an estimated gross mean reserve of about 140 billion cubic meters. Though exploration continues in Cyprus’ EEZ, no additional commercially exploitable reserves were identified during the exploratory drilling in 2014/2015. Nevertheless, developing its offshore hydrocarbon resources remains a critical component to the government’s economic recovery efforts. Industry experts say there may be exploratory and development drilling in 2016 and 2017.",
"text": "The area of the Republic of Cyprus under government control has a market economy dominated by the service sector, which accounts for more than four-fifths of GDP. Tourism, financial services, shipping, and real estate have traditionally been the most important sectors. Cyprus has been a member of the EU since May 2004 and adopted the euro as its national currency in January 2008. ++ ++ During the first five years of EU membership, the Cyprus economy grew at an average rate of about 4%, with unemployment between 2004 and 2008 averaging about 4%. However, the economy tipped into recession in 2009 as the ongoing global financial crisis and resulting low demand hit the tourism and construction sectors. An overextended banking sector with excessive exposure to Greek debt added to the contraction. Cyprus’ biggest two banks were among the largest holders of Greek bonds in Europe and had a substantial presence in Greece through bank branches and subsidiaries. Following numerous downgrades of its credit rating, Cyprus lost access to international capital markets in May 2011. In July 2012, Cyprus became the fifth euro-zone government to request an economic bailout program from the European Commission, European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund - known collectively as the \"Troika.\" ++ ++ Shortly after the election of President Nikos ANASTASIADES in February 2013, Cyprus reached an agreement with the Troika on a $13 billion bailout that resulted in losses on uninsured bank deposits. The bailout triggered a two-week bank closure and the imposition of capital controls that remained partially in place until April 2015. Cyprus' two largest banks merged and the combined entity was recapitalized through conversion of some large bank deposits to shares and imposition of losses on bank bondholders. As with other EU countries, the Troika conditioned the bailout on passing financial and structural reforms and privatizing state-owned enterprises. Despite downsizing and restructuring, the Cypriot financial sector throughout 2015 remained burdened by the largest stock of non-performing loans in the euro zone, equal to nearly half of all loans. Since the bailout, Cyprus has received positive appraisals by the Troika and outperformed fiscal targets but has struggled to overcome political opposition to bailout-mandated legislation, particularly regarding privatizations. Cyprus emerged from recession in 2015 and its economy grew an estimated 1.6% for the year, setting a positive tone for the scheduled end of the bailout program in March 2016. ++ ++ In October 2013, a US-Israeli consortium completed preliminary appraisals of hydrocarbon deposits in Cyprus’ exclusive economic zone (EEZ), which revealed an estimated gross mean reserve of about 130 billion cubic meters. Though exploration continues in Cyprus’ EEZ, no additional commercially exploitable reserves were identified during the exploratory drilling in 2014/2015. Developing offshore hydrocarbon resources remains a critical component of the government’s economic recovery efforts, but development has been delayed as a result of regional developments and disagreements about exploitation methods.",
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Even though the whole of the island is part of the EU, implementation of the EU \"acquis communautaire\" has been suspended in the area administered by Turkish Cypriots, known locally as the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" (\"TRNC\"), until political conditions permit the reunification of the island. The market-based economy of the TRNC is roughly one-fifth the size of its southern neighbor and is likewise dominated by the service sector with a large portion of the population employed by the government. In 2012 - the latest year for which data are available - the services sector, which includes the public sector, trade, tourism, and education, contributed 58.7% to economic output. In the same year, light manufacturing and agriculture contributed 2.7% and 6.2%, respectively. Manufacturing is limited mainly to food and beverages, furniture and fixtures, construction materials, metal and non-metal products, textiles and clothing. The “TRNC” maintains few economic ties with the Republic of Cyprus outside of trade in construction materials. Since its creation, the \"TRNC\" has heavily relied on financial assistance from Turkey, which supports the \"TRNC\" defense, telecommunications, water and postal services. The Turkish Lira is the preferred currency, though foreign currencies are widely accepted in business transactions. The \"TRNC\" remains vulnerable to the Turkish market and monetary policy because of its use of the Turkish Lira. The \"TRNC\" weathered the European financial crisis relatively unscathed - compared to the Republic of Cyprus - because of the lack of financial sector development, the health of the Turkish economy, and its separation from the rest of the island. The TRNC economy experienced growth estimated at 2.8% in 2013 and 2.3% in 2014 and is projected to grow 3.8% in 2015. "
"text": "Even though the whole of the island is part of the EU, implementation of the EU \"acquis communautaire\" has been suspended in the area administered by Turkish Cypriots, known locally as the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" (\"TRNC\"), until political conditions permit the reunification of the island. The market-based economy of the \"TRNC\" is roughly one-fifth the size of its southern neighbor and is likewise dominated by the service sector with a large portion of the population employed by the government. In 2012 - the latest year for which data are available - the services sector, which includes the public sector, trade, tourism, and education, contributed 58.7% to economic output. In the same year, light manufacturing and agriculture contributed 2.7% and 6.2%, respectively. Manufacturing is limited mainly to food and beverages, furniture and fixtures, construction materials, metal and non-metal products, textiles and clothing. The “TRNC” maintains few economic ties with the Republic of Cyprus outside of trade in construction materials. Since its creation, the \"TRNC\" has heavily relied on financial assistance from Turkey, which supports the \"TRNC\" defense, telecommunications, water and postal services. The Turkish Lira is the preferred currency, though foreign currencies are widely accepted in business transactions. The \"TRNC\" remains vulnerable to the Turkish market and monetary policy because of its use of the Turkish Lira. The \"TRNC\" weathered the European financial crisis relatively unscathed - compared to the Republic of Cyprus - because of the lack of financial sector development, the health of the Turkish economy, and its separation from the rest of the island. The \"TRNC\" economy experienced growth estimated at 2.8% in 2013 and 2.3% in 2014 and is projected to grow 3.8% in 2015. "
}
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$27.52 billion (2014 est.) ++ $28.15 billion (2013 est.) ++ $29.74 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$28.11 billion (2015 est.) ++ $27.68 billion (2014 est.) ++ $28.4 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$1.829 billion (2007 est.)"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$23.26 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$19.33 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "-2.3% (2014 est.) ++ -5.4% (2013 est.) ++ -2.4% (2012 est.)",
"text": "1.5% (2015 est.) ++ -2.5% (2014 est.) ++ -6% (2013 est.)",
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "2.3% (2014 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$30,900 (2014 est.) ++ $31,600 (2013 est.) ++ $33,400 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$33,200 (2015 est.) ++ $32,300 (2014 est.) ++ $32,800 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "7.4% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 10.4% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 10.1% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "11.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 8.6% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 8.7% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "69.6%"
"text": "70.2%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "15.7%"
"text": "15.8%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "10.8%"
"text": "13.4%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "1.1%"
"text": "2%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "55.4%"
"text": "59.9%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-52.7% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-61.3% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -591,10 +589,10 @@
"text": "2.4%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "10.6%"
"text": "10.5%"
},
"services": {
"text": "87.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "87.1% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -610,33 +608,33 @@
}
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "-8.9% (2014 est.)",
"text": "-0.2% (2015 est.)",
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "-0.3% (2007 est.)"
}
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "434,500 (2014 est.)",
"text": "424,400 (2015 est.)",
"Labor force": {
"text": "95,030 (2007 est.)"
}
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "3.9%"
"text": "3.8%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "16%"
"text": "15.2%"
},
"services": {
"text": "80.1% (2013 est.)"
"text": "81% (2014 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"text": "agriculture: 14.5%, industry: 29%, services: 56.5% (2004)"
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "16.1% (2014 est.) ++ 15.9% (2013 est.)",
"text": "14.9% (2015 est.) ++ 16.2% (2014 est.)",
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "9.4% (2005 est.)"
}
@ -649,55 +647,55 @@
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
"lowest 10%": {
"text": "3.5%"
"text": "3.3%"
},
"highest 10%": {
"text": "26.4% (2013)"
"text": "28.8% (2014)"
}
},
"Distribution of family income - Gini index": {
"text": "32.4 (2013 est.) ++ 31 (2012 est.)"
"text": "34.8 (2014 est.) ++ 32.4 (2013 est.)"
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$9.372 billion"
"text": "$7.547 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$11.42 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$7.747 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget": {
"text": "revenues: $2.5 billion, expenditures: $2.5 billion (2006)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "40.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "39% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-8.8% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "107.5% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 102.2% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "108.9% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 108.2% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment"
"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-0.3% (2014 est.) ++ 0.4% (2013 est.)"
"text": "-1.5% (2015 est.) ++ -0.3% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.75% (31 December 2013) ++ 1.5% (31 December 2010)",
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2013) ++ 0.3% (31 December 2010)",
"note": {
"text": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area"
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "5.88% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 6.89% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "4.69% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 5.88% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$4.382 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $4.98 billion (31 December 2013 est.)",
"text": "$4.031 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.343 billion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
}
@ -706,16 +704,16 @@
"text": "$43.41 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $47.99 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$65.42 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $76.58 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$59.58 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $65.42 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$1.996 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $2.853 billion (31 December 2011) ++ $6.834 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$2.692 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.031 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.105 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$1.041 billion (2014 est.) ++ -$381 million (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$704 million (2015 est.) ++ -$1.052 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$4.198 billion (2014 est.) ++ $3.648 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$2.759 billion (2015 est.) ++ $3.751 billion (2014 est.)",
"Exports": {
"text": "$68.1 million, f.o.b. (2007 est.)"
}
@ -724,10 +722,10 @@
"text": "citrus, potatoes, pharmaceuticals, cement, clothing"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Greece 17.5%, UK 10.8%, Israel 5.8% (2014)"
"text": "Greece 10.9%, Ireland 10.2%, UK 7.2%, Israel 6% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$7.743 billion (2014 est.) ++ $7.492 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$6.286 billion (2015 est.) ++ $7.473 billion (2014 est.)",
"Imports": {
"text": "$1.2 billion, f.o.b. (2007 est.)"
}
@ -736,35 +734,35 @@
"text": "consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants, machinery, transport equipment"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Greece 23.8%, Israel 9.6%, UK 7.4%, Italy 7.2%, Germany 7.1%, Netherlands 5.7%, France 5.6%, Spain 4.8%, China 4.3% (2014)"
"text": "Greece 25.7%, UK 9.1%, Italy 8%, Germany 7.5%, Israel 5.5%, China 4.8%, Netherlands 4.1% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$890.9 million (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $915 million (31 December 2013 est.)",
"text": "$807.6 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $890.9 million (31 December 2014 est.)",
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$NA"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$890.9 million (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $915 million (31 December 2013 est.)",
"text": "$95.28 billion (31 December 2013 est.) ++ $103.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.)",
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$NA"
}
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$59.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $68.84 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$140.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $151 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$42.87 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $48.89 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$135.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $140.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.7489 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.) ++ 0.755 (2010 est.)",
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)",
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Turkish new lira per US dollar: 1.9 (2013) 1.8 (2012) 1.668 (2011) 1.5026 (2010) 1.55 (2009)"
}
},
"Economy of the area administered by Turkish Cypriots": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Even though the whole of the island is part of the EU, implementation of the EU \"acquis communautaire\" has been suspended in the area administered by Turkish Cypriots, known locally as the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" (\"TRNC\"), until political conditions permit the reunification of the island. The market-based economy of the TRNC is roughly one-fifth the size of its southern neighbor and is likewise dominated by the service sector with a large portion of the population employed by the government. In 2012 - the latest year for which data are available - the services sector, which includes the public sector, trade, tourism, and education, contributed 58.7% to economic output. In the same year, light manufacturing and agriculture contributed 2.7% and 6.2%, respectively. Manufacturing is limited mainly to food and beverages, furniture and fixtures, construction materials, metal and non-metal products, textiles and clothing. The “TRNC” maintains few economic ties with the Republic of Cyprus outside of trade in construction materials. Since its creation, the \"TRNC\" has heavily relied on financial assistance from Turkey, which supports the \"TRNC\" defense, telecommunications, water and postal services. The Turkish Lira is the preferred currency, though foreign currencies are widely accepted in business transactions. The \"TRNC\" remains vulnerable to the Turkish market and monetary policy because of its use of the Turkish Lira. The \"TRNC\" weathered the European financial crisis relatively unscathed - compared to the Republic of Cyprus - because of the lack of financial sector development, the health of the Turkish economy, and its separation from the rest of the island. The TRNC economy experienced growth estimated at 2.8% in 2013 and 2.3% in 2014 and is projected to grow 3.8% in 2015. "
"text": "Even though the whole of the island is part of the EU, implementation of the EU \"acquis communautaire\" has been suspended in the area administered by Turkish Cypriots, known locally as the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" (\"TRNC\"), until political conditions permit the reunification of the island. The market-based economy of the \"TRNC\" is roughly one-fifth the size of its southern neighbor and is likewise dominated by the service sector with a large portion of the population employed by the government. In 2012 - the latest year for which data are available - the services sector, which includes the public sector, trade, tourism, and education, contributed 58.7% to economic output. In the same year, light manufacturing and agriculture contributed 2.7% and 6.2%, respectively. Manufacturing is limited mainly to food and beverages, furniture and fixtures, construction materials, metal and non-metal products, textiles and clothing. The “TRNC” maintains few economic ties with the Republic of Cyprus outside of trade in construction materials. Since its creation, the \"TRNC\" has heavily relied on financial assistance from Turkey, which supports the \"TRNC\" defense, telecommunications, water and postal services. The Turkish Lira is the preferred currency, though foreign currencies are widely accepted in business transactions. The \"TRNC\" remains vulnerable to the Turkish market and monetary policy because of its use of the Turkish Lira. The \"TRNC\" weathered the European financial crisis relatively unscathed - compared to the Republic of Cyprus - because of the lack of financial sector development, the health of the Turkish economy, and its separation from the rest of the island. The \"TRNC\" economy experienced growth estimated at 2.8% in 2013 and 2.3% in 2014 and is projected to grow 3.8% in 2015. "
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$1.829 billion (2007 est.)"
@ -844,6 +842,11 @@
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "3.942 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
},
@ -917,18 +920,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "330,000"
"text": "323,707"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "28 (2014 est.)"
"text": "27 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "1.1 million"
"text": "1.111 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "95 (2014 est.)"
"text": "93 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -945,35 +948,36 @@
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "mixture of state and privately run TV and radio services; the public broadcaster operates 2 TV channels and 4 radio stations; 6 private TV broadcasters, satellite and cable TV services including telecasts from Greece and Turkey, and a number of private radio stations are available; in areas administered by Turkish Cypriots, there are 2 public TV stations, 4 public radio stations, and privately owned TV and radio broadcast stations (2007)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"area under government control": {
"text": "AM 5, FM 76, shortwave 0"
},
"area administered by Turkish Cypriots": {
"text": "AM 1, FM 20, shortwave 1 (2004)"
}
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"area under government control": {
"text": "8"
},
"area administered by Turkish Cypriots": {
"text": "2 (plus 4 relay) (2004)"
}
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".cy"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "738,900"
"text": "853,000"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "63.0% (2014 est.)"
"text": "71.7% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "2"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "6"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "23,404"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "230,600 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "5B (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "15 (2013)"
},
@ -999,7 +1003,7 @@
"text": "2"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 2 (2013)"
"text": "2 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -1030,7 +1034,7 @@
"text": "bulk carrier 278, cargo 163, chemical tanker 77, container 201, liquefied gas 11, passenger 3, passenger/cargo 25, petroleum tanker 62, refrigerated cargo 5, roll on/roll off 9, vehicle carrier 4"
},
"foreign-owned": {
"text": "622 (Angola 1, Austria 1, Belgium 3, Bermuda 1, Canada 2, China 6, Denmark 6, Estonia 6, France 16, Germany 192, Greece 201, Hong Kong 2, India 4, Iran 10, Ireland 3, Italy 6, Japan 16, Netherlands 23, Norway 14, Philippines 1, Poland 24, Portugal 2, Russia 46, Singapore 1, Slovenia 5, Spain 6, Sweden 5, Turkey 1, UAE 3, UK 7, Ukraine 3, US 5)"
"text": "622 (Angola 1, Austria 1, Belgium 3, Bermuda 1, Canada 2, China 6, Denmark 6, Estonia 6, France 16, Germany 192, Greece 201, Hong Kong 2, India 4, Iran 10, Ireland 3, Italy 6, Japan 16, Netherlands 23, Norway 14, Philippines 1, Poland 24, Portugal 2, Russia 46, Singapore 1, Slovenia 5, Spain 6, Sweden 5, Turkey 1, UAE 3, UK 7, Ukraine 3, US 5)"
},
"registered in other countries": {
"text": "152 (Bahamas 23, Cambodia 4, Comoros 2, Finland 1, Gibraltar 1, Greece 3, Hong Kong 3, Liberia 9, Malta 32, Marshall Islands 40, Norway 1, Panama 5, Russia 13, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3, Sierra Leone 2, Singapore 6, unknown 4) (2010)"
@ -1042,42 +1046,12 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Republic of Cyprus: Cypriot National Guard (Ethniki Froura, EF; includes naval and air elements); Northern Cyprus: Turkish Cypriot Security Force (GKK) (2014)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "Cypriot National Guard (CNG): 18-50 years of age for compulsory military service for all Greek Cypriot males; 17 years of age for voluntary service; 2-year service obligation (2014)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"Cypriot National Guard (CNG)": {
"text": ""
},
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "327,875"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "287,891 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"Cypriot National Guard (CNG)": {
"text": ""
},
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "275,842"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "239,862 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "8,167"
},
"female": {
"text": "7,398 (2010 est.)"
}
"text": "Cypriot National Guard (CNG): 18-50 years of age for compulsory military service for all Greek Cypriot males; 17 years of age for voluntary service; 14-month service obligation (2016)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "2.1% of GDP (2013) ++ 2.05% of GDP (2012) ++ 2.14% of GDP (2011) ++ 2.05% of GDP (2010)"
@ -1085,19 +1059,11 @@
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "hostilities in 1974 divided the island into two de facto autonomous entities, the internationally recognized Cypriot Government and a Turkish-Cypriot community (north Cyprus); the 1,000-strong UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) has served in Cyprus since 1964 and maintains the buffer zone between north and south; on 1 May 2004, Cyprus entered the European Union still divided, with the EU's body of legislation and standards (acquis communitaire) suspended in the north; Turkey protests Cypriot Government creating hydrocarbon blocks and maritime boundary with Lebanon in March 2007"
"text": "hostilities in 1974 divided the island into two de facto autonomous entities, the internationally recognized Cypriot Government and a Turkish-Cypriot community (north Cyprus); the 1,000-strong UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) has served in Cyprus since 1964 and maintains the buffer zone between north and south; on 1 May 2004, Cyprus entered the EU still divided, with the EU's body of legislation and standards (acquis communitaire) suspended in the north; Turkey protests Cypriot Government creating hydrocarbon blocks and maritime boundary with Lebanon in March 2007"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"IDPs": {
"text": "212,400 (both Turkish and Greek Cypriots; many displaced since 1974) (2015) (2014)"
}
},
"Trafficking in persons": {
"current situation": {
"text": "Cyprus is a source and destination country for men and women from Eastern Europe, India, Vietnam, and sub-Saharan Africa who are subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; migrant workers and asylum seekers from these countries are subjected to forced work in the construction, agriculture, and domestic service sectors; migrant workers are often subjected to debt bondage, threats, and withholding of pay and documents once work permits expire; sex trafficking occurs within Cyprus’ commercial sex industry outlets, including bars, coffee shops, and cabarets"
},
"tier rating": {
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List – Cyprus does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; in 2013, the government implemented an EU directive that strengthened its legal framework for combating human trafficking, and a new-anti-trafficking action plan was adopted for 2013-2015; significant decreases occurred in investigations, prosecutions, and convictions of trafficking offenses, and punishments remained weak; fewer trafficking victims were identified (2014)"
"text": "272,000 (both Turkish and Greek Cypriots; many displaced since 1974) (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

302
europe/da.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Once the seat of Viking raiders and later a major north European power, Denmark has evolved into a modern, prosperous nation that is participating in the general political and economic integration of Europe. It joined NATO in 1949 and the EEC (now the EU) in 1973. However, the country has opted out of certain elements of the European Union's Maastricht Treaty, including the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), European defense cooperation, and issues concerning certain justice and home affairs."
"text": "Once the seat of Viking raiders and later a major north European power, Denmark has evolved into a modern, prosperous nation that is participating in the general political and economic integration of Europe. It joined NATO in 1949 and the EEC (now the EU) in 1973. However, the country has opted out of certain elements of the EU's Maastricht Treaty, including the European Economic and Monetary Union, European defense cooperation, and issues concerning certain justice and home affairs."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -62,12 +62,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "low and flat to gently rolling plains"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Lammefjord -7 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "34 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Mollehoj/Ejer Bavnehoj 171 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Lammefjord -7 m ++ highest point: Mollehoj/Ejer Bavnehoj 171 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -88,18 +88,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "4,354 sq km (2007)"
"text": "4,350 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "6 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "0.66 cu km/yr (58%/5%/36%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "118.4 cu m/yr (2009)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "with excellent access to the North Sea, Skagerrak, Kattegat, and the Baltic Sea, population centers tend to be along coastal areas, particularly in Copenhagen and the eastern side of the country's mainland"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "flooding is a threat in some areas of the country (e.g., parts of Jutland, along the southern coast of the island of Lolland) that are protected from the sea by a system of dikes"
@ -120,6 +112,12 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "5,593,785",
"note": {
"text": "Statistics Denmark estimates the country's total population to be 5,724,456 as of 2016 Q3 (July 2016 est.)"
}
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Dane(s)"
@ -140,27 +138,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Evangelical Lutheran (official) 80%, Muslim 4%, other (denominations of less than 1% each, includes Roman Catholic, Jehovah's Witness, Serbian Orthodox Christian, Jewish, Baptist, and Buddhist) 16% (2012 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "5,581,503 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "16.77% (male 480,267/female 455,946)"
"text": "16.58% (male 475,763/female 451,557)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "13.11% (male 373,547/female 358,150)"
"text": "13.12% (male 374,806/female 359,344)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "39.03% (male 1,085,130/female 1,093,162)"
"text": "38.88% (male 1,082,404/female 1,092,672)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "12.41% (male 344,509/female 348,201)"
"text": "12.45% (male 346,371/female 350,093)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "18.68% (male 466,566/female 576,025) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "18.96% (male 475,330/female 585,445) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -179,26 +171,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "41.8 years"
"text": "42 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "40.9 years"
"text": "41.1 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "42.8 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "43 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "0.22% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.22% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "10.27 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "10.4 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "10.25 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "10.3 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "2.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "with excellent access to the North Sea, Skagerrak, Kattegat, and the Baltic Sea, population centers tend to be along coastal areas, particularly in Copenhagen and the eastern side of the country's mainland"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -231,39 +226,42 @@
"text": "0.81 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.97 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.97 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "29.1 (2012 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "6 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "4.05 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "4 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "4.12 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "4.1 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "3.97 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "79.25 years"
"text": "79.4 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "76.82 years"
"text": "77 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "81.81 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "82 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.73 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.73 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "10.6% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "10.8% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "3.49 physicians/1,000 population (2010)"
@ -300,7 +298,7 @@
"text": "21% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "8.7% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "8.5% of GDP (2011)"
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
@ -310,18 +308,18 @@
"text": "18 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "19 years (2012)"
"text": "20 years (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "14.2%"
"text": "12.6%"
},
"male": {
"text": "14.8%"
"text": "13.7%"
},
"female": {
"text": "14.1% (2012 est.)"
"text": "11.5% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -338,10 +336,13 @@
},
"local short form": {
"text": "Danmark"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "the name derives from the words \"Dane(s)\" and \"mark\"; the latter referring to a march (borderland) or forest"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "constitutional monarchy"
"text": "parliamentary constitutional monarchy"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -367,13 +368,13 @@
}
},
"Independence": {
"text": "ca. 965 (unified and Christianized under HARALD I Gormson); 5 June 1849 (became a constitutional monarchy)"
"text": "ca. 965 (unified and Christianized under HARALD I Gormson); 5 June 1849 (became a parliamentary constitutional monarchy)"
},
"National holiday": {
"text": "none designated; Constitution Day, 5 June (1849) is generally viewed as the National Day"
"text": "none designated; Constitution Day, 5 June (1849) is generally viewed as National Day"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 5 June 1953; changed several times, last in 2009 (Danish Act of Succession) (2015)"
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 5 June 1953; changed several times, last in 2009 (Danish Act of Succession) (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law; judicial review of legislative acts"
@ -382,14 +383,17 @@
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": ""
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Denmark"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": ""
"text": "7 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
@ -400,7 +404,7 @@
"text": "Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972); Heir Apparent Crown Prince FREDERIK, elder son of the monarch (born on 26 May 1968)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Helle THORNING-SCHMIDT (since 3 October 2011)"
"text": "Prime Minister Lars LOEKKE RASMUSSEN (since 28 June 2015)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of State appointed by the monarch"
@ -417,7 +421,7 @@
"text": "last held on 18 June 2015 (next to be held by June 2019)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party - SDP 26.3%, DF 21.1%, V 19.5%, EL 7.8%, LA 7.5%, AP 4.8%, SLP 4.6%, SF 4.2%, C 3.4%, other 0.9%; seats by party - SDP 47, DF 37, V 34, EL 14, LA 13, AP 9, SLP 8, SF 7, C 6; note - does not include the two seats from Greenland and the two seats from the Faroe Islands"
"text": "percent of vote by party - SDP 26.3%, DF 21.1%, V 19.5%, EL 7.8%, LA 7.5%, AP 4.8%, SLP 4.6%, SF 4.2%, C 3.4%, other 0.9%; seats by party - SDP 47, DF 37, V 34, EL 14, LA 13, AP 9, SLP 8, SF 7, C 6; note - does not include each of the two seats from Greenland and the Faroe Islands"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -432,10 +436,10 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Alternative Party or AP [Uffe ELBAEK] ++ Conservative People's Party or C [Soren PAPE POULSEN] ++ Danish People's Party or DF [Kristian THULESEN DAHL] ++ Liberal Alliance or LA [Anders SAMUELSEN] ++ Liberal Party or V [Lars LOKKE RAMUSSEN] ++ Red-Green Alliance (Unity List) or EL [collective leadership, spokesperson Johanne SCHMIDT-NIELSEN] ++ Social Democratic Party or SDP [Mette FREDERIKSEN] ++ Social Liberal Party or SLP [Morten OSTERGAARD] ++ Socialist People's Party or SF [Pia OLSEN DYHR]"
"text": "Alternative Party or AP [Uffe ELBAEK] ++ Conservative People's Party or C [Soren PAPE POULSEN] ++ Danish People's Party or DF [Kristian THULESEN DAHL] ++ Liberal Alliance or LA [Anders SAMUELSEN] ++ Liberal Party or V [Lars LOEKKE RAMUSSEN] ++ Red-Green Alliance (Unity List) or EL [collective leadership, spokesperson Johanne SCHMIDT-NIELSEN] ++ Social Democratic Party or SDP [Mette FREDERIKSEN] ++ Social Liberal Party or SLP [Morten OSTERGAARD] ++ Socialist People's Party or SF [Pia OLSEN DYHR]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Confederation of Danish Employers or DA [President Jorn Neergaard LARSEN] ++ Confederation of Danish Industries [CEO Karsten DYBVAD] ++ Confederation of Danish Labor Unions (Landsorganisationen) or LO [President Harald BORSTING] ++ DaneAge Association [President Bjarne HASTRUP] ++ Danish Shipowners' Association [Chairman Carsten MORTENSEN] ++ Danish Bankers Association [CEO Joergen HORWITZ] ++ Danish Society for Nature Conservation [President Ella Maria BISSCHOP-LARSEN]",
"text": "Confederation of Danish Employers or DA [CEO Jacob HOLBRAAD] ++ Confederation of Danish Industries or DI [CEO Karsten DYBVAD] ++ Confederation of Danish Labor Unions (Landsorganisationen) or LO [President Lizette RISGAARD] ++ DaneAge Association [President Bjarne HASTRUP] ++ Danish Shipowners' Association [Director General and CEO Anne STEFFENSEN]] ++ Danish Bankers Association [CEO Ulrik NODGAARD] ++ Danish Society for Nature Conservation or DN [President Ella Maria BISSCHOP-LARSEN]",
"other": {
"text": "environmental groups; humanitarian relief; development assistance; human rights NGOs"
}
@ -500,58 +504,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "This thoroughly modern market economy features a high-tech agricultural sector, state-of-the-art industry with world-leading firms in pharmaceuticals, maritime shipping and renewable energy, and a high dependence on foreign trade. Denmark is a member of the European Union (EU); Danish legislation and regulations conform to EU standards on almost all issues. Danes enjoy a high standard of living and the Danish economy is characterized by extensive government welfare measures and an equitable distribution of income. Denmark is a net exporter of food and energy and enjoys a comfortable balance of payments surplus, but depends on imports of raw materials for the manufacturing sector. Within the EU, Denmark is among the strongest supporters of trade liberalization. After a long consumption-driven upswing, Denmark's economy began slowing in 2007 with the end of a housing boom. Housing prices dropped markedly in 2008-09 and, following a short respite in 2010, have since continued to decline. Household indebtedness is still relatively high at more than 275% of gross disposable income in the first half of 2013. The global financial crisis has exacerbated this cyclical slowdown through increased borrowing costs and lower export demand, consumer confidence, and investment. Denmark made a modest recovery in 2010, in part because of increased government spending; however, the country experienced a technical recession in late 2010-early 2011 and has been slow to emerge from it in 2012-14 . Historically low levels of unemployment rose sharply with the recession and have remained at about 6% in 2010-13, based on the national measure, about two-thirds average EU unemployment. An impending decline in the ratio of workers to retirees will be a major long-term issue. Denmark maintained a healthy budget surplus for many years up to 2008, but the budget balance swung into deficit in 2009, where it remains. In spite of the deficits, the new coalition government delivered a modest stimulus to the economy in 2012. Despite previously meeting the criteria to join the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), Denmark has negotiated an opt-out with the EU and is not required to adopt the euro."
"text": "This thoroughly modern market economy features a high-tech agricultural sector, advanced industry with world-leading firms in pharmaceuticals, maritime shipping and renewable energy, and a high dependence on foreign trade. Denmark is a net exporter of food, oil, and gas and enjoys a comfortable balance of payments surplus, but depends on imports of raw materials for the manufacturing sector. Danes enjoy a high standard of living and the Danish economy is characterized by extensive government welfare measures and an equitable distribution of income. An aging population will be a major long-term issue. ++ ++ Denmark is a member of the EU; Danish legislation and regulations conform to EU standards on almost all issues. Despite previously meeting the criteria to join the European Economic and Monetary Union, Denmark has negotiated an opt-out with the EU and is not required to adopt the euro. Within the EU, Denmark is among the strongest supporters of trade liberalization. ++ ++ After a long consumption-driven upswing, Denmark's economy began slowing in 2007 with the end of a housing boom. Housing prices dropped markedly in 2008-09 but, with significant regional differences, have since recovered. Household indebtedness is still relatively high at more than 305% of net disposable income in 2014, while household net worth - from private pension schemes and other assets - amounted to 546% of net disposable income. ++ ++ The global financial crisis exacerbated this cyclical slowdown by increasing domestic borrowing costs and lowering foreign demand for Danish exports. Denmark maintained a healthy budget surplus for many years up to 2008, but the budget balance swung into deficit in 2009. The structural budget deficit has remained below 1% and is estimated at -0.4% in 2016. Denmark is experiencing a lackluster economic recovery, having still not regained the GDP level of 2008. GDP contracted in 2012 and 2013, followed by real growth of 1.3% in 2014, and 1.2% in 2015. The government projects 1.9% growth in 2016, while private sector estimates are about 1% growth. A historically low level of unemployment rose with the economic downturn but the labor market has strengthened since 2013, and unemployment stood at about 4.5% in early 2016, based on the national measure. Productivity growth was significantly below the OECD average in 2012–2014."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$250.7 billion (2014 est.) ++ $248 billion (2013 est.) ++ $249.2 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$258.8 billion (2015 est.) ++ $256.3 billion (2014 est.) ++ $253.1 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$342.4 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$295.1 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1.1% (2014 est.) ++ -0.5% (2013 est.) ++ -0.7% (2012 est.)"
"text": "1% (2015 est.) ++ 1.3% (2014 est.) ++ -0.2% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$44,600 (2014 est.) ++ $44,100 (2013 est.) ++ $44,400 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$45,700 (2015 est.) ++ $45,500 (2014 est.) ++ $45,200 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "25.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 26% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 24.6% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "26.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 27.6% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 26.6% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "48.6%"
"text": "48%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "26.6%"
"text": "26.1%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "18.7%"
"text": "19%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.8%"
"text": "0.5%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "53.7%"
"text": "53.4%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-48.3% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-47.2% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "1.4%"
"text": "1.1%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "22.5%"
"text": "23.3%"
},
"services": {
"text": "76.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "75.7% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -561,10 +565,10 @@
"text": "iron, steel, nonferrous metals, chemicals, food processing, machinery and transportation equipment, textiles and clothing, electronics, construction, furniture and other wood products, shipbuilding and refurbishment, windmills, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "0.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "1.3% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.776 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "2.801 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -578,7 +582,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "4.9% (2014 est.) ++ 5.6% (2013 est.)"
"text": "4.6% (2015 est.) ++ 5% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "13.4% (2011 est.)"
@ -596,86 +600,91 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$200.3 billion"
"text": "$159.3 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$195.8 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$164.4 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "58.5% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "54% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "1.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-1.7% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "45.1% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 45% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "40.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 44.8% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.6% (2014 est.) ++ 0.8% (2013 est.)"
"text": "0.5% (2015 est.) ++ 0.6% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.75% (31 December 2011) ++ 0.75% (31 December 2010)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "3.62% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 4.04% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "3.42% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 3.62% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$154.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $162.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$151.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $153.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$181.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $189.2 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$705.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $764.9 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$632.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $702.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$224.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $179.5 billion (31 December 2011) ++ $231.7 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$224.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $179.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.) ++ $231.7 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$21.43 billion (2014 est.) ++ $24.21 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$20.75 billion (2015 est.) ++ $26.71 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$111.4 billion (2014 est.) ++ $111.7 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$95.97 billion (2015 est.) ++ $111.4 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and instruments, meat and meat products, dairy products, fish, pharmaceuticals, furniture, windmills"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 18.6%, Sweden 12.1%, UK 8.1%, US 6.7%, Norway 6.5%, Netherlands 4.4% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 17.8%, Sweden 11.6%, US 8.4%, Norway 6.3%, UK 6.3%, Netherlands 4.4%, China 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$101.3 billion (2014 est.) ++ $99.79 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$85.02 billion (2015 est.) ++ $101.3 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, raw materials and semimanufactures for industry, chemicals, grain and foodstuffs, consumer goods"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 21.3%, Sweden 12.8%, Netherlands 8%, Norway 6.3%, China 6.3%, UK 4.9% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 20.4%, Sweden 12.3%, Netherlands 8.1%, China 7.3%, Norway 6.1%, UK 4.4% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$75.38 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $88.67 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$65.19 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $75.38 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$75.38 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $88.67 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$534.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $609.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$144.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $146.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$133.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $145.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$249.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $263.4 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$239.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $250 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Danish kroner (DKK) per US dollar - ++ 5.6125 (2014 est.) ++ 5.6125 (2013 est.) ++ 5.79 (2012 est.) ++ 5.3687 (2011 est.) ++ 5.6241 (2010 est.)"
"text": "Danish kroner (DKK) per US dollar - ++ 6.7236 (2015 est.) ++ 5.6183 (2014 est.) ++ 5.6125 (2013 est.) ++ 5.79 (2012 est.) ++ 5.3687 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "28.93 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -749,53 +758,64 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "1.88 million"
"text": "1,694,051"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "34 (2014 est.)"
"text": "30 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "7.1 million"
"text": "7.266 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "128 (2014 est.)"
"text": "130 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "excellent telephone and telegraph services"
"text": "excellent telephone and Internet services"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "buried and submarine cables and microwave radio relay form trunk network, multiple cellular mobile communications systems"
"text": "buried and submarine cables and microwave radio relay form trunk network; multiple mobile-cellular communications systems"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 45; a series of fiber-optic submarine cables link Denmark with Canada, Faroe Islands, Germany, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and UK; satellite earth stations - 18 (6 Intelsat, 10 Eutelsat, 1 Orion, 1 Inmarsat (Blaavand-Atlantic-East)); note - the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) share the Danish earth station and the Eik, Norway, station for worldwide Inmarsat access (2011)"
"text": "country code - 45; a series of fiber-optic submarine cables link Denmark with Canada, Faroe Islands, Germany, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and UK; satellite earth stations - 18 (6 Intelsat, 10 Eutelsat, 1 Orion, 1 Inmarsat (Blaavand-Atlantic-East)); note - the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) share the Danish earth station and the Eik, Norway, station for worldwide Inmarsat access (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "strong public-sector TV presence with state-owned Danmarks Radio operating 4 channels and publicly owned TV2 operating roughly a half dozen channels; broadcasts of privately owned stations are available via satellite and cable feed; DR operates 4 nationwide FM radio stations, 15 digital audio broadcasting stations, and about 15 web-based radio stations; approximately 250 commercial and community radio stations (2007)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 1, FM 355, shortwave 0 (1998)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "172 (2008)"
"text": "strong public-sector TV presence with state-owned Danmarks Radio (DR) operating 6 channels and publicly owned TV2 operating roughly a half-dozen channels; broadcasts of privately owned stations are available via satellite and cable feed; DR operates 4 nationwide FM radio stations, 10 digital audio broadcasting stations, and 14 web-based radio stations; in 2010, there were 140 commercial and 187 community (non-commercial) radio stations"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".dk"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "5.4 million"
"text": "5.377 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "96.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "96.3% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "10"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "76"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "582,011"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "0 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "OY (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "80 (2013)"
},
@ -827,7 +847,7 @@
"text": "5"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 47 (2013)"
"text": "47 (2013)"
}
},
"Pipelines": {
@ -835,18 +855,18 @@
},
"Railways": {
"total": {
"text": "2,414 km"
"text": "2,633 km"
},
"standard gauge": {
"text": "2,414 km 1.435-m gauge (626 km electrified) (2014)"
"text": "2,633 km 1.435-m gauge (642 km electrified) (2015)"
}
},
"Roadways": {
"total": {
"text": "73,929 km"
"text": "74,497 km"
},
"paved": {
"text": "73,929 km (includes 1,143 km of expressways) (2012)"
"text": "74,497 km (includes 1,188 km of expressways) (2016)"
}
},
"Waterways": {
@ -881,51 +901,27 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Defense Command: Army Operational Command, Admiral Danish Fleet, Arctic Command, Tactical Air Command, Home Guard (2010)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscripts serve an initial training period that varies from 4 to 12 months according to specialization; reservists are assigned to mobilization units following completion of their conscript service; women eligible to volunteer for military service (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,236,337"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,224,182 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,014,560"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,003,921 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "37,913"
},
"female": {
"text": "35,865 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.37% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.41% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.35% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.41% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "1.2% of GDP (2015) ++ 1.17% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.37% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.41% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.35% of GDP (2011)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm; Faroese continue to study proposals for full independence; sovereignty dispute with Canada over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland; Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission"
"text": "Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm; sovereignty dispute with Canada over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland; Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "7,253 (Afghanistan) (2014)"
"text": "12,988 (Syria) (2015)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "4,725 (2014)"
"text": "6,580 (2015)"
}
}
}

22
europe/dx.json
View file

@ -43,15 +43,15 @@
"text": "netting and trapping of small migrant songbirds in the spring and autumn"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "British extraterritorial rights also extended to several small off-post sites scattered across Cyprus; of the Sovereign Base Area land 60% is privately owned and farmed, 20% is owned by the Ministry of Defense, and 20% is SBA Crown land"
"text": "British extraterritorial rights also extended to several small off-post sites scattered across Cyprus; of the Sovereign Base Area (SBA) land, 60% is privately owned and farmed, 20% is owned by the Ministry of Defense, and 20% is SBA Crown land"
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Languages": {
"text": "English, Greek"
},
"Population": {
"text": "approximately 15,700 live on the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia including 7,700 Cypriots, 3,600 service and UK based contract personnel, and 4,400 dependents"
},
"Languages": {
"text": "English, Greek"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
}
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "presented 3 August 1960, effective 16 August 1960 (The Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Order in Council 1960, serves as a basic legal document); amended 1966 (2015)"
"text": "presented 3 August 1960, effective 16 August 1960 (The Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Order in Council 1960, serves as a basic legal document); amended 1966 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "laws applicable to the Cypriot population are, as far as possible, the same as the laws of the Republic of Cyprus; note - the Sovereign Base Area Administration has its own court system to deal with civil and criminal matters"
@ -102,10 +102,10 @@
"text": "Senior Judges' Court (consists of several visiting judges from England and Wales)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "judges appointment and tenure NA"
"text": "see entry for United Kingdom"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "Resident Judges' Court; Courts Martial"
"text": "Resident Judges' Court; military courts"
}
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
@ -139,15 +139,9 @@
"Communications": {
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "British Forces Broadcast Service (BFBS) provides multi-channel satellite TV service as well as BFBS radio broadcasts to the Dhekelia Sovereign Base (2009)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM NA, FM 1 (located in Akrotiri), shortwave NA (British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS) provides Radio 1 and Radio 2 service to Akrotiri, Dhekelia, and Nicosia) (2006)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "0 (British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS) provides multi-channel satellite service to Akrotiri, Dhekelia, and Nicosia) (2006)"
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military - note": {
"text": "defense is the responsibility of the UK; includes Dhekelia Garrison and Ayios Nikolaos Station connected by a roadway"
}

250
europe/ee.json
View file

@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Following the two devastating World Wars in the first half of the 20th century, a number of far-sighted European leaders in the late 1940s sought a response to the overwhelming desire for peace and reconciliation on the continent. In 1950, the French Foreign Minister Robert SCHUMAN proposed pooling the production of coal and steel in Western Europe and setting up an organization for that purpose that would bring France and the Federal Republic of Germany together and would be open to other countries as well. The following year, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was set up when six members - Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands - signed the Treaty of Paris. ++ The ECSC was so successful that within a few years the decision was made to integrate other elements of the countries' economies. In 1957, envisioning an \"ever closer union,\" the Treaties of Rome created the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), and the six member states undertook to eliminate trade barriers among themselves by forming a common market. In 1967, the institutions of all three communities were formally merged into the European Community (EC), creating a single Commission, a single Council of Ministers, and the body known today as the European Parliament. Members of the European Parliament were initially selected by national parliaments, but in 1979 the first direct elections were undertaken and have been held every five years since. ++ In 1973, the first enlargement of the EC took place with the addition of Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. The 1980s saw further membership expansion with Greece joining in 1981 and Spain and Portugal in 1986. The 1992 Treaty of Maastricht laid the basis for further forms of cooperation in foreign and defense policy, in judicial and internal affairs, and in the creation of an economic and monetary union - including a common currency. This further integration created the European Union (EU), at the time standing alongside the European Community. In 1995, Austria, Finland, and Sweden joined the EU/EC, raising the membership total to 15. ++ A new currency, the euro, was launched in world money markets on 1 January 1999; it became the unit of exchange for all EU member states except Denmark, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. In 2002, citizens of those 12 countries began using euro banknotes and coins. Ten new countries joined the EU in 2004 - Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Bulgaria and Romania joined in 2007 and Croatia in 2013, bringing the current membership to 28. (Seven of these new countries - Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Slovakia, and Slovenia - have now adopted the euro bringing total euro zone membership to 19.) ++ In an effort to ensure that the EU could function efficiently with an expanded membership, the Treaty of Nice (signed in 2000) set forth rules to streamline the size and procedures of EU institutions. An effort to establish a \"Constitution for Europe,\" growing out of a Convention held in 2002-2003, foundered when it was rejected in referenda in France and the Netherlands in 2005. A subsequent effort in 2007 incorporated many of the features of the rejected draft Constitutional Treaty while also making a number of substantive and symbolic changes. The new treaty, referred to as the Treaty of Lisbon, sought to amend existing treaties rather than replace them. The treaty was approved at the EU intergovernmental conference of the then 27 member states held in Lisbon in December 2007, after which the process of national ratifications began. In October 2009, an Irish referendum approved the Lisbon Treaty (overturning a previous rejection) and cleared the way for an ultimate unanimous endorsement. Poland and the Czech Republic signed on soon after. The Lisbon Treaty came into force on 1 December 2009 and the EU officially replaced and succeeded the EC. The Treaty's provisions are part of the basic consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union (TUE) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFUE) now governing what remains a very specific integration project."
},
"Preliminary statement": {
"text": "The evolution of what is today the European Union (EU) from a regional economic agreement among six neighboring states in 1951 to today's hybrid intergovernmental and supranational organization of 28 countries across the European continent stands as an unprecedented phenomenon in the annals of history. Dynastic unions for territorial consolidation were long the norm in Europe; on a few occasions even country-level unions were arranged - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Austro-Hungarian Empire were examples. But for such a large number of nation-states to cede some of their sovereignty to an overarching entity is unique. ++ Although the EU is not a federation in the strict sense, it is far more than a free-trade association such as ASEAN, NAFTA, or Mercosur, and it has certain attributes associated with independent nations: its own flag, currency (for some members), and law-making abilities, as well as diplomatic representation and a common foreign and security policy in its dealings with external partners. ++ Thus, inclusion of basic intelligence on the EU has been deemed appropriate as a new, separate entity in The World Factbook. However, because of the EU's special status, this description is placed after the regular country entries."
},
"Background": {
"text": "Following the two devastating World Wars in the first half of the 20th century, a number of far-sighted European leaders in the late 1940s sought a response to the overwhelming desire for peace and reconciliation on the continent. In 1950, the French Foreign Minister Robert SCHUMAN proposed pooling the production of coal and steel in Western Europe and setting up an organization for that purpose that would bring France and the Federal Republic of Germany together and would be open to other countries as well. The following year, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was set up when six members - Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands - signed the Treaty of Paris. ++ The ECSC was so successful that within a few years the decision was made to integrate other elements of the countries' economies. In 1957, envisioning an \"ever closer union,\" the Treaties of Rome created the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), and the six member states undertook to eliminate trade barriers among themselves by forming a common market. In 1967, the institutions of all three communities were formally merged into the European Community (EC), creating a single Commission, a single Council of Ministers, and the body known today as the European Parliament. Members of the European Parliament were initially selected by national parliaments, but in 1979 the first direct elections were undertaken and have been held every five years since. ++ In 1973, the first enlargement of the EC took place with the addition of Denmark, Ireland, and the UK. The 1980s saw further membership expansion with Greece joining in 1981 and Spain and Portugal in 1986. The 1992 Treaty of Maastricht laid the basis for further forms of cooperation in foreign and defense policy, in judicial and internal affairs, and in the creation of an economic and monetary union - including a common currency. This further integration created the European Union (EU), at the time standing alongside the EC. In 1995, Austria, Finland, and Sweden joined the EU/EC, raising the membership total to 15. ++ A new currency, the euro, was launched in world money markets on 1 January 1999; it became the unit of exchange for all EU member states except Denmark, Sweden, and the UK. In 2002, citizens of those 12 countries began using euro banknotes and coins. Ten new countries joined the EU in 2004 - Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Bulgaria and Romania joined in 2007 and Croatia in 2013, bringing the current membership to 28. (Seven of these new countries - Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Slovakia, and Slovenia - have now adopted the euro, bringing total euro-zone membership to 19.) ++ In an effort to ensure that the EU could function efficiently with an expanded membership, the Treaty of Nice (concluded in 2000; entered into force in 2003) set forth rules to streamline the size and procedures of EU institutions. An effort to establish a \"Constitution for Europe,\" growing out of a Convention held in 2002-2003, foundered when it was rejected in referenda in France and the Netherlands in 2005. A subsequent effort in 2007 incorporated many of the features of the rejected draft Constitutional Treaty while also making a number of substantive and symbolic changes. The new treaty, referred to as the Treaty of Lisbon, sought to amend existing treaties rather than replace them. The treaty was approved at the EU intergovernmental conference of the then 27 member states held in Lisbon in December 2007, after which the process of national ratifications began. In October 2009, an Irish referendum approved the Lisbon Treaty (overturning a previous rejection) and cleared the way for an ultimate unanimous endorsement. Poland and the Czech Republic ratified soon after. The Lisbon Treaty came into force on 1 December 2009 and the EU officially replaced and succeeded the EC. The Treaty's provisions are part of the basic consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union (TUE) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFUE) now governing what remains a very specific integration project. ++ Frustrated by a remote bureaucracy in Brussels and massive migration into the country, UK citizens on 23 June 2016 narrowly voted to leave the EU. The so-called “Brexit” will take years to carry out, but could be the signal for referenda in other EU countries where skepticism of EU membership benefits is strong."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -36,21 +36,18 @@
"Coastline": {
"text": "65,992.9 km"
},
"Maritime claims": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "cold temperate; potentially subarctic in the north to temperate; mild wet winters; hot dry summers in the south"
},
"Terrain": {
"text": "fairly flat along Baltic and Atlantic coasts; mountainous in the central and southern areas"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Lammefjord, Denmark -7 m; Zuidplaspolder, Netherlands -7 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "about 300 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Mont Blanc 4,807 m; note - situated on the border between France and Italy"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Lammefjord, Denmark -7 m; Zuidplaspolder, Netherlands -7 m ++ highest point: Mont Blanc 4,807 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -59,8 +56,8 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "154,539.82 sq km (2011 est.)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "2,057.76 cu km (2011)"
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "population distribution varies considerably from country to country, but tends to follow a pattern of coastal and river settlement, with urban agglomerations forming large hubs facilitating large scale housing, industry, and commerce"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "flooding along coasts; avalanches in mountainous area; earthquakes in the south; volcanic eruptions in Italy; periodic droughts in Spain; ice floes in the Baltic"
@ -78,60 +75,60 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "515,052,778 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Languages": {
"text": "Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, Gaelic, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish",
"text": "Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish",
"note": {
"text": "only the 24 official languages are listed; German, the major language of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, is the most widely spoken mother tongue - about 18% of the EU population; English is the most widely spoken foreign language - about 38% of the EU population is conversant with it (2013)"
"text": "only the 24 official languages are listed; German, the major language of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, is the most widely spoken mother tongue - about 16% of the EU population; English is the most widely spoken foreign language - about 38% of the EU population is conversant with it (2012)"
}
},
"Religions": {
"text": "Roman Catholic 48%, Protestant 12%, Orthodox 8%, other Christian 4%, Muslim 2%, other 1% (includes Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu), atheist 7%, non-believer/agnostic 16%, unspecified 2% (2012 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "513,949,445 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "15.5% (male 40,819,985/female 38,752,319)"
"text": "15.5% (male 40,853,366/female 38,783,889)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "11% (male 29,022,494/female 27,724,216)"
"text": "10.9% (male 28,680,885/female 27,396,922)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "41.9% (male 108,625,856/female 106,777,338)"
"text": "41.8% (male 108,312,731/female 106,407,509)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "12.8% (male 31,915,689/female 33,797,415)"
"text": "12.9% (male 32,287,068/female 34,128,099)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "18.8% (male 41,266,149/female 55,247,984) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "19.1% (male 42,074,448/female 56,127,861) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "42.5 years"
"text": "42.7 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "41 years"
"text": "41.3 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "43.9 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "44.1 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": ".25% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.23% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "10.2 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "10.1 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "10.2 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "10.2 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "2.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "population distribution varies considerably from country to country, but tends to follow a pattern of coastal and river settlement, with urban agglomerations forming large hubs facilitating large scale housing, industry, and commerce"
},
"Sex ratio": {
"at birth": {
@ -147,13 +144,13 @@
"text": "1.02 male(s)/female"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "0.94 male(s)/female"
"text": "0.95 male(s)/female"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "0.75 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.96 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.96 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
@ -164,7 +161,7 @@
"text": "4.4 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "3.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
@ -175,11 +172,11 @@
"text": "77.4 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "83.2 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "83.2 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.61 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.61 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Hospital bed density": {
"text": "5.4 beds/1,000 population (2011)"
@ -223,7 +220,7 @@
"Member states": {
"text": "28 countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, UK; note - candidate countries: Iceland, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Turkey",
"note": {
"text": "there are non-European overseas countries and territories (OCTs) having special relations with Denmark, France, the Netherlands, and the UK (list is annexed to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union), that are associated with the Union to promote their economic and social development; member states apply to their trade with OCTs the same treatment as they accord each other pursuant to the treaties"
"text": "there are non-European overseas countries and territories (OCTs) having special relations with Denmark, France, the Netherlands, and the UK (list is annexed to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union), that are associated with the Union to promote their economic and social development; member states apply to their trade with OCTs the same treatment as they accord each other pursuant to the treaties; OCT nationals are in principle EU citizens, but these countries are neither part of the EU, nor subject to the EU ++ there are 25 OCTs (1 with Denmark [Greenland], 6 with France [French Polynesia; French Southern and Antarctic Lands; New Caledonia; Saint Barthelemy; Saint Pierre and Miquelon; Wallis and Futuna], 6 with the Netherlands [Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten], and 12 with the UK [Anguilla; Bermuda; British Antarctic Territory; British Indian Ocean Territory; British Virgin Islands; Cayman Islands; Falkland Islands; Montserrat; Pitcairn Islands; Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha; South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Turks and Caicos Islands]), of which 22 have joined the Overseas Countries and Territories Association (OCTA); the 3 OCTs that are not part of OCTA (British Antarctic Territory, British Indian Ocean Territory, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) do not have a permanent population"
}
},
"Independence": {
@ -236,22 +233,32 @@
"text": "Europe Day (also known as Schuman Day) 9 May (1950); note - the day in 1950 that Robert SCHUMAN proposed the creation of what became the European Coal and Steel Community, the progenitor of today's European Union, with the aim of achieving a united Europe"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "none; note - the EU legal order relies primarily on two consolidated texts encompassing all provisions as amended from a series of past treaties: the Treaty on European Union (TEU), as modified by the Lisbon Treaty, states in Article 1 that \"the HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES establish among themselves a EUROPEAN UNION ... on which the Member States confer competences to attain objectives they have in common\"; Article 1 of the TEU states further that the EU is \"founded on the present Treaty and on the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (hereinafter referred to as 'the Treaties'),\" both possessing the same legal value; Article 6 of the TEU provides that a separately adopted Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union \"shall have the same legal value as the Treaties (2015)"
"text": "none; note - the EU legal order relies primarily on two consolidated texts encompassing all provisions as amended from a series of past treaties: the Treaty on European Union (TEU), as modified by the Lisbon Treaty, states in Article 1 that \"the HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES establish among themselves a EUROPEAN UNION ... on which the Member States confer competences to attain objectives they have in common\"; Article 1 of the TEU states further that the EU is \"founded on the present Treaty and on the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (hereinafter referred to as 'the Treaties'),\" both possessing the same legal value; Article 6 of the TEU provides that a separately adopted Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union \"shall have the same legal value as the Treaties\" (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "unique supranational law system in which, according to an interpretive declaration of member-state governments appended to the Treaty of Lisbon, \"the Treaties and the law adopted by the Union on the basis of the Treaties have primacy over the law of Member States\" under conditions laid down in the case law of the Court of Justice; key principles of EU law include fundamental rights as guaranteed by the Charter of Fundamental Rights and as resulting from constitutional traditions common to the EU's states; EU law is divided into 'primary' and 'secondary' legislation; the treaties (primary legislation) are the basis for all EU action; secondary legislation - which includes directives, regulations, and decisions - are derived from the principles and objectives set out in the treaties"
"text": "unique supranational law system in which, according to an interpretive declaration of member-state governments appended to the Treaty of Lisbon, \"the Treaties and the law adopted by the Union on the basis of the Treaties have primacy over the law of Member States\" under conditions laid down in the case law of the Court of Justice; key principles of EU law include fundamental rights as guaranteed by the Charter of Fundamental Rights and as resulting from constitutional traditions common to the EU's states; EU law is divided into 'primary' and 'secondary' legislation; primary legislation is derived from the consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union) and are the basis for all EU action; secondary legislation - which includes directives, regulations, and decisions - is derived from the principles and objectives set out in the treaties"
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age (16 years in Austria); universal; voting for the European Parliament is permitted in each member state"
},
"Executive branch": {
"text": "under the EU treaties there are three distinct institutions, each of which conducts functions that may be regarded as executive in nature:",
"the European Council": {
"text": "brings together heads of state and government, along with the president of the European Commission, and meets at least four times a year; its aim is to provide the impetus for the development of the Union and to issue general policy guidelines; the Treaty of Lisbon established the position of \"permanent\" (full-time) president of the European Council; leaders of the EU member states appoint the president for a 2 1/2 year term, renewable once; the president's responsibilities include chairing the EU summits and providing policy and organizational continuity; the current president is Donald TUSK (Poland), since 1 December 2014, succeeding Herman VAN ROMPUY (Belgian; 2009-14)"
},
"the Council of the European Union": {
"text": "consists of ministers of each EU member state and meets regularly in 10 different configurations depending on the subject matter; it conducts policymaking and coordinating functions as well as legislative functions; ministers of EU member states chair meetings of the Council of the EU based on a 6-month rotating presidency except for the meetings of EU Foreign Ministers in the Foreign Affairs Council that are chaired by the High Represntative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy"
},
"the European Commission": {
"text": "headed by a College of Commissioners comprised of 28 members - including the president), one from each member country; each commissioner is responsible for one or more policy areas; the Commission's main responsibilities include the sole right to initiate EU legislation (except for foreign and security/defense policy), promoting the general interest of the EU, acting as \"guardian of the Treaties\" by monitoring the application of EU law, implementing/executing the EU budget, managing programs, negotiating on the EU's behalf in core policy areas such as trade, and ensuring the Union's external representation in some policy areas; its current president is Jean-Claude JUNCKER (Luxembourg) elected on 15 July 2014 (took office on 1 November 2014); the president of the European Commission is nominated by the European Council and formally \"elected\" by the European Parliament; the Commission president allocates specific responsibilities among the members of the \"college\" (appointed by common accord of the member state governments in consultation with the president-elect); the European Parliament confirms the entire Commission for a 5-year term; President JUNCKER reorganized the structure of the College around clusters or project teams coordinated by 7 vice presidents in line with the current Commission's main political priorities and appointed Frans TIMMERMANS (Netherlands) to act as his first vice president; the confirmation process for the next Commission expected be held in the fall of 2019"
},
"note": {
"text": "the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy is the EC's external representation and foreign policy making body; Frederica MOGHERINI (since 1 November 2014), is the current High Representative; the High Representative helps develop and implement the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy and Common Security and Defense Policy, chairs the Foreign Affairs Council, represents and acts for the Union in many international contexts, and oversees the European External Action Service, the diplomatic corps of the EU; Frederica MOGHERINI nominated by the Italian prime minister and approved by the European Council to serve a 5-year term"
"text": "for external representation and foreign policy making, leaders of the EU member states appointed Federica MOGHERINI (Italy) as the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy; MOGHERINI took office on 1 November 2014, succeeding Cahrerine ASHTON (UK) (2009-14); the High Representative's concurrent appointment as Vice President of the European Commission endows her position with the policymaking influence of the Council of the EU and the budgetary influence (subject to Council's approval) of the Council of the EU and the budgetary/management influence of the European Commission; the High Representative helps develop and implement the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy and Common Security and Defense Policy component, chairs the Foreign Affairs Council, represents and acts for the Union in many international contexts, and oversees the European External Action Service, the diplomatic corps of the EU, established on 1 December 2010"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "two legislative bodies consisting of the Council of the European Union (28 seats; ministers representing the 28 member states and the European Parliament (751 seats; seats allocated among member states roughly in proportion to population size; members elected by proportional representation to serve 5-year terms); note - the European Parliament President, currently Martin SCHULZ (German Socialist) is elected by a majority of fellow members (MEPs) of the European Parliament and represents the Parliament within the EU and internationally; the Council of the EU and the MEPs share responsibilities for adopting the bulk of EU legislation, acting on Commission proposals"
"text": "two legislative bodies consisting of the Council of the European Union (28 seats; ministers representing the 28 member states and the European Parliament (751 seats; seats allocated among member states roughly in proportion to population size; members elected by proportional representation to serve 5-year terms); note - the European Parliament President, currently Martin SCHULZ (German Socialist) is elected by a majority of fellow members (MEPs) of the European Parliament and represents the Parliament within the EU and internationally; the Council of the EU and the MEPs share responsibilities for adopting the bulk of EU legislation, normally acting in co-decision on Commission proposals (but not in the area of Common Foreign and Security Policy, which is governed by consensus of the EU member state governments)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 22-25 May 2014 (next to be held May-June 2019)"
@ -262,10 +269,10 @@
},
"Judicial branch": {
"note": {
"text": "the European Court of Justice (ECJ) ensures that EU law is interpreted and applied uniformly throughout the EU, resolves disputed isssues among the EU institutions and with member states, issues opinions on questions of EU law referred by member state courts"
"text": "the European Court of Justice (ECJ) ensures that EU law is interpreted and applied uniformly throughout the EU, resolves disputed issues among the EU institutions and with member states, issues opinions on questions of EU law referred by member state courts"
},
"highest court(s)": {
"text": "ECJ (consists of 28 judges - 1 from each member state); the court may sit as a full court, in a \"Grand Chamber\" of 13 judges in special cases but usually in chambers of 3 to 5 judges"
"text": "European Court of Justice (consists of 28 judges - 1 from each member state); the court may sit as a full court, in a \"Grand Chamber\" of 13 judges in special cases, but usually in chambers of 3 to 5 judges"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "judges appointed by the common consent of the member states to serve 6-year renewable terms"
@ -275,7 +282,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Confederal Group of the European United Left-Nordic Green Left or GUE/NGL [Gabriele ZIMMER] ++ Europe of Freedom and Democracy Group or EFD [Nigel FARAGE and David BORRELLI] ++ European Conservatives and Reformists Group or ECR [Syed KAMALL] ++ Group of Greens/European Free Alliance or Greens/EFA [Rebecca HARMS and Philippe LAMBERTS] ++ Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe or ALDE [Guy VERHOFSTADT] ++ Group of the European People's Party or EPP [Manfred WEBER] ++ Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats or S&D [Gianni PITELLA]"
"text": "European United Left-Nordic Green Left or GUE/NGL [Gabriele ZIMMER] ++ Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy or EFD [Nigel FARAGE and David BORRELLI] ++ European Conservatives and Reformists or ECR [Syed KAMALL] ++ European Greens/European Free Alliance or Greens/EFA [Rebecca HARMS and Philippe LAMBERTS] ++ Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe or ALDE [Guy VERHOFSTADT] ++ Group of the European People's Party or EPP [Manfred WEBER] ++ Group of the Alliance of Socialists and Democrats or S&D [Gianni PITELLA]"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "ARF, ASEAN (dialogue member), Australian Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CERN, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-8, G-10, G-20, IDA, IEA, IGAD (partners), LAIA (observer), NSG (observer), OAS (observer), OECD, PIF (partner), SAARC (observer), SICA (observer), UN (observer), UNRWA (observer), WCO, WTO, ZC (observer)"
@ -331,38 +338,38 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Internally, the 28 EU member states have adopted the framework of a single market with free movement of goods, services and capital. Internationally, the EU aims to bolster Europe's trade position and its political and economic weight. ++ Despite great differences in per capita income among member states (from $13,000 to $82,000) and in national attitudes toward issues like inflation, debt, and foreign trade, the EU has achieved a high degree of coordination of monetary and fiscal policies. A common currency – the euro – circulates among 19 of the member states, under the auspices of the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Eleven established EU states introduced the euro as their common currency on 1 January 1999 (Greece did so two years later). Since 2004, 13 states acceded to the EU that are, in general, less advanced economically than the other member states. Of the 13, Slovenia (2007), Cyprus and Malta (2008), Slovakia (2009), Estonia (2011), Latvia (2014), and Lithuania (2015) have adopted the euro; 7 other member states - not including the UK and Denmark, which have formal opt-outs - are required by EU treaties to adopt the common currency upon meeting fiscal and monetary convergence criteria. ++ Following the 2008-09 global economic crisis, the EU economy saw moderate GDP growth in 2010 and 2011 but has struggled since the sovereign debt crisis in the eurozone intensified in 2011. Despite EU/IMF rescue programs in Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Cyprus, significant drags on growth remain, including high public and private debt loads, low domestic demand that discourages investment, aging populations, onerous regulations, and high unemployment. In response, EU leaders plan to use $28 (€21) billion in public money as seed capital to attract private investors to fund $421 [€315] billion in infrastructure projects from 2015 to 2017, focusing on energy, broadband, transport, education, and research and innovation. The eurozone has implemented a banking union to increase financial stability and improve lending conditions, with the European Central Bank taking the lead in banking supervision in the region. The ECB has also expressed its intent to widen its asset-buying program - including government debt if necessary - to fend off deflation and improve borrowing conditions in the euro zone. In another effort to restore economic growth and create jobs, in 2013 the EU and the United States started negotiations on an ambitious and comprehensive free trade agreement with the goal of expanding already massive trade and investment flows."
"text": "Internally, the 28 EU member states have adopted the framework of a single market with free movement of goods, services and capital. Internationally, the EU aims to bolster Europe's trade position and its political and economic weight. ++ ++ Despite great differences in per capita income among member states (from $13,000 to $82,000) and in national attitudes toward issues like inflation, debt, and foreign trade, the EU has achieved a high degree of coordination of monetary and fiscal policies. A common currency – the euro – circulates among 19 of the member states, under the auspices of the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Eleven member states introduced the euro as their common currency on 1 January 1999 (Greece did so two years later). Since 2004, 13 states acceded to the EU. Of the 13, Slovenia (2007), Cyprus and Malta (2008), Slovakia (2009), Estonia (2011), Latvia (2014), and Lithuania (2015) have adopted the euro; 7 other member states - not including the UK nor Denmark, which have formal opt-outs - are required by EU treaties to adopt the common currency upon meeting fiscal and monetary convergence criteria. ++ ++ The EU economy is slowly recovering from the 2008-09 global economic crisis and the ensuing sovereign debt crisis in the euro zone in 2011. The bloc posted moderate GDP growth in 2014 and 2015, but the recovery has been uneven. Some EU member states (Czech Republic, Ireland and Spain) have recorded strong growth while others (Finland, Greece) are struggling to shake off recession. The recovery has been buoyed by lower commodities prices and accommodative monetary policy, which has lowered interest rates and the euro’s foreign exchange value. Despite EU/IMF rescue programs in Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Cyprus, significant drags on growth remain, including high public and private debt loads, low domestic demand that discourages investment, aging populations, onerous regulations, and high unemployment. These factors - in combination with low oil prices - have subdued inflation in the euro zone despite the European Central Bank’s (ECB) efforts to spur more lending and investment through its asset-buying program and negative interest rates. The ECB in December 2015 stated it would widen its asset-buying program and extend it until March 2017 to fend off deflation and improve borrowing conditions in the euro zone. ++ ++ Beyond the risk of deflation, the EU economy is vulnerable to a slowdown of global trade that would shrink the EU’s ample external trade surplus. Another round of financial market turmoil because of disagreements between bailed-out Greece and its euro-zone creditor could also be detrimental to a stronger EU recovery if it hurts consumer and investor confidence. To bolster economic growth and create jobs, EU leaders have moved forward with plans to use $28 (€21) billion in public money as seed capital to attract private investors to fund $421 [€315] billion in infrastructure projects from 2015 to 2017, focusing on energy, broadband, transport, education, and research and innovation. They also are forging ahead on creating a capital markets union to ease the burdens of cross-border investment in the bloc. Externally, the EU continues to negotiate an ambitious and comprehensive free trade agreement with the US, the goal of which is to expand already large trade and investment flows."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$18.12 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $17.87 trillion (2013 est.) ++ $17.84 trillion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$19.18 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $18.64 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $18.08 trillion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$18.27 trillion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$16.27 trillion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1.4% (2014 est.) ++ 0.2% (2013 est.) ++ -0.4% (2012 est.)"
"text": "2.2% (2015 est.) ++ 1.6% (2014 est.) ++ 0.2% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$39,400 (2014 est.) ++ $38,900 (2013 est.) ++ $38,800 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$37,800 (2015 est.) ++ $36,900 (2014 est.) ++ $35,900 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "19.2% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 19% of GDP (2012 est.) ++ 19.5% of GDP (2011 est.)"
"text": "21.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 21.1% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 21% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "56.9%"
"text": "58.2%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "21.6%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "17.9%"
"text": "17.3%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.1%"
@ -371,18 +378,18 @@
"text": "44.9%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-42.9% ++ (2012 est.)"
"text": "-42.1% (2013 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "1.7%"
"text": "1.6%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "25.2%"
"text": "24.8%"
},
"services": {
"text": "73.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "71.1% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -392,62 +399,71 @@
"text": "among the world's largest and most technologically advanced regions, the EU industrial base includes: ferrous and non-ferrous metal production and processing, metal products, petroleum, coal, cement, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, aerospace, rail transportation equipment, passenger and commercial vehicles, construction equipment, industrial equipment, shipbuilding, electrical power equipment, machine tools and automated manufacturing systems, electronics and telecommunications equipment, fishing, food and beverages, furniture, paper, textiles"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "0.8% (2014 est.)"
"text": "2.9% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "231.8 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "232.2 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "5.2%"
"text": "5%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "22.7%"
"text": "21.9%"
},
"services": {
"text": "72.2% (2012 est.)"
"text": "73.1% (2014 est.)"
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "10.1% (2014 est.) ++ 10.6% (2013)"
"text": "9.5% (2015 est.) ++ 9.8% (2014)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "note - see individual country entries of member states"
"text": "9.8% note - see individual country entries of member states"
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
"lowest 10%": {
"text": "2.9%"
"text": "2.8%"
},
"highest 10%": {
"text": "23.9% (2012 est.)"
"text": "23.9% (2014 est.)"
}
},
"Distribution of family income - Gini index": {
"text": "30.6 (2012 est.) ++ 30.8 (2011 est.)"
"text": "30.9 (2014 est.) ++ 30.5 (2013 est.)"
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "45.2% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-3% of GDP"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "86.8% of GDP (2014) ++ 85.5% of GDP (2013)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "1.5% (2013 est.) ++ 2.6% (2012 est.)"
"text": "0.1% (2015 est.) ++ 0.5% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.75% (31 December 2013) ++ 1.5% (31 December 2012)",
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2013) ++ 0.3% (31 December 2012)",
"note": {
"text": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area"
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "5.9% (31 December 2010 est.) ++ 7.52% (31 December 2009 est.)"
"text": "0.32% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 0.56% (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$6.736 trillion (31 December 2013) ++ $6.219 trillion (31 December 2012)",
"text": "$7.165 trillion (31 December 2013) ++ $7.422 trillion (31 December 2012)",
"note": {
"text": "this is the quantity of money, M1, for the euro area, converted into US dollars at the exchange rate for the date indicated; it excludes the stock of money carried by non-euro-area members of the European Union, e.g., UK pounds, Danish kroner, and Czech koruny"
}
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$12.9 trillion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $12.29 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)",
"text": "$12.49 trillion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $12.29 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "this is the quantity of broad money for the euro area, converted into US dollars at the exchange rate for the date indicated; it excludes the stock of broad money carried by non-euro-area members of the European Union"
}
@ -459,13 +475,13 @@
}
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$10.4 trillion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $9.36 trillion (31 December 2011) ++ $10.56 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$7.185 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $7.932 trillion (31 December 2013 est.) ++ $10.4 trillion (31 December 2012 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$34.49 billion (2011 est.) ++ -$5.73 billion (2010 est.)"
"text": "$351.9 billion (2015 est.) ++ $88.12 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$2.173 trillion (2012 est.) ++ $2.174 trillion (2011 est.)",
"text": "$2.259 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $2.306 trillion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "external exports, excluding intra-EU trade"
}
@ -473,8 +489,11 @@
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery, motor vehicles, pharmaceuticals and other chemicals, fuels, aircraft, plastics, iron and steel, wood pulp and paper products, alcoholic beverages, furniture"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "United States 17.1%, China 8.5%, Switzerland 7.8%, Russia 7.2%, Turkey 4.4% (2013 est.)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$2.312 trillion (2012 est.) ++ $2.404 trillion (2011 est.)",
"text": "$2.244 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $2.238 trillion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "external imports, excluding intra-EU trade"
}
@ -486,60 +505,63 @@
"text": "China 16.1%, United States 11.4%, Russia 11%, Switzerland 5.9%, Norway 4.3% (2013 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$863.8 billion (31 December 2011 est.)",
"text": "$740.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "this includes reserves held by the European Central Bank and euro-zone national central banks; it excludes reserves for non-euro-area members of the EU"
"text": "$746.9 billion (31 December 2013)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$15.95 trillion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $14.78 trillion (31 December 2011)"
"text": "$13.05 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $14.14 trillion (31 December 2013)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$NA"
"text": "$NA $5.148 trillion (2012) ++ $4.828 trillion (2011)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$9.121 trillion (2012) ++ $8.721 trillion (2011)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros per US dollar - ++ 0.7489 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.) ++ 0.755 (2010 est.)"
"text": "euros per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.7752 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "3.26 trillion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "3.166 trillion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - consumption": {
"text": "2.798 trillion kWh (2012 est.)"
"text": "2.771 trillion kWh (2013 est.)"
},
"Electricity - exports": {
"text": "343.9 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
"text": "336.2 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
},
"Electricity - imports": {
"text": "363.1 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
"text": "349.5 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
},
"Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
"text": "9.071 billion kW (2011 est.)"
"text": "947 million kW (2012 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
"text": "50.5% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
"text": "49% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
"text": "13.5% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
"text": "12.9% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
"text": "16.3% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
"text": "10.7% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
"text": "19.6% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
"text": "22.9% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - production": {
"text": "1.437 million bbl/day (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.411 million bbl/day (2014 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - proved reserves": {
"text": "6.804 billion bbl (1 January 2015 est.)"
"text": "5.789 billion bbl (1 January 2015 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - production": {
"text": "11.62 million bbl/day (2013 est.)"
"text": "11.12 million bbl/day (2014 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - consumption": {
"text": "12.77 million bbl/day (2013 est.)"
"text": "12.53 million bbl/day (2014 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - exports": {
"text": "2.196 million bbl/day (2013 est.)"
@ -548,10 +570,10 @@
"text": "8.613 million bbl/day (2013 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - production": {
"text": "146.8 billion cu m (2013 est.)"
"text": "132.3 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - consumption": {
"text": "438.1 billion cu m (2013 est.)"
"text": "386.9 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - exports": {
"text": "93.75 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
@ -560,38 +582,32 @@
"text": "420.6 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - proved reserves": {
"text": "1.573 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)"
"text": "1.492 billion cu m (1 January 2015 est.)"
},
"Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": {
"text": "3.914 billion Mt (2013 est.)"
"text": "3.705 billion Mt (2014 est.)"
}
},
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total": {
"text": "213.8 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "213.8 million (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "632.5 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "632.5 million (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
"text": "note - see individual country entries of member states"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 930, FM 13,655, shortwave 71 (1998); note - sum of individual country radio broadcast stations; there is also a European-wide station (Euroradio)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "2,700 (1995); note - sum of individual country television broadcast stations excluding repeaters; there is also a European-wide station (Eurovision)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".eu; note - see country entries of member states for individual country codes"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "398.1 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "398.1 million (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -601,22 +617,22 @@
},
"Airports - with paved runways": {
"total": {
"text": "1,858"
"text": "1,882"
},
"over 3,047 m": {
"text": "118"
"text": "120"
},
"2,438 to 3,047 m": {
"text": "335"
"text": "341"
},
"1,524 to 2,437 m": {
"text": "504"
"text": "507"
},
"914 to 1,523 m": {
"text": "422"
"text": "425"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": "479 (2013)"
"text": "489 (2015)"
}
},
"Airports - with unpaved runways": {
@ -661,7 +677,7 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.65% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.66% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.65% of GDP (2010)"
},

296
europe/ei.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Celtic tribes arrived on the island between 600 and 150 B.C. Invasions by Norsemen that began in the late 8th century were finally ended when King Brian BORU defeated the Danes in 1014. Norman invasions began in the 12th century and set off more than seven centuries of Anglo-Irish struggle marked by fierce rebellions and harsh repressions. The Irish famine of the mid-19th century saw the population of the island drop by one third through starvation and emigration. For more than a century after that the population of the island continued to fall only to begin growing again in the 1960s. Over the last 50 years, Ireland's high birthrate has made it demographically one of the youngest populations in the EU. The modern Irish state traces its origins to the failed 1916 Easter Monday Uprising that touched off several years of guerrilla warfare resulting in independence from the UK in 1921 for 26 southern counties; six northern counties remained part of the UK. Unresolved issues in Northern Ireland erupted into years of violence known as the \"Troubles\" that began in the 1960s. The Government of Ireland was part of a process along with the UK and US Governments that helped broker what is known as The Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland in 1998. This initiated a new phase of cooperation between the Irish and British Governments. Ireland was neutral in World War II and continues its policy of military neutrality. Ireland joined the European Community in 1973 and the euro zone currency union in 1999. The economic boom years of the Celtic Tiger (1995-2007) saw rapid economic growth, which came to an abrupt end in 2008 with the meltdown of the Irish banking system. Today the economy is recovering, fueled by large and growing foreign direct investment, especially from US multi-nationals."
"text": "Celtic tribes arrived on the island between 600 and 150 B.C. Invasions by Norsemen that began in the late 8th century were finally ended when King Brian BORU defeated the Danes in 1014. Norman invasions began in the 12th century and set off more than seven centuries of Anglo-Irish struggle marked by fierce rebellions and harsh repressions. The Irish famine of the mid-19th century saw the population of the island drop by one third through starvation and emigration. For more than a century after that the population of the island continued to fall only to begin growing again in the 1960s. Over the last 50 years, Ireland's high birthrate has made it demographically one of the youngest populations in the EU. The modern Irish state traces its origins to the failed 1916 Easter Monday Uprising that touched off several years of guerrilla warfare resulting in independence from the UK in 1921 for 26 southern counties; six northern (Ulster) counties remained part of the UK. Unresolved issues in Northern Ireland erupted into years of violence known as the \"Troubles\" that began in the 1960s. The Government of Ireland was part of a process along with the UK and US Governments that helped broker what is known as The Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland in 1998. This initiated a new phase of cooperation between the Irish and British Governments. Ireland was neutral in World War II and continues its policy of military neutrality. Ireland joined the European Community in 1973 and the euro-zone currency union in 1999. The economic boom years of the Celtic Tiger (1995-2007) saw rapid economic growth, which came to an abrupt end in 2008 with the meltdown of the Irish banking system. Today the economy is recovering, fueled by large and growing foreign direct investment, especially from US multi-nationals."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "slightly larger than West Virginia",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "slightly larger than West Virginia"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -56,12 +53,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "mostly flat to rolling interior plain surrounded by rugged hills and low mountains; sea cliffs on west coast"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "118 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Carrauntoohil 1,041 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m ++ highest point: Carrauntoohil 1,041 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -79,18 +76,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "11 sq km (2003)"
"text": "0 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "52 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "0.79 cu km/yr (94%/6%/0%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "226.9 cu m/yr (2007)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "population distribution is weighted to the eastern side of the island, with the largest agglomeration being in and around Dublin; populations in the west are small due to mountainous land, poorer soil, lack of good transport routes, and fewer job opportunities"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "NA"
@ -111,6 +100,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "4,952,473 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Irishman(men), Irishwoman(women), Irish (collective plural)"
@ -128,27 +120,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Roman Catholic 84.7%, Church of Ireland 2.7%, other Christian 2.7%, Muslim 1.1%, other 1.7%, unspecified 1.5%, none 5.7% (2011 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "4,892,305 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "21.5% (male 537,239/female 514,369)"
"text": "21.51% (male 544,506/female 520,934)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "11.84% (male 294,771/female 284,710)"
"text": "11.8% (male 297,025/female 287,512)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "43.82% (male 1,076,579/female 1,067,193)"
"text": "43.52% (male 1,082,577/female 1,072,721)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "10.23% (male 250,926/female 249,453)"
"text": "10.33% (male 256,353/female 255,155)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "12.61% (male 284,399/female 332,666) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "12.84% (male 293,577/female 342,113) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -167,26 +153,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "36.1 years"
"text": "36.4 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "35.8 years"
"text": "36.1 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "36.4 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "36.8 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "1.25% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.2% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "14.84 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "14.5 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "6.48 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "6.5 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "4.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "population distribution is weighted to the eastern side of the island, with the largest agglomeration being in and around Dublin; populations in the west are small due to mountainous land, poorer soil, lack of good transport routes, and fewer job opportunities"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -204,24 +193,27 @@
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
},
"0-14 years": {
"text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
"text": "1 male(s)/female"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "0.86 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "1 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "1 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "29.9 (2012 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "8 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
@ -230,25 +222,25 @@
"text": "3.7 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "4.07 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "4 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "3.32 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "80.68 years"
"text": "80.8 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "78.39 years"
"text": "78.5 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "83.11 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "83.2 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.99 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.98 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "64.8%",
@ -257,7 +249,7 @@
}
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "8.9% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "7.8% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "2.67 physicians/1,000 population (2013)"
@ -294,7 +286,7 @@
"text": "27% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "6.2% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "5.8% of GDP (2012)"
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
@ -304,18 +296,18 @@
"text": "19 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "18 years (2012)"
"text": "19 years (2012)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "24%"
"text": "23.9%"
},
"male": {
"text": "36.4%"
"text": "26.6%"
},
"female": {
"text": "24% (2012 est.)"
"text": "20.9% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -332,10 +324,13 @@
},
"local short form": {
"text": "Eire"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "the modern Irish name \"Eire\" evolved from the Gaelic \"Eriu,\" the name of the matron goddess of Ireland (goddess of the land); the names \"Ireland\" in English and \"Eire\" in Irish are direct translations of each other"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "republic, parliamentary democracy"
"text": "parliamentary republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -361,23 +356,26 @@
"text": "Saint Patrick's Day, 17 March"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1922; latest drafted 14 June 1937, adopted by plebiscite 1 July 1937, effective 29 December 1937; amended many times, last in 2015 (2015)"
"text": "previous 1922; latest drafted 14 June 1937, adopted by plebiscite 1 July 1937, effective 29 December 1937; amended many times, last in 2015 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "common law system based on the English model but substantially modified by customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court"
"text": "common law system based on the English model but substantially modified by customary law; judicial review of legislative acts by Supreme Court"
},
"International law organization participation": {
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": ""
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "yes"
},
"citizenship by descent": {
"text": "yes"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": ""
"text": "4 of the previous 8 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
@ -388,10 +386,10 @@
"text": "President Michael D. HIGGINS (since 11 November 2011)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Taoiseach (Prime Minister) Enda KENNY (since 9 March 2011)"
"text": "Taoiseach (Prime Minister) Enda KENNY (since 9 March 2011); KENNY resigns 9 March 2016; reelected prime minister on 6 May 2016"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet nominated by the prime minister, appointed by the president, approved by the lower house of Parliament"
"text": "Cabinet nominated by the prime minister, appointed by the president, approved by the Dali Eireann (lower house of Parliament)"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president directly elected by majority popular vote for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 29 October 2011 (next to be held in October 2018); taoiseach (prime minister) nominated by the House of Representatives (Dail Eireann), appointed by the president"
@ -402,13 +400,13 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Oireachtas consists of the Senate or Seanad Eireann (60 seats; 43 members indirectly elected by panels of various vocational interests, 11 appointed by the prime minister, and 6 elected by graduates of the University of Dublin and the National University of Ireland; members serve 5-year terms) and the Parliament or Dail Eireann (166 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)"
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Oireachtas consists of the Senate or Seanad Eireann (60 seats; 43 members indirectly elected by panels of various vocational interests, 11 appointed by the prime minister, and 6 elected by graduates of the University of Dublin and the National University of Ireland; members serve 5-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Dail Eireann (166 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "Senate - last held in 27 April 2011 (next to be held probably in 2016); House of Representatives - last held on 25 February 2011 (next to be held probably in 2016)"
"text": "Senate - last held in 27 April 2011 (next to be held probably in 2016); House of Representatives - last held on 26 February 2016 (next to be held probably in 2021)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Fine Gael 19, Fianna Fail 14, Labor Party 12, Sinn Fein 3, independent 12; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - Fine Gael 36.1%, Labor Party 19.5%, Fianna Fail 17.5%, Sinn Fein 9.9%, United Left Alliance 2.6%, independent and other 14.4%; seats by party - Fine Gael 76, Labor Party 37, Fianna Fail 20, Sinn Fein 14, United Left Alliance 5, independent 14"
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Fine Gael 19, Fianna Fail 14, Labor Party 12, Sinn Fein 3, independent 12; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - Fine Gael 25.5%, Fianna Fail 24.4%, Sinn Fein 13.8%, Labor Party 6.6%, AAA-PBD 4.0%, Social Democrats 3.0%, Green Party 2.7%, Renua Irland 2.2% independents 17.8%; seats by party - Fine Gael 50, Fianna Fail 44, Sinn Fein 23, Labor Party 7, AAA-PBP 6, Social Democrats 3, Green Party 2, independent 23"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -423,10 +421,10 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Fianna Fail [Micheal MARTIN] ++ Fine Gael [Enda KENNY] ++ Green Party [Eamon RYAN] ++ Labor (Labour) Party [Joan BURTON] ++ Renua Ireland [Lucinda CREIGHTON] ++ Sinn Fein [Gerry ADAMS] ++ Socialist Party [collective leadership] ++ The Workers' Party [Michael DONNELLY]"
"text": "Anti-Austerity Alliance-People Before Profit or AAA-PBP [collective leadership] ++ Fianna Fail [Micheal MARTIN] ++ Fine Gael [Enda KENNY] ++ Green Party [Eamon RYAN] ++ Labor (Labour) Party [Joan BURTON] ++ Renua Ireland [Lucinda CREIGHTON] ++ Sinn Fein [Gerry ADAMS] ++ Social Democratic Party [Stephen DONNELLY, Catherine MURPHY, Roisin SHORTALL] ++ Socialist Party [collective leadership] ++ The Workers' Party [Michael DONNELLY]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Continuity IRA (terrorist group) ++ Families Acting for Innocent Relatives or FAIR [Brian MCCONNELL] (seek compensation for victims of violence); ++ Iona Institute [David QUINN] (a conservative Catholic think tank) ++ Irish Anti-War Movement [Richard BOYD BARRETT] (campaigns against wars around the world) ++ Keep Ireland Open (environmental group) ++ Oglaigh na hEireann (terrorist group) ++ Midland Railway Action Group or MRAG [Willie ALLEN] (transportation promoters) ++ New Irish Republican Army (terrorist group combining elements of the former Real IRA and Republican Action Against Drugs) ++ Peace and Neutrality Alliance [Roger COLE] (campaigns to protect Irish neutrality) ++ Rail Users Ireland (formerly the Platform 11 - transportation promoters) ++ 32 Country Sovereignty Movement or 32CSM (supports unifying Northern Ireland with the rest of the island under Irish government sovereignty)"
"text": "Continuity IRA (terrorist group) ++ Families Acting for Innocent Relatives or FAIR [Brian MCCONNELL] (seek compensation for victims of violence) ++ Iona Institute [David QUINN] (a conservative Catholic think tank) ++ Irish Anti-War Movement [Richard BOYD BARRETT] (campaigns against wars around the world) ++ Keep Ireland Open (environmental group) ++ Oglaigh na hEireann (terrorist group) ++ Midland Railway Action Group or MRAG [Willie ALLEN] (transportation promoters) ++ New Irish Republican Army (terrorist group combining elements of the former Real IRA and Republican Action Against Drugs) ++ Peace and Neutrality Alliance [Roger COLE] (campaigns to protect Irish neutrality) ++ Rail Users Ireland (formerly the Platform 11 - transportation promoters) ++ 32 Country Sovereignty Movement or 32CSM (supports unifying Northern Ireland with the rest of the island under Irish government sovereignty)"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNOCI, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
@ -488,58 +486,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Ireland is a small, modern, trade-dependent economy. Ireland was among the initial group of 12 EU nations that began circulating the euro on 1 January 2002. GDP growth averaged 6% in 1995-2007, but economic activity dropped sharply during the world financial crisis and the subsequent collapse of its domestic property market and construction industry. Faced with sharply reduced revenues and a burgeoning budget deficit from efforts to stabilize its fragile banking sector, the Irish Government introduced the first in a series of draconian budgets in 2009. These measures were not sufficient to stabilize Ireland’s public finances. In 2010, the budget deficit reached 32.4% of GDP - the world's largest deficit, as a percentage of GDP. In late 2010, the former COWEN government agreed to a $92 billion loan package from the EU and IMF to help Dublin recapitalize Ireland’s banking sector and avoid defaulting on its sovereign debt. In March 2011, the KENNY government intensified austerity measures to meet the deficit targets under Ireland's EU-IMF bailout program. In late 2013, Ireland formally exited its EU-IMF bailout program, benefiting from its strict adherence to deficit-reduction targets and success in refinancing a large amount of banking-related debt. In 2014, the economy rapidly picked up and GDP grew by 3.6%. The recovering economy assisted lowering the deficit to 4.2% of GDP. In late 2014, the government introduced a fiscally neutral budget, marking the end of the austerity program. In the wake of the collapse of the construction sector and the downturn in consumer spending and business investment, the export sector, dominated by foreign multinationals, has become an even more important component of Ireland's economy. Ireland’s low corporation tax of 12.5% has been central to encouraging business investment. Loose tax residency requirements made Ireland a common destination for international firms seeking to avoid taxation. Amid growing international pressure the government announced it would phase in more stringent tax laws, effectively closing a loophole."
"text": "Ireland is a small, modern, trade-dependent economy. Ireland was among the initial group of 12 EU nations that began circulating the euro on 1 January 2002. ++ ++ GDP growth averaged 6% in 1995-2007, but economic activity dropped sharply during the world financial crisis and the subsequent collapse of its domestic property market and construction industry. Faced with sharply reduced revenues and a burgeoning budget deficit from efforts to stabilize its fragile banking sector, the Irish Government introduced the first in a series of draconian budgets in 2009. These measures were not sufficient to stabilize Ireland’s public finances. In 2010, the budget deficit reached 32.4% of GDP - the world's largest deficit, as a percentage of GDP. In late 2010, the former COWEN government agreed to a $92 billion loan package from the EU and IMF to help Dublin recapitalize Ireland’s banking sector and avoid defaulting on its sovereign debt. In March 2011, the KENNY government intensified austerity measures to meet the deficit targets under Ireland's EU-IMF bailout program. ++ ++ In late 2013, Ireland formally exited its EU-IMF bailout program, benefiting from its strict adherence to deficit-reduction targets and success in refinancing a large amount of banking-related debt. In 2014, the economy rapidly picked up and GDP grew by 5.2%. The recovering economy assisted lowering the deficit to 2.5% of GDP. In late 2014, the government introduced a fiscally neutral budget, marking the end of the austerity program. Continued growth of tax receipts has allowed the government to lower some taxes and increase public spending while keeping to its deficit-reduction targets. In 2015, GDP growth reached 7.8%, the highest growth in the EU for the second consecutive year. ++ ++ In the wake of the collapse of the construction sector and the downturn in consumer spending and business investment, the export sector, dominated by foreign multinationals, has become an even more important component of Ireland's economy. Ireland’s low corporation tax of 12.5% and a talented pool of high-tech laborers have been key factors in encouraging business investment. Loose tax residency requirements made Ireland a common destination for international firms seeking to avoid taxation. Amid growing international pressure, the government announced it would phase in more stringent tax laws, effectively closing a loophole."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$236.4 billion (2014 est.) ++ $224.7 billion (2013 est.) ++ $221.5 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$305 billion (2015 est.) ++ $241.6 billion (2014 est.) ++ $222.7 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$250.8 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$283.7 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "5.2% (2014 est.) ++ 1.4% (2013 est.) ++ 0.2% (2012 est.)"
"text": "26.3% (2015 est.) ++ 8.5% (2014 est.) ++ 1.1% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$51,300 (2014 est.) ++ $48,700 (2013 est.) ++ $48,100 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$65,800 (2015 est.) ++ $52,400 (2014 est.) ++ $48,500 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "23.1% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 19.5% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 17.1% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "31.9% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 23.6% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 20.7% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "47%"
"text": "36.1%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "14.4%"
"text": "10.6%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "19.3%"
"text": "21.1%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "1%"
"text": "0.5%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "113.7%"
"text": "124%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-95.4% (2014 est.)"
"text": "-92.3% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "1.6%"
"text": "1%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "25.6%"
"text": "41.7%"
},
"services": {
"text": "72.8% (2014 est.)"
"text": "57.3% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -549,27 +547,27 @@
"text": "pharmaceuticals, chemicals, computer hardware and software, food products, beverages and brewing; medical devices"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "6.8% (2014 est.)"
"text": "3% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.157 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "2.171 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "5%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "19%"
"text": "11%"
},
"services": {
"text": "76% (2011 est.)"
"text": "84% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "11.3% (2014 est.) ++ 13.1% (2013 est.)"
"text": "9.4% (2015 est.) ++ 11.3% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "5.5% (2009 est.)"
"text": "8.2% (2013 est.)"
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
"lowest 10%": {
@ -580,45 +578,45 @@
}
},
"Distribution of family income - Gini index": {
"text": "33.9 (2010) ++ 35.9 (1987)"
"text": "31.3 (2013 est.) ++ 35.9 (1987 est.)"
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$85.97 billion"
"text": "$78.42 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$96.11 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$84.07 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "34.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "32.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-4% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-2.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "107.6% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 117.9% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "101.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 107.6% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.3% (2014 est.) ++ 0.5% (2013 est.)"
"text": "0% (2015 est.) ++ 0.3% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.75% (31 December 2013) ++ 1.5% (31 December 2010)",
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2015) ++ 0.15% (31 August 2014)",
"note": {
"text": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area"
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "3.41% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 3.28% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "3.4% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 3.41% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$143.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $158.9 billion (31 December 2013 est.)",
"text": "$140.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $143.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
}
@ -627,49 +625,54 @@
"text": "$255.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $267.4 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$380.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $477.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$340.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $380.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$109 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $108.1 billion (31 December 2011) ++ $60.45 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$128 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $143.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $170.1 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$9.08 billion (2014 est.) ++ $7.379 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$29.02 billion (2015 est.) ++ $4.256 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$144.8 billion (2014 est.) ++ $116.1 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$125.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $123.1 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, computers, chemicals, medical devices, pharmaceuticals; foodstuffs, animal products"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "US 20.6%, UK 16%, Belgium 14.1%, Germany 6.8%, Switzerland 6.3%, France 5.6%, Netherlands 4.1% (2014)"
"text": "US 23.7%, UK 13.8%, Belgium 13.2%, Germany 6.6%, Switzerland 5.5%, Netherlands 4.4%, France 4.4% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$84.38 billion (2014 est.) ++ $66.1 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$75.73 billion (2015 est.) ++ $80.88 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "data processing equipment, other machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products, textiles, clothing"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "UK 38.8%, US 10.3%, Germany 8.5%, Netherlands 6.2%, China 4% (2014)"
"text": "UK 32.5%, US 14%, France 10.2%, Germany 9.3%, Netherlands 4.9%, China 4.1% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$1.748 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.635 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$1.748 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.635 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.96 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.078 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$831.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $788.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$878.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $831.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$939.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $913.7 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$961.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $939.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.7489 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.) ++ 0.755 (2010 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "25.85 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -743,18 +746,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "2.02 million"
"text": "1,932,059"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "42 (2014 est.)"
"text": "39 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "4.9 million"
"text": "4.902 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "101 (2014 est.)"
"text": "100 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -771,25 +774,36 @@
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "publicly owned broadcaster Radio Telefis Eireann (RTE) operates 2 TV stations; commercial TV stations are available; about 75% of households utilize multi-channel satellite and TV services that provide access to a wide range of stations; RTE operates 4 national radio stations and has launched digital audio broadcasts on several stations; a number of commercial broadcast stations operate at the national, regional, and local levels (2014)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 9, FM 106, shortwave 0 (1998)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "4 (many repeaters) (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".ie"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "3.9 million"
"text": "3.92 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "81.6% (2014 est.)"
"text": "80.1% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "6"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "431"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "113,144,501"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "138.58 million mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "EI (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "40 (2013)"
},
@ -824,7 +838,7 @@
"text": "2"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 21 (2013)"
"text": "21 (2013)"
}
},
"Pipelines": {
@ -868,7 +882,7 @@
},
"Ports and terminals": {
"major seaport(s)": {
"text": "Dublin, Shannon Foynes,"
"text": "Dublin, Shannon Foynes"
},
"river port(s)": {
"text": "Cork (Lee), Waterford (Suir)"
@ -878,37 +892,13 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Irish Defence Forces (Oglaigh na h-Eireannn), Permanent Defence Forces (PDF): Army, Naval Service, Air Corps; Reserve Defence Forces (RDF): Army, Naval Service Reserves (2014)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-25 years of age for male and female voluntary military service recruits to the Permanent Defence Forces (PDF; 18-27 years of age for the Naval Service); 18-28 for cadetship (officer) applicants; 18-35 years of age for the Reserve Defence Forces (RDF); maximum obligation 12 years (PDF officers), 5 years (PDF enlisted), 3 years RDF (4 years for Naval Service Reserves); EU citizenship, refugee status, or 5-year residence in Ireland required (2014)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,179,125"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,163,728 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "977,631"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "965,900 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "28,564"
},
"female": {
"text": "27,197 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "0.49% of GDP (2014) ++ 0.51% of GDP (2013) ++ 0.55% of GDP (2012) ++ 0.59% of GDP (2011) ++ 0.55% of GDP (2010)"
}
@ -919,7 +909,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"stateless persons": {
"text": "99 (2014)"
"text": "99 (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

323
europe/en.json
View file

@ -29,10 +29,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "about twice the size of New Jersey",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "about twice the size of New Jersey"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -59,12 +56,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "marshy, lowlands; flat in the north, hilly in the south"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Baltic Sea 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "61 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Suur Munamagi 318 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m ++ highest point: Suur Munamagi 318 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -82,18 +79,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "4.58 sq km (2010)"
"text": "40 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "12.81 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "1.8 cu km/yr (3%/97%/0%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "1,337 cu m/yr (2009)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "sometimes flooding occurs in the spring"
@ -114,6 +103,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "1,258,545 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Estonian(s)"
@ -131,27 +123,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Lutheran 9.9%, Orthodox 16.2%, other Christian (including Methodist, Seventh-Day Adventist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal) 2.2%, other 0.9%, none 54.1%, unspecified 16.7% (2011 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "1,265,420 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "15.99% (male 103,855/female 98,478)"
"text": "16.12% (male 104,011/female 98,809)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "9.74% (male 63,840/female 59,425)"
"text": "9.3% (male 60,714/female 56,291)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "41.83% (male 265,496/female 263,873)"
"text": "41.64% (male 263,762/female 260,334)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "13.32% (male 75,279/female 93,264)"
"text": "13.47% (male 76,063/female 93,479)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "19.12% (male 81,525/female 160,385) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "19.47% (male 82,968/female 162,114) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -170,26 +156,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "42.1 years"
"text": "42.4 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "38.7 years"
"text": "39 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "45.5 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "45.8 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "-0.55% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-0.54% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "10.51 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "10.3 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "12.4 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "12.5 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-3.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "-3.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -207,10 +196,10 @@
"text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
},
"0-14 years": {
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "1.07 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.08 male(s)/female"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
@ -222,36 +211,39 @@
"text": "0.51 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.87 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.88 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "26.5 (2013 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "9 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "3.85 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "3.8 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "3.73 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "3.7 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "3.98 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "76.47 years"
"text": "76.7 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "71.64 years"
"text": "71.9 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "81.53 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "81.7 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.59 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.6 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "63.4%",
@ -260,7 +252,7 @@
}
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "5.7% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "6.4% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "3.24 physicians/1,000 population (2012)"
@ -298,14 +290,14 @@
"text": "intermediate"
},
"vectorborne diseases": {
"text": "tickborne encephalitis (2013)"
"text": "tickborne encephalitis (2016)"
}
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "24.5% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5.2% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "4.7% of GDP (2012)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -323,24 +315,24 @@
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
"text": "16 years"
"text": "17 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "16 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "17 years (2012)"
"text": "17 years (2013)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "20.9%"
"text": "15%"
},
"male": {
"text": "23.4%"
"text": "19.3%"
},
"female": {
"text": "17.9% (2012 est.)"
"text": "10% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -360,6 +352,9 @@
},
"former": {
"text": "Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "the country name may be derived from the Aesti, an ancient people who lived along the eastern Baltic Sea in the first centuries A.D."
}
},
"Government type": {
@ -392,7 +387,7 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 24 February (1918); note - 24 February 1918 was the date Estonia declared its independence from Soviet Russia and established its statehood; 20 August 1991 was the date it declared its independence from the Soviet Union"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 28 June 1992; amended several times, last in 2015 (2015)"
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 28 June 1992; amended several times, last in 2015 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system"
@ -401,8 +396,11 @@
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": "no, unless at least one parent is a citizen of Estonia"
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Estonia"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no"
@ -416,7 +414,7 @@
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "President Toomas Hendrik ILVES (since 9 October 2006)"
"text": "President Kersti KALJULAID (since 10 October 2016)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Taavi ROIVAS (since 26 March 2014)"
@ -425,10 +423,10 @@
"text": "Cabinet appointed by the prime minister, approved by Parliament"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president indirectly elected by Parliament for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); if a candidate does not secure two-thirds of the votes after three rounds of balloting, then an electoral assembly of Parliament and local council members elects the president, choosing between the two candidates with the highest number of votes; election last held on 29 August 2011 (next to be held in the fall of 2016); prime minister nominated by the president and approved by Parliament"
"text": "president indirectly elected by Parliament for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); if a candidate does not secure two-thirds of the votes after 3 rounds of balloting, then an electoral college consisting of Parliament members and local council members elects the president, choosing between the 2 candidates with the highest number of votes; election last held on 29-30 August 2016 but three rounds were inconclusive; two electoral college votes on 24 September 2016 were also indecisive, so the election passed back to Parliament; on 3 October the Parliament elected Kersti KALJULAID as president; prime minister nominated by the president and approved by Parliament"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Toomas Hendrik ILVES reelected president; Parliament vote - Toomas Hendrik ILVES (independent) 73, Indrek TARAND (independent) 25"
"text": "Kersti KALJULAID elected president; Parliament vote - Kersti KALJULAID (independent) 81 of 98 votes; note - KALJULAID is Estonia's first female president"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -444,17 +442,17 @@
},
"Judicial branch": {
"highest court(s)": {
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and organized into the Civil Chamber with a chamber chairman and 6 justices, the Criminal Chamber with a chamber chairman and 5 justices, the Administrative Law Chamber with a chamber chairman and 4 justices, and the Constitutional Review Chamber with 9 members - the chief justice and 2 justices from the Civil Chamber, 3 from the Criminal Chamber and 3 from the Administrative chamber)"
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of 19 justices including the chief justice and organized into civil, criminal, administrative, and constitutional review chambers)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "the chief justice is proposed by the president and appointed by the Riigikogu; other justices proposed by the chief justice and appointed by the Riigikogu; justices appointed for life"
"text": "the chief justice is proposed by the president of the republic and appointed by the Riigikogu; other justices proposed by the chief justice and appointed by the Riigikogu; justices appointed for life"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "circuit (appellate) courts; administrative, county, city, and specialized courts"
"text": "circuit (appellate) courts; administrative, county, city, and specialized courts"
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Center Party of Estonia (Keskerakond) or K [Edgar SAVISAAR] ++ Estonian Conservative People's Party (Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond) or EKRE [Mart HELME] ++ Estonian Reform Party (Reformierakond) or RE [Taavi ROIVAS] ++ Free Party or EV [Andres HERKEL] ++ Social Democratic Party or SDE [Sven MIKSER] ++ Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica (Isamaa je Res Publica Liit) or IRL [Urmas REINSALU]"
"text": "Center Party of Estonia (Keskerakond) or K [Edgar SAVISAAR] ++ Estonian Conservative People's Party (Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond) or EKRE [Mart HELME] ++ Estonian Reform Party (Reformierakond) or RE [Taavi ROIVAS] ++ Free Party or EV [Andres HERKEL] ++ Social Democratic Party or SDE [Jevgeni OSSINOVSKI] ++ Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica (Isamaa je Res Publica Liit) or IRL [Margus TSAHKNA]"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "Australia Group, BA, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NATO, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
@ -478,7 +476,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Jeffrey D. LEVINE (since 24 July 2012)"
"text": "Ambassador James D. MELVILLE Jr. (since 8 December 2015)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "Kentmanni 20, 15099 Tallinn"
@ -513,71 +511,71 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Estonia, a member of the European Union since 2004 and the euro zone since 2011, has a modern market-based economy and one of the higher per capita income levels in Central Europe and the Baltic region. Estonia's successive governments have pursued a free market, pro-business economic agenda and have wavered little in their commitment to pro-market reforms. The current government has followed sound fiscal policies that have resulted in balanced budgets and low public debt. The economy benefits from strong electronics and telecommunications sectors and strong trade ties with Finland, Sweden, and Germany. Estonia's economy fell into recession in mid-2008, as a result of an investment and consumption slump following the bursting of the real estate market bubble and a decrease in export demand as result of economic slowdown in the rest of Europe, but the economy recovered strongly in the five years up to 2014. Growth fell below 2% in 2014 as a consequence of weak EU and Russian growth. Estonia is challenged by a shortage of labor, both skilled and unskilled, and the government has amended its immigration law to allow easier hiring of highly qualified foreign workers."
"text": "Estonia, a member of the EU since 2004 and the euro zone since 2011, has a modern market-based economy and one of the higher per capita income levels in Central Europe and the Baltic region. Estonia's successive governments have pursued a free market, pro-business economic agenda, and sound fiscal policies that have resulted in balanced budgets and low public debt. ++ ++ The economy benefits from strong electronics and telecommunications sectors and strong trade ties with Finland, Sweden, and Germany. After two years of robust recovery in 2011 and 2012, the Estonian economy faltered in 2013 with only 1.6% GDP growth, mainly due to continuing recession in much of the EU. GDP growth in 2014 was 2.9% but dropped to 1.2% in 2015 due to lower demand in key Scandinavian export markets. GDP growth is expected to be about 2.2% in 2016. ++ ++ Estonia is challenged by a shortage of labor, both skilled and unskilled, although the government has amended its immigration law to allow easier hiring of highly qualified foreign workers."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$36.78 billion (2014 est.) ++ $35.75 billion (2013 est.) ++ $35.19 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$37.63 billion (2015 est.) ++ $37.23 billion (2014 est.) ++ $36.18 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$26.51 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$22.7 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "2.9% (2014 est.) ++ 1.6% (2013 est.) ++ 5.2% (2012 est.)"
"text": "1.1% (2015 est.) ++ 2.9% (2014 est.) ++ 1.6% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$27,900 (2014 est.) ++ $27,100 (2013 est.) ++ $26,700 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$28,700 (2015 est.) ++ $28,300 (2014 est.) ++ $27,400 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "27.4% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 27.5% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 27.7% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "26.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 27.5% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 27.7% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "49.9%"
"text": "50.3%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "19.8%"
"text": "19.9%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "25.2%"
"text": "24.2%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "3.9%"
"text": "1.5%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "83.9%"
"text": "79.8%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-82.8% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-75.7% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "3.7%"
"text": "3.5%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "28.2%"
"text": "27.7%"
},
"services": {
"text": "68.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "68.8% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
"text": "grain, potatoes, vegetables; livestock and dairy products; fish"
},
"Industries": {
"text": "engineering, electronics, wood and wood products, textiles; information technology, telecommunications"
"text": "food, engineering, electronics, wood and wood products, textiles; information technology, telecommunications"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "1.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "-1.6% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "674,400 (2014 est.)"
"text": "683,200 (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -591,10 +589,10 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "7.3% (2014 est.) ++ 8.6% (2013 est.)"
"text": "6.2% (2015 est.) ++ 7.3% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "22.1% (2013 est.)"
"text": "21.6% (2014 est.)"
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
"lowest 10%": {
@ -605,24 +603,24 @@
}
},
"Distribution of family income - Gini index": {
"text": "32.9 (2013) ++ 37 (1999)"
"text": "35.6 (2014) ++ 37 (1999)"
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$10.22 billion"
"text": "$9.076 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$10.06 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$8.975 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "38.5% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "40% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "0.6% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "10.6% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 10.1% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "9.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 10.4% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social security funds"
}
@ -631,13 +629,16 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.5% (2014 est.) ++ 3.2% (2013 est.)"
"text": "0.1% (2015 est.) ++ 0.5% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2013) ++ 0.3% (31 December 2012)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "4.76% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 5.37% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "4.48% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 4.76% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$10.19 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $9.91 billion (31 December 2013 est.)",
"text": "$10.96 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $10.19 billion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
}
@ -646,75 +647,80 @@
"text": "$14.71 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $14.05 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$20.47 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $21.6 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$19.88 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $19.68 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$2.332 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $1.611 billion (31 December 2011) ++ $2.26 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$2.034 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.591 billion (31 December 2013 est.) ++ $2.332 billion (31 December 2012 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$19 million (2014 est.) ++ -$281 million (2013 est.)"
"text": "$487 million (2015 est.) ++ $272 million (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$14.96 billion (2014 est.) ++ $15.22 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$12.24 billion (2015 est.) ++ $15.18 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and electrical equipment 29%, food products and beverages 16%, mineral fuels 11%, wood and wood products 9%, metals 7%, furniture 7%, vehicles and parts 5%, textiles 4%, chemicals 5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "machinery and electrical equipment 34%, food products and beverages 9%, mineral fuels 9%, wood and wood products 10%, metals 7%, furniture 9%, vehicles and parts 6%, chemicals 5% (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Sweden 18.5%, Finland 15.8%, Latvia 11.1%, Russia 10%, Lithuania 5.5%, Germany 5% (2014)"
"text": "Sweden 18.8%, Finland 16%, Latvia 10.4%, Russia 6.7%, Lithuania 5.9%, Germany 5.2%, Norway 4.1% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$16.39 billion (2014 est.) ++ $16.55 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$13.19 billion (2015 est.) ++ $16.51 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and electrical equipment 28 %, mineral fuels 13%, food and food products 10%, chemical products 8%, metals 8%, plastics 5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "machinery and electrical equipment 28 %, mineral fuels 11%, food and food products 10%, vehicles 9%, chemical products 8%, metals 8% (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Finland 15.5%, Germany 11.9%, Sweden 9.1%, Latvia 8.6%, Lithuania 8%, Poland 7.8%, Netherlands 5.6%, Russia 4.7%, China 4.5% (2014)"
"text": "Finland 14.5%, Germany 11%, Lithuania 9%, Sweden 8.5%, Latvia 8.3%, Poland 7.4%, Russia 6.1%, Netherlands 5.5%, China 4.8% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$436.8 million (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $314.4 million (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$414.8 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $436.8 million (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$20.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $21.33 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$18.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $20.11 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$24.99 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $23.99 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$22.02 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $23.92 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$9.012 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $8.762 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$9.164 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $10.32 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "kroon (EEK) per US dollar - ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2013 est.) ++ 0.72 (2011 est.) ++ 11.81 (2010 est.)"
"text": "kroon (EEK) per US dollar - ++ 0.9012 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2013 est.) ++ 0.72 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "11.34 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
"text": "12.44 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - consumption": {
"text": "8.22 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
"text": "7.417 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - exports": {
"text": "6.301 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "6.484 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - imports": {
"text": "2.712 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "3.73 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
"text": "2.926 million kW (2012 est.)"
"text": "3.138 million kW (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
"text": "84.8% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "87% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
"text": "0.3% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "0.2% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
"text": "14.9% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "12% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - production": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2014 est.)"
@ -741,13 +747,13 @@
"text": "31,140 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - production": {
"text": "0 cu m (2014 est.)"
"text": "0 cu m (2015 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - consumption": {
"text": "530 million cu m (2014 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2014 est.)"
"text": "0 cu m (2015 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - imports": {
"text": "530 million cu m (2014 est.)"
@ -762,18 +768,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "410,000"
"text": "387,607"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "32 (2014 est.)"
"text": "31 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "2.1 million"
"text": "1.904 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "162 (2014 est.)"
"text": "150 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -781,34 +787,45 @@
"text": "foreign investment in the form of joint business ventures greatly improved telephone service with a wide range of high-quality voice, data, and Internet services available"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "substantial fiber-optic cable systems carry telephone, TV, and radio traffic in the digital mode; Internet services are widely available; schools and libraries are connected to the Internet, a large percentage of the population files income tax returns online, and online voting was used for the first time in the 2005 local elections"
"text": "substantial fiber-optic cable systems carry telephone, TV, and radio traffic in the digital mode; Internet services are widely available; schools and libraries are connected to the Internet, a large percentage of the population files income tax returns online, and online voting - in local and parliamentary elections - has climbed steadily since first introduced in 2005"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 372; fiber-optic cables to Finland, Sweden, Latvia, and Russia provide worldwide packet-switched service; 2 international switches are located in Tallinn (2011)"
"text": "country code - 372; fiber-optic cables to Finland, Sweden, Latvia, and Russia provide worldwide packet-switched service; 2 international switches are located in Tallinn (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "the publicly owned broadcaster, Eesti Rahvusringhaaling (ERR), operates 2 TV channels and 5 radio networks; growing number of private commercial radio stations broadcasting nationally, regionally, and locally; fully transitioned to digital television in 2010; national private TV channels expanding service; a range of channels are aimed at Russian-speaking viewers; high penetration rate for cable TV services with more than half of Estonian households connected (2008)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 0, FM 34, shortwave 0 (2009)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "15 (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".ee"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "1 million"
"text": "1.119 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "81.6% (2014 est.)"
"text": "88.4% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "3"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "14"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "512,388"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "870,362 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "ES (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "18 (2013)"
},
@ -840,7 +857,7 @@
"text": "1"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 3 (2013)"
"text": "3 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -894,39 +911,15 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Estonian Defense Forces (Eesti Kaitsevagi): Land Force (Maavagi), Navy (Merevagi), Air Force (Ohuvagi), Defense League (Kaitseliit) (2012)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-27 for compulsory military or governmental service, conscript service requirement 8-11 months depending on education; NCOs, reserve officers, and specialists serve 11 months (2013)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "291,801"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "302,696 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "210,854"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "251,185 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "6,668"
},
"female": {
"text": "6,309 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "2% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.92% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.69% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.92% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "2% of GDP (2015) ++ 2% of GDP (2014) ++ 2% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.92% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.69% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.92% of GDP (2010)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
@ -935,7 +928,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"stateless persons": {
"text": "88,076 (2014); note - following independence in 1991, automatic citizenship was restricted to those who were Estonian citizens prior to the 1940 Soviet occupation and their descendants; thousands of ethnic Russians remained stateless when forced to choose between passing Estonian language and citizenship tests or applying for Russian citizenship; one reason for demurring on Estonian citizenship was to retain the right of visa-free travel to Russia; stateless residents can vote in local elections but not general elections; stateless parents who have been lawful residents of Estonia for at least five years can apply for citizenship for their children before they turn 15"
"text": "85,301 (2015); note - following independence in 1991, automatic citizenship was restricted to those who were Estonian citizens prior to the 1940 Soviet occupation and their descendants; thousands of ethnic Russians remained stateless when forced to choose between passing Estonian language and citizenship tests or applying for Russian citizenship; one reason for demurring on Estonian citizenship was to retain the right of visa-free travel to Russia; stateless residents can vote in local elections but not general elections; stateless parents who have been lawful residents of Estonia for at least five years can apply for citizenship for their children before they turn 15 years old"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

282
europe/ez.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "At the close of World War I, the Czechs and Slovaks of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire merged to form Czechoslovakia. During the interwar years, having rejected a federal system, the new country's predominantly Czech leaders were frequently preoccupied with meeting the increasingly strident demands of other ethnic minorities within the republic, most notably the Slovaks, the Sudeten Germans, and the Ruthenians (Ukrainians). On the eve of World War II, Nazi Germany occupied the territory that today comprises the Czech Republic, and Slovakia became an independent state allied with Germany. After the war, a reunited but truncated Czechoslovakia (less Ruthenia) fell within the Soviet sphere of influence. In 1968, an invasion by Warsaw Pact troops ended the efforts of the country's leaders to liberalize communist rule and create \"socialism with a human face,\" ushering in a period of repression known as \"normalization.\" The peaceful \"Velvet Revolution\" swept the Communist Party from power at the end of 1989 and inaugurated a return to democratic rule and a market economy. On 1 January 1993, the country underwent a nonviolent \"velvet divorce\" into its two national components, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004."
"text": "At the close of World War I, the Czechs and Slovaks of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire merged to form Czechoslovakia. During the interwar years, having rejected a federal system, the new country's predominantly Czech leaders were frequently preoccupied with meeting the increasingly strident demands of other ethnic minorities within the republic, most notably the Slovaks, the Sudeten Germans, and the Ruthenians (Ukrainians). On the eve of World War II, Nazi Germany occupied the territory that today comprises Czechia, and Slovakia became an independent state allied with Germany. After the war, a reunited but truncated Czechoslovakia (less Ruthenia) fell within the Soviet sphere of influence. In 1968, an invasion by Warsaw Pact troops ended the efforts of the country's leaders to liberalize communist rule and create \"socialism with a human face,\" ushering in a period of repression known as \"normalization.\" The peaceful \"Velvet Revolution\" swept the Communist Party from power at the end of 1989 and inaugurated a return to democratic rule and a market economy. On 1 January 1993, the country underwent a nonviolent \"velvet divorce\" into its two national components, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004. The country changed its short-form name to Czechia in 2016."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -48,12 +48,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "Bohemia in the west consists of rolling plains, hills, and plateaus surrounded by low mountains; Moravia in the east consists of very hilly country"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Labe (Elbe) River 115 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "433 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Snezka 1,602 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Labe (Elbe) River 115 m ++ highest point: Snezka 1,602 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -71,18 +71,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "385.3 sq km (2007)"
"text": "320 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "13.15 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "1.7 cu km/yr (41%/56%/2%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "164.7 cu m/yr (2009)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, but the northern and eastern regions tend to have larger urban concentrations"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "flooding"
@ -103,6 +95,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "10,644,842 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Czech(s)"
@ -120,27 +115,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Roman Catholic 10.4%, Protestant (includes Czech Brethren and Hussite) 1.1%, other and unspecified 54%, none 34.5% (2011 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "10,644,842 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "15% (male 819,864/female 776,639)"
"text": "15.09% (male 826,005/female 782,470)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "10.23% (male 559,108/female 529,598)"
"text": "9.89% (male 542,433/female 511,941)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "43.7% (male 2,387,303/female 2,264,774)"
"text": "43.79% (male 2,396,550/female 2,271,974)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "13.06% (male 673,060/female 717,296)"
"text": "12.73% (male 658,784/female 698,782)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "18.01% (male 791,823/female 1,125,377) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "18.5% (male 817,550/female 1,154,443) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -159,26 +148,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "41.3 years"
"text": "41.7 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "40 years"
"text": "40.4 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "42.6 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "43 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "0.16% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.14% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "9.63 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "9.5 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "10.34 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "10.4 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "2.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, but the northern and eastern regions tend to have larger urban concentrations"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -211,36 +203,39 @@
"text": "0.7 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.97 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.97 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "28.1 (2013 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "4 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "2.63 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "2.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "2.76 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "2.8 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "2.49 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "78.48 years"
"text": "78.6 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "75.5 years"
"text": "75.7 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "81.62 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "81.8 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.44 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.45 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "86.3%",
@ -249,7 +244,7 @@
}
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "7.2% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "7.4% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "3.71 physicians/1,000 population (2010)"
@ -285,11 +280,8 @@
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "29.1% (2014)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "2% (2007)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.5% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "4.3% of GDP (2012)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -307,24 +299,24 @@
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
"text": "16 years"
"text": "17 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "16 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "17 years (2012)"
"text": "18 years (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "19.5%"
"text": "15.9%"
},
"male": {
"text": "19.9%"
"text": "15%"
},
"female": {
"text": "19% (2012 est.)"
"text": "17.1% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -334,17 +326,20 @@
"text": "Czech Republic"
},
"conventional short form": {
"text": "Czech Republic"
"text": "Czechia"
},
"local long form": {
"text": "Ceska republika"
},
"local short form": {
"text": "Cesko"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "name derives from the Czechs, a West Slavic tribe who rose to prominence in the late 9th century A.D."
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "parliamentary democracy"
"text": "parliamentary republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -370,7 +365,7 @@
"text": "Czechoslovak Founding Day, 28 October (1918)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1960; latest ratified 16 December 1992, effective 1 January 1993; amended several times, last in 2013 (2015)"
"text": "previous 1960; latest ratified 16 December 1992, effective 1 January 1993; amended several times, last in 2013 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "new civil code enacted in 2014, replacing civil code of 1964 - based on former Austro-Hungarian civil codes and socialist theory - and reintroducing former Czech legal terminology"
@ -379,14 +374,17 @@
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": ""
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of the Czech Republic"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": ""
"text": "5 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
@ -403,7 +401,7 @@
"text": "Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (limited to 2 consecutive terms); elections last held on 11-12 January 2013 with a runoff on 25-26 January 2013 (next to be held in January 2018); prime minister appointed by the president for a 5-year term"
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (limited to 2 consecutive terms); elections last held on 11-12 January 2013 with a runoff on 25-26 January 2013 (next to be held in January 2018); prime minister appointed by the president for a 4-year term"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Milos ZEMAN elected president; percent of popular vote - Milos ZEMAN (SPO) 54.8%, Karel SCHWARZENBERG (TOP 09) 45.2%"
@ -414,10 +412,10 @@
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat (81 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote in two rounds if needed; members serve 6-year terms with one-third of the membership renewed every 2 years) and the Chamber of Deputies or Poslanecka Snemovna (200 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "Senate - last held in two rounds on 10-11 and 17-18 October 2014 (next to be held in October 2016); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 25-26 October 2013 (next to be held in 2017)"
"text": "Senate - last held in two rounds on 7-8 and 14-15 October 2016 (next to be held in October 2018); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 25-26 October 2013 (next to be held in 2017)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party/caucus as of 20 October 2015 - CSSD 33, ODS 14, KDU-CSL 11, STAN+TOP 09 6, KSCM+SPO+S.cz 6, ANO+S.cz 5, independent 6; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - CSSD 20.5%, ANO 2011 18.7%, KSCM 14.9%, TOP 09 12%, ODS 7.7%, Usvit 6.9%, KDU-CSL 6.8% other 12.5%; seats by party - CSSD 50, ANO 2011 47, KSCM 33, TOP 09 26, ODS 16, Usvit 14, KDU-CSL 14"
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party as of 15 October 2016 - CSSD 25, KDU-CSL 14, ODS 9, ANO 2011 7, STAN 5, SZ 4, TOP 09 2, SLK 2, S.cz. 2, KSCM 1, Nestranici 1, Citizens Together 1, SsCR 1, Pirate 1, Patriotic Citizens 1, Movement for Prague 1, SPO 1, Ostravak 1, independent 2; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - CSSD 20.5%, ANO 2011 18.7%, KSCM 14.9%, TOP 09 12%, ODS 7.7%, Usvit 6.9%, KDU-CSL 6.8% other 12.5%; seats by party - CSSD 50, ANO 2011 47, KSCM 33, TOP 09 + STAN 26, ODS 16, KDU-CSL 14, Usvit 8, independent 6"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -425,7 +423,7 @@
"text": "Supreme Court (organized into Civil Law and Commercial Division, and Criminal Division each with a court chief justice, vice justice, and several judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 justices); Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 28 judges)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "Supreme Court judges proposed by the Chamber of Deputies and appointed by the president; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate; judges appointed for 10-year, renewable terms; Supreme Administrative Court judges selected by the president of the Court; judge term NA"
"text": "Supreme Court judges proposed by the Chamber of Deputies and appointed by the president; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate; judges appointed for 10-year, renewable terms; Supreme Administrative Court judges selected by the president of the Court; judge term unlimited"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "High Court; superior, regional, and district courts"
@ -433,10 +431,10 @@
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"parties in parliament": {
"text": "ANO 2011 [Andrej BABIS] ++ Christian Democratic Union-Czechoslovak People's Party or KDU-CSL [Pavel BELOBRADEK] ++ Citizens for Budejovice or HOPB [Juraj THOMA] ++ Civic Democratic Party or ODS [Petr FIALA] ++ Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia or KSCM [Vojtech FILIP] ++ Czech Social Democratic Party or CSSD [Bohuslav SOBOTKA] ++ Dawn of Direct Democracy or Usvit [Tomio OKAMURA] ++ Green Party or SZ [Jana DRAPALOVA] ++ Mayors and Independents or STAN [Martin PUTA] ++ Mayors for Liberec Region or SLK [Marek PIETER] ++ North Bohemians or S.cz [Bronislav SCHWARZ] ++ Party of Civic Rights or SPO [Jan VELEBA] ++ Tradition Responsibility Prosperity 09 or TOP 09 [Karel SCHWARZENBERG]"
"text": "ANO 2011 or ANO [Andrej BABIS] ++ Citizens Together ++ Christian Democratic Union-Czechoslovak People's Party or KDU-CSL [Pavel BELOBRADEK] ++ Civic Democratic Party or ODS [Petr FIALA] ++ Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia or KSCM [Vojtech FILIP] ++ Czech Pirate Party [Ivan BARTOS] ++ Czech Social Democratic Party or CSSD [Bohuslav SOBOTKA] ++ Freeholder or SsCR [Petr BAJER] ++ Green Party or SZ [Matej STROPNICKY] ++ Liberal Reform Party or Ostravak [Eva SCHWARZOVA] ++ Mayors and Independents or STAN [Petr GAZDIK] ++ Mayors for Liberec Region or SLK [Marek PIETER] ++ Movement for Prague ++ Nestranici (Independents) or NK [Vera RYBOVA] ++ North Bohemians or S.cz [Bronislav SCHWARZ] ++ Ostravak [Magdalena KOZUBOVA, sec.] ++ Party of Civic Rights or SPO [Jan VELEBA] ++ Patriotic Citizens ++ Tradition Responsibility Prosperity 09 or TOP 09 [Miroslav KALOUSEK]"
},
"parties outside parliament": {
"text": "Czech Pirate Party [Lukas CERNOHORSKY] ++ Free Citizens Party or Svobodni [Petr MACH] ++ Liberal Reform Party or Ostravak [Eva SCHWARZOVA]"
"text": "Dawn - National Coalition or Usvit [Miroslav LIDINSKY] ++ Free Citizens Party or Svobodni [Petr MACH] ++ Freedom and Direct Democracy or SPD [Tomio OKAMURA]"
}
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
@ -502,58 +500,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "The Czech Republic is a stable and prosperous market economy closely integrated with the EU, especially since the country's EU accession in 2004. The auto industry is the largest single industry, and, together with its upstream suppliers, accounts for nearly 24% of Czech manufacturing. The Czech Republic produced more than a million cars for the first time in 2010, over 80% of which were exported. While the conservative, inward-looking Czech financial system has remained relatively healthy, the small, open, export-driven Czech economy remains sensitive to changes in the economic performance of its main export markets, especially Germany. When Western Europe and Germany fell into recession in late 2008, demand for Czech goods plunged, leading to double digit drops in industrial production and exports. As a result, real GDP fell sharply in 2009. The economy slowly recovered in the second half of 2009 and registered weak growth in the next two years. In 2012 and 2013, however, the economy fell into a recession again, due both to a slump in external demand in the EU and to the government’s austerity measures, returning to weak growth in 2014. Foreign and domestic businesses alike voice concerns about corruption, especially in public procurement. Other long term challenges include dealing with a rapidly aging population, funding an unsustainable pension and health care system, and diversifying away from manufacturing and toward a more high-tech, services-based, knowledge economy."
"text": "Czechia is a stable and prosperous market economy that is closely integrated with the EU, especially since the country's EU accession in 2004. The auto industry is the largest single industry, and, together with its upstream suppliers, accounts for nearly 24% of Czech manufacturing. Czechia produced more than a million cars for the first time in 2010, over 80% of which were exported. ++ ++ While the conservative, inward-looking Czech financial system has remained relatively healthy, the small, open, export-driven Czech economy remains sensitive to changes in the economic performance of its main export markets, especially Germany. When Western Europe and Germany fell into recession in late 2008, demand for Czech goods plunged, leading to double digit drops in industrial production and exports. As a result, real GDP fell sharply in 2009. The economy slowly recovered in the second half of 2009 and registered weak growth in the next two years. In 2012 and 2013, however, the economy fell into a recession again, due both to a slump in external demand in the EU and to the government’s austerity measures, returning to weak growth in 2014, and stronger growth in 2015. ++ ++ Foreign and domestic businesses alike voice concerns about corruption, especially in public procurement. Other long term challenges include dealing with a rapidly aging population, funding an unsustainable pension and health care system, and diversifying away from manufacturing and toward a more high-tech, services-based, knowledge economy."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$315.9 billion (2014 est.) ++ $309.7 billion (2013 est.) ++ $311.4 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$338 billion (2015 est.) ++ $323.4 billion (2014 est.) ++ $314.8 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$205.3 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$185.2 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "2% (2014 est.) ++ -0.5% (2013 est.) ++ -0.9% (2012 est.)"
"text": "4.5% (2015 est.) ++ 2.7% (2014 est.) ++ -0.5% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$30,000 (2014 est.) ++ $29,500 (2013 est.) ++ $29,600 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$32,100 (2015 est.) ++ $30,800 (2014 est.) ++ $29,900 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "25.9% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 24.2% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 24.7% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "28.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 26.1% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 24.1% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "48.6%"
"text": "47%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "19.4%"
"text": "19.5%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "25%"
"text": "26.3%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.2%"
"text": "1%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "83.8%"
"text": "83%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-77.1% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-76.9% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "2.7%"
"text": "2.5%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "37.8%"
"text": "37.3%"
},
"services": {
"text": "59.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "60.2% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -563,10 +561,10 @@
"text": "motor vehicles, metallurgy, machinery and equipment, glass, armaments"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "4.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "4.5% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "5.534 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "5.517 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -580,7 +578,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "7.7% (2014 est.) ++ 7.7% (2013 est.)"
"text": "6.5% (2015 est.) ++ 7.7% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "8.6% (2012 est.)"
@ -598,26 +596,26 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$82.35 billion"
"text": "$76.68 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$86.42 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$77.44 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "40.1% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "42.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-2% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-0.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "42.1% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 45% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "41.1% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 42.7% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.4% (2014 est.) ++ 1.4% (2013 est.)"
"text": "0.3% (2015 est.) ++ 0.4% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2013) ++ 0.05% (31 December 2012)",
@ -626,58 +624,63 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "4.64% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 4.97% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "4.28% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 4.64% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$122.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $126.4 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$124.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $122.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$152.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $155.7 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$137.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $142.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$127.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $137.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$54.92 billion (30 December 3013 est.) ++ $59.88 billion (28 December 2012) ++ $53.2 billion (30 December 2011 est.)"
"text": "$54.92 billion (30 December 3013 est.) ++ $59.88 billion (28 December 2012 est.) ++ $53.2 billion (30 December 2011 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$1.265 billion (2014 est.) ++ -$1.106 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.682 billion (2015 est.) ++ $360 million (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$110.5 billion (2014 est.) ++ $102.3 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$131 billion (2015 est.) ++ $146.6 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and transport equipment, raw materials, fuel, chemicals"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 32.4%, Slovakia 8.4%, Poland 6%, UK 5.1%, France 5.1%, Austria 4.4% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 32.4%, Slovakia 9%, Poland 5.8%, UK 5.3%, France 5.1%, Austria 4.1% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$101.9 billion (2014 est.) ++ $95.87 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$122.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $135.9 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and transport equipment, raw materials and fuels, chemicals"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 30.2%, Poland 8.5%, Slovakia 6.8%, China 6.2%, Netherlands 5.7%, Austria 4.2% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 30%, Poland 9%, China 8.3%, Slovakia 6.6%, Netherlands 5%, Austria 4.1% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$54.49 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $56.22 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$64.49 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $54.49 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$130.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $138.1 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$126.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $129.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$142.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $159.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$136.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $146 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$40.14 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $46 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$41.48 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $42.98 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "koruny (CZK) per US dollar - ++ 20.758 (2014 est.) ++ 20.758 (2013 est.) ++ 19.59 (2012 est.) ++ 17.696 (2011 est.) ++ 19.098 (2010 est.)"
"text": "koruny (CZK) per US dollar - ++ 24.599 (2015 est.) ++ 20.758 (2014 est.) ++ 20.758 (2013 est.) ++ 19.59 (2012 est.) ++ 17.696 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "81.86 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -751,53 +754,64 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "1.89 million"
"text": "1,949,800"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "18 (2014 est.)"
"text": "18 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "14 million"
"text": "13.925 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "131 (2014 est.)"
"text": "131 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "privatization and modernization of the Czech telecommunication system got a late start but is advancing steadily; virtually all exchanges now digital; existing copper subscriber systems enhanced with Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) equipment to accommodate Internet and other digital signals; trunk systems include fiber-optic cable and microwave radio relay"
"text": "good telephone and Internet service; competition among the three major mobile phone services has driven down prices"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "access to the fixed-line telephone network expanded throughout the 1990s, but the number of fixed line connections has been dropping since then; mobile telephone usage increased sharply beginning in the mid-1990s, and the number of cellular telephone subscriptions now greatly exceeds the population"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 420; satellite earth stations - 6 (2 Intersputnik - Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions, 1 Intelsat, 1 Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat, 1 Globalstar) (2011)"
"text": "country code - 420; satellite earth stations - 6 (2 Intersputnik - Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions, 1 Intelsat, 1 Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat, 1 Globalstar) (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "roughly 130 TV broadcasters operating some 350 channels with 4 publicly operated and the remainder in private hands; 16 TV stations have national coverage with 4 being publicly operated; cable and satellite TV subscription services are available; 63 radio broadcasters are registered operating roughly 80 radio stations with 15 stations publicly operated; 10 radio stations provide national coverage with the remainder local or regional (2008)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 31, FM 304, shortwave 17 (2000)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "71 (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".cz"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "8.2 million"
"text": "8.654 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "77.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "81.3% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "4"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "48"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "4,971,616"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "26,619,650 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "OK (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "128 (2013)"
},
@ -832,7 +846,7 @@
"text": "25"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 61 (2013)"
"text": "61 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -874,37 +888,13 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Army of the Czech Republic (Armada Ceske Republiky): General Staff (Generalni Stab; includes Land Forces (Pozemni Sily) and Air Forces (Vzdusne Sily)) (2015)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-28 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "2,506,826"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "2,407,634 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "2,072,267"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,988,839 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "49,999"
},
"female": {
"text": "47,501 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.04% of GDP (2015) ++ 1.08% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.06% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.13% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.15% of GDP (2011)"
}
@ -915,7 +905,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"stateless persons": {
"text": "1,502 (2014)"
"text": "1,502 (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

294
europe/fi.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries, and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It gained complete independence in 1917. During World War II, Finland successfully defended its independence through cooperation with Germany and resisted subsequent invasions by the Soviet Union - albeit with some loss of territory. In the subsequent half century, Finland transformed from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern industrial economy; per capita income is among the highest in Western Europe. A member of the European Union since 1995, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro single currency at its initiation in January 1999. In the 21st century, the key features of Finland's modern welfare state are high quality education, promotion of equality, and a national social welfare system - currently challenged by an aging population and the fluctuations of an export-driven economy."
"text": "Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries, and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It gained complete independence in 1917. During World War II, Finland successfully defended its independence through cooperation with Germany and resisted subsequent invasions by the Soviet Union - albeit with some loss of territory. In the subsequent half century, Finland transformed from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern industrial economy; per capita income is among the highest in Western Europe. A member of the EU since 1995, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro single currency at its initiation in January 1999. In the 21st century, the key features of Finland's modern welfare state are high quality education, promotion of equality, and a national social welfare system - currently challenged by an aging population and the fluctuations of an export-driven economy."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "slightly more than two times the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than Montana",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "slightly more than two times the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than Montana"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -62,12 +59,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Baltic Sea 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "164 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Halti (alternatively Haltia, Haltitunturi, Haltiatunturi) 1,328 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m ++ highest point: Halti (alternatively Haltia, Haltitunturi, Haltiatunturi) 1,328 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -85,18 +82,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "685.8 sq km (2010)"
"text": "690 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "110 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "1.63 cu km/yr (25%/72%/3%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "308.9 cu m/yr (2005)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "the vast majority of people are found in the south; the northern interior areas remain sparsely poplulated"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "NA"
@ -117,6 +106,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "5,498,211 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Finn(s)"
@ -126,35 +118,29 @@
}
},
"Ethnic groups": {
"text": "Finn 93.4%, Swede 5.6%, Russian 0.5%, Estonian 0.3%, Roma (Gypsy) 0.1%, Sami 0.1% (2006)"
"text": "Finn 93.4%, Swede 5.6%, Russian 0.5%, Estonian 0.3%, Roma 0.1%, Sami 0.1% (2006)"
},
"Languages": {
"text": "Finnish (official) 89%, Swedish (official) 5.3%, Russian 1.3%, other 4.4% (2014 est.)"
},
"Religions": {
"text": "Lutheran 78.4%, Orthodox 1.1%, other Christian 1.1%, other 0.2%, none 19.2% (2010 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "5,476,922 (July 2015 est.)"
"text": "Lutheran 73.8%, Orthodox 1.1%, other or none 25.1% (2014 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "16.41% (male 459,560/female 439,343)"
"text": "16.42% (male 461,432/female 441,244)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "11.79% (male 329,815/female 316,130)"
"text": "11.6% (male 325,919/female 312,045)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "38.03% (male 1,062,429/female 1,020,216)"
"text": "37.9% (male 1,063,494/female 1,020,194)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "13.56% (male 365,383/female 377,390)"
"text": "13.42% (male 362,788/female 374,985)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "20.21% (male 477,024/female 629,632) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "20.66% (male 492,143/female 643,967) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -176,23 +162,26 @@
"text": "42.4 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "40.7 years"
"text": "40.8 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "44.3 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "44.3 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "0.4% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.38% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "10.72 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "10.7 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "9.83 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "9.9 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "3.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "the vast majority of people are found in the south; the northern interior areas remain sparsely poplulated"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -225,39 +214,42 @@
"text": "0.76 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.97 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.97 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "28.5 (2012 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "3 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "2.52 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "2.5 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "2.65 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "2.7 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "2.39 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "80.77 years"
"text": "80.9 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "77.82 years"
"text": "77.9 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "83.86 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "84 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.75 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.75 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "9.4% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "9.7% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "2.91 physicians/1,000 population (2009)"
@ -294,28 +286,28 @@
"text": "22.8% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "6.8% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "7.2% of GDP (2013)"
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
"text": "17 years"
"text": "19 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "16 years"
"text": "18 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "18 years (2012)"
"text": "20 years (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "17.7%"
"text": "20.5%"
},
"male": {
"text": "17.6%"
"text": "22.8%"
},
"female": {
"text": "17.9% (2012 est.)"
"text": "18.4% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -332,10 +324,13 @@
},
"local short form": {
"text": "Suomi/Finland"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "name may derive from the ancient Fenni peoples who are first described as living in northeastern Europe in the first centuries A.D."
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "republic"
"text": "parliamentary republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -361,7 +356,7 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 6 December (1917)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1906, 1919; latest drafted 17 June 1997, approved by Parliament 11 June 1999, entered into force 1 March 2000; amended several times, last in 2011 (2015)"
"text": "previous 1906, 1919; latest drafted 17 June 1997, approved by Parliament 11 June 1999, entered into force 1 March 2000; amended several times, last in 2012 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system based on the Swedish model"
@ -370,8 +365,11 @@
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": "no, unless at least one parent is a citizen of Finland"
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Finland"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes"
@ -388,16 +386,16 @@
"text": "President Sauli NIINISTO (since 1 March 2012)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Juha SIPILA (since 29 May 2015)"
"text": "Prime Minister Juha SIPILA (since 28 May 2015)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible to Parliament"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 5 February 2012 (next to be held in February 2018); prime minister elected by Parliament and appointed by the president"
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 5 February 2012 (next to be held in February 2018); prime minister appointed by Parliament in 2015"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote in first round - Sauli NIINISTO (Kok) 37%, Pekka HAAVISTO (Vihr) 18.8%, Paavo VAYRYNEN (Kesk) 17.5%, Timo SOINI (TF) 9.4%, Paavo LIPPONEN (SDP) 6.7%, Paavo ARHINMAKI (Vas) 5.5%, Eva BIAUDET (SFP) 2.7%, Sari ESSAYAH (KD) 2.5%; Sauli NIINISTO elected president in second round held on 5 February 2012 - NIINISTO 62.6%, HAAVISTO 37.4%; Jyrki KATAINEN elected prime minister"
"text": "percent of vote in first round - Sauli NIINISTO (Kok) 37%, Pekka HAAVISTO (Vihr) 18.8%, Paavo VAYRYNEN (Kesk) 17.5%, Timo SOINI (TF) 9.4%, Paavo LIPPONEN (SDP) 6.7%, Paavo ARHINMAKI (Vas) 5.5%, Eva BIAUDET (SFP) 2.7%, Sari ESSAYAH (KD) 2.5%; Sauli NIINISTO elected president in second round held on 5 February 2012 - NIINISTO 62.6%, HAAVISTO 37.4%; Juha SIPILA appointed prime minister"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -405,7 +403,7 @@
"text": "unicameral Parliament or Eduskunta (200 seats; 199 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 1 member in the province of Aland directly elected by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 19 April 2015 (next to be held in April 2019)"
"text": "last held on 19 April 2015 (next to be held by April 2019)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party - Kesk 21.1%, PS 17.6%, Kok 18.2%, SDP 16.5%, Vihr 8.5%, Vas 7.1%, SFP 4.9%, KD 3.5%, other 2.6%; seats by party - Kesk 49, PS 38, Kok 37, SDP 34, Vihr 15, Vas 12, SFP 9, KD 5, other 1 (Aland Coalition)"
@ -423,7 +421,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Center Party or Kesk [Juha SIPILA] ++ Christian Democrats or KD [Paivi RASANEN] ++ Green League or Vihr [Ville NIINISTO] ++ Left Alliance or Vas [Paavo ARHINMAKI] ++ National Coalition Party or Kok [Alexander STUBB] ++ Social Democratic Party or SDP [Antii RINNE] ++ Swedish People's Party or SFP [Carl HAGLUND] ++ The Finns Party or PS [Timo SOINI]"
"text": "Center Party or Kesk [Juha SIPILA] ++ Christian Democrats or KD [Sari ESSAYAH] ++ Finns Party or PS [Timo SOINI] ++ Green League or Vihr [Ville NIINISTO] ++ Left Alliance or Vas [Paavo ARHINMAKI] ++ National Coalition Party or Kok [Petteri ORPO] ++ Social Democratic Party or SDP [Antti RINNE] ++ Swedish People's Party or SFP [Carl HAGLUND]"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
@ -447,7 +445,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Bruce J. ORECK (since 12 August 2009)"
"text": "Ambassador Charles C. ADAMS, Jr. (since 3 August 2015)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "Itainen Puistotie 14B, 00140 Helsinki"
@ -482,58 +480,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free-market economy with per capita output almost as high as that of Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, or Sweden. Trade is important, with exports accounting for over one-third of GDP in recent years. Finland is historically competitive in manufacturing - principally the wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and electronics industries. Finland excels in export of technology for mobile phones as well as promotion of startups in the ICT, gaming, cleantech, and biotechnology sectors. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of raw materials, energy, and some components for manufactured goods. Because of the climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an important export earner, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population. Finland had been one of the best performing economies within the EU before 2009 and its banks and financial markets avoided the worst of global financial crisis. However, the world slowdown hit exports and domestic demand hard in that year, with Finland experiencing one of the deepest contractions in the euro zone. A recovery of exports, domestic trade, and household consumption stimulated economic growth in 2010-12, however, continued recession within the EU dampened the economy in 2012-14. The recession affected general government finances and the debt ratio, turning previously strong budget surpluses into deficits, losing its coveted triple-A credit rating, and on pace to breach EU debt limits in 2015. Finland's main challenge will be to stimulate growth while faced with weak export demand in the EU and its own government austerity measures. Longer-term, Finland must address a rapidly aging population and decreasing productivity in traditional industries that threaten competitiveness, fiscal sustainability, and economic growth. The depreciating ruble will retard exports to Russia."
"text": "Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free-market economy with per capita GDP almost as high as that of Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, or Sweden. Trade is important, with exports accounting for over one-third of GDP in recent years. ++ ++ Finland is historically competitive in manufacturing - principally the wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and electronics industries. Finland excels in export of technology for mobile phones as well as promotion of startups in the information and communications technology, gaming, cleantech, and biotechnology sectors. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of raw materials, energy, and some components for manufactured goods. Because of the cold climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an important export industry, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population. ++ ++ Finland had been one of the best performing economies within the EU before 2009 and its banks and financial markets avoided the worst of global financial crisis. However, the world slowdown hit exports and domestic demand hard in that year, causing Finland’s economy to contract from 2012-14. The recession affected general government finances and the debt ratio. ++ ++ Finland's main challenges will be reducing high labor costs and boosting demand for its exports. In the long term, Finland must address a rapidly aging population and decreasing productivity in traditional industries that threaten competitiveness, fiscal sustainability, and economic growth. The depreciating ruble and Russia’s general economic slowdown will dampen exports to Russia."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$221.7 billion (2014 est.) ++ $222.6 billion (2013 est.) ++ $225.1 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$224.9 billion (2015 est.) ++ $224.5 billion (2014 est.) ++ $226.1 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$272.6 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$232.1 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "-0.4% (2014 est.) ++ -1.1% (2013 est.) ++ -1.4% (2012 est.)"
"text": "0.2% (2015 est.) ++ -0.7% (2014 est.) ++ -0.8% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$40,700 (2014 est.) ++ $40,800 (2013 est.) ++ $41,300 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$41,100 (2015 est.) ++ $41,200 (2014 est.) ++ $41,700 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "18.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 19.3% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 20.5% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "20.9% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 19.9% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 19.8% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "55.4%"
"text": "55.3%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "24.8%"
"text": "24.4%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "20.3%"
"text": "20.4%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.3%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "37.9%"
"text": "36.6%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-38.7% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-37.1% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "2.8%"
"text": "2.5%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "26.5%"
"text": "26.8%"
},
"services": {
"text": "70.6% (2014 est.)"
"text": "70.6% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -543,10 +541,10 @@
"text": "metals and metal products, electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "-1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "-1.8% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.679 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "2.689 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture and forestry": {
@ -572,7 +570,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "8.7% (2014 est.) ++ 8.1% (2013 est.)"
"text": "9.3% (2015 est.) ++ 8.7% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "NA%"
@ -590,44 +588,44 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$151.4 billion"
"text": "$127.6 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$160 billion"
"text": "$134 billion"
},
"note": {
"text": "Central Government Budget (2014 est.)"
"text": "Central Government Budget (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "55.5% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "55.6% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-3.2% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-2.8% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "59.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 55.8% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "62.5% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 59.3% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "1.2% (2014 est.) ++ 2.2% (2013 est.)"
"text": "-0.2% (2015 est.) ++ 1.2% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.75% (31 December 2013) ++ 1.5% (31 December 2010)",
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2013) ++ 0.3% (31 December 2010)",
"note": {
"text": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area"
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "2.21% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 2.11% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "2% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 2.2% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$118.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $125.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)",
"text": "$121.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $118.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
}
@ -636,49 +634,54 @@
"text": "$179.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $195.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$410.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $398.4 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$357.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $410.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$158.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $143.1 billion (31 December 2011) ++ $118.2 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$158.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $143.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.) ++ $118.2 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$5.083 billion (2014 est.) ++ -$4.783 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$316 million (2015 est.) ++ -$2.566 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$79.2 billion (2014 est.) ++ $78.56 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$61.29 billion (2015 est.) ++ $75.6 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "electrical and optical equipment, machinery, transport equipment, paper and pulp, chemicals, basic metals; timber"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 12.2%, Sweden 11.2%, Russia 8.1%, US 6.7%, Netherlands 6.2%, UK 5.5%, China 4.5% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 13.9%, Sweden 10.1%, US 7%, Netherlands 6.6%, Russia 5.9%, UK 5.2%, China 4.7% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$72.94 billion (2014 est.) ++ $73.76 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$58.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $74.43 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, computers, electronic industry products, textile yarn and fabrics, grains"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Sweden 15.8%, Germany 15.3%, Russia 14.8%, Netherlands 8.7%, Denmark 4.2% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 17%, Sweden 16%, Russia 11%, Netherlands 9.1%, Denmark 4.1% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$10.67 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $11.27 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$10.02 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $10.67 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$10.67 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $11.27 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$547.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $571.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$138 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $136.1 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$135.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $131.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$202.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $197.2 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$141.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $155.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.7489 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.) ++ 0.755 (2010 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "67.51 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -752,18 +755,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "640,000"
"text": "537,000"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "12 (2014 est.)"
"text": "10 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "7.6 million"
"text": "7.399 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "139 (2014 est.)"
"text": "135 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -771,34 +774,45 @@
"text": "modern system with excellent service"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "digital fiber-optic fixed-line network and an extensive mobile-cellular network provide domestic needs"
"text": "digital fiber-optic, fixed-line network and an extensive mobile-cellular network provide domestic needs"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 358; submarine cables provide links to Estonia and Sweden; satellite earth stations - access to Intelsat transmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) (2011)"
"text": "country code - 358; submarine cables provide links to Estonia and Sweden; satellite earth stations - access to Intelsat transmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "a mix of publicly operated TV stations and privately owned TV stations; in 2008, the 2 publicly owned TV stations expanded services and the largest private TV station has introduced several special-interest pay-TV channels; cable and satellite multi-channel subscription services are available; all TV signals have been broadcast digitally since September 2007; analog broadcasts via cable networks were terminated in February 2008; public broadcasting maintains a network of 13 national and 25 regional radio stations; a large number of private radio broadcasters (2008)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 2, FM 59, shortwave 2 (2008)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "120 (plus 431 repeaters) (1999); note - on 1 September 2007, Finland began broadcasting all television signals digitally; analog broadcasts via cable networks were discontinued 29 February 2008"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".fi; note - Aland Islands assigned .ax"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "5.1 million"
"text": "5.074 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "94.0% (2014 est.)"
"text": "92.6% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "3"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "73"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "9,972,333"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "713.484 million mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "OH (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "148 (2013)"
},
@ -830,7 +844,7 @@
"text": "3"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 71 (2013)"
"text": "71 (2013)"
}
},
"Pipelines": {
@ -859,7 +873,7 @@
}
},
"Waterways": {
"text": "8,000 km (includes Saimaa Canal system of 3,577 km; southern part leased from Russia; water transport used frequently in the summer and widely replaced with sledges on the ice in winter; there are 187,888 lakes in Finland that cover 31,500 km); Finand also maintains 8,200 km of coastal fairways (2013)"
"text": "8,000 km (includes Saimaa Canal system of 3,577 km; southern part leased from Russia; water transport used frequently in the summer and widely replaced with sledges on the ice in winter; there are 187,888 lakes in Finland that cover 31,500 km); Finland also maintains 8,200 km of coastal fairways (2013)"
},
"Merchant marine": {
"total": {
@ -881,48 +895,24 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Finnish Defense Forces (FDF): Army (Puolustusvoimat), Navy (Merivoimat; includes Coastal Defense Forces), Air Force (Ilmavoimat) (2013)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for male voluntary and compulsory - and female voluntary - national military and nonmilitary service; service obligation 6-12 months; military obligation to age 60 (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,155,368"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,106,193 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "955,151"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "912,983 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "32,599"
},
"female": {
"text": "31,416 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.47% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.42% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.47% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "1.37% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 1.29% of GDP (2015) ++ 1.3% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.41% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.47% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.42% of GDP (2011)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union, but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands"
"text": "various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia and other areas ceded to the former Soviet Union, but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"stateless persons": {
"text": "2,293 (2014)"
"text": "2,427 (2015)"
}
}
}

206
europe/fo.json
View file

@ -51,12 +51,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "rugged, rocky, some low peaks; cliffs along most of coast"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "NA"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Slaettaratindur 882 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m ++ highest point: Slaettaratindur 882 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -73,8 +73,8 @@
"text": "97.8% (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "0 sq km (2011)"
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "the island of Streymoy is by far the most populous with over 40% of the population; it has approximately twice as many inhabitants as Eysturoy, the second most populous island; seven of the inhabited islands have less than 100 people"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "NA"
@ -92,6 +92,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "50,456 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Faroese (singular and plural)"
@ -101,35 +104,32 @@
}
},
"Ethnic groups": {
"text": "Scandinavian"
"text": "Faroese 89.2% (Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon descent), Danish 7.1%, other 3.7% (includes Icelander, Norwegian, Greenlander, Filipino, Thai, British)",
"note": {
"text": "data represent respondents by country of birth (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Languages": {
"text": "Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish"
"text": "Faroese 93.8% (derived from Old Norse), Danish 3.2%, other 3% (2011 est.)"
},
"Religions": {
"text": "Evangelical Lutheran 83.8%, other and unspecified 16.2% (2006 census)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "50,196 (July 2015 est.)"
"text": "Christian 89.3% (predominantly Evangelical Lutheran), other 0.7%, more than one religion 0.2%, none 3.8%, unspecified 6% (2011 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "20.1% (male 5,224/female 4,866)"
"text": "19.98% (male 5,212/female 4,870)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "14.96% (male 3,848/female 3,662)"
"text": "14.62% (male 3,784/female 3,592)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "37.04% (male 10,090/female 8,502)"
"text": "37.25% (male 10,191/female 8,605)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "11.73% (male 3,033/female 2,854)"
"text": "11.66% (male 3,032/female 2,851)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "16.17% (male 3,926/female 4,191) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "16.49% (male 4,023/female 4,296) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Median age": {
@ -140,20 +140,23 @@
"text": "37.1 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "38.4 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "38.4 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "0.51% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.53% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "13.77 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "14 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "8.71 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "8.7 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "the island of Streymoy is by far the most populous with over 40% of the population; it has approximately twice as many inhabitants as Eysturoy, the second most populous island; seven of the inhabited islands have less than 100 people"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -177,7 +180,7 @@
"text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "1.19 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.18 male(s)/female"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
@ -186,33 +189,33 @@
"text": "0.94 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "1.09 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.08 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "5.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "5.5 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "5.86 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "5.8 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "5.32 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "5.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "80.24 years"
"text": "80.4 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "77.73 years"
"text": "77.8 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "82.93 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "83.1 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "2.37 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.36 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Hospital bed density": {
"text": "4.7 beds/1,000 population (2012)"
@ -225,17 +228,6 @@
},
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "9.4%"
},
"male": {
"text": "6.9%"
},
"female": {
"text": "12.5% (2005 est.)"
}
}
},
"Government": {
@ -251,13 +243,16 @@
},
"local short form": {
"text": "Foroyar"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "the archipelgo's name may derive from the Old Norse word \"faer,\" meaning sheep"
}
},
"Dependency status": {
"text": "part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark since 1948"
},
"Government type": {
"text": "NA"
"text": "parliamentary democracy (Faroese Parliament); part of the Kingdom of Denmark"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -274,7 +269,7 @@
}
},
"Administrative divisions": {
"text": "none (part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark); there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 34 municipalities"
"text": "none (part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark); there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 30 municipalities"
},
"Independence": {
"text": "none (part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark)"
@ -283,17 +278,20 @@
"text": "Olaifest (Olavsoka), 29 July"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "5 June 1953 (Danish Constitution), 23 March 1948 (Home Rule Act), and 24 June 2005 (Takeover Act) serve as the Faroe Islands constitutional position in the Unity of the Realm (2015)"
"text": "5 June 1953 (Danish Constitution), 23 March 1948 (Home Rule Act), and 24 June 2005 (Takeover Act) serve as the Faroe Islands constitutional position in the Unity of the Realm (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "the laws of Denmark, where applicable, apply"
},
"Citizenship": {
"text": "see Denmark"
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "Queen MARGRETHE II of Denmark (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner Dan Michael KNUDSEN, chief administrative officer (since 2008)"
"text": "Queen MARGRETHE II of Denmark (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner Dan Michael KNUDSEN, chief administrative officer (since 1 January 2008)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Aksel V. JOHANNESEN (since 15 September 2015)"
@ -302,7 +300,7 @@
"text": "Landsstyri appointed by the prime minister"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; high commissioner appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually elected prime minister by the Faroese Parliament; election last held on 14 November 2011 (next to be held no later than November 2015)"
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; high commissioner appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually elected prime minister by the Faroese Parliament; election last held on 1 September 2015"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Aksel V. JOHANNESEN elected prime minister; Parliament vote - NA"
@ -313,20 +311,25 @@
"text": "unicameral Faroese Parliament or Logting (33 seats; members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
},
"note": {
"text": "election of 2 seats to the Danish Parliament was last held on 1 September 2015 (next to be held no later than September 2019); percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Social Democratic Party 1, Republic 1"
"text": "election of 2 seats to the Danish Parliament was last held on 18 June 2015 (next to be held no later than June 2019); percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Social Democratic Party 1, Republic 1"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 1 September 2015 (next to be held no later than October 2019)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party - Social Democratic Party 25.1%, Republic 20.7%, People's Party, 18.9%, Union Party 18.7%, Progressive Party 7.0%, Center Party 5.5%, Self-Government Party 4.1%; seats by party - Social Democratic Party 8, Republic 7, People's Party 6, Union Party 6, Progressive Party 2, Center Party 2, Self-Government Party 2"
"text": "percent of vote by party - Social Democratic Party 25.1%, Republic 20.7%, People's Party, 18.9%, Union Party 18.7%, Progressive Party 7.0%, Center Party 5.5%, Self-Government Party 4.1%; seats by party - Social Democratic Party 8, Republic 7, People's Party 6, Union Party 6, Center Party 2, Progressive Party 2, Self-Government Party 2"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
"text": "the Faroese Court or Raett (Rett - Danish) decides both civil and criminal cases; the Court is part of the Danish legal system"
"highest court(s)": {
"text": "Faroese Court or Raett (Rett - Danish) decides both civil and criminal cases; the Court is part of the Danish legal system"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "Court of the First Instance or Tribunal de Premiere Instance; Court of Administrative Law or Tribunal Administratif; Mixed Commercial Court; Land Court - expected to begin in 2016"
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Center Party (Midflokkurin) [Jenis av RANA] ++ Independence (or Self-Govenment) Party (Sjalvstyrisflokkurin) [Jogvan SKORHEIM] ++ People's Party (Folkaflokkurin) [Jorgen NICLASEN] ++ Progressive Party (Framsokn) [Poul MICHELSEN] ++ Republic (Tjodveldi) (formerly the Republican Party) [Hogni HOYDAL] ++ Self-Government Party [Kari P. HOJGAARD] ++ Social Democratic Party (Javnadarflokkurin) [Aksel JOHANNESEN] ++ Union Party (Sambandsflokkurin) [Kaj Leo JOHANNESEN]"
"text": "Center Party (Midflokkurin) [Jenis av RANA] ++ Independence (or Self-Govenment) Party (Sjalvstyrisflokkurin) [Jogvan SKORHEIM] ++ People's Party (Folkaflokkurin) [Jorgen NICLASEN] ++ Progressive Party (Framsokn) [Poul MICHELSEN] ++ Republic (Tjodveldi) (formerly the Republican Party) [Hogni HOYDAL] ++ Social Democratic Party (Javnadarflokkurin) [Aksel V. JOHANNESEN] ++ Union Party (Sambandsflokkurin) [Bardur a STEIG NIELSEN]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"other": {
@ -356,25 +359,25 @@
"text": "Simun av SKAROI/Peter ALBERG"
},
"note": {
"text": "adopted 1948; the anthem is also known as \"Tu alfagra land mitt\" (Thou Fairest Land of Mine); as an autonomous overseas division of Denmark, the Faroe Islands are permitted their own national anthem"
"text": "adopted 1948; the anthem is also known as \"Tu alfagra land mitt\" (Thou Fairest Land of Mine); as a self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark, the Faroe Islands are permitted their own national anthem"
}
}
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "The Faroese economy is dependent on fishing, which makes the economy vulnerable to price fluctuations. The sector normally accounts for about 95% of exports and nearly half of GDP. In early 2008 the Faroese economy began to slow as a result of smaller catches and historically high oil prices. The slowdown in the Faroese economy followed a strong performance since the mid-1990s with annual growth rates averaging close to 6%, mostly a result of increased fish landings and salmon farming, and high export prices. Unemployment reached its lowest level in June 2008 at 1.1% but gradually increased to about 5.5% in 2012. Total dependence on fishing and salmon farming make the Faroese economy vulnerable to fluctuations in world demand. Initial discoveries of oil in the Faroese area give hope for eventual oil production, which may provide a foundation for a more diversified economy and less dependence on Danish economic assistance. Aided by an annual subsidy from Denmark amounting to about 3% of Faroese GDP, the Faroese have a standard of living almost equal to that of Denmark and Greenland. The Faroese Government ran relatively large deficits from 2008 to 2010 and budget deficits are forecast for several years ahead. At year-end 2010 gross external debt had reached approximately US$900 million."
"text": "The Faroese economy has experienced a period of significant growth since 2011, due to increases in fish prices, salmon farming, and catches in the pelagic fisheries. Nominal GDP growth was an estimated 7.5% in 2013 and 5.9% in 2014. The fisheries sector accounts for about 95% of exports and half of GDP. Unemployment is low, estimated at 2.9% in mid-2015. ++ ++ The public budget has exhibited deficits since 2008, which were financed through increased borrowing. Public debt reached 38% of GDP in 2015. Aided by an annual subsidy from Denmark amounting to about 4% of Faroese GDP, the Faroese have a standard of living equal to that of Denmark. ++ ++ Dependence on fishing makes the economy vulnerable to price fluctuations. Projections for fish prices are favorable and increasing public infrastructure investments are likely to lead to continued growth in the short term."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$1.471 billion (2010 est.) ++ $1.389 billion (2008 est.)"
"text": "$1.831 billion (2014 est.) ++ $1.729 billion (2013 est.) ++ $1.471 billion (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$2.32 billion (2010 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "2.9% (2010 est.) ++ 0.5% (2008 est.)"
"text": "5.9% (2014 est.) ++ 7.5% (2013 est.) ++ 2.9% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$30,500 (2008 est.)"
"text": "$36,600 (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
@ -388,16 +391,16 @@
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
"text": "milk, potatoes, vegetables; sheep; salmon, other fish"
"text": "milk, potatoes, vegetables; sheep; salmon, herring, mackerel and other fish"
},
"Industries": {
"text": "fishing, fish processing, small ship repair and refurbishment, handicrafts"
"text": "fishing, fish processing, tourism, small ship repair and refurbishment, handicrafts"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "3.4% (2009 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "34,710 (November 2010)"
"text": "25,000 (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -411,7 +414,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "5.5% (2012) ++ 6.8% (2011)"
"text": "2.9% (2015 est.) ++ 3.1% (2014)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "NA%"
@ -451,28 +454,33 @@
"text": "$824 million (2010) ++ $767 million (2009)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "fish and fish products 94%, stamps, ships (2009 est.)"
"text": "fish and fish products 95%, ships (2009 est.)"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "UK 21.8%, Denmark 18.8%, Russia 11.9%, Nigeria 10.9%, US 9.5%, China 7.2%, Netherlands 6% (2014)"
"text": "Russia 20.2%, UK 16.6%, Denmark 16.3%, Nigeria 11.6%, China 9.3%, US 7.2%, Netherlands 5.6%, Norway 4% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$776 million (2010) ++ $786 million (2009)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "goods for household consumption, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, raw materials and semi-manufactures, salt"
"text": "goods for household consumption, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, raw materials and semi-manufactures, cars"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Denmark 45.5%, Norway 27.7%, Germany 5%, Iceland 4.4%, Sweden 4.1% (2014)"
"text": "Denmark 43.9%, Turkey 12.3%, Norway 10%, China 6.2%, Netherlands 4.9%, Germany 4.4% (2015)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$888.8 million (2010) ++ $68.1 million (2006)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Danish kroner (DKK) per US dollar - ++ 5.6125 (2011) ++ 5.3687 (2011) ++ 5.79 (2012 est.) ++ 5.3687 (2011 est.) ++ 5.6241 (2010 est.)"
"text": "Danish kroner (DKK) per US dollar - ++ 6.7236 (2011) ++ 5.3687 (2011) ++ 5.3687 (2011) ++ 5.79 (2012 est.) ++ 5.3687 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "281 million kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -546,18 +554,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "17,300"
"text": "17,000"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "35 (2014 est.)"
"text": "34 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "61,400"
"text": "63,000"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "123 (2014 est.)"
"text": "126 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -568,31 +576,36 @@
"text": "conversion to digital system completed in 1998; both NMT (analog) and GSM (digital) mobile telephone systems are installed"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 298; satellite earth stations - 1 Orion; 1 fiber-optic submarine cable to the Shetland Islands, linking the Faroe Islands with Denmark and Iceland; fiber-optic submarine cable connection to Canada-Europe cable (2011)"
"text": "country code - 298; satellite earth stations - 1 Orion; 1 fiber-optic submarine cable to the Shetland Islands, linking the Faroe Islands with Denmark and Iceland; fiber-optic submarine cable connection to Canada-Europe cable (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "1 publicly owned TV station; the Faroese telecommunications company distributes local and international channels through its digital terrestrial network; publicly owned radio station supplemented by 2 privately owned stations broadcasting over multiple frequencies (2008)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 1, FM 13, shortwave 0 (1998)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "3 (plus 43 repeaters) (September 1995)"
"text": "1 publicly owned TV station; the Faroese telecommunications company distributes local and international channels through its digital terrestrial network; publicly owned radio station supplemented by 3 privately owned stations broadcasting over multiple frequencies (2015)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".fo"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "44,000"
"text": "47,000"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "88.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "94.2% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "1 (registered in Denmark)"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "3 (registered in Denmark) (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "OY-H (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "1 (2013)"
},
@ -606,7 +619,7 @@
},
"Roadways": {
"total": {
"text": "463 km (2006)"
"text": "960 km (2015)"
}
},
"Merchant marine": {
@ -626,30 +639,9 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "no regular military forces (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "11,831 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "9,827"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "8,418 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "372"
},
"female": {
"text": "373 (2010 est.)"
}
"text": "no regular military forces; the Government of Denmark has responsibility for defense; as such, the Danish military’s Joint Arctic Command is responsible for territorial defense of the Faroe Islands (2016)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "defense is the responsibility of Denmark"

288
europe/fr.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "France today is one of the most modern countries in the world and is a leader among European nations. It plays an influential global role as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, NATO, the G-8, the G-20, the EU and other multilateral organizations. France rejoined NATO's integrated military command structure in 2009, reversing DE GAULLE's 1966 decision to withdraw French forces from NATO. Since 1958, it has constructed a hybrid presidential-parliamentary governing system resistant to the instabilities experienced in earlier, more purely parliamentary administrations. In recent decades, its reconciliation and cooperation with Germany have proved central to the economic integration of Europe, including the introduction of a common currency, the euro, in January 1999. In the early 21st century, five French overseas entities - French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion - became French regions and were made part of France proper."
"text": "France today is one of the most modern countries in the world and is a leader among European nations. It plays an influential global role as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, NATO, the G-8, the G-20, the EU, and other multilateral organizations. France rejoined NATO's integrated military command structure in 2009, reversing DE GAULLE's 1966 decision to withdraw French forces from NATO. Since 1958, it has constructed a hybrid presidential-parliamentary governing system resistant to the instabilities experienced in earlier, more purely parliamentary administrations. In recent decades, its reconciliation and cooperation with Germany have proved central to the economic integration of Europe, including the introduction of a common currency, the euro, in January 1999. In the early 21st century, five French overseas entities - French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion - became French regions and were made part of France proper."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -80,10 +80,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "slightly more than four times the size of Georgia; slightly less than the size of Texas",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "slightly more than four times the size of Georgia; slightly less than the size of Texas"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"metropolitan France - total": {
@ -155,12 +152,12 @@
"text": "mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast"
}
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Rhone River delta -2 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "375 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Mont Blanc 4,807 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Rhone River delta -2 m ++ highest point: Mont Blanc 4,807 m"
},
"note": {
"text": "to assess the possible effects of climate change on the ice and snow cap of Mont Blanc, its surface and peak have been extensively measured in recent years; these new peak measurements have exceeded the traditional height of 4,807 m and have varied between 4,808 m and 4,811 m; the actual rock summit is 4,792 m and is 40 m away from the ice-covered summit"
@ -190,19 +187,11 @@
"text": "26,420 sq km 26,950 sq km"
},
"metropolitan France": {
"text": "27,230 sq km (2007)"
"text": "26,000 sq km (2012)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "211 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "31.62 cu km/yr (19%/71%/10%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "512.1 cu m/yr (2009)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "much of the population is concentrated in the north and southeast; although there are many urban agglomerations throughout the country, Paris is by far the largest city, with Lyon ranked a distant second"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"metropolitan France": {
@ -224,10 +213,16 @@
}
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "largest West European nation"
"text": "largest West European nation; most major French rivers - the Meuse, Seine, Loire, Charente, Dordogne, and Garonne - flow northward or westward into the Atlantic Ocean, only the Rhone flows southward into the Mediterranean Sea"
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "66,836,154",
"note": {
"text": "the above figure is for metropolitan France and five overseas regions; the metropolitan France population is 62,814,233 (July 2016 est.)"
}
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women)"
@ -249,35 +244,26 @@
}
},
"Religions": {
"text": "Christian (overwhelmingly Roman Catholic) 63-66%, Muslim 7-9%, Jewish .5-.75%, Buddhist .5-.75%, other .5-1.0%, none 23-28%",
"text": "Christian (overwhelmingly Roman Catholic) 63-66%, Muslim 7-9%, Buddhist 0.5-0.75%, Jewish 0.5-0.75%, other 0.5-1.0%, none 23-28%",
"note": {
"text": "France maintains a tradition of secularism and has not officially collected data on religious affiliation since the 1872 national census, which complicates assessments of France's religious composition; an 1872 law prohibiting state authorities from collecting data on individuals' ethnicity or religious beliefs was reaffirmed by a 1978 law emphasizing the prohibition of the collection or exploitation of personal data revealing an individual's race, ethnicity, or political, philosophical, or religious opinions; a 1905 law codified France's separation of Church and State (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Population": {
"text": "66,553,766",
"note": {
"text": "the above figure is for metropolitan France and five overseas regions; the metropolitan France population is 62,814,233 (July 2015 est.)"
"text": "France maintains a tradition of secularism and has not officially collected data on religious affiliation since the 1872 national census, which complicates assessments of France's religious composition; an 1872 law prohibiting state authorities from collecting data on individuals' ethnicity or religious beliefs was reaffirmed by a 1978 law emphasizing the prohibition of the collection or exploitation of personal data revealing an individual's race, ethnicity, or political, philosophical, or religious opinions; a 1905 law codified France's separation of church and state (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "18.66% (male 6,350,008/female 6,066,407)"
"text": "18.59% (male 6,354,241/female 6,070,971)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "11.82% (male 4,025,283/female 3,842,989)"
"text": "11.8% (male 4,035,407/female 3,853,153)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "38.31% (male 12,823,675/female 12,671,013)"
"text": "38.04% (male 12,799,923/female 12,625,781)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "12.48% (male 4,008,672/female 4,294,218)"
"text": "12.44% (male 4,011,853/female 4,303,261)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "18.74% (male 5,360,078/female 7,111,423) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "19.12% (male 5,510,337/female 7,271,227) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -296,26 +282,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "41.1 years"
"text": "41.2 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "39.4 years"
"text": "39.5 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "42.6 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "42.9 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "0.43% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.41% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "12.38 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "12.3 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "9.16 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "9.3 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "1.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "much of the population is concentrated in the north and southeast; although there are many urban agglomerations throughout the country, Paris is by far the largest city, with Lyon ranked a distant second"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -348,36 +337,39 @@
"text": "0.75 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.96 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.96 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "28.1 (2010 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "8 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "3.28 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "3.3 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "3.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "2.94 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "81.75 years"
"text": "81.8 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "78.65 years"
"text": "78.7 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "85.01 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "85.1 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "2.08 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.07 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "76.4%",
@ -386,7 +378,7 @@
}
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "11.7% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "11.5% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "3.19 physicians/1,000 population (2013)"
@ -423,7 +415,7 @@
"text": "25.7% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5.9% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "5.5% of GDP (2012)"
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
@ -433,18 +425,18 @@
"text": "16 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "16 years (2012)"
"text": "17 years (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "23.8%"
"text": "23.2%"
},
"male": {
"text": "23.9%"
"text": "24.1%"
},
"female": {
"text": "23.7% (2012 est.)"
"text": "22.1% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -461,10 +453,13 @@
},
"local short form": {
"text": "France"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "name derives from the Latin \"Francia\" meaning \"Land of the Franks\"; the Franks were a group of Germanic tribes located along the middle and lower Rhine River in the 3rd century A.D. who merged with Gallic-Roman populations in succeeding centuries and to whom they passed on their name"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "republic"
"text": "semi-presidential republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -484,9 +479,9 @@
}
},
"Administrative divisions": {
"text": "27 regions (regions, singular - region); Alsace, Aquitaine, Auvergne, Basse-Normandie (Lower Normandy), Bourgogne (Burgundy), Bretagne (Brittany), Centre, Champagne-Ardenne, Corse (Corsica), Franche-Comte, Guadeloupe, Guyane (French Guiana), Haute-Normandie (Upper Normandy), Ile-de-France, Languedoc-Roussillon, Limousin, Lorraine, Martinique, Mayotte, Midi-Pyrenees, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Pays de la Loire, Picardie, Poitou-Charentes, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, Reunion, Rhone-Alpes",
"text": "18 regions (regions, singular - region); Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte (Burgundy-Free County), Bretagne (Brittany), Centre-Val de Loire (Center-Loire Valley), Corse (Corsica), Grand Est (Grand East), Guadeloupe, Guyane (French Guiana), Hauts-de-France (Upper France), Ile-de-France, Martinique, Mayotte, Normandie (Normandy), Nouvelle-Aquitaine (New Aquitaine), Occitanie (Occitania), Pays de la Loire (Lands of the Loire), Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, Reunion",
"note": {
"text": "France is divided into 22 metropolitan regions (including the \"territorial collectivity\" of Corse or Corsica) and 5 overseas regions (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion) and is subdivided into 96 metropolitan departments and 5 overseas departments (which are the same as the overseas regions)"
"text": "France is divided into 13 metropolitan regions (including the \"territorial collectivity\" of Corse or Corsica) and 5 overseas regions (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion) and is subdivided into 96 metropolitan departments and 5 overseas departments (which are the same as the overseas regions)"
}
},
"Dependent areas": {
@ -502,7 +497,7 @@
"text": "Fete de la Federation, 14 July (1790); note - although often incorrectly referred to as Bastille Day, the celebration actually commemorates the holiday held on the first anniversary of the storming of the Bastille (on 14 July 1789) and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy; other names for the holiday are Fete Nationale (National Holiday) and quatorze juillet (14th of July)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "many previous; latest effective 4 October 1958; amended many times, last in 2008 (2015)"
"text": "many previous; latest effective 4 October 1958; amended many times, last in 2008 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law; review of administrative but not legislative acts"
@ -511,8 +506,11 @@
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": "no, unless at least one parent is a citizen of France"
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of France"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes"
@ -529,7 +527,7 @@
"text": "President Francois HOLLANDE (since 15 May 2012)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Manuel VALLS (since 1 April 2014)"
"text": "Prime Minister Manuel VALLS (since 31 March 2014)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president at the suggestion of the prime minister"
@ -557,10 +555,10 @@
"text": "Court of Cassation or Cour de Cassation (consists of the court president, 6 divisional presiding judges, 120 trial judges, and 70 deputy judges organized into 6 divisions - 3 civil, 1 commercial, 1 labor, and 1 criminal); Constitutional Council (consists of 9 members)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "Court of Cassation judges appointed by the president of the republic from nominations from the High Council of the Judiciary, presided by the Court of Cassation and 15 appointed members; judge term of appointment NA; Constitutional Council members appointed - 3 by the president of the republic and 3 each by the National Assembly and Senate presidents; members serve 9-year, non-renewable terms with one third of the membership renewed every 3 years"
"text": "Court of Cassation judges appointed by the president of the republic from nominations from the High Council of the Judiciary, presided by the Court of Cassation and 15 appointed members; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Council members appointed - 3 by the president of the republic and 3 each by the National Assembly and Senate presidents; members serve 9-year, non-renewable terms with one third of the membership renewed every 3 years"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "appellate courts or Cour d'Appel; regional courts or Tribunal de Grande Instance; first instance courts or Tribunal' d'instance"
"text": "appellate courts or Cour d'Appel; regional courts or Tribunal de Grande Instance; first instance courts or Tribunal d'instance"
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
@ -603,7 +601,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Jane D. HARTLEY (since 31 October 2014); note - also accredited to Monaco"
"text": "Ambassador Jane D. HARTLEY (since 5 November 2014); note - also accredited to Monaco"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "2 Avenue Gabriel, 75382 Paris Cedex 08"
@ -644,47 +642,47 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "The French economy is diversified across all sectors. The government has partially or fully privatized many large companies, including Air France, France Telecom, Renault, and Thales. However, the government maintains a strong presence in some sectors, particularly power, public transport, and defense industries. With more than 84 million foreign tourists per year, France is the most visited country in the world and maintains the third largest income in the world from tourism. France's leaders remain committed to a capitalism in which they maintain social equity by means of laws, tax policies, and social spending that mitigate economic inequality. France's real GDP increased by 0.4% in 2014. The unemployment rate (including overseas territories) increased from 7.8% in 2008 to 10.4% in the fourth quarter of 2014. Youth unemployment in metropolitan France decreased from a high of 25.4% in the fourth quarter of 2012 to 24.3% in the fourth quarter of 2014. Lower-than-expected growth and high spending have strained France's public finances. The budget deficit rose sharply from 3.3% of GDP in 2008 to 7.5% of GDP in 2009 before improving to 4% of GDP in 2014, while France's public debt rose from 68% of GDP to more than 95% in 2014, and may hit 100% by 2016. Elected on a conventionally leftist platform, President Francois HOLLANDE surprised and angered many supporters with a January 2014 speech announcing a sharp change in his economic policy, recasting himself as a liberalizing reformer. The government's budget for 2014 shifted the balance of fiscal consolidation from taxes to a total of $24 billion in spending cuts. In December 2014, HOLLANDE announced additional reforms, including a plan to extend commercial business hours, liberalize professional services, and sell off $6.2-12.4 billion in state owned assets. France’s tax burden remains well above the EU average and income tax cuts over the past decade are being partly reversed, particularly for higher earners. The top rate of income tax is 41%. The government is allowing a 75% payroll tax on salaries over $1.24 million to lapse."
"text": "The French economy is diversified across all sectors. The government has partially or fully privatized many large companies, including Air France, France Telecom, Renault, and Thales. However, the government maintains a strong presence in some sectors, particularly power, public transport, and defense industries. With more than 84 million foreign tourists per year, France is the most visited country in the world and maintains the third largest income in the world from tourism. France's leaders remain committed to a capitalism in which they maintain social equity by means of laws, tax policies, and social spending that mitigate economic inequality. ++ ++ France's real GDP increased by 1.1% in 2015. The unemployment rate (including overseas territories) increased from 7.8% in 2008 to 9.9% in the fourth quarter of 2014. Youth unemployment in metropolitan France decreased from a high of 25.4% in the fourth quarter of 2012 to 24.3% in the fourth quarter of 2014. ++ ++ Lower-than-expected growth and high spending have strained France's public finances. The budget deficit rose sharply from 3.3% of GDP in 2008 to 7.5% of GDP in 2009 before improving to 4% of GDP in 2014 and 2015, while France's public debt rose from 68% of GDP to more than 98% in 2015, and may hit 100% in 2016. ++ ++ Elected on a conventionally leftist platform, President Francois HOLLANDE surprised and angered many supporters with a January 2014 speech announcing a sharp change in his economic policy, recasting himself as a liberalizing reformer. The government's budget for 2014 shifted the balance of fiscal consolidation from taxes to a total of $24 billion in spending cuts. In December 2014, HOLLANDE announced additional reforms, including a plan to extend commercial business hours, liberalize professional services, and sell off $6.2-12.4 billion in state owned assets. France’s tax burden remains well above the EU average and income tax cuts over the past decade are being partly reversed, particularly for higher earners. The top rate of income tax is 41%. The government is allowing a 75% payroll tax on salaries over $1.24 million to lapse."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$2.591 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $2.587 trillion (2013 est.) ++ $2.57 trillion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$2.666 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $2.632 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $2.616 trillion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$2.834 trillion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$2.42 trillion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "0.2% (2014 est.) ++ 0.7% (2013 est.) ++ 0.2% (2012 est.)"
"text": "1.3% (2015 est.) ++ 0.6% (2014 est.) ++ 0.6% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$40,500 (2014 est.) ++ $40,500 (2013 est.) ++ $40,200 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$41,500 (2015 est.) ++ $41,100 (2014 est.) ++ $41,100 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "21.2% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 21.5% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 21.5% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "22.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 21.4% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 21.4% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "55.5%"
"text": "55.1%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "24.2%"
"text": "23.9%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "21.7%"
"text": "21.5%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.5%"
"text": "0.8%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "28.7%"
"text": "30%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-30.6% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-31.4% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -692,10 +690,10 @@
"text": "1.7%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "19.4%"
"text": "19.5%"
},
"services": {
"text": "78.9% (2014 est.)"
"text": "78.8% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -705,10 +703,10 @@
"text": "machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft, electronics; textiles, food processing; tourism"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "-1.7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.8% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "29.79 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "30.41 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -722,7 +720,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "10.2% (2014 est.) ++ 10.3% (2013 est.)",
"text": "10.1% (2015 est.) ++ 9.9% (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "includes overseas territories"
}
@ -743,29 +741,29 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$1.517 trillion"
"text": "$1.294 trillion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$1.63 trillion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.38 trillion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "53.5% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "53.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-4% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-3.6% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "95.5% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 92.2% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "96.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 95.3% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.6% (2014 est.) ++ 1% (2013 est.)"
"text": "0.1% (2015 est.) ++ 0.6% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2014) ++ 0.25% (31 December 2013)",
@ -774,10 +772,10 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "2.6% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 2.84% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "1.93% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 2.6% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$989.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.036 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)",
"text": "$1.079 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.08 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
}
@ -786,49 +784,54 @@
"text": "$2.541 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.771 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$3.831 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $4.199 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$3.528 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $3.831 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$1.762 trillion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $1.538 trillion (31 December 2011) ++ $1.983 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$2.088 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.086 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.301 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$26.24 billion (2014 est.) ++ -$22.65 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$4.832 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$30.29 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$584.5 billion (2014 est.) ++ $582.5 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$510.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $584.5 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and transportation equipment, aircraft, plastics, chemicals, pharmaceutical products, iron and steel, beverages"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 16.9%, Belgium 7.5%, Italy 7.4%, Spain 7.3%, UK 7.2%, US 5.8%, Netherlands 4.1% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 15.9%, Spain 7.3%, US 7.2%, Italy 7.1%, UK 7.1%, Belgium 6.8% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$631.1 billion (2014 est.) ++ $639.6 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$537.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $631.1 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, vehicles, crude oil, aircraft, plastics, chemicals"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 19.9%, Belgium 11.4%, Italy 7.8%, Netherlands 7.7%, Spain 6.7%, China 5%, UK 4.4% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 19.5%, Belgium 10.7%, Italy 7.7%, Netherlands 7.5%, Spain 6.8%, US 5.5%, China 5.4%, UK 4.3% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$143.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $144.9 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$138.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $143.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$5.496 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $5.549 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$1.103 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.095 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$773.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $729.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$1.532 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.497 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.316 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.279 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.7489 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.7752 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.) ++ 0.755 (2010 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.7752 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "568 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
},
@ -902,18 +905,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "38.81 million"
"text": "38.929 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "59 (2014 est.)"
"text": "58 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "64.9 million"
"text": "66.681 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "98 (2014 est.)"
"text": "100 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -927,31 +930,42 @@
"text": "country code - 33; numerous submarine cables provide links throughout Europe, Asia, Australia, the Middle East, and US; satellite earth stations - more than 3 (2 Intelsat (with total of 5 antennas - 2 for Indian Ocean and 3 for Atlantic Ocean), NA Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat - Atlantic Ocean region); HF radiotelephone communications with more than 20 countries"
},
"overseas departments": {
"text": "country codes: French Guiana - 594; Guadeloupe - 590; Martinique - 596; Mayotte - 262; Reunion - 262 (2011)"
"text": "country codes: French Guiana - 594; Guadeloupe - 590; Martinique - 596; Mayotte - 262; Reunion - 262 (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "a mix of both publicly operated and privately owned TV stations; state-owned France Televisions operates 4 networks, one of which is a network of regional stations, and has part-interest in several thematic cable/satellite channels and international channels; a large number of privately owned regional and local TV stations; multi-channel satellite and cable services provide a large number of channels; public broadcaster Radio France operates 7 national networks, a series of regional networks, and operates services for overseas territories and foreign audiences; Radio France Internationale (RFI), under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is a leading international broadcaster; a large number of commercial FM stations, with many of them consolidating into commercial networks (2008)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 41, FM about 3,500 (this figure is an approximation and includes many repeaters), shortwave 2 (1998)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "584 (plus 9,676 repeaters) (1995)"
"text": "a mix of both publicly operated and privately owned TV stations; state-owned France television stations operate 4 networks, one of which is a network of regional stations, and has part-interest in several thematic cable/satellite channels and international channels; a large number of privately owned regional and local TV stations; multi-channel satellite and cable services provide a large number of channels; public broadcaster Radio France operates 7 national networks, a series of regional networks, and operates services for overseas territories and foreign audiences; Radio France Internationale, under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is a leading international broadcaster; a large number of commercial FM stations, with many of them consolidating into commercial networks (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": "metropolitan France - .fr; French Guiana - .gf; Guadeloupe - .gp; Martinique - .mq; Mayotte - .yt; Reunion - .re"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "56.8 million"
"text": "56.367 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "85.8% (2014 est.)"
"text": "84.7% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "30"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "485"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "65,039,503"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "4,098.31 million mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "F (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "464 (2013)"
},
@ -986,7 +1000,7 @@
"text": "64"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 105 (2013)"
"text": "105 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -1054,37 +1068,13 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Army (Armee de Terre; includes Marines, Foreign Legion, Army Light Aviation), Navy (Marine Nationale), Air Force (Armee de l'Air (AdlA); includes Air Defense) (2011)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-25 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription; 1-year service obligation; women serve in noncombat posts (2013)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "14,563,662"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "14,238,434 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "12,025,341"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "11,721,827 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "396,050"
},
"female": {
"text": "377,839 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.8% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.9% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.9% of GDP (2012)"
}
@ -1095,10 +1085,10 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "23,966 (Sri Lanka); 13,727 (Democratic Republic of the Congo); 13,644 (Russia); 12,003 (Cambodia); 12,119 (Serbia and Kosovo); 10,699 (Turkey); 8,281 (Vietnam); 7,036 (Laos); 5,201 (Guinea); 5,058 (Mauritania) (2014)"
"text": "24,220 (Sri Lanka); 14,195 (Russia); 14,182 (Democratic Republic of the Congo); 12,500 (Serbia and Kosovo); 11,824 (Cambodia); 10,652 (Turkey); 8,132 (Vietnam); 6,944 (Laos); 6,005 (Guinea); 5,179 (Syria); 5,006 (Mauritania) (2015)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "1,288 (2014)"
"text": "1,326 (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

127
europe/gi.json
View file

@ -50,12 +50,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "a narrow coastal lowland borders the Rock of Gibraltar"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "NA"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Rock of Gibraltar 426 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m ++ highest point: Rock of Gibraltar 426 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -86,6 +86,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "29,328 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Gibraltarian(s)"
@ -103,51 +106,45 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Roman Catholic 78.1%, Church of England 7%, Muslim 4%, other Christian 3.2%, Jewish 2.1%, Hindu 1.8%, other 0.9%, none 2.9% (2001 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "29,258 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "20.11% (male 3,014/female 2,870)"
"text": "20.12% (male 3,024/female 2,878)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "15.58% (male 2,383/female 2,174)"
"text": "15.02% (male 2,305/female 2,101)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "38.44% (male 5,678/female 5,569)"
"text": "38.94% (male 5,804/female 5,617)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "10.47% (male 1,418/female 1,644)"
"text": "10.15% (male 1,328/female 1,649)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "15.41% (male 2,216/female 2,292) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "15.76% (male 2,276/female 2,346) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "34.2 years"
"text": "34.5 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "33.3 years"
"text": "33.6 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "35.2 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "33.5 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "0.24% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.24% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "14.08 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "14.1 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "8.37 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "8.4 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-3.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "-3.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -171,42 +168,42 @@
"text": "1.1 male(s)/female"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "1.02 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "0.86 male(s)/female"
"text": "0.81 male(s)/female"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "0.97 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "1.01 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.01 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "6.16 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "6 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "6.85 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "6.7 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "5.42 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "5.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "79.28 years"
"text": "79.4 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "76.43 years"
"text": "76.6 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "82.34 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "82.5 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.91 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.91 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -228,13 +225,16 @@
},
"conventional short form": {
"text": "Gibraltar"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "from the Spanish derivation of the Arabic \"Jabal Tariq,\" which means \"Mountain of Tariq\" and which refers to the Rock of Gibraltar"
}
},
"Dependency status": {
"text": "overseas territory of the UK"
},
"Government type": {
"text": "NA"
"text": "parliamentary democracy (Parliament); self-governing overseas territory of the UK"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -260,17 +260,20 @@
"text": "National Day, 10 September (1967); note - day of the national referendum to decide whether to remain with the UK or join Spain"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1969; latest passed by referendum 30 November 2006, entered into effect 14 December 2006, entered into force 2 January 2007 (2015)"
"text": "previous 1969; latest passed by referendum 30 November 2006, entered into effect 14 December 2006, entered into force 2 January 2007 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply"
},
"Citizenship": {
"text": "see United Kingdom"
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal; and British citizens with six months residence or more"
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Sir James DUTTON (since 6 December 2013); note - Governor DUTTON has resigned and left his post on 28 September 2015; Alison MACMILLAN becomes acting governor; Lt. Gen. Edward DAVIS was appointed governor on 1 October 2015 and will take offide in early 2016"
"text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Lt. Gen. Edward DAVIS (since 19 January 2016)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Chief Minister Fabian PICARDO (since 9 December 2011)"
@ -287,10 +290,10 @@
"text": "unicameral Parliament (18 seats; 17 members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by majority vote and 1 appointed by Parliament as speaker; members serve 4-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 8 December 2011 (next to be held not later than 8 December 2015)"
"text": "last held on 26 November 2015 (next to be held not later than December 2019)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party - GSD 48%, GSLP 46.8%, Progressive Democratic Party 4.4%, other 0.8%; seats by party - GSD 10, GSLP 7"
"text": "percent of vote by party - GSLP 68.4%, GSD 31.6%; seats by party - GSLP 10, GSD 7"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -339,7 +342,7 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Self-sufficient Gibraltar benefits from an extensive shipping trade, offshore banking, and its position as an international conference center. Tax rates are low to attract foreign investment. The British military presence has been sharply reduced and now contributes about 7% to the local economy, compared with 60% in 1984. The financial sector, tourism (over 11 million visitors in 2012), gaming revenues, shipping services fees, and duties on consumer goods also generate revenue. The financial sector, tourism, and the shipping sector contribute 30%, 30%, and 25%, respectively, of GDP. Telecommunications, e-commerce, and e-gaming account for the remaining 15%. In recent years, Gibraltar has seen major structural change from a public to a private sector economy, but changes in government spending still have a major impact on the level of employment."
"text": "Self-sufficient Gibraltar benefits from an extensive shipping trade, offshore banking, and its position as an international conference center. Tax rates are low to attract foreign investment. The British military presence has been sharply reduced and now contributes about 7% to the local economy, compared with 60% in 1984. In recent years, Gibraltar has seen major structural change from a public to a private sector economy, but changes in government spending still have a major impact on the level of employment. ++ ++ The financial sector, tourism (over 11 million visitors in 2012), gaming revenues, shipping services fees, and duties on consumer goods also generate revenue. The financial sector, tourism, and the shipping sector contribute 30%, 30%, and 25%, respectively, of GDP. Telecommunications, e-commerce, and e-gaming account for the remaining 15%."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$1.85 billion (2013 est.) ++ $2 billion (2012 est.) ++ $1.106 billion (2006 est.)"
@ -374,7 +377,7 @@
"text": "NA%"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "22,910 (2001) (2013 est.)"
"text": "22,910 (2013 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -440,7 +443,7 @@
"text": "$NA"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Gibraltar pounds (GIP) per US dollar - ++ 0.7489 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.64 (2012) ++ 0.624 (2011) ++ 0.6472 (2010)"
"text": "Gibraltar pounds (GIP) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.64 (2012) ++ 0.624 (2011)"
}
},
"Energy": {
@ -520,7 +523,7 @@
"text": "23,400"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "80 (2014 est.)"
"text": "80 (July 2014 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
@ -528,7 +531,7 @@
"text": "38,000"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "130 (2014 est.)"
"text": "130 (July 2014 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -539,31 +542,28 @@
"text": "automatic exchange facilities"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 350; radiotelephone; microwave radio relay; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)"
"text": "country code - 350; radiotelephone; microwave radio relay; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation (GBC) provides TV and radio broadcasting services via 1 TV station and 4 radio stations; British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS) operates 1 radio station; broadcasts from Spanish radio and TV stations are accessible (2008)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 1, FM 5, shortwave 0 (1998)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "1 (plus 3 repeaters) (1997)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".gi"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "20,200"
"text": "24,000"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "70.14% (2009)"
"text": "82% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "VP-G (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "1 (2013)"
},
@ -603,31 +603,10 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Royal Gibraltar Regiment (2013)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "7,037 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "6,017"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "5,706 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "228"
},
"female": {
"text": "220 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "defense is the responsibility of the UK; the Royal Gibraltar Regiment replaced the last British regular infantry forces in 1992"
}

154
europe/gk.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Guernsey and the other Channel Islands represent the last remnants of the medieval Dukedom of Normandy, which held sway in both France and England. The islands were the only British soil occupied by German troops in World War II. Guernsey is a British crown dependency but is not part of the UK or of the European Union. However, the UK Government is constitutionally responsible for its defense and international representation."
"text": "Guernsey and the other Channel Islands represent the last remnants of the medieval Dukedom of Normandy, which held sway in both France and England. The islands were the only British soil occupied by German troops in World War II. Guernsey is a British crown dependency but is not part of the UK or of the EU. However, the UK Government is constitutionally responsible for its defense and international representation."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -51,12 +51,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "mostly flat with low hills in southwest"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "NA"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "unnamed elevation on Sark 114 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m ++ highest point: unnamed elevation on Sark 114 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -76,6 +76,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "66,297 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Channel Islander(s)"
@ -93,27 +96,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Protestant (Anglican, Presbyterian, Baptist, Congregational, Methodist), Roman Catholic"
},
"Population": {
"text": "66,080 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "14.49% (male 4,956/female 4,619)"
"text": "14.46% (male 4,956/female 4,630)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "11.71% (male 3,940/female 3,798)"
"text": "11.45% (male 3,877/female 3,715)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "42.05% (male 14,007/female 13,782)"
"text": "41.89% (male 14,009/female 13,760)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "12.86% (male 4,237/female 4,260)"
"text": "12.93% (male 4,267/female 4,304)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "18.89% (male 5,643/female 6,838) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "19.28% (male 5,797/female 6,982) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -130,31 +127,31 @@
"text": "3.9%"
},
"note": {
"text": "data represents the Channel Islands (2015 est.)"
"text": "data represent the Channel Islands (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "43.4 years"
"text": "43.6 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "42.1 years"
"text": "42.3 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "44.5 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "44.8 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "0.34% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.32% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "9.84 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "9.8 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "8.78 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "8.9 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "2.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -164,7 +161,7 @@
"text": "0.76% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"note": {
"text": "data is for the Channel Islands"
"text": "data are for the Channel Islands"
}
},
"Sex ratio": {
@ -181,39 +178,39 @@
"text": "1.02 male(s)/female"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "1 male(s)/female"
"text": "0.99 male(s)/female"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "0.83 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.99 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.99 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "3.44 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "3.4 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "3.74 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "3.7 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "3.13 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "82.47 years"
"text": "82.5 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "79.79 years"
"text": "79.9 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "85.29 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "85.4 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.55 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.56 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -232,13 +229,16 @@
},
"conventional short form": {
"text": "Guernsey"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "the name is of Old Norse origin, but the meaning of the root \"Guern(s)\" is uncertain; the \"-ey\" ending means \"island\""
}
},
"Dependency status": {
"text": "British crown dependency"
},
"Government type": {
"text": "parliamentary democracy"
"text": "parliamentary democracy (States of Deliberation); a Crown dependency of the UK"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -267,34 +267,37 @@
"text": "unwritten; includes royal charters, statutes, and common law and practice"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "customary legal system based on Norman customary law, and includes elements of the French Civil Code and English common law"
"text": "customary legal system based on Norman customary law, and includes elements of the French civil code and English common law"
},
"Citizenship": {
"text": "see United Kingdom"
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "16 years of age; universal"
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Lieutenant Governor (vacant); note - Lieutenant Governor Air Marshall Peter WALKER died 6 September 2015; Bailiff Sir Richard COLLAS becomes acting lieutenant governor"
"text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Lieutenant Governor Vice Admiral Ian CORDER sworn in on 14 March 2016"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Chief Minister Jonathan LE TOCQ (since 12 March 2014); Bailiff Richard COLLAS (since 23 March 2012); note - Chief Minister Peter HARWOOD resigned on 25 February 2014"
"text": "Chief Minister Jonathan LE TOCQ (since 12 March 2014); Bailiff Sir Richard COLLAS (since 23 March 2012)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "none; note - the Policy Council, elected by the States of Deliberation, functions mainly as policy coordination body"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; lieutenant governor and bailiff appointed by the monarch; chief minister indirectly elected by States of Deliberation election last held on 12 March 2014 (next to be held NA)"
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; lieutenant governor and bailiff appointed by the monarch; chief minister indirectly elected by States of Deliberation; last held on 27 April 2016 (next to be held in 2020)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Peter HARWOOD (independent) elected chief minister; States of Deliberation vote - 22 of 42"
"text": "Jonathan LE TOCQ (independent) elected chief minister; States of Deliberation vote - 22 of 42 votes"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "unicameral States of Deliberation (47 seats - 45 People's Deputies and 2 representatives of the States of Alderney; members directly elected by majority vote to serve 4-year terms); note - non-voting members include the bailiff (presiding officer), attorney-general, and solicitor-general"
"text": "unicameral States of Deliberation (40 seats; 38 People's Deputies and 2 representatives of the States of Alderney; members directly elected by majority vote to serve 4-year terms); note - non-voting members include the bailiff (presiding officer), attorney-general, and solicitor-general"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 18 April 2012 (next to be held in 2016)"
"text": "last held on 27 April 2016 (next to be held in 2020)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote - NA; seats - all independent"
@ -305,7 +308,7 @@
"text": "Guernsey Court of Appeal (consists of the Bailiff of Guernsey, who is the ex-officio president of the Guernsey Court of Appeal, and at least 12 judges); Royal Court (organized into 3 divisions - Full Court sits with 1 judge and 7 to 12 jurats acting as judges of fact, Ordinary Court sits with 1 judge and normally 3 jurats, and Matrimonial Causes Division sits with a 1 judge and 4 jurats); note - appeals beyond Guernsey courts are heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "Royal Court Balliff, Deputy Balliff and Court of Appeal justices appointed by the British Crown and hold office at Her Majesty's pleasure; jurats elected by the States of Election, a body chaired by the Balliff and a number of jurats"
"text": "Royal Court Bailiff, Deputy Bailiff, and Court of Appeal justices appointed by the British Crown and hold office at Her Majesty's pleasure; jurats elected by the States of Election, a body chaired by the Bailiff and a number of jurats"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "Court of Alderney; Court of the Seneschal of Sark; Magistrate's Court (includes Juvenile Court); Contracts Court; Ecclesiastical Court; Court of Chief Pleas"
@ -349,16 +352,16 @@
"text": "Financial services account for about 40% of employment and about 55% of total income in this tiny, prosperous Channel Island economy. Tourism, manufacturing, and horticulture, mainly tomatoes and cut flowers, have been declining. Financial services, construction, retail, and the public sector have been growing. Light tax and death duties make Guernsey a popular tax haven. In October 2014, Guernsey signed an OECD agreement to automatically exchange some financial account information to limit tax avoidance and evasion."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$3.42 billion (2013 est.) ++ $3.36 billion (2012 est.) ++ $3.258 billion (2011 est.)"
"text": "$3.451 billion (2014 est.) ++ $3.42 billion (2013 est.) ++ $3.36 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$2.742 billion (2005 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1.8% (2013 est.) ++ 3.1% (2012 est.)"
"text": "0.9% (2014 est.) ++ 1.2% (2013 est.) ++ 4.2% (2012 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$44,600 (2005 est.)"
"text": "$52,300 (2014 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
@ -427,13 +430,20 @@
"text": "$NA"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "coal, gasoline, oil, machinery and equipment"
"text": "coal, gasoline, oil, machinery, and equipment"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Guernsey pound per US dollar ++ 0.607 (2014) ++ 0.607 (2013) ++ 0.63 (2012) ++ 0.624 (2011) ++ 0.6472 (2010)"
"text": "Guernsey pound per US dollar ++ 0.6542 (2015) ++ 0.607 (2014) ++ 0.607 (2013) ++ 0.63 (2012) ++ 0.624 (2011)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
}
},
"Communications": {
@ -442,47 +452,49 @@
"text": "45,100"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "70 (2014 est.)"
"text": "69 (July 2010 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "43,800"
"text": "67,500"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "70 (2004)"
"text": "103 (July 2013 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
"domestic": {
"text": "fixed-line and mobile-cellular services widely available; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity exceeds 100 per 100 persons"
"text": "fixed-line and mobile-cellular services widely available"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 44; 1 submarine cable (2011)"
"text": "country code - 44; 1 submarine cable (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "multiple UK terrestrial TV broadcasts are received via a transmitter in Jersey with relays in Jersey, Guernsey, and Alderney; satellite packages are available; BBC Radio Guernsey and 1 other radio station operating (2009)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1998)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "1 (1997)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".gg"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "48,300"
"text": "55,050"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "74.94% (2009)"
"text": "83.3% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "2 (registered in UK)"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "11 (registered in UK) (2015)"
}
},
"Airports": {
"text": "2 (2013)"
},
@ -503,23 +515,7 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "12,493"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "12,272 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "354"
},
"female": {
"text": "342 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military and Security": {
"Military - note": {
"text": "defense is the responsibility of the UK"
}

284
europe/gm.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "As Europe's largest economy and second most populous nation (after Russia), Germany is a key member of the continent's economic, political, and defense organizations. European power struggles immersed Germany in two devastating World Wars in the first half of the 20th century and left the country occupied by the victorious Allied powers of the US, UK, France, and the Soviet Union in 1945. With the advent of the Cold War, two German states were formed in 1949: the western Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the eastern German Democratic Republic (GDR). The democratic FRG embedded itself in key Western economic and security organizations, the EC, which became the EU, and NATO, while the communist GDR was on the front line of the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. The decline of the USSR and the end of the Cold War allowed for German unification in 1990. Since then, Germany has expended considerable funds to bring Eastern productivity and wages up to Western standards. In January 1999, Germany and 10 other EU countries introduced a common European exchange currency, the euro."
"text": "As Europe's largest economy and second most populous nation (after Russia), Germany is a key member of the continent's economic, political, and defense organizations. European power struggles immersed Germany in two devastating World Wars in the first half of the 20th century and left the country occupied by the victorious Allied powers of the US, UK, France, and the Soviet Union in 1945. With the advent of the Cold War, two German states were formed in 1949: the western Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the eastern German Democratic Republic (GDR). The democratic FRG embedded itself in key western economic and security organizations, the EC, which became the EU, and NATO, while the communist GDR was on the front line of the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. The decline of the USSR and the end of the Cold War allowed for German unification in 1990. Since then, Germany has expended considerable funds to bring eastern productivity and wages up to western standards. In January 1999, Germany and 10 other EU countries introduced a common European exchange currency, the euro."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "three times the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Montana",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "three times the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Montana"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -59,12 +56,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Neuendorf bei Wilster -3.54 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "263 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Zugspitze 2,963 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Neuendorf bei Wilster -3.54 m ++ highest point: Zugspitze 2,963 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -82,18 +79,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "5,157 sq km (2006)"
"text": "6,500 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "154 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "32.3 cu km/yr (16%/84%/0%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "391.4 cu m/yr (2007)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "most populous country in Europe; a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations, particularly in the far western part of the industrial state of North Rhine-Westphalia"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "flooding"
@ -110,10 +99,13 @@
}
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "strategic location on North European Plain and along the entrance to the Baltic Sea"
"text": "strategic location on North European Plain and along the entrance to the Baltic Sea; most major rivers in Germany - the Rhine, Weser, Oder, Elbe - flow northward; the Danube, which originates in the German Alps, flows eastward"
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "80,722,792 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "German(s)"
@ -134,27 +126,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Protestant 34%, Roman Catholic 34%, Muslim 3.7%, unaffiliated or other 28.3%"
},
"Population": {
"text": "80,854,408 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "12.88% (male 5,346,086/female 5,068,071)"
"text": "12.83% (male 5,317,183/female 5,040,664)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "10.38% (male 4,279,962/female 4,113,746)"
"text": "10.22% (male 4,203,985/female 4,044,789)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "41.38% (male 16,934,180/female 16,519,932)"
"text": "40.96% (male 16,721,667/female 16,345,911)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "13.91% (male 5,571,694/female 5,675,104)"
"text": "14.23% (male 5,695,117/female 5,788,493)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "21.45% (male 7,591,298/female 9,754,335) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "21.76% (male 7,709,799/female 9,855,184) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -173,26 +159,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "46.5 years"
"text": "46.8 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "45.4 years"
"text": "45.7 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "47.5 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "47.9 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "-0.17% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-0.16% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "8.47 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "8.5 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "11.42 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "11.6 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "1.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "most populous country in Europe; a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations, particularly in the far western part of the industrial state of North Rhine-Westphalia"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -210,13 +199,13 @@
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
},
"0-14 years": {
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.02 male(s)/female"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "0.98 male(s)/female"
@ -225,36 +214,39 @@
"text": "0.78 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.97 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.97 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "29.2 (2012 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "6 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "3.43 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "3.4 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "3.72 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "3.7 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "3.12 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "80.57 years"
"text": "80.7 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "78.26 years"
"text": "78.4 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "83 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "83.1 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.44 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.44 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "66.2%",
@ -263,7 +255,7 @@
}
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "11.3% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "11.3% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "3.89 physicians/1,000 population (2012)"
@ -303,28 +295,28 @@
"text": "1.1% (2006)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "4.9% of GDP (2012)"
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
"text": "16 years"
"text": "17 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "17 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "16 years (2012)"
"text": "17 years (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "8.1%"
"text": "7.7%"
},
"male": {
"text": "8.8%"
"text": "8.3%"
},
"female": {
"text": "7.4% (2012 est.)"
"text": "7.1% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -344,10 +336,13 @@
},
"former": {
"text": "German Empire, German Republic, German Reich"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "the Gauls (Celts) of Western Europe may have referred to the newly arriving Germanic tribes who settled in neighboring areas east of the Rhine during the first centuries B.C. as \"Germani,\" a term the Romans adopted as \"Germania\"; the native designation \"Deutsch\" comes from the Old High German \"diutisc\" meaning \"of the people\""
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "federal republic"
"text": "federal parliamentary republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -373,7 +368,7 @@
"text": "Unity Day, 3 October (1990)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1919 (Weimar Constitution); latest drafted 10 to 23 August 1948, approved 12 May 1949, promulgated 23 May 1949, entered into force 24 May 1949; amended many times, last in 2012 (2015)"
"text": "previous 1919 (Weimar Constitution); latest drafted 10 to 23 August 1948, approved 12 May 1949, promulgated 23 May 1949, entered into force 24 May 1949; amended many times, last in 2012 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system"
@ -382,8 +377,11 @@
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": "no, unless one parent is a German citizen or a resident alien who has lived in Germany at least 8 years"
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a German citizen or a resident alien who has lived in Germany at least 8 years"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes, but requires prior permission from government"
@ -406,10 +404,10 @@
"text": "Cabinet or Bundesminister (Federal Ministers) recommended by the chancellor, appointed by the president"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president indirectly elected for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term) by a Federal Convention consisting of the 630-member Federal Parliament (Bundestag) and 630 delegates indirectly elected by the state parliaments; election last held on 19 February 2012 (next to be held by June 2017); chancellor indirectly elected by absolute majority by the Federal Parliament for a 4-year term; Federal Parliament vote for chancellor last held on 17 December 2013 (next to be held following the September 2017 general election)"
"text": "president indirectly elected for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term) by a Federal Convention consisting of the 630-member Federal Parliament (Bundestag) and 630 delegates indirectly elected by the state parliaments; election last held on 19 February 2012 (next to be held by June 2017); chancellor indirectly elected by absolute majority by the Federal Parliament for a 4-year term; Federal Parliament vote for chancellor last held on 17 December 2013 (next to be held following the general election, no later than autumn 2017)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Joachim GAUCK elected president; Federal Convention vote count - Joachim GAUCK (independent) 991, Beate KLARSFELD (independent) 126, Olaf ROSE (National People's Union) 3; Angela MERKEL (CDU) reelected chancellor; Federal Parliament vote - 462 for, 150 against, 4 abstentions"
"text": "Joachim GAUCK elected president; Federal Convention vote count - Joachim GAUCK (independent) 991, Beate KLARSFELD (independent) 126, Olaf ROSE (National People's Union) 3; Angela MERKEL (CDU) reelected chancellor; Federal Parliament vote - 462 for, 150 against, 49 abstentions"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -435,7 +433,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Alliance '90/Greens [Cem OEZDEMIR and Simone PETER] ++ Alternative for Germany or AfD [Bernd LUCKE] ++ Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Angela MERKEL] ++ Christian Social Union or CSU [Horst SEEHOFER] ++ Free Democratic Party or FDP [Christian LINDNER] ++ Left Party or Die Linke [Katia KIPPING and Bernd RIEXINGER] ++ Social Democratic Party or SPD [Sigmar GABRIEL]"
"text": "Alliance '90/Greens [Cem OEZDEMIR and Simone PETER] ++ Alternative for Germany or AfD [Frauke PETRY and Jorg MEUTHEN] ++ Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Angela MERKEL] ++ Christian Social Union or CSU [Horst SEEHOFER] ++ Free Democratic Party or FDP [Christian LINDNER] ++ Left Party or Die Linke [Katia KIPPING and Bernd RIEXINGER] ++ Social Democratic Party or SPD [Sigmar GABRIEL]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"other": {
@ -502,58 +500,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "The German economy - the fifth largest economy in the world in PPP terms and Europe's largest - is a leading exporter of machinery, vehicles, chemicals, and household equipment and benefits from a highly skilled labor force. Like its Western European neighbors, Germany faces significant demographic challenges to sustained long-term growth. Low fertility rates and declining net immigration are increasing pressure on the country's social welfare system and necessitate structural reforms. Reforms launched by the government of Chancellor Gerhard SCHROEDER (1998-2005), deemed necessary to address chronically high unemployment and low average growth, contributed to strong growth and falling unemployment. These advances, as well as a government subsidized, reduced working hour scheme, help explain the relatively modest increase in unemployment during the 2008-09 recession - the deepest since World War II - and its decrease to 5.2% in 2014. The new German government introduced a minimum wage of about $11.60 (8.50 euros) per hour to take effect in 2015. Stimulus and stabilization efforts initiated in 2008 and 2009 and tax cuts introduced in Chancellor Angela MERKEL's second term increased Germany's total budget deficit - including federal, state, and municipal - to 4.1% in 2010, but slower spending and higher tax revenues reduced the deficit to 0.8% in 2011 and in 2012 Germany reached a budget surplus of 0.1%. The budget was essentially in balance in 2014. A constitutional amendment approved in 2009 limits the federal government to structural deficits of no more than 0.35% of GDP per annum as of 2016 though the target was already reached in 2012. The German economy suffers from low levels of investment, and a government plan to invest 15 billion euros 2016-18, largely in infrastructure, is intended to spur needed private investment. Following the March 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, Chancellor Angela MERKEL announced in May 2011 that eight of the country's 17 nuclear reactors would be shut down immediately and the remaining plants would close by 2022. Germany plans to replace nuclear power with renewable energy, which accounted for 27.8% of gross electricity consumption in 2014, up from 9% in 2000. Before the shutdown of the eight reactors, Germany relied on nuclear power for 23% of its electricity generating capacity and 46% of its base-load electricity production. Extremely low inflation, caused largely by low global energy prices and a weak euro, are expected to boost German GDP growth in 2015."
"text": "The German economy - the fifth largest economy in the world in PPP terms and Europe's largest - is a leading exporter of machinery, vehicles, chemicals, and household equipment and benefits from a highly skilled labor force. Like its Western European neighbors, Germany faces significant demographic challenges to sustained long-term growth. Low fertility rates and a large increase in net immigration are increasing pressure on the country's social welfare system and necessitate structural reforms. ++ ++ Reforms launched by the government of Chancellor Gerhard SCHROEDER (1998-2005), deemed necessary to address chronically high unemployment and low average growth, contributed to strong growth and falling unemployment. These advances, as well as a government subsidized, reduced working hour scheme, help explain the relatively modest increase in unemployment during the 2008-09 recession - the deepest since World War II. The new German Government introduced a minimum wage of about $11.60 (8.50 euros) per hour that took effect in 2015. ++ ++ Stimulus and stabilization efforts initiated in 2008 and 2009 and tax cuts introduced in Chancellor Angela MERKEL's second term increased Germany's total budget deficit - including federal, state, and municipal - to 4.1% in 2010, but slower spending and higher tax revenues reduced the deficit to 0.8% in 2011 and in 2015 Germany reached a budget surplus of 0.9%. A constitutional amendment approved in 2009 limits the federal government to structural deficits of no more than 0.35% of GDP per annum as of 2016, though the target was already reached in 2012. ++ ++ The German economy suffers from low levels of investment, and a government plan to invest 15 billion euros during 2016-18, largely in infrastructure, is intended to spur needed private investment. Following the March 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, Chancellor Angela MERKEL announced in May 2011 that eight of the country's 17 nuclear reactors would be shut down immediately and the remaining plants would close by 2022. Germany plans to replace nuclear power largely with renewable energy, which accounted for 27.8% of gross electricity consumption in 2014, up from 9% in 2000. Before the shutdown of the eight reactors, Germany relied on nuclear power for 23% of its electricity generating capacity and 46% of its base-load electricity production. Domestic consumption, bolstered by low energy prices and a weak euro, are likely to drive German GDP growth again in 2016."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$3.748 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $3.69 trillion (2013 est.) ++ $3.675 trillion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$3.86 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $3.804 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $3.744 trillion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$3.874 trillion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$3.365 trillion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1.6% (2014 est.) ++ 0.4% (2013 est.) ++ 0.6% (2012 est.)"
"text": "1.5% (2015 est.) ++ 1.6% (2014 est.) ++ 0.6% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$46,200 (2014 est.) ++ $45,500 (2013 est.) ++ $45,300 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$47,000 (2015 est.) ++ $46,800 (2014 est.) ++ $46,400 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "26.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 25.8% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 26.1% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "27.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 27% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 26.2% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "54.6%"
"text": "54.1%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "19.3%"
"text": "19.4%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "20.1%"
"text": "20%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-0.8%"
"text": "-1.3%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "45.8%"
"text": "46.9%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-39% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-39.1% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "0.7%"
"text": "0.6%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "30.4%"
},
"services": {
"text": "68.9% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "69.1% ++ (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -563,10 +561,10 @@
"text": "among the world's largest and most technologically advanced producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics, automobiles, food and beverages, shipbuilding, textiles"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "1.7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "1.1% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "44.79 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "45 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -580,7 +578,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "5% (2014 est.) ++ 5.2% (2013 est.)"
"text": "4.6% (2015 est.) ++ 5% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "15.5% (2010 est.)"
@ -598,41 +596,41 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$1.721 trillion"
"text": "$1.498 trillion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$1.696 trillion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.474 trillion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "44.4% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "44.6% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "0.6% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.7% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "74.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 76.7% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "71.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 74.6% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises the sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government and social security funds; the series are presented as a percentage of GDP and in millions of euro; GDP used as a denominator is the gross domestic product at current market prices; data expressed in national currency are converted into euro using end-of-year exchange rates provided by the European Central Bank"
"text": "general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises the sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government and social security funds; the series are presented as a percentage of GDP and in millions of euros; GDP used as a denominator is the gross domestic product at current market prices; data expressed in national currency are converted into euros using end-of-year exchange rates provided by the European Central Bank"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.8% (2014 est.) ++ 1.6% (2013 est.)"
"text": "0.1% (2015 est.) ++ 0.8% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.75% (31 December 2013) ++ 1.5% (31 December 2010)",
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2013) ++ 0.3% (31 December 2010)",
"note": {
"text": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area"
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "2.47% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 2.75% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "1.84% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 2.47% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$1.841 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.944 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)",
"text": "$1.923 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.891 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
}
@ -641,49 +639,54 @@
"text": "$4.347 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $4.451 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$4.976 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $5.335 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$4.452 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.976 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$1.486 trillion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $1.184 trillion (31 December 2011) ++ $1.43 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$1.716 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.739 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.936 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$286.4 billion (2014 est.) ++ $238.7 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$284.2 billion (2015 est.) ++ $282.9 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$1.492 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $1.439 trillion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.309 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $1.48 trillion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "motor vehicles, machinery, chemicals, computer and electronic products, electrical equipment, pharmaceuticals, metals, transport equipment, foodstuffs, textiles, rubber and plastic products"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "France 9.6%, UK 7.9%, US 6.9%, Netherlands 6.9%, China 5.8%, Austria 5.3%, Italy 5.1%, Poland 4.5%, Switzerland 4.3% (2014)"
"text": "US 9.6%, France 8.6%, UK 7.5%, Netherlands 6.6%, China 6%, Italy 4.9%, Austria 4.8%, Poland 4.4%, Switzerland 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$1.188 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $1.163 trillion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.017 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $1.18 trillion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery, data processing equipment, vehicles, chemicals, oil and gas, metals, electric equipment, pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, agricultural products"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Netherlands 13.8%, France 8%, China 6.6%, Belgium 6.3%, Italy 5.4%, UK 4.8%, Poland 4.6%, Czech Republic 4.4%, Austria 4.3%, Switzerland 4.1% (2014)"
"text": "Netherlands 13.7%, France 7.6%, China 7.3%, Belgium 6%, Italy 5.2%, Poland 5%, US 4.7%, Czech Republic 4.5%, UK 4.2%, Austria 4.2%, Switzerland 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$192.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $198.2 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$173.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $192.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$192.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $198.2 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$5.597 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $5.998 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$1.416 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.574 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.36 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.436 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$1.986 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.059 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.972 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.002 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.7489 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.) ++ 0.755 (2010 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.7752 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "585.2 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -757,18 +760,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "47.02 million"
"text": "45.352 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "58 (2014 est.)"
"text": "56 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "99.5 million"
"text": "96.36 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "123 (2014 est.)"
"text": "119 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -779,31 +782,42 @@
"text": "extensive system of automatic telephone exchanges connected by modern networks of fiber-optic cable, coaxial cable, microwave radio relay, and a domestic satellite system; cellular telephone service is widely available, expanding rapidly, and includes roaming service to many foreign countries"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 49; Germany's international service is excellent worldwide, consisting of extensive land and undersea cable facilities as well as earth stations in the Inmarsat, Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik satellite systems (2011)"
"text": "country code - 49; Germany's international service is excellent worldwide, consisting of extensive land and undersea cable facilities as well as earth stations in the Inmarsat, Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik satellite systems (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "a mixture of publicly operated and privately owned TV and radio stations; national and regional public broadcasters compete with nearly 400 privately owned national and regional TV stations; more than 90% of households have cable or satellite TV; hundreds of radio stations including multiple national radio networks, regional radio networks, and a large number of local radio stations (2008)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 51, FM 787, shortwave 4 (1998)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "373 (plus 8,042 repeaters) (1995)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".de"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "70.3 million"
"text": "70.82 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "86.8% (2014 est.)"
"text": "87.6% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "20"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "1,113"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "115,540,886"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "6,985,007,915 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "D (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "539 (2013)"
},
@ -838,7 +852,7 @@
"text": "35"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 185 (2013)"
"text": "185 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -904,39 +918,15 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Federal Armed Forces (Bundeswehr): Army (Heer), Navy (Deutsche Marine, includes naval air arm), Air Force (Luftwaffe), Joint Support Services (Streitkraeftebasis, SKB), Central Medical Service (Zentraler Sanitaetsdienst, ZSanDstBw) (2013)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "17-23 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription ended 1 July 2011; service obligation 8-23 months or 12 years; women have been eligible for voluntary service in all military branches and positions since 2001 (2013)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "18,529,299"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "17,888,543 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "15,027,886"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "14,510,527 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "405,438"
},
"female": {
"text": "384,930 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.35% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.34% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.35% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "1.18% of GDP (2015) ++ 1.35% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.34% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.35% of GDP (2010)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
@ -945,10 +935,10 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "41,167 (Iraq); 40,994 (Syria); 27,814 (Afghanistan); 22,242 (Turkey); 18,814 (Iran); 9,294 (Serbia and Kosovo) (2014)"
"text": "115,604 (Syria); 51,396 (Iraq); 30,026 (Afghanistan); 20,281 (Turkey); 19,763 (Iran); 10,980 (Eritrea); 9,157 (Serbia and Kosovo) (2015)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "11,917 (2014)"
"text": "12,569 (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

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europe/hr.json
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@ -53,12 +53,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "geographically diverse; flat plains along Hungarian border, low mountains and highlands near Adriatic coastline and islands"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Adriatic Sea 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "331 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Dinara 1,831 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m ++ highest point: Dinara 1,831 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -76,10 +76,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "36.27 sq km (2010)"
"text": "240 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "105.5 cu km (2011)"
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "more of the population lives in the northern half of the country, with approximately a quarter of the populace residing in and around the capital of Zagreb; many of the islands are sparsely populated"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "destructive earthquakes"
@ -100,6 +100,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "4,313,707 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Croat(s), Croatian(s)"
@ -117,27 +120,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Roman Catholic 86.3%, Orthodox 4.4%, Muslim 1.5%, other 1.5%, unspecified 2.5%, not religious or atheist 3.8% (2011 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "4,464,844 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "14.42% (male 330,355/female 313,312)"
"text": "14.22% (male 315,971/female 297,339)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "11.92% (male 272,249/female 259,935)"
"text": "11.4% (male 252,285/female 239,634)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "40.88% (male 903,896/female 921,337)"
"text": "40.75% (male 878,971/female 878,707)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "14.55% (male 314,697/female 335,007)"
"text": "14.83% (male 312,621/female 326,929)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "18.23% (male 331,889/female 482,167) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "18.81% (male 320,418/female 490,832) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -156,26 +153,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "42.63 years"
"text": "42.7 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "40.5 years"
"text": "40.8 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "44.1 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "44.8 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "-0.13% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-0.5% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "9.45 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "9 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "12.18 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "12.1 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "1.39 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "-1.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "more of the population lives in the northern half of the country, with approximately a quarter of the populace residing in and around the capital of Zagreb; many of the islands are sparsely populated"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -193,60 +193,63 @@
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
},
"0-14 years": {
"text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "0.98 male(s)/female"
"text": "1 male(s)/female"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "0.94 male(s)/female"
"text": "0.96 male(s)/female"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "0.69 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.93 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.93 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "28 (2013 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "8 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "5.77 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "9.5 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "5.91 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "9.2 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "5.62 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "9.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "76.61 years"
"text": "75.9 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "73.02 years"
"text": "72.7 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "80.4 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "79.2 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.46 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.39 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "7.3% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "7.8% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "2.84 physicians/1,000 population (2011)"
},
"Hospital bed density": {
"text": "5.9 beds/1,000 population (2012)"
"text": "5.9 beds/1,000 population (2014)"
},
"Drinking water source": {
"improved": {
@ -278,10 +281,7 @@
"text": "intermediate"
},
"vectorborne diseases": {
"text": "tickborne encephalitis"
},
"note": {
"text": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)"
"text": "tickborne encephalitis (2016)"
}
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
@ -309,21 +309,21 @@
"text": "15 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "14 years"
"text": "15 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "15 years (2012)"
"text": "16 years (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "43.1%"
"text": "45.5%"
},
"male": {
"text": "42.3%"
"text": "44.9%"
},
"female": {
"text": "44.3% (2012 est.)"
"text": "46.4% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -343,10 +343,13 @@
},
"former": {
"text": "People's Republic of Croatia, Socialist Republic of Croatia"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "name derives from the Croats, a Slavic tribe who migrated to the Balkans in the 7th century A.D."
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "parliamentary democracy"
"text": "parliamentary republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -372,7 +375,7 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 8 October (1991) and Statehood Day, 25 June (1991); note - 25 June 1991 was the day the Croatian parliament voted for independence; following a three-month moratorium to allow the European Community to solve the Yugoslav crisis peacefully, parliament adopted a decision on 8 October 1991 to sever constitutional relations with Yugoslavia"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 22 December 1990; amended several times, last in 2014 (2015)"
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 22 December 1990; amended several times, last in 2014 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system influenced by legal heritage of Austria-Hungary; note - Croatian law was fully harmonized with the European Community acquis as of the June 2010 completion of EU accession negotiations"
@ -381,8 +384,11 @@
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": "no, unless at least one parent is a citizen of Croatia"
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Croatia"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes"
@ -399,16 +405,16 @@
"text": "President Kolinda GRABAR-KITAROVIC (since 19 February 2015)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Zoran MILANOVIC (since 23 December 2011); First Deputy Prime Minister Vesna PUSIC (since 16 November 2012)"
"text": "Prime Minister Andrej PLENKOVIC (since 19 October 2016); Deputy Prime Ministers Davor Ivo STIER, Damir KRSTICEVIC, Martina DALIC, Ivan KOVACIC (since 19 October 2016)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and approved by the Assembly"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 10 January 2010 (next to be held in December 2014); the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the president and approved by the Assembly"
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 28 December 2014 and 11 January 2015 (next to be held in 2019); the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the president and approved by the Assembly"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Kolinda GRABAR-KITAROVIC elected president; percent of vote in the second round - Kolinda GRABAR-KITAROVIC (HDZ) 50.7%, Ivo JOSIPOVIC 49.3%"
"text": "Kolinda GRABAR-KITAROVIC elected president; percent of vote in the second round - Kolinda GRABAR-KITAROVIC (HDZ) 50.7%, Ivo JOSIPOVIC (Forward Croatia Progressive Alliance) 49.3%"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -416,13 +422,10 @@
"text": "unicameral Assembly or Hrvatski Sabor (151 seats; members directly elected by party-list proportional representation vote using the D'Hondt method with a 5% threshold: 14 seats in each of 10 districts; 8 seats in a single nationwide district for minorities; 3 seats in a single special district for the Croatian diaspora, members elected for 4-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 8 November 2015 (next to be held in 2019)"
"text": "last held on 11 September 2016 (next to be held in September 2020) - Assembly voted on 20 June 2016 to dissolve on 15 July 2016, resulting in snap elections"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; number of seats by party/coalition - Patriotic Coalition 59, Croatia is Growing 56, Bridge of Independent Lists 19, Our Own Right 3, Labor and Solidarity Coalition 2, HDSSB 2, Human Blockade 1, Successful Croatia 1, minorities 8 (includes SDSS 3)"
},
"note": {
"text": "seats by party as of 3 April 2015 - SDP 56, HDZ 41, HNS 11, HDSSB 7, HSU 4, Croatian Laborists - Labor Party 3, Reformists 3, SDSS 3, HGS 2, IDS 2, BDSH 1, DC 1, HSS 1, HSP AS 1, ORaH 1, New Wave 1, independent 13"
"text": "percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; number of seats by party/coalition - HDZ coalition 61, People's Coalition 54, Most-NL 13, Only Option 8, minorities 8 (includes SDSS 3), other 7"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -437,7 +440,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Bosniak Democratic Party of Croatia or BDSH [Medzad HODZIC] ++ Bridge of Independent Lists or Most [Bozo PETROV] ++ Croatian Civic Party or HGS [Zeljko KERUM] ++ Croatian Democratic Congress of Slavonia and Baranja or HDSSB [Dragan VULIN] ++ Croatian Democratic Union or HDZ [Tomislav KARAMARKO] ++ Croatia is Growing [Zoran MILANOVIC] (coalition including SDP, HNS, Croatian Laborists - Labor Party, HSU) ++ Croatian Laborists - Labor Party [Nansi TIRELI] ++ Croatian Party of Rights - dr. Ante Starcevic or HSP AS [Ivan TEPES] ++ Croatian Peasant Party or HSS [Branko HRG] ++ Croatian Pensioner Party or HSU [Silvano HRELJA] ++ Croatian People's Party - Liberal Democrats or HNS [Vesna PUSIC] ++ Democratic Centre or DC [Vesna SKARE-OZBOLT] ++ Forward Croatia! - Progressive Alliance [Ivo JOSIPOVIC] ++ Human Blockade [Ivan SINCIC] ++ Independent Democratic Serb Party or SDSS [Vojislav STANIMIROVIC] ++ Istrian Democratic Assembly or IDS [Boris MILETIC] ++ Labor and Solidarity Coalition (includes New Wave) ++ New Wave [Liubo JURCIC] ++ Our Own Right (coalition includes IDS) ++ Patriotic Coalition [Tomislav KARAMARKO] (including HDZ, HSP AS, HSS) ++ People's Party - Reformists Party [Radimir CACIC] ++ Social Democratic Party of Croatia or SDP [Zoran MILANOVIC] ++ Successful Croatia [Radimir CACIC and Ivo JOSIPOVIC] (coalition including People's Party - Reformists, Forward Croatia! - Progressive Alliance) ++ Sustainable Development for Croatia or ORaH [Mirela HOLY]"
"text": "Bloc of Pensioners Together or BUZ [Milivoj SPIKA] ++ Bridge of Independent Lists or Most-NL [Bozo PETROV] ++ Croatian Christian Democratic Party or HDS [Goran DODIG] ++ Croatian Democratic Congress of Slavonia and Baranja or HDSSB [Dragan VULIN] ++ Croatian Democratic Union or HDZ [Andrej PLENKOVIC] ++ Croatian Laborists - Labor Party or HL [Tomislav KONCEVSKI] ++ Croatian Party of Rights - dr. Ante Starcevic or HSP AS [Ivan TEPES] ++ Croatian Peasant Party or HSS [Kreso BELJAK] ++ Croatian Pensioner Party or HSU [Silvano HRELJA] ++ Croatian People's Party - Liberal Democrats or HNS [Ivan VRDOLJAK] ++ Croatian Social Liberal Party or HSLS [Darinko KOSOR] ++ Forward Croatia Progressive Alliance [Ivo JOSIPOVIC] ++ HDZ Coalition [Andrej PLENKOVIC] (includes HDZ, HSLS, HDS) ++ Human Blockade [Ivan SINCIC] ++ Independent Democratic Serb Party or SDSS [Vojislav STANIMIROVIC] ++ Independent List of Stipe Petrina or NLSP [Stipe PETRINA] ++ Istrian Democratic Assembly or IDS [Boris MILETIC] ++ Istrian Democrats [Damir KAJIN] ++ Let's Change Croatia or PH [Ivan LOVRINOVIC] ++ Milan Bandic 365 - Party of Labor and Solidarity or BM365-SRS [Milan BANDIC] ++ Movement for Successful Croatia or HRAST [Ladislav ILCIC] ++ People's Coalition [Zoran MILANOVIC] (includes SDP, HNS, HSU, HSS] ++ People's Party - Reformists Party [Radimir CACIC] ++ Social Democratic Party of Croatia or SDP [Zoran MILANOVIC] ++ The Only Option Coalition (includes Human Blockade, PH, Always Frankers, Youth Action, Alphabet of Democracy)"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"other": {
@ -466,7 +469,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Kenneth MERTEN (since 3 October 2012)"
"text": "Ambassador Julieta Valls NOYES (since 5 October 2015)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "2 Thomas Jefferson Street, 10010 Zagreb"
@ -482,7 +485,7 @@
}
},
"Flag description": {
"text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue - the Pan-Slav colors - superimposed by the Croatian coat of arms; the coat of arms consists of one main shield (a checkerboard of 13 red and 12 silver (white) fields) surmounted by five smaller shields that form a crown over the main shield; the five small shields represent five historic regions, they are (from left to right): Croatia, Dubrovnik, Dalmatia, Istria, and Slavonia",
"text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue - the Pan-Slav colors - superimposed by the Croatian coat of arms; the coat of arms consists of one main shield (a checkerboard of 13 red and 12 silver (white) fields) surmounted by five smaller shields that form a crown over the main shield; the five small shields represent five historic regions (from left to right): Croatia, Dubrovnik, Dalmatia, Istria, and Slavonia",
"note": {
"text": "the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia"
}
@ -504,47 +507,47 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Though still one of the wealthiest of the former Yugoslav republics, Croatia's economy suffered badly during the 1991-95 war. The country's output during that time collapsed, and Croatia missed the early waves of investment in Central and Eastern Europe that followed the fall of the Berlin Wall. Between 2000 and 2007, however, Croatia's economic fortunes began to improve with moderate but steady GDP growth between 4% and 6% led by a rebound in tourism and credit-driven consumer spending. Inflation over the same period remained tame and the currency, the kuna, stable. Croatia experienced an abrupt slowdown in the economy in 2008 and has yet to recover; economic growth was stagnant or negative in each year since 2009. Difficult problems still remain, including a stubbornly high unemployment rate, uneven regional development, and a challenging investment climate. Croatia continues to face reduced foreign investment. On 1 July 2013 Croatia joined the EU, following a decade-long application process. Croatia will be a member of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism until it meets the criteria for joining the Economic and Monetary Union and adopts the euro as its currency. EU accession has increased pressure on the government to reduce Croatia’s relatively high public debt, which triggered the EU’s excessive deficit procedure for fiscal consolidation. Zagreb has cut spending since 2012, and the government also raised additional revenues through more stringent tax collection and by raising the Value Added Tax. The government has also sought to accelerate privatization of non-strategic assets, with mixed success."
"text": "Though still one of the wealthiest of the former Yugoslav republics, Croatia's economy suffered badly during the 1991-95 war. The country's output during that time collapsed, and Croatia missed the early waves of investment in Central and Eastern Europe that followed the fall of the Berlin Wall. Between 2000 and 2007, however, Croatia's economic fortunes began to improve with moderate but steady GDP growth between 4% and 6% led by a rebound in tourism and credit-driven consumer spending. Inflation over the same period remained tame and the currency, the kuna, stable. ++ ++ Croatia experienced an abrupt slowdown in the economy in 2008 and has yet to recover; economic growth was stagnant or negative in each year since 2009. Difficult problems still remain including a stubbornly high unemployment rate, uneven regional development, and a challenging investment climate. Croatia continues to face reduced foreign investment. ++ ++ On 1 July 2013, Croatia joined the EU, following a decade-long application process. Croatia will be a member of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism until it meets the criteria for joining the Economic and Monetary Union and adopts the euro as its currency. EU accession has increased pressure on the government to reduce Croatia’s relatively high public debt, which triggered the EU’s excessive deficit procedure for fiscal consolidation. Zagreb has cut spending since 2012, and the government also raised additional revenues through more stringent tax collection and by raising the value-added tax. The government has also sought to accelerate privatization of non-strategic assets, with mixed success."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$88.73 billion (2014 est.) ++ $89.05 billion (2013 est.) ++ $90.01 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$91.28 billion (2015 est.) ++ $89.8 billion (2014 est.) ++ $90.13 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$57.07 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$48.85 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "-0.4% (2014 est.) ++ -1.1% (2013 est.) ++ -2.2% (2012 est.)"
"text": "1.6% (2015 est.) ++ -0.4% (2014 est.) ++ -1.1% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$20,900 (2014 est.) ++ $21,000 (2013 est.) ++ $21,200 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$21,600 (2015 est.) ++ $21,200 (2014 est.) ++ $21,200 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "18.9% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 19.9% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 19.1% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "23.5% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 19% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 19.9% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "59.9%"
"text": "59.3%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "19.8%"
"text": "19.7%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "19.1%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-0.9%"
"text": "-0.8%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "46.3%"
"text": "49.4%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-44.2% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-46.6% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -552,10 +555,10 @@
"text": "4.3%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "26.3%"
"text": "26.2%"
},
"services": {
"text": "69.4% (2014 est.)"
"text": "69.5% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -565,10 +568,10 @@
"text": "chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal, electronics, pig iron and rolled steel products, aluminum, paper, wood products, construction materials, textiles, shipbuilding, petroleum and petroleum refining, food and beverages, tourism"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "-0.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "1.9% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "1.703 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "1.677 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -582,7 +585,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "20.3% (2014 est.) ++ 20.3% (2013 est.)"
"text": "17.1% (2015 est.) ++ 19.3% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "19.5% (2014 est.)"
@ -600,83 +603,88 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$19.85 billion"
"text": "$21.3 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$22.3 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$22.86 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "34.8% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "43.6% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-4.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-3.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "85.1% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 80.8% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "86.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 86.5% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-0.2% (2014 est.) ++ 2.2% (2013 est.)"
"text": "-0.5% (2015 est.) ++ -0.2% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "7% (31 December 2013) ++ 7% (31 December 2012)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "7.8% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 9.25% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "5.83% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 6.28% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$10.07 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $10.43 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$10.11 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $10.07 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$49.38 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $49.24 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$44.45 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $49.24 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$42.41 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $46.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$36.29 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $33.75 billion (31 December 2013) ++ $33.44 billion (31 December 2012 est.)"
"text": "$36.29 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $33.75 billion (31 December 2013 est.) ++ $33.44 billion (31 December 2012 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$380 million (2014 est.) ++ $453 million (2013 est.)"
"text": "$2.551 billion (2015 est.) ++ $489 million (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$12.95 billion (2014 est.) ++ $11.84 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$11.91 billion (2015 est.) ++ $12.95 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "transport equipment, machinery, textiles, chemicals, foodstuffs, fuels"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Italy 13.7%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 12%, Slovenia 11.2%, Germany 11.1%, Austria 6%, Serbia 5% (2014)"
"text": "Italy 13.4%, Slovenia 12.5%, Germany 11.4%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 9.9%, Austria 6.6%, Serbia 4.9% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$21.39 billion (2014 est.) ++ $20.57 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$19.28 billion (2015 est.) ++ $21.39 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery, transport and electrical equipment; chemicals, fuels and lubricants; foodstuffs"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 15.1%, Italy 14.1%, Slovenia 10.7%, Austria 8.6%, Hungary 6.5%, Russia 5% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 15.5%, Italy 13.1%, Slovenia 10.7%, Austria 9.2%, Hungary 7.8% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$16.87 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $16.09 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$14.97 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $15.42 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$62.09 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $61.04 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$50.88 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $56.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$40.19 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $36.36 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$39.74 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $39.59 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$7.792 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $5.699 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$8.05 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $8.077 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "kuna (HRK) per US dollar - ++ 5.7482 (2014 est.) ++ 5.7482 (2013 est.) ++ 5.85 (2012 est.) ++ 5.3439 (2011 est.) ++ 5.498 (2010 est.)"
"text": "kuna (HRK) per US dollar - ++ 6.8583 (2015 est.) ++ 5.7482 (2014 est.) ++ 5.7482 (2013 est.) ++ 5.85 (2012 est.) ++ 5.3439 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "13.38 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -750,18 +758,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "1.57 million"
"text": "1,476,506"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "35 (2014 est.)"
"text": "33 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "4.5 million"
"text": "4.416 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "100 (2014 est.)"
"text": "99 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -769,34 +777,45 @@
"text": "the telecommunications network has improved steadily since the mid-1990s, covering much of what were once inaccessible areas; local lines are digital"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "fixed-line teledensity holding steady at about 40 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions exceed the population"
"text": "fixed-line teledensity has droped somewhat to about 35 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions now even with the population"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 385; digital international service is provided through the main switch in Zagreb; Croatia participates in the Trans-Asia-Europe (TEL) fiber-optic project, which consists of 2 fiber-optic trunk connections with Slovenia and a fiber-optic trunk line from Rijeka to Split and Dubrovnik; the ADRIA-1 submarine cable provides connectivity to Albania and Greece (2011)"
"text": "country code - 385; digital international service is provided through the main switch in Zagreb; Croatia participates in the Trans-Asia-Europe fiber-optic project, which consists of 2 fiber-optic trunk connections with Slovenia and a fiber-optic trunk line from Rijeka to Split and Dubrovnik; the ADRIA-1 submarine cable provides connectivity to Albania and Greece (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "the national state-owned public broadcaster, Croatian Radiotelevision, operates 4 terrestrial TV networks, a satellite channel that rebroadcasts programs for Croatians living abroad, and 6 regional TV centers; 2 private broadcasters operate national terrestrial networks; roughly 25 privately owned regional TV stations; multi-channel cable and satellite TV subscription services are available; state-owned public broadcaster operates 3 national radio networks and 9 regional radio stations; 2 privately owned national radio networks and more than 170 regional, county, city, and community radio stations (2012)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 16, FM 98, shortwave 5 (1999)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "36 (plus 321 repeaters) (1995)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".hr"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "2.9 million"
"text": "3.117 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "65.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "69.8% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "3"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "46"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "1,782,666"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "775,320 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "9A (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "69 (2013)"
},
@ -831,7 +850,7 @@
"text": "6"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 38 (2013)"
"text": "38 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -882,39 +901,15 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia (Oruzane Snage Republike Hrvatske, OSRH) consists of five major commands directly subordinate to a General Staff: Ground Forces (Hrvatska Kopnena Vojska, HKoV), Naval Forces (Hrvatska Ratna Mornarica, HRM; includes coast guard), Air Force and Air Defense Command (Hrvatsko Ratno Zrakoplovstvo I Protuzracna Obrana), Joint Education and Training Command, Logistics Command; Military Police Force supports each of the three Croatian military forces (2012)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-27 years of age for voluntary military service; 6-month service obligation (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,016,234"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,017,355 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "770,710"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "839,732 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "28,334"
},
"female": {
"text": "27,015 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.7% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.77% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.7% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "1.38% of GDP (2015) ++ 1.41% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.47% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.7% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.77% of GDP (2011)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
@ -923,10 +918,10 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"stateless persons": {
"text": "2,886 (2014)"
"text": "2,873 (2015)"
},
"note": {
"text": "354,446 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (November 2015)"
"text": "658,036 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (2015 - March 2016)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

336
europe/hu.json
View file

@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "slightly smaller than Virginia; about the same size as Indiana",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "slightly smaller than Virginia; about the same size as Indiana"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -51,12 +48,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "mostly flat to rolling plains; hills and low mountains on the Slovakian border"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Tisza River 78 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "143 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Kekes 1,014 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Tisza River 78 m ++ highest point: Kekes 1,014 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -74,18 +71,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "1,409 sq km (2007)"
"text": "1,721 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "104 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "5.58 cu km/yr (12%/83%/5%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "555.9 cu m/yr (2007)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations"
},
"Environment - current issues": {
"text": "the upgrading of Hungary's standards in waste management, energy efficiency, and air, soil, and water pollution to meet EU requirements will require large investments"
@ -103,6 +92,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "9,874,784 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Hungarian(s)"
@ -126,27 +118,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Roman Catholic 37.2%, Calvinist 11.6%, Lutheran 2.2%, Greek Catholic 1.8%, other 1.9%, none 18.2%, unspecified 27.2% (2011 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "9,897,541 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "14.8% (male 754,729/female 710,394)"
"text": "14.76% (male 750,516/female 706,780)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "11.44% (male 583,320/female 548,520)"
"text": "11.19% (male 570,097/female 534,856)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "41.65% (male 2,070,725/female 2,051,695)"
"text": "41.74% (male 2,071,865/female 2,049,939)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "13.87% (male 630,426/female 742,657)"
"text": "13.66% (male 620,362/female 728,387)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "18.24% (male 677,420/female 1,127,655) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "18.65% (male 693,609/female 1,148,373) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -165,26 +151,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "41.4 years"
"text": "41.8 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "39.5 years"
"text": "39.9 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "43.8 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "44.1 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "-0.22% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-0.24% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "9.16 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "9.1 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "12.73 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "12.8 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "1.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -205,7 +194,7 @@
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.07 male(s)/female"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
@ -217,39 +206,42 @@
"text": "0.6 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.91 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.91 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "28.2 (2013 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "17 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "5.02 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "5 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "5.3 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "5.2 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "4.74 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "4.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "75.69 years"
"text": "75.9 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "71.96 years"
"text": "72.2 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "79.62 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "79.8 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.43 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.44 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "8% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "7.4% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "3.1 physicians/1,000 population (2012)"
@ -287,14 +279,14 @@
"text": "intermediate"
},
"vectorborne diseases": {
"text": "tickborne encephalitis (2013)"
"text": "tickborne encephalitis (2016)"
}
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "26% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.7% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "4.6% of GDP (2011)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -312,24 +304,24 @@
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
"text": "15 years"
"text": "16 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "15 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "16 years (2012)"
"text": "16 years (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "28.1%"
"text": "20.4%"
},
"male": {
"text": "28.8%"
"text": "20%"
},
"female": {
"text": "27.3% (2012 est.)"
"text": "20.9% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -346,10 +338,13 @@
},
"local short form": {
"text": "Magyarorszag"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "the Byzantine Greeks refered to the tribes that arrived on the steppes of Eastern Europe in the 9th century as the \"Oungroi,\" a name that was later Latinized to \"Ungri\" and which became \"Hungari\"; the name originally meant an \"[alliance of] ten tribes\"; the Hungarian name \"Magyarorszag\" means \"Land of the Magyars\"; the term may derive from the most prominent of the Hungarian tribes, the Megyer"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "parliamentary democracy"
"text": "parliamentary republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -384,7 +379,7 @@
"text": "Saint Stephen's Day, 20 August; note - commemorates the date when his remains were transferred to Buda (now Budapest)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1949 (heavily amended in 1989 following collapse of communism); latest approved 18 April 2011, signed 25 April 2011, effective 1 January 2012; amended several times, last in 2013 (2015)"
"text": "previous 1949 (heavily amended in 1989 following collapse of communism); latest approved 18 April 2011, signed 25 April 2011, effective 1 January 2012; amended several times, last in 2013 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil legal system influenced by the German model"
@ -393,14 +388,17 @@
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": ""
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Hungary"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": ""
"text": "8 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
@ -420,7 +418,7 @@
"text": "president indirectly elected by the National Assembly with two-thirds majority vote in first round or simple majority vote in second round for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 2 May 2012 (next to be held by May 2017); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Janos ADER (Fidesz) elected president; National Assembly vote - 262 to 40; Viktor ORBAN (Fidesz) elected prime minister; National Assembly vote - 130 to 57"
"text": "Janos ADER (Fidesz) elected president; National Assembly vote - 262 to 40; Viktor ORBAN (Fidesz) elected prime minister; National Assembly vote - 130 to 57 (in 2014)"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -428,7 +426,7 @@
"text": "unicameral National Assembly or Orszaggyules (199 seats; 106 members directly elected in single-member constituencies by simple majority vote and 93 members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by party list proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 6 April 2014 (next to be held in April 2018)"
"text": "last held on 6 April 2014 (next to be held by April 2018)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party - Fidesz-KDNP 44.5%, Unity 26%, Jobbik 20.5%, LMP 5.3%, other 3.7%; seats by party - Fidesz-KDNP 133, Unity 38, Jobbik 23, LMP 5"
@ -446,10 +444,10 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Christian Democratic People's Party or KDNP [Zsolt SEMJEN] ++ Democratic Coalition or DK [Ferenc GYURCSANY] ++ Dialogue for Hungary or PM [Gergely KARACSONY, Timea SZABO, co-chairs] ++ Fidesz-Hungarian Civic Alliance or Fidesz [Viktor ORBAN] ++ Hungarian Liberal Party or MLP [Gabor FODOR] ++ Hungarian Socialist Party or MSZP [Jozsef TOBIAS] ++ Movement for a Better Hungary or Jobbik [Gabor VONA] ++ Politics Can Be Different or LMP [Andras SCHIFFER, Bernadett SZEL] ++ Together 2014 or Egyutt [Viktor SZIGETVARI] ++ Unity [a coalition of MSZP, Egyutt, DK, PM, and MLP for the 2014 legislative elections, since dissolved]"
"text": "Christian Democratic People's Party or KDNP [Zsolt SEMJEN] ++ Democratic Coalition or DK [Ferenc GYURCSANY] ++ Dialogue for Hungary or PM [Javor BENEDEK, Timea SZABO, co-chairs] ++ Fidesz-Hungarian Civic Alliance or Fidesz [Viktor ORBAN] ++ Hungarian Liberal Party or MLP [Gabor FODOR] ++ Hungarian Socialist Party or MSZP [Jozsef TOBIAS] ++ Movement for a Better Hungary or Jobbik [Gabor VONA] ++ Politics Can Be Different or LMP [Andras SCHIFFER, Bernadett SZEL] ++ Together 2014 or Egyutt [Peter JUHASZ, Peter KONYA, Viktor SZIGETVARI]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Civil Osszefogas Forum (\"Civil Unity Forum,\" nominally independent organization that serves as the steering committee for the pro-government mass organization Bekemenet (Peace March), supporting ORBAN government's policies) ++ Hungarian Civil Liberties Union (Tarsasag a Szabadsagjogokert) or TASZ (freedom of expression, information privacy) ++ Hungarian Helsinki Committee (asylum seekers' rights, human rights in law enforcement and the judicial system) ++ MostMi (\"Now Us\") [Bori TAKACS, Zsolt VARADY](Facebook group that was a major participant at anti-government demonstrations in late 2014-early 2015; pro-Europe, anti-establishment movement that blames Fidesz for the state of the country, but also blames all established political parties for perceived political and economic failures since the fall of communism) ++ Okotars (empowerment of civil society in Hungary) ++ ",
"text": "Civil Osszefogas Forum (\"Civil Unity Forum,\" nominally independent organization that serves as the steering committee for the pro-government mass organization Bekemenet (Peace March), supporting ORBAN government's policies) ++ Hungarian Civil Liberties Union (Tarsasag a Szabadsagjogokert) or TASZ (freedom of expression, information privacy) ++ Hungarian Helsinki Committee (asylum seekers' rights, human rights in law enforcement and the judicial system) ++ MigSzol (Migrant Solidarity Group of Hungary) (independent advocacy group on migration crisis) ++ MostMi (\"Now Us\") [Bori TAKACS, Zsolt VARADY](Facebook group that was a major participant at anti-government demonstrations in late 2014-early 2015; pro-Europe, anti-establishment movement that blames Fidesz for the state of the country, but also blames all established political parties for perceived political and economic failures since the fall of communism) ++ Okotars (empowerment of civil society in Hungary) ++ ",
"other": {
"text": " ++ Energy Club (Energia Klub) ++ Greenpeace Hungary (Greenpeace Magyarorszag)"
}
@ -471,10 +469,10 @@
"text": "[1] (202) 966-8135"
},
"consulate(s) general": {
"text": "Cleveland (OH), Denver (CO), Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, St. Louis (MO)"
"text": "Los Angeles, New York"
},
"consulate(s)": {
"text": "Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Honolulu (HI), Miami, New Orleans, Sacramento (CA), Salt Lake City (UT), Seattle"
"text": "Boston"
}
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
@ -514,58 +512,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Hungary has made the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy, with a per capita income nearly two-thirds that of the EU-28 average. In late 2008, Hungary's impending inability to service its short-term debt - brought on by the global financial crisis - led Budapest to obtain an IMF/EU/World Bank-arranged financial assistance package worth over $25 billion. The global economic downturn, declining exports, and low domestic consumption and investment, dampened by government austerity measures, resulted in a severe economic contraction in 2009. In 2010 the new government implemented a number of changes including cutting business and personal income taxes, but imposed \"crisis taxes\" on financial institutions, energy and telecom companies, and retailers. The IMF/EU bail-out program lapsed at the end of 2010 and was replaced by Post Program Monitoring and Article IV Consultations on overall economic and fiscal processes. At the end of 2011 the government turned to the IMF and the EU to obtain financial backstop to support its efforts to refinance foreign currency debt and bond obligations in 2012 and beyond, but Budapest's rejection of EU and IMF economic policy recommendations led to a breakdown in talks with the lenders in late 2012. Global demand for high yield has since helped Hungary to obtain funds on international markets. Hungary’s progress reducing its deficit to under 3% of GDP led the European Commission in 2013 to permit Hungary for the first time since joining the EU in 2004 to exit the Excessive Deficit Procedure."
"text": "Hungary has made the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy, with a per capita income nearly two-thirds that of the EU-28 average. ++ ++ In late 2008, Hungary's impending inability to service its short-term debt - brought on by the global financial crisis - led Budapest to obtain an IMF/EU/World Bank-arranged financial assistance package worth over $25 billion. The global economic downturn, declining exports, and low domestic consumption and investment, dampened by government austerity measures, resulted in a severe economic contraction in 2009. In 2010, the new government implemented a number of changes including cutting business and personal income taxes, but imposed \"crisis taxes\" on financial institutions, energy and telecom companies, and retailers. The IMF/EU bailout program lapsed at the end of 2010 and was replaced by Post Program Monitoring and Article IV Consultations on overall economic and fiscal processes. At the end of 2011 the government turned to the IMF and the EU to obtain a financial backstop to support its efforts to refinance foreign currency debt and bond obligations in 2012 and beyond, but Budapest's rejection of EU and IMF economic policy recommendations led to a breakdown in talks with the lenders in late 2012. Global demand for high yield has since helped Hungary to obtain funds on international markets. ++ ++ Hungary’s progress reducing its deficit to under 3% of GDP led the European Commission in 2013 to permit Hungary for the first time since joining the EU in 2004 to exit the Excessive Deficit Procedure. The government remains committed to keeping the budget deficit in check and lowering public debt by using sectoral taxes, while relying on state interventionist measures to lower utility prices and boost growth and employment."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$247.1 billion (2014 est.) ++ $238.6 billion (2013 est.) ++ $235 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$259 billion (2015 est.) ++ $251.6 billion (2014 est.) ++ $242.7 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$137 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$120.6 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "3.6% (2014 est.) ++ 1.5% (2013 est.) ++ -1.5% (2012 est.)"
"text": "2.9% (2015 est.) ++ 3.7% (2014 est.) ++ 1.9% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$25,000 (2014 est.) ++ $24,200 (2013 est.) ++ $23,800 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$26,300 (2015 est.) ++ $25,500 (2014 est.) ++ $24,500 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "25.8% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 23.9% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 21% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "26.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 24.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 24.6% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "50%"
"text": "49.5%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "20%"
"text": "19.9%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "21.7%"
"text": "21.3%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "1%"
"text": "0.6%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "89.3%"
"text": "92.1%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-82% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-83.5% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "4.4%"
"text": "3.6%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "30.7%"
"text": "31.8%"
},
"services": {
"text": "64.9% (2014 est.)"
"text": "64.6% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -575,10 +573,10 @@
"text": "mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "6.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "5.8% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "4.444 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "4.519 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -588,14 +586,14 @@
"text": "29.7%"
},
"services": {
"text": "63.2% (2011)"
"text": "63.2% (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "7.7% (2014 est.) ++ 10.2% (2013 est.)"
"text": "6.8% (2015 est.) ++ 7.7% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "14% (2012 est.)"
"text": "14.9% (2015 est.)"
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
"lowest 10%": {
@ -606,119 +604,124 @@
}
},
"Distribution of family income - Gini index": {
"text": "24.7 (2009) ++ 24.4 (1998)"
"text": "30.6 (2013 est.) ++ 24.7 (2009)"
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$65.21 billion"
"text": "$58.77 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$68.73 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$61.21 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "47.6% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "48.7% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-2.6% of GDP",
"text": "-2% of GDP",
"note": {
"text": "Hungary has been under the EU Excessive Deficit Procedure since it joined the EU in 2004; in March 2012 the EU elevated its Excessive Deficit Procedure against Hungary and proposed freezing 30% of the country's Cohesion Funds because 2011 deficit reductions were not achieved in a sustainable manner; in June 2012, the EU lifted the freeze, recognizing that steps had been taken to reduce the deficit; the latest EC forecasts project the Hungarian deficit to increase above 3% both in 2013 and in 2014 due to sluggish growth and the government's fiscal tightening (2014 est.)"
"text": "Hungary has been under the EU Excessive Deficit Procedure since it joined the EU in 2004; in March 2012 the EU elevated its Excessive Deficit Procedure against Hungary and proposed freezing 30% of the country's Cohesion Funds because 2011 deficit reductions were not achieved in a sustainable manner; in June 2012, the EU lifted the freeze, recognizing that steps had been taken to reduce the deficit; the latest EC forecasts project the Hungarian deficit to increase above 3% both in 2013 and in 2014 due to sluggish growth and the government's fiscal tightening (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "76.2% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 76.8% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "75.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 76.2% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and government, state government, local government, and social security funds."
"text": "general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and government, state government, local government, and social security funds"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-0.2% (2014 est.) ++ 1.7% (2013 est.)"
"text": "-0.1% (2015 est.) ++ -0.2% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "5.75% (19 December 2012) ++ 7% (31 December 2011)"
"text": "1.35% (22 July 2015) ++ 2.1% (23 July 2014)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "4.43% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 6.31% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "2.9% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 4.45% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$41.44 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $41.25 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$46.14 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $41.44 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$69.77 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $73.47 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$68.87 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $66.91 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$76.19 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $91.33 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$69.85 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $76.18 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$22.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $22.8 billion (31 December 2011) ++ $27.71 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$17.69 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $14.51 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $19.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$5.455 billion (2014 est.) ++ $5.396 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$5.291 billion (2015 est.) ++ $2.824 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$100 billion (2014 est.) ++ $96.08 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$89.44 billion (2015 est.) ++ $99.19 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment 53.5%, other manufactures 31.2%, food products 8.7%, raw materials 3.4%, fuels and electricity 3.9% (2012 est.)"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 28.8%, Austria 5.8%, Romania 5.7%, Slovakia 5.1%, Italy 4.8%, France 4.7%, Poland 4%, Czech Republic 4% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 28%, Romania 5.4%, Slovakia 5.1%, Austria 5%, Italy 4.8%, France 4.7%, UK 4%, Czech Republic 4% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$96.42 billion (2014 est.) ++ $91.41 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$84.7 billion (2015 est.) ++ $95.81 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment 45.4%, other manufactures 34.3%, fuels and electricity 12.6%, food products 5.3%, raw materials 2.5% (2012)"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 25.6%, Austria 7.4%, Russia 7%, China 6.2%, Slovakia 5.5%, Poland 5.3%, France 4.8%, Czech Republic 4.6%, Italy 4.5%, Netherlands 4.1% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 25.8%, China 6.7%, Austria 6.6%, Poland 5.5%, Slovakia 5.3%, France 5%, Czech Republic 4.8%, Netherlands 4.6%, Italy 4.5% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$42.02 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $46.51 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$33.13 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $42.02 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$145.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $149.1 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$127.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $145.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$115.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $110.9 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$236.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $237.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$47.74 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $45.17 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$165.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $167.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "forints (HUF) per US dollar - ++ 232.6 (2014 est.) ++ 232.6 (2013 est.) ++ 225.1 (2012 est.) ++ 201.05 (2011 est.) ++ 207.94 (2010 est.)"
"text": "forints (HUF) per US dollar - ++ 279.33 (2015 est.) ++ 232.6 (2014 est.) ++ 232.6 (2013 est.) ++ 225.1 (2012 est.) ++ 201.05 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "32.48 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
"text": "23.46 billion kWh (2015 est.)"
},
"Electricity - consumption": {
"text": "36.76 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
"text": "21.55 billion kWh (2015 est.)"
},
"Electricity - exports": {
"text": "4.76 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "5.378 billion kWh (2015 est.)"
},
"Electricity - imports": {
"text": "16.64 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "18.15 billion kWh (2015 est.)"
},
"Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
"text": "9.289 million kW (2012 est.)"
"text": "9.289 million kW (2015 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
"text": "72.2% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "22% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
"text": "20.3% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "61% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
"text": "0.6% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "0.6% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
"text": "6.9% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "6.8% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - production": {
"text": "11,410 bbl/day (2014 est.)"
@ -745,16 +748,16 @@
"text": "44,440 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - production": {
"text": "1.854 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
"text": "1.505 billion cu m (2015 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - consumption": {
"text": "8.348 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
"text": "8.46 billion cu m (2015 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - exports": {
"text": "740 million cu m (2014 est.)"
"text": "226.6 million cu m (2015 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - imports": {
"text": "8.941 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
"text": "8.167 billion cu m (2015 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - proved reserves": {
"text": "7.843 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)"
@ -766,53 +769,64 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "3.01 million"
"text": "3,094,228"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "30 (2014 est.)"
"text": "31 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "11.7 million"
"text": "11.786 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "118 (2014 est.)"
"text": "119 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "modern telephone system is digital and highly automated; trunk services are carried by fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay; a program for fiber-optic subscriber connections was initiated in 1996"
"text": "modern telephone system is digital and highly automated; trunk services are carried by fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "competition among mobile-cellular service providers has led to a sharp increase in the use of mobile-cellular phones since 2000 and a decrease in the number of fixed-line connections"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 36; Hungary has fiber-optic cable connections with all neighboring countries; the international switch is in Budapest; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Inmarsat, 1 very small aperture terminal (VSAT) system of ground terminals (2011)"
"text": "country code - 36; Hungary has fiber-optic cable connections with all neighboring countries; the international switch is in Budapest; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Inmarsat, 1 very small aperture terminal (VSAT) system of ground terminals (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "mixed system of state-supported public service broadcast media and private broadcasters; the 3 publicly owned TV channels and the 2 main privately owned TV stations are the major national broadcasters; a large number of special interest channels; highly developed market for satellite and cable TV services with about two-thirds of viewers utilizing their services; 3 state-supported public-service radio networks and 2 major national commercial stations; a large number of local stations including commercial, public service, nonprofit, and community radio stations; digital transition postponed to the end of 2014 (2007)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 5, FM 90, shortwave 1 (2008)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "95 (2008)"
"text": "mixed system of state-supported public service broadcast media and private broadcasters; the 5 publicly owned TV channels and the 2 main privately owned TV stations are the major national broadcasters; a large number of special interest channels; highly developed market for satellite and cable TV services with about two-thirds of viewers utilizing their services; 4 state-supported public-service radio networks and 1 major national commercial station; a large number of local stations including commercial, public service, nonprofit, and community radio stations; digital transition completed at the end of 2013 (2016)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".hu"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "7.4 million"
"text": "7.209 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "74.4% (2014 est.)"
"text": "72.8% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "5"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "75"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "20,042,185"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "0 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "HA (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "41 (2013)"
},
@ -847,7 +861,7 @@
"text": "8"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 11 (2013)"
"text": "11 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -872,13 +886,13 @@
},
"Roadways": {
"total": {
"text": "199,567 km"
"text": "203,601 km"
},
"paved": {
"text": "76,075 km (includes 1,477 km of expressways)"
"text": "77,087 km (includes 1,582 km of expressways)"
},
"unpaved": {
"text": "123,492 km (2010)"
"text": "126,514 km (2014)"
}
},
"Waterways": {
@ -890,39 +904,15 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Hungarian Defense Forces: Land Forces, Hungarian Air Force (Magyar Legiero, ML) (2011)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; 6-month service obligation (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "2,349,948"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "2,290,568 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,902,639"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,897,378 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "59,237"
},
"female": {
"text": "55,533 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "0.83% of GDP (2012) ++ 0.99% of GDP (2011) ++ 0.83% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "0.8% of GDP (2015) ++ 0.83% of GDP (2012) ++ 0.99% of GDP (2011) ++ 0.83% of GDP (2010)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
@ -934,10 +924,10 @@
"text": "5,950 applicants for forms of legal stay other than asylum (Ukraine) (2015)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "124 (2014)"
"text": "132 (2015)"
},
"note": {
"text": "390,990 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (November 2015)"
"text": "410,087 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (2015 - October 2016)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

289
europe/ic.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Settled by Norwegian and Celtic (Scottish and Irish) immigrants during the late 9th and 10th centuries A.D., Iceland boasts the world's oldest functioning legislative assembly, the Althing, established in 930. Independent for over 300 years, Iceland was subsequently ruled by Norway and Denmark. Fallout from the Askja volcano of 1875 devastated the Icelandic economy and caused widespread famine. Over the next quarter century, 20% of the island's population emigrated, mostly to Canada and the US. Denmark granted limited home rule in 1874 and complete independence in 1944. The second half of the 20th century saw substantial economic growth driven primarily by the fishing industry. The economy diversified greatly after the country joined the European Economic Area in 1994, but Iceland was especially hard hit by the global financial crisis in the years following 2008. Literacy, longevity, and social cohesion are first rate by world standards."
"text": "Settled by Norwegian and Celtic (Scottish and Irish) immigrants during the late 9th and 10th centuries A.D., Iceland boasts the world's oldest functioning legislative assembly, the Althingi, established in 930. Independent for over 300 years, Iceland was subsequently ruled by Norway and Denmark. Fallout from the Askja volcano of 1875 devastated the Icelandic economy and caused widespread famine. Over the next quarter century, 20% of the island's population emigrated, mostly to Canada and the US. Denmark granted limited home rule in 1874 and complete independence in 1944. The second half of the 20th century saw substantial economic growth driven primarily by the fishing industry. The economy diversified greatly after the country joined the European Economic Area in 1994, but Iceland was especially hard hit by the global financial crisis in the years following 2008. Literacy, longevity, and social cohesion are first rate by world standards."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "slightly smaller than Pennsylvania; about the same size as Kentucky",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "slightly smaller than Pennsylvania; about the same size as Kentucky"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"text": "0 km"
@ -54,12 +51,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields; coast deeply indented by bays and fiords"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "557 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Hvannadalshnukur 2,110 m (at Vatnajokull Glacier)"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m ++ highest point: Hvannadalshnukur 2,110 m (at Vatnajokull Glacier)"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -79,16 +76,8 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "170 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "0.17 cu km/yr (49%/8%/42%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "539.2 cu m/yr (2005)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "Iceland is almost entirely urban with half of the population located in and around the capital of Reykjavik; smaller agglomerations are primarily found along the coast in the north and west"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "earthquakes and volcanic activity",
@ -112,6 +101,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "335,878 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Icelander(s)"
@ -129,27 +121,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Evangelical Lutheran Church of Iceland (official) 73.8%, Roman Catholic 3.6%, Reykjavik Free Church 2.9%, Hafnarfjorour Free Church 2%, The Independent Congregation 1%, other religions 3.9% (includes Pentecostal and Asatru Association), none 5.6%, other or unspecified 7.2% (2015 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "331,918 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "20.43% (male 34,653/female 33,161)"
"text": "20.4% (male 35,009/female 33,495)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "14.03% (male 23,661/female 22,914)"
"text": "13.77% (male 23,452/female 22,789)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "40.09% (male 67,183/female 65,871)"
"text": "39.99% (male 67,878/female 66,428)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "11.67% (male 19,502/female 19,230)"
"text": "11.75% (male 19,848/female 19,622)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "13.78% (male 21,344/female 24,399) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "14.1% (male 22,130/female 25,227) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -168,26 +154,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "36 years"
"text": "36.3 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "35.4 years"
"text": "35.7 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "36.7 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "36.9 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "1.21% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.17% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "13.91 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "13.8 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "6.28 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "6.3 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "4.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "4.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "Iceland is almost entirely urban with half of the population located in and around the capital of Reykjavik; smaller agglomerations are primarily found along the coast in the north and west"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -220,39 +209,42 @@
"text": "0.88 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "1.01 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.01 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "27 (2011 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "3 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "2.06 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "2.1 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "2.2 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "1.91 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "82.97 years"
"text": "83 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "80.81 years"
"text": "80.9 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "85.22 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "85.3 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "2.02 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.01 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "9.1% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "8.9% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "3.48 physicians/1,000 population (2012)"
@ -270,10 +262,10 @@
},
"Sanitation facility access": {
"mproved": {
"text": " ++ urban: 98.7% of population ++ rural: 100% of population ++ total: 100% of population"
"text": " ++ urban: 98.7% of population ++ rural: 100% of population ++ total: 98.8% of population"
},
"unimproved": {
"text": " ++ urban: 0% of population ++ rural: 0% of population ++ total: 1.2% of population (2015 est.)"
"text": " ++ urban: 1.3% of population ++ rural: 0% of population ++ total: 1.2% of population (2015 est.)"
}
},
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
@ -289,7 +281,7 @@
"text": "23.9% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "7.4% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "7% of GDP (2011)"
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
@ -304,13 +296,13 @@
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "13.6%"
"text": "9.8%"
},
"male": {
"text": "14.7%"
"text": "12.9%"
},
"female": {
"text": "12.4% (2012 est.)"
"text": "6.6% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -327,10 +319,13 @@
},
"local short form": {
"text": "Island"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "Floki VILGERDARSON, an early explorer of the island (9th century), applied the name \"land of ice\" after spotting a fjord full of drift ice to the north and spending a bitter winter on the island; he eventually settled on the island, however, after he saw how it greened up in the summer and that it was in fact habitable"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "constitutional republic"
"text": "parliamentary republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -353,7 +348,7 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 17 June (1944)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest ratified 16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944 (at independence); amended many times, last in 2013; note - a new constitution drafted in 2012 in the aftermath of the country's banking collapse was voted down in April 2013 by the parliament (2015)"
"text": "several previous; latest ratified 16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944 (at independence); amended many times, last in 2013 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system influenced by the Danish model"
@ -362,14 +357,17 @@
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": ""
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Iceland"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": ""
"text": "3 to 7 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
@ -377,30 +375,30 @@
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "President Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON (since 1 August 1996)"
"text": "President Gudni Thorlacius JOHANNESSON (since 1 August 2016)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Sigmundur David GUNNLAUGSSON (since 23 May 2013)"
"text": "Prime Minister Sigurdur Ingi JOHANNSSON (since 7 April 2016)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet appointed by the prime minister"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (no term limits); election last held on 30 June 2012 (next to be held in June 2016); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition becomes prime minister"
"text": "president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (no term limits); election last held on 25 June 2016 (next to be held in June 2020); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition becomes prime minister"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON elected president; percent of vote - Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON (independent) 52.8%, Thora ARNORSDOTTIR (independent) 33.2%, Ari Trausti GUDMUNDSSON (independent) 8.6%, other 5.4%"
"text": "Gudni Thorlacius JOHANNESSON elected president; percent of vote - Gudni Thorlacius JOHANNESSON (IP) 39.1%, Halla TOMASDOTTIR (independent) 27.9%, Andri Snaer MAGNASON (independent) 14.3%, Davio ODDSSON (IP) 13.7%, Sturla JONSSON (Sturla JONSSON Party) 3.5%, invalid 1.5%"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "unicameral Althingi (parliament) (63 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms)"
"text": "unicameral Althingi or Parliament (63 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 27 April 2013 (next to be held in 2017)"
"text": "last held on 29 October 2016 (next to be held in 2020)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party - IP 26.7%, PP 24.4%, SDA 12.9%, LGM 10.9%, BF 8.3%, Pirate Party 5.1%, other 11.7%; seats by party - IP 19, PP 19, SDA 9, LGM 7, BF 6, Pirate Party 3"
"text": "percent of vote by party - IP 29%, LGM 15.9%, Pirate Party 14.5%, PP 11.5%, Vioreisn 10.5%, BF 7.2%, SDA 5.7%, other 2.3%; seats by party - IP 21, LGM 10, Pirate Party 10, PP 8, Vioreisn 7, BF 4, SDA 3"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -415,10 +413,10 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Bright Future (Bjort Framtid) or BF [Ottarr PROPPE] ++ Independence Party (Sjalfstaedisflokkurinn) or IP [Bjarni BENEDIKTSSON] ++ Left-Green Movement (Vinstrihreyfingin) or LGM [Katrin JAKOBSDOTTIR] ++ Pirate Party (Piratar) [Birgitta JONSDOTTIR and Helgi Hrafn GUNNARSSON] ++ Progressive Party (Framsoknarflokkurinn) or PP [Sigmundur David GUNNLAUGSSON] ++ Social Democratic Alliance (Samfylkingin) or SDA [Arni Pall ARNASON]"
"text": "Bright Future (Bjort framtid) or BF [Ottarr PROPPE] ++ Independence Party (Sjalfstaedisflokkurinn) or IP [Bjarni BENEDIKTSSON] ++ Left-Green Movement (Vinstrihreyfingin-graent frambod) or LGM [Katrin JAKOBSDOTTIR] ++ Pirate Party (Piratar) or PIP [Birgitta JONSDOTTIR] ++ Progressive Party (Framsoknarflokkurinn) or PP [Sigmundur David GUNNLAUGSSON] ++ Social Democratic Alliance (Samfylkingin) or SDA [Arni Pall ARNASON]"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, EFTA, EU (candidate country), FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
"text": "Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, EFTA, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
@ -439,7 +437,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Robert C. BARBER (since 8 January 2015)"
"text": "Ambassador Robert C. BARBER (since 23 January 2015)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "Laufasvegur 21, 101 Reykjavik"
@ -448,7 +446,7 @@
"text": "US Department of State, 5640 Reykjavik Place, Washington, D.C. 20521-5640"
},
"telephone": {
"text": "[354] 595-22 00"
"text": "[354] 595-22-00"
},
"FAX": {
"text": "[354] 562-9118"
@ -474,71 +472,71 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Iceland's Scandinavian-type social-market economy combines a capitalist structure and free-market principles with an extensive welfare system. Prior to the 2008 crisis, Iceland had achieved high growth, low unemployment, and a remarkably even distribution of income. The economy depends heavily on the fishing industry, which provides 40% of export earnings, more than 12% of GDP, and employs nearly 5% of the work force. It remains sensitive to declining fish stocks as well as to fluctuations in world prices for its main exports: fish and fish products, aluminum, and ferrosilicon. Iceland's economy has been diversifying into manufacturing and service industries in the last decade, particularly within the fields of software production, biotechnology, and tourism. In fall 2013, the Icelandic government approved a joint application by Icelandic, Chinese and Norwegian energy firms to conduct oil exploration off Iceland’s northeast coast. Abundant geothermal and hydropower sources have attracted substantial foreign investment in the aluminum sector, boosted economic growth, and sparked some interest from high-tech firms looking to establish data centers using cheap green energy, although the financial crisis has put several investment projects on hold. Much of Iceland's economic growth in recent years came as the result of a boom in domestic demand, following the rapid expansion of the country's financial sector. Domestic banks expanded aggressively in foreign markets, and consumers and businesses borrowed heavily in foreign currencies, following the privatization of the banking sector in the early 2000s. Worsening global financial conditions throughout 2008 resulted in a sharp depreciation of the krona vis-a-vis other major currencies. The foreign exposure of Icelandic banks, whose loans and other assets totaled more than 10 times the country's GDP, became unsustainable. Iceland's three largest banks collapsed in late 2008. The country secured over $10 billion in loans from the IMF and other countries to stabilize its currency and financial sector, and to back government guarantees for foreign deposits in Icelandic banks. GDP fell 6.8% in 2009, and unemployment peaked at 9.4% in February 2009. Since the collapse of Iceland's financial sector, government economic priorities have included: stabilizing the krona, implementing capital controls, reducing Iceland's high budget deficit, containing inflation, addressing high household debt, restructuring the financial sector, and diversifying the economy. Three new banks were established to take over the domestic assets of the collapsed banks. Two of them have foreign majority ownership, while the State holds a majority of the shares of the third. Iceland began making payments to the UK, the Netherlands, and other claimants in late 2011 following Iceland's Supreme Court ruling that upheld 2008 emergency legislation that gives priority to depositors for compensation from failed Icelandic banks. British and Dutch authorities claim Iceland owes approximately $6.5 billion for compensating British and Dutch citizens who lost deposits in Icesave savings accounts when parent bank Landsbanki failed in 2008. Iceland’s financial woes prompted an initial increase in public support to join the EU and the Eurozone, with accession negotiations beginning in July 2010. However, the election of a new center-right government and declining public support amidst the ongoing Eurozone crisis led to the suspension of negotiations in mid-2013."
"text": "Iceland's Scandinavian-type social-market economy combines a capitalist structure and free-market principles with an extensive welfare system. Except for a brief period during the 2008 crisis, Iceland has achieved high growth, low unemployment, and a remarkably even distribution of income. The economy depends heavily on the fishing industry, which provides 40% of merchandise export earnings, more than 12% of GDP, and employs nearly 5% of the work force. It remains sensitive to declining fish stocks as well as to fluctuations in world prices for its main exports: fish and fish products, aluminum, and ferrosilicon. Since 2010, tourism has become the main pillar of Icelandic economic growth, with the number of tourists expected to reach or exceed 4.5 times the Icelandic population in 2016. ++ ++ Iceland's economy has been diversifying into manufacturing and service industries in the last decade, particularly within the fields of tourism, software production, and biotechnology. In fall 2013, the Icelandic Government approved a joint application by Icelandic, Chinese, and Norwegian energy firms to conduct oil exploration off Iceland’s northeast coast, although no exploration has yet taken place. Abundant geothermal and hydropower sources have attracted substantial foreign investment in the aluminum sector, boosted economic growth, and sparked some interest from high-tech firms looking to establish data centers using cheap green energy, although the financial crisis has put several investment projects on hold. ++ ++ Following the privatization of the banking sector in the early 2000s, domestic banks expanded aggressively in foreign markets, and consumers and businesses borrowed heavily in foreign currencies. Worsening global financial conditions throughout 2008 resulted in a sharp depreciation of the krona vis-a-vis other major currencies. The foreign exposure of Icelandic banks, whose loans and other assets totaled more than 10 times the country's GDP, became unsustainable. Iceland's three largest banks collapsed in late 2008. The country secured over $10 billion in loans from the IMF and other countries to stabilize its currency and financial sector, and to back government guarantees for foreign deposits in Icelandic banks. GDP fell 6.8% in 2009, and unemployment peaked at 9.4% in February 2009. Three new banks were established to take over the domestic assets of the collapsed banks. Two of them have majority ownership by the State, which intends to re-privatize them. ++ ++ Since the collapse of Iceland's financial sector, government economic priorities have included stabilizing the krona, implementing capital controls, reducing Iceland's high budget deficit, containing inflation, addressing high household debt, restructuring the financial sector, and diversifying the economy. Iceland’s financial woes prompted an initial increase in public support to join the EU and the euro zone, with accession negotiations beginning in July 2010, but negotiations were suspended under the 2013 center-right government. Most macroeconomic indicators and employment have rebounded to pre-crisis levels, driven primarily by the unprecedented growth in tourism – averaging over 20% annually – following the well publicized volcanic eruption in 2010."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$14.34 billion (2014 est.) ++ $14.08 billion (2013 est.) ++ $13.55 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$15.19 billion (2015 est.) ++ $14.61 billion (2014 est.) ++ $14.33 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$17.04 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$16.72 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1.8% (2014 est.) ++ 3.9% (2013 est.) ++ 1.2% (2012 est.)"
"text": "4% (2015 est.) ++ 2% (2014 est.) ++ 4.4% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$44,000 (2014 est.) ++ $43,200 (2013 est.) ++ $41,600 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$45,600 (2015 est.) ++ $44,400 (2014 est.) ++ $43,900 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "20.2% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 20.8% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 11.9% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "23.5% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 21% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 21.2% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "52.6%"
"text": "50.1%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "24.3%"
"text": "23.6%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "16.6%"
"text": "19.1%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.1%"
"text": "0.2%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "53.5%"
"text": "53.4%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-47.1% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-46.3% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "5.7%"
"text": "5.8%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "21.3%"
"text": "20.7%"
},
"services": {
"text": "73% (2014 est.)"
"text": "73.5% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
"text": "potatoes, green vegetables; mutton, chicken, pork, beef, dairy products; fish"
"text": "potatoes, carrots, green vegetables; mutton, chicken, pork, beef, dairy products; fish"
},
"Industries": {
"text": "fish processing; aluminum smelting, ferrosilicon production; geothermal power, hydropower, tourism"
"text": "tourism, fish processing; aluminum smelting, ferrosilicon production; geothermal power, hydropower, tourism"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "1.5% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "187,000 (2014 est.)"
"text": "191,400 (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -552,7 +550,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "3.6% (2014 est.) ++ 4.4% (2013 est.)"
"text": "4% (2015 est.) ++ 5% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "NA%",
@ -573,83 +571,88 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$7.397 billion"
"text": "$7.058 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$7.434 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$7.139 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "43.4% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "42.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-0.2% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-0.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "85.4% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 87.7% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "67.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 82.5% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "2% (2014 est.) ++ 3.9% (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.6% (2015 est.) ++ 2% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "5.4% (31 January 2012) ++ 5.75% (31 December 2010)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "7.74% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 8.15% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "7.61% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 7.74% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$3.213 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $4.122 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$3.314 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $3.213 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$8.368 billion (31 December 2013 est.) ++ $8.12 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$18.36 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $22.92 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$18.25 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $18.19 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$2.825 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $2.021 billion (31 December 2011) ++ $1.996 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$2.825 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $2.021 billion (31 December 2011 est.) ++ $1.996 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$581 million (2014 est.) ++ $882 million (2013 est.)"
"text": "$710 million (2015 est.) ++ $627 million (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$4.848 billion (2014 est.) ++ $4.593 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$4.653 billion (2015 est.) ++ $4.861 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "fish and fish products 40%, aluminum, animal products, ferrosilicon, diatomite (2010 est.)"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Netherlands 29.2%, UK 11.2%, Spain 7.4%, Germany 6%, France 5%, US 4.9%, Russia 4.9%, Norway 4.5% (2014)"
"text": "Netherlands 26.1%, UK 11.6%, Spain 11.5%, Germany 7.4%, France 5.7%, US 5.7%, Norway 4.7% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$4.954 billion (2014 est.) ++ $4.534 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$4.924 billion (2015 est.) ++ $4.961 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, petroleum products, foodstuffs, textiles"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Norway 14.7%, US 10.1%, Germany 7.6%, Denmark 7.6%, China 7.4%, Netherlands 6.6%, UK 6%, Brazil 5.4% (2014)"
"text": "Norway 10.1%, Germany 8.6%, US 7.9%, China 7.9%, Denmark 7.1%, Netherlands 5.9%, Brazil 5.8%, UK 5% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$4.176 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $4.237 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$5.041 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.176 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$4.176 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $4.237 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$31.04 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $97.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$NA ++ $9.2 billion (31 December 2008 est.)"
"text": "$NA (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $16.34 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$NA (31 December 2011) ++ $8.8 billion (31 December 2008)"
"text": "$NA (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $15.84 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Icelandic kronur (ISK) per US dollar - ++ 116.77 (2014 est.) ++ 116.77 (2013 est.) ++ 125.08 (2012 est.) ++ 115.95 (2011 est.) ++ 122.24 (2010 est.)"
"text": "Icelandic kronur (ISK) per US dollar - ++ 131.92 (2015 est.) ++ 116.77 (2014 est.) ++ 116.77 (2013 est.) ++ 125.08 (2012 est.) ++ 115.95 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "17.43 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -723,18 +726,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "170,000"
"text": "168,149"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "52 (2014 est.)"
"text": "51 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "370,000"
"text": "384,000"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "113 (2014 est.)"
"text": "116 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -745,31 +748,42 @@
"text": "liberalization of the telecommunications sector beginning in the late 1990s has led to increased competition especially in the mobile services segment of the market"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 354; the CANTAT-3 and FARICE-1 submarine cable systems provide connectivity to Canada, the Faroe Islands, UK, Denmark, and Germany; a planned new section of the Hibernia-Atlantic submarine cable will provide additional connectivity to Canada, US, and Ireland; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Iceland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden) (2011)"
"text": "country code - 354; the CANTAT-3 and FARICE-1 submarine cable systems provide connectivity to Canada, the Faroe Islands, UK, Denmark, and Germany; a planned new section of the Hibernia-Atlantic submarine cable will provide additional connectivity to Canada, US, and Ireland; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Iceland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden) (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state-owned public TV broadcaster operates 1 TV channel nationally; several privately owned TV stations broadcast nationally and roughly another half-dozen operate locally; about one-half the households utilize multi-channel cable or satellite TV services; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 2 national networks and 4 regional stations; 2 privately owned radio stations operate nationally and another 15 provide more limited coverage (2007)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 3, FM about 70, shortwave 1 (2008)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "14 (plus 156 repeaters) (1997)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".is"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "316,400"
"text": "326,000"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "96.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "98.2% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "5"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "43"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "3,413,950"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "102,356,809 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "TF (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "96 (2013)"
},
@ -798,7 +812,7 @@
"text": "26"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 60 (2013)"
"text": "60 (2013)"
}
},
"Roadways": {
@ -829,31 +843,10 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "no regular military forces; Icelandic National Police; Icelandic Coast Guard (2013)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "75,337 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "62,781"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "61,511 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "2,277"
},
"female": {
"text": "2,200 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "0.13% of GDP (2012) ++ 0.14% of GDP (2011) ++ 0.13% of GDP (2010)"
},
@ -863,11 +856,11 @@
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm; the European Free Trade Association Surveillance Authority filed a suit against Iceland, claiming the country violated the European Economic Area agreement in failing to pay minimum compensation to Icesave depositors"
"text": "Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm; the European Free Trade Association Surveillance Authority filed a suit against Iceland, claiming the country violated the Agreement on the European Economic Area in failing to pay minimum compensation to Icesave depositors"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"stateless persons": {
"text": "119 (2014)"
"text": "131 (2015)"
}
}
}

161
europe/im.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Part of the Norwegian Kingdom of the Hebrides until the 13th century when it was ceded to Scotland, the isle came under the British crown in 1765. Current concerns include reviving the almost extinct Manx Gaelic language. Isle of Man is a British crown dependency but is not part of the UK or of the European Union. However, the UK Government remains constitutionally responsible for its defense and international representation."
"text": "Part of the Norwegian Kingdom of the Hebrides until the 13th century when it was ceded to Scotland, the isle came under the British Crown in 1765. Current concerns include reviving the almost extinct Manx Gaelic language. Isle of Man is a British Crown dependency but is not part of the UK or of the EU. However, the UK Government remains constitutionally responsible for its defense and international representation."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -48,12 +48,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "hills in north and south bisected by central valley"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Irish Sea 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "NA"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Snaefell 621 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Irish Sea 0 m ++ highest point: Snaefell 621 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -71,7 +71,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "0 sq km (2011)"
"text": "0 sq km (2012)"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "most people concentrated in cities and large towns of which Douglas, in the southeast, is the largest"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "NA"
@ -84,6 +87,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "88,195 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Manxman(men), Manxwoman(women)"
@ -101,51 +107,48 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Protestant (Anglican, Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian, Society of Friends), Roman Catholic"
},
"Population": {
"text": "87,545 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "16.3% (male 7,488/female 6,778)"
"text": "16.31% (male 7,526/female 6,855)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "11.81% (male 5,380/female 4,956)"
"text": "11.61% (male 5,354/female 4,886)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "39.27% (male 17,153/female 17,223)"
"text": "39.04% (male 17,212/female 17,222)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "12.83% (male 5,668/female 5,560)"
"text": "12.93% (male 5,752/female 5,649)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "19.81% (male 8,077/female 9,262) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "20.11% (male 8,287/female 9,452) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "43.7 years"
"text": "43.9 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "42.9 years"
"text": "43.2 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "44.4 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "44.7 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "0.76% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.72% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "11.1 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "11 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "10.06 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "10.1 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "6.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "6.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "most people concentrated in cities and large towns of which Douglas, in the southeast, is the largest"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -163,10 +166,10 @@
"text": "1.08 male(s)/female"
},
"0-14 years": {
"text": "1.11 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.1 male(s)/female"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "1.09 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.1 male(s)/female"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "1 male(s)/female"
@ -178,33 +181,33 @@
"text": "0.87 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "1 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "1 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "4.11 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "4.1 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "4.08 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "4 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "4.15 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "4.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "81.09 years"
"text": "81.2 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "79.41 years"
"text": "79.5 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "82.9 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "83 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.94 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.93 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -217,13 +220,13 @@
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "7.2%"
"text": "10.1%"
},
"male": {
"text": "9.5%"
"text": "11.8%"
},
"female": {
"text": "5.1% (2006 est.)"
"text": "8.2% (2011 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -237,13 +240,16 @@
},
"abbreviation": {
"text": "I.O.M."
},
"etymology": {
"text": "the name \"man\" may be derived from the Celtic word for \"mountain\""
}
},
"Dependency status": {
"text": "British crown dependency"
"text": "British Crown dependency"
},
"Government type": {
"text": "parliamentary democracy"
"text": "parliamentary democracy (Tynwald); a Crown dependency of the UK"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -266,32 +272,35 @@
"text": "none (British crown dependency)"
},
"National holiday": {
"text": "Tynwald Day, 5 July (1417, first recorded Day)"
"text": "Tynwald Day, 5 July (1417); date Tynwald Day was first recorded"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "development of the Isle of Man constitution dates to at least the 14th century; the constitution has been expanded and amended many times, last in 2014 (2015)"
"text": "development of the Isle of Man constitution dates to at least the 14th century; the constitution has been expanded and amended many times, last in 2015 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply and include Manx statutes"
},
"Citizenship": {
"text": "see United Kingdom"
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "16 years of age; universal"
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "Lord of Mann Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Lieutenant Governor Adam WOOD (since 7 April 2011)"
"text": "Lord of Mann Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Lieutenant Governor Sir Richard GOZNEY (since 27 May 2016)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Chief Minister Allan BELL (since 11 October 2011)"
"text": "Chief Minister Howard QUAYLE (since 4 October 2016)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the lieutenant governor"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; lieutenant governor appointed by the monarch; chief minister indirectly elected by the Tynwald for a 5-year term (eligible for second term); election last held on 11 October 2011 (next to be held in December 2016)"
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; lieutenant governor appointed by the monarch; chief minister indirectly elected by the Tynwald for a 5-year term (eligible for second term); election last held on 4 October 2016 (next to be held in 2021)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Allan BELL (independent) elected chief minister; Tynwald vote count - 27 of 30"
"text": "Howard QUAYLE (independent) elected chief minister; Tynwald vote count - 21 of 33"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -299,25 +308,25 @@
"text": "bicameral Tynwald or the High Court of Tynwald consists of the Legislative Council (11 seats; includes the President of Tynwald, 2 ex-officio members - the Lord Bishop of Sodor and Man and the attorney general - and 8 members indirectly elected by the House of Keys with renewal of 4 members every 2 years; elected members serve 4-year terms) and the House of Keys (24 seats; members directly elected by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "House of Keys - last held on 29 September 2011 (next to be held in September 2016)"
"text": "House of Keys - last held on 22 September 2016 (next to be held in September 2021)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "House of Keys - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Liberal Vannin Party 3, independent 21"
"text": "House of Keys - percent of vote by party - Liberal Vannin 6.4%, independent 91.7%; seats by party - Liberal Vannin 3, independent 21"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
"highest resident court(s)": {
"text": "Isle of Man High Courts of Justice (consists of 3 permanent judges called \"deemsters\" and 1 judge of appeal; organized into the Staff of Government Division or Court of Appeal and the Civil Division); note - appeals beyond the High Court of Justice are referred to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)"
"text": "Isle of Man High Court of Justice (consists of 3 permanent judges or \"deemsters\" and 1 judge of appeal; organized into the Staff of Government Division or Court of Appeal and the Civil Division); the Court of General Gaol Delivery is not formally part of the High Court but is administered as though part of the High Court and deals with serious criminal cases; note - appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are referred to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "judges appointed by the Lord Chancellor of England on the nomination of the lieutenant governor; judge tenure NA"
"text": "deemsters appointed by the Lord Chancellor of England on the nomination of the lieutenant governor; deemsters can serve until age 70"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "High Court; Court of Summary Gaol Delivery; Summary Courts; magistrate's Court; specialized courts"
"text": "High Court; Court of Summary Gaol Delivery; Summary Courts; Magistrate's Court; specialized courts"
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Liberal Vannin Party [Kate BEECROFT] ++ Manx Labor Party ++ Mec Vannin [Bernard MOFFATT]; (sometimes referred to as the Manx Nationalist Party; Mec Vannin (advocates a sovereign state and environment policies)",
"text": "Liberal Vannin Party [Kate BEECROFT] ++ Manx Labor Party ++ Mec Vannin [Bernard MOFFATT]; (sometimes referred to as the Manx Nationalist Party; advocates a sovereign state and environment policies)",
"note": {
"text": "most members sit as independents"
}
@ -329,10 +338,10 @@
"text": "UPU"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"text": "none (British crown dependency)"
"text": "none (British Crown dependency)"
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"text": "none (British crown dependency)"
"text": "none (British Crown dependency)"
},
"Flag description": {
"text": "red with the Three Legs of Man emblem (triskelion), in the center; the three legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the knee; in order to have the toes pointing clockwise on both sides of the flag, a two-sided emblem is used; the flag is based on the coat-of-arms of the last recognized Norse King of Mann, Magnus III (r. 1252-65); the triskelion has its roots in an early Celtic sun symbol"
@ -348,16 +357,16 @@
"text": "William Henry GILL [English], John J. KNEEN [Manx]/traditional"
},
"note": {
"text": "adopted 2003, in use since 1907; serves as a local anthem; as a British crown dependency, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom) and is played when the sovereign, members of the royal family, or the lieutenant governor are present"
"text": "adopted 2003, in use since 1907; serves as a local anthem; as a British Crown dependency, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom) and is played when the sovereign, members of the royal family, or the lieutenant governor are present"
}
}
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Financial services, manufacturing, and tourism are key sectors of the economy. The government offers low taxes and other incentives to high-technology companies and financial institutions to locate on the island; this has paid off in expanding employment opportunities in high-income industries. As a result, agriculture and fishing, once the mainstays of the economy, have declined in their contributions to GDP. The Isle of Man also attracts online gambling sites and the film industry. The Isle of Man enjoys free access to EU markets and trade is mostly with the UK. In October 2014, the Isle of Man signed an OECD agreement to automatically exchange some financial account information to limit tax avoidance and evasion."
"text": "Financial services, manufacturing, and tourism are key sectors of the economy. The government offers low taxes and other incentives to high-technology companies and financial institutions to locate on the island; this has paid off in expanding employment opportunities in high-income industries. As a result, agriculture and fishing, once the mainstays of the economy, have declined in their contributions to GDP. The Isle of Man also attracts online gambling sites and the film industry. Online gambling sites provided about 10% of the islands income in 2014. The Isle of Man enjoys free access to EU markets and trade is mostly with the UK. In October 2014, the Isle of Man signed an OECD agreement to automatically exchange some financial account information to limit tax avoidance and evasion."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$6.298 billion (FY 2012/13 est.) ++ $5.85 billion (FY 2011/12 est.) ++ $5.621 billion (FY 2010/11 est.)",
"text": "$6.298 billion (FY12/13 est.) ++ $5.85 billion (FY11/12 est.) ++ $5.621 billion (FY10/11 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2013 US dollars"
}
@ -379,7 +388,7 @@
"text": "13%"
},
"services": {
"text": "86% (FY 2012/13 est.)"
"text": "86% (FY12/13 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -482,7 +491,14 @@
"text": "$NA"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Manx pounds (IMP) per US dollar - ++ 0.607 (2014 est.) ++ 0.6472 (2013 est.) ++ 0.6241 (2012 est.) ++ 0.624 (2011 est.) ++ 0.6472 (2010 est.)"
"text": "Manx pounds (IMP) per US dollar - ++ 0.6542 (2015) ++ 0.607 (2014) ++ 0.6472 (2013 est.) ++ 0.6241 (2012 est.) ++ 0.624 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
}
},
"Communications": {
@ -497,17 +513,14 @@
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "national public radio broadcasts over 3 FM stations and 1 AM station; 2 commercial broadcasters operating with 1 having multiple FM stations; receives radio and TV services via relays from British TV and radio broadcasters (2008)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1998)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "0 (receives broadcasts from the UK and satellite) (1999)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".im"
}
},
"Transportation": {
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "M (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "1 (2013)"
},
@ -552,23 +565,7 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "15,206"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "15,127 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "507"
},
"female": {
"text": "494 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military and Security": {
"Military - note": {
"text": "defense is the responsibility of the UK"
}

319
europe/it.json
View file

@ -29,10 +29,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "almost twice the size of Georgia; slightly larger than Arizona",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "almost twice the size of Georgia; slightly larger than Arizona"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -59,12 +56,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "538 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Mont Blanc (Monte Bianco) de Courmayeur 4,748 m (a secondary peak of Mont Blanc)"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m ++ highest point: Mont Blanc (Monte Bianco) de Courmayeur 4,748 m (a secondary peak of Mont Blanc)"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -82,18 +79,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "39,510 sq km (2007)"
"text": "39,500 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "191.3 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "45.41 cu km/yr (24%/43%/34%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "789.8 cu m/yr (2008)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "despite a distinctive pattern with an industrial north and an agrarian south, a fairly even population distribution exists throughout most of the country, with coastal areas, the Po River Valley, and urban centers (particularly Milan, Rome, and Naples), attracting larger and denser populations"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "regional risks include landslides, mudflows, avalanches, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding; land subsidence in Venice",
@ -117,6 +106,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "62,007,540 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Italian(s)"
@ -129,32 +121,26 @@
"text": "Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and Greek-Italians in the south)"
},
"Languages": {
"text": "Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German-speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area)"
"text": "Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area)"
},
"Religions": {
"text": "Christian 80% (overwhelmingly Roman Catholic with very small groups of Jehovah's Witnesses and Protestants), Muslim (about 800,000 to 1 million), Atheist and Agnostic 20%"
},
"Population": {
"text": "61,855,120 (July 2015 est.)"
"text": "Christian 80% (overwhelmingly Roman Catholic with very small groups of Jehovah's Witnesses and Protestants), Muslim (about 800,000 to 1 million), atheist and agnostic 20%"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "13.73% (male 4,340,380/female 4,154,737)"
"text": "13.69% (male 4,337,792/female 4,151,901)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "9.79% (male 3,035,586/female 3,020,584)"
"text": "9.74% (male 3,026,359/female 3,012,882)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "42.74% (male 13,063,733/female 13,375,975)"
"text": "42.46% (male 13,003,171/female 13,326,901)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "12.54% (male 3,756,546/female 3,997,190)"
"text": "12.73% (male 3,826,630/female 4,069,855)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "21.2% (male 5,626,752/female 7,483,637) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "21.37% (male 5,696,612/female 7,555,437) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -173,26 +159,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "44.8 years"
"text": "45.1 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "43.7 years"
"text": "44 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "45.9 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "46.2 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "0.27% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.23% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "8.74 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "8.7 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "10.19 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "10.3 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "4.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "despite a distinctive pattern with an industrial north and an agrarian south, a fairly even population distribution exists throughout most of the country, with coastal areas, the Po River Valley, and urban centers (particularly Milan, Rome, and Naples), attracting larger and denser populations"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -210,10 +199,10 @@
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
},
"0-14 years": {
"text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
"text": "1 male(s)/female"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "0.98 male(s)/female"
@ -225,39 +214,42 @@
"text": "0.75 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.93 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.93 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "30.3 (2011 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "4 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "3.29 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "3.3 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "3.49 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "3.5 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "3.08 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "82.12 years"
"text": "82.2 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "79.48 years"
"text": "79.6 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "84.92 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "85 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.43 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.43 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "9.1% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "9.2% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "3.76 physicians/1,000 population (2012)"
@ -282,19 +274,19 @@
}
},
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "0.28% (2013 est.)"
"text": "0.37% (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
"text": "122,000 (2013 est.)"
"text": "136,800 (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
"text": "NA"
"text": "700 (2015 est.)"
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "23.7% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.3% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "4.1% of GDP (2011)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -318,18 +310,18 @@
"text": "16 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "17 years (2012)"
"text": "17 years (2013)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "35.3%"
"text": "42.7%"
},
"male": {
"text": "33.7%"
"text": "41.3%"
},
"female": {
"text": "37.5% (2012 est.)"
"text": "44.7% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -349,10 +341,13 @@
},
"former": {
"text": "Kingdom of Italy"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "derivation is unclear, but the Latin \"Italia\" may come from the Oscan \"Viteliu\" meaning \"[land] of young cattle\" (the bull was a symbol of southern Italic tribes)"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "republic"
"text": "parliamentary republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -378,13 +373,13 @@
}
},
"Independence": {
"text": "17 March 1861 (Kingdom of Italy proclaimed; Italy was not finally unified until 1870)"
"text": "17 March 1861 (Kingdom of Italy proclaimed; Italy was not finally unified until 1871)"
},
"National holiday": {
"text": "Republic Day, 2 June (1946)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1848 (originally for Kingdom of Sardinia and adopted by Kingdom of Italy in 1861); latest enacted 22 December 1947, adopted 27 December 1947, entered into force 1 January 1948; amended many times, last in 2012; note - a proposed amendment that would significantly alter the parliament is slated for a referendum in 2016 (2015)"
"text": "previous 1848 (originally for Kingdom of Sardinia and adopted by Kingdom of Italy in 1861); latest enacted 22 December 1947, adopted 27 December 1947, entered into force 1 January 1948; amended many times, last in 2012; note - a proposed amendment that would significantly alter the parliament is slated for a referendum in October 2016 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system; judicial review of legislation under certain conditions in Constitutional Court"
@ -393,14 +388,17 @@
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": ""
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Italy"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": ""
"text": "4 years for EU nationals, 5 years for refugees and specified exceptions, 10 years for all others"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
@ -408,7 +406,7 @@
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "President Sergio MATTARELLA (3 February 2015); Giorgio NAPOLITANO resigned 14 January 2015"
"text": "President Sergio MATTARELLA (since 3 February 2015); Giorgio NAPOLITANO resigned 14 January 2015"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Matteo RENZI (since 22 February 2014); note - the prime minister title is President of the Council of Ministers"
@ -420,7 +418,7 @@
"text": "president indirectly elected by an electoral college consisting of both houses of Parliament and 58 regional representatives for a 7-year term (no term limits); election last held on 31 January 2015 (next scheduled for 2020); prime minister appointed by the president, confirmed by parliament"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Sergio MATTARELLA elected president; electoral college vote count in fourth round - 665 out of 1,009 (505-vote threshold); Matteo RENZI sworn in as prime minister on 22 February 2014"
"text": "Sergio MATTARELLA (independent) elected president; electoral college vote count in fourth round - 665 out of 1,009 (505-vote threshold); Matteo RENZI (PD) sworn in as prime minister on 22 February 2014"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -431,32 +429,29 @@
"text": "Senate - last held on 24-25 February 2013 (next to be held in 2018); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 24-25 February 2013 (next to be held in 2018)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - center-left coalition 123 (PD 111, SEL 7, SVP 2, other 3), center-right coalition 117 (PdL 98, LN 18, other 1), M5S 54, centrist coalition 19, other 2; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - center-left coalition 345 (PD 297, SEL 37, CD 6 SVP 5), center-right coalition 125 (PdL 98, LN 18, FdI 9), M5S 109, centrist coalition 47, other 3; note - President NAPOLITANO dissolved Parliament on 22 December 2012"
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - center-left coalition 123 (PD 111, SEL 7, SVP 2, other 3), center-right coalition 117 (PdL 98, LN 18, other 1), M5S 54, centrist coalition 19, other 2; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - center-left coalition 345 (PD 297, SEL 37, CD 6 SVP 5), center-right coalition 125 (PdL 98, LN 18, FdI 9), M5S 109, centrist coalition 47, other 3"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
"highest court(s)": {
"text": "Supreme Court of Cassation consists of the first president (chief justice), deputy president, 54 justices presiding over 6 civil and 7 criminal divisions, and 288 judges; an additional 30 judges of lower courts serve as supporting judges; cases normally heard by 5-judge panels; more complex cases heard by 9-judge panels"
"text": "Supreme Court of Cassation or Corte Suprema di Cassazione consists of the first president (chief justice), deputy president, 54 justices presiding over 6 civil and 7 criminal divisions, and 288 judges; an additional 30 judges of lower courts serve as supporting judges; cases normally heard by 5-judge panels; more complex cases heard by 9-judge panels; Constitutional Court or Corte Costituzionale (consists of the court president and 14 judges)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the Superior Council of the Judiciary, headed by the president of the republic, to serve NA terms; Constitutional Court judges - 5 appointed by the president, 5 elected by parliament, 5 elected by select higher courts; judges serve up to 9 years)"
"text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the High Council of the Judiciary, headed by the president of the republic; judges may serve for life; Constitutional Court judges - 5 appointed by the president, 5 elected by parliament, 5 elected by select higher courts; judges serve up to 9 years"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "various lower civil and criminal courts (primary and secondary tribunals, courts, and courts of appeal)"
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"Center-right coalition: [Silvio BERLUSCONI]": {
"text": " ++ Brothers of Italy or FdI [Giorgia MELONI, Ignazio LA RUSSA, and Guido CROSETTO] ++ Forza Italia [Silvio BERLUSCONI] (formerly PdL) ++ The New Center-Right or NCD [Angelino ALFANO] ++ Northern League or LN [Matteo SALVINI] ++ other minor parties ++ "
"Ruling left-center-right coalition": {
"text": " ++ Civic Choice or SC [Enrico ZANETTI] ++ Democratic Centre or CD [Bruno TABACCI] ++ Democratic Party or PD [Matteo RENZI] ++ The New Center-Right or NCD [Angelino ALFANO] ++ Union of the Center or UdC [Pier Fernando CASINI] ++ "
},
"Center-left coalition": {
"text": " ++ Democratic Centre or CD [Bruno TABACCI] ++ Democratic Party or PD [Matteo RENZI] ++ Left Ecology Freedom or SEL [Nichi VENDOLA] ++ South Tyrolean People's Party or SVP [Philipp ACHAMMER] ++ "
"Center-right opposition": {
"text": " ++ Brothers of Italy-National Alliance or FdI-AN [Giorgia MELONI, Ignazio LA RUSSA, and Guido CROSETTO] ++ Forza Italia [Silvio BERLUSCONI] (formerly PdL) ++ Northern League or LN [Matteo SALVINI] ++ other minor parties ++ "
},
"Centrist coalition (With Monti for Italy) [Mario MONTI]": {
"text": " ++ Civic Choice or SC [Enrico ZANETTI] ++ Future and Freedom for Italy or FLI [Gianfranco FINI] ++ Union of the Center or UdC [Pier Ferdinando CASINI] ++ "
},
"other coalitions and parties": {
"text": " ++ Civil Revolution or RC [Antonio INGROIA] ++ Five Star Movment or M5S [Beppe GRILLO]"
"Other parties": {
"text": " ++ Civil Revolution or RC [Antonio INGROIA] ++ Five Star Movment or M5S [Beppe GRILLO] ++ South Tyrolean People's Party or SVP [Philipp ACHAMMER]"
}
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
@ -479,7 +474,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Claudio BISOGNIERO (since 13 January 2012)"
"text": "Ambassador Armando VARRICCHIO (since 2 March 2016)"
},
"chancery": {
"text": "3000 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008"
@ -520,7 +515,7 @@
"text": "Florence, Milan, Naples"
},
"consular agency(ies)": {
"text": "Anchorage (AL), Charleston (SC), Worcester (MA)"
"text": "Anchorage (AK), Charleston (SC), Worcester (MA)"
}
},
"Flag description": {
@ -546,58 +541,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Italy has a diversified economy, which is divided into a developed industrial north, dominated by private companies, and a less-developed, highly subsidized, agricultural south, where unemployment is higher. The Italian economy is driven in large part by the manufacture of high-quality consumer goods produced by small and medium-sized enterprises, many of them family-owned. Italy also has a sizable underground economy, which by some estimates accounts for as much as 17% of GDP. These activities are most common within the agriculture, construction, and service sectors. Italy is the third-largest economy in the euro-zone, but its exceptionally high public debt and structural impediments to growth have rendered it vulnerable to scrutiny by financial markets. Public debt has increased steadily since 2007, topping 132% of GDP in 2014, but investor concerns about Italy and the broader euro-zone crisis eased in 2013, bringing down Italy's borrowing costs on sovereign government debt from euro-era records. The government still faces pressure from investors and European partners to sustain its efforts to address Italy's long-standing structural impediments to growth, such as labor market inefficiencies and tax evasion. In 2014 economic growth and labor market conditions continued to deteriorate, with overall unemployment rising to 12.2% and youth unemployment around 40%. Italy's GDP is now nearly 10% below its 2007 pre-crisis level."
"text": "Italy has a diversified economy, which is divided into a developed industrial north, dominated by private companies, and a less-developed, highly subsidized, agricultural south, where unemployment is higher. The Italian economy is driven in large part by the manufacture of high-quality consumer goods produced by small and medium-sized enterprises, many of them family-owned. Italy also has a sizable underground economy, which by some estimates accounts for as much as 17% of GDP. These activities are most common within the agriculture, construction, and service sectors. ++ ++ Italy is the third-largest economy in the euro zone, but its exceptionally high public debt and structural impediments to growth have rendered it vulnerable to scrutiny by financial markets. Public debt has increased steadily since 2007, topping 135% of GDP in 2015, but investor concerns about Italy and the broader euro-zone crisis eased in 2013, bringing down Italy's borrowing costs on sovereign government debt from euro-era records. The government still faces pressure from investors and European partners to sustain its efforts to address Italy's longstanding structural impediments to growth, such as labor market inefficiencies and tax evasion. In 2014, economic growth and labor market conditions continued to deteriorate, with overall unemployment rising to 12.7% and youth unemployment around 40%, but Italy began to recover in 2015, with marginal growth and a slight reduction in unemployment."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$2.135 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $2.144 trillion (2013 est.) ++ $2.182 trillion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$2.175 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $2.159 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $2.166 trillion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$2.148 trillion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.816 trillion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "-0.4% (2014 est.) ++ -1.7% (2013 est.) ++ -2.8% (2012 est.)"
"text": "0.8% (2015 est.) ++ -0.3% (2014 est.) ++ -1.7% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$35,100 (2014 est.) ++ $35,300 (2013 est.) ++ $35,900 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$35,800 (2015 est.) ++ $35,500 (2014 est.) ++ $36,300 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "18.4% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 18.2% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 17.4% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "19% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 18.2% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 17.9% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "60.8%"
"text": "61.1%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "19.4%"
"text": "19%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "16.8%"
"text": "16.5%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-0.2%"
"text": "0.2%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "29.3%"
"text": "30.2%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-26.2% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-27% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "2.2%"
"text": "2.3%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "23.4%"
"text": "23.7%"
},
"services": {
"text": "74.4% (2014 est.)"
"text": "74% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -607,10 +602,10 @@
"text": "tourism, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles, motor vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "-1.3% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.4% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "25.5 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "25.5 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -624,7 +619,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "12.7% (2014 est.) ++ 12.2% (2013 est.)"
"text": "11.9% (2015 est.) ++ 12.6% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "29.9% (2012 est.)"
@ -642,20 +637,20 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$1.033 trillion"
"text": "$870 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$1.098 trillion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$917 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "48.1% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "47.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-2.6% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "132% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 128.6% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "132.8% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 132.4% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "Italy reports its data on public debt according to guidelines set out in the Maastricht Treaty; general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year, in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises the central government, state government, local government and social security funds"
}
@ -664,7 +659,7 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.2% (2014 est.) ++ 1.3% (2013 est.)"
"text": "0.1% (2015 est.) ++ 0.2% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.25% (31 December 2013) ++ 0.75% (31 December 2012)",
@ -673,10 +668,10 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "4.87% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 5.14% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "4.13% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 4.87% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$999 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.041 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)",
"text": "$1.026 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.054 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
}
@ -685,49 +680,54 @@
"text": "$2.134 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.284 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$3.39 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $3.822 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$3.053 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $3.39 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$480.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $431.5 billion (31 December 2011) ++ $318.1 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$480.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $587.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $615.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$41.11 billion (2014 est.) ++ $19.87 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$39.91 billion (2015 est.) ++ $41.05 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$513.7 billion (2014 est.) ++ $503.5 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$450.1 billion (2015 est.) ++ $518.3 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "engineering products, textiles and clothing, production machinery, motor vehicles, transport equipment, chemicals; foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco; minerals, nonferrous metals"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 12.8%, France 10.7%, US 7.2%, UK 5.3%, Switzerland 4.7%, Spain 4.6% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 12.3%, France 10.3%, US 8.7%, UK 5.4%, Spain 4.8%, Switzerland 4.7% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$448.4 billion (2014 est.) ++ $455.4 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$391.2 billion (2015 est.) ++ $455.2 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "engineering products, chemicals, transport equipment, energy products, minerals and nonferrous metals, textiles and clothing; food, beverages, tobacco"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 16.1%, France 9%, China 7.3%, Netherlands 5.8%, Spain 5%, Belgium 4.5% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 15.4%, France 8.7%, China 7.7%, Netherlands 5.6%, Spain 5%, Belgium 4.7% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$142.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $145.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$130.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $142.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$142.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $145.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$2.459 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.635 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$490.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $536.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$463.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $493.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$664.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $695.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$594.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $632.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.7489 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.) ++ 0.755 (2010 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "281 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -801,18 +801,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "20.57 million"
"text": "20,236,305"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "33 (2014 est.)"
"text": "33 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "94.2 million"
"text": "92.52 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "153 (2014 est.)"
"text": "150 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -823,31 +823,42 @@
"text": "high-capacity cable and microwave radio relay trunks"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 39; a series of submarine cables provide links to Asia, Middle East, Europe, North Africa, and US; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (with a total of 5 antennas - 3 for Atlantic Ocean and 2 for Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region), and NA Eutelsat (2011)"
"text": "country code - 39; a series of submarine cables provide links to Asia, Middle East, Europe, North Africa, and US; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (with a total of 5 antennas - 3 for Atlantic Ocean and 2 for Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region), and NA Eutelsat (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "two Italian media giants dominate - the publicly owned Radiotelevisione Italiana (RAI) with 3 national terrestrial stations and privately owned Mediaset with 3 national terrestrial stations; a large number of private stations and Sky Italia - a satellite TV network; RAI operates 3 AM/FM nationwide radio stations; some 1,300 commercial radio stations (2007)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM about 100, FM about 4,600, shortwave 9 (1998)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "358 (plus 4,728 repeaters) (1995)"
"text": "two Italian media giants dominate - the publicly owned Radiotelevisione Italiana (RAI) with 3 national terrestrial stations and privately owned Mediaset with 3 national terrestrial stations; a large number of private stations and Sky Italia - a satellite TV network; RAI operates 3 AM/FM nationwide radio stations; about 1,300 commercial radio stations (2007)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".it"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "37 million"
"text": "40.559 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "59.9% (2014 est.)"
"text": "65.6% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "9"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "382"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "26,036,010"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "945,433,732 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "I (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "129 (2013)"
},
@ -882,7 +893,7 @@
"text": "10"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 20 (2013)"
"text": "20 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -942,39 +953,15 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Italian Armed Forces: Army (Esercito Italiano, EI), Navy (Marina Militare Italiana, MMI), Italian Air Force (Aeronautica Militare Italiana, AMI), Carabinieri Corps (Arma dei Carabinieri, CC) (2011)"
"text": "Italian Armed Forces: Army (Esercito Italiano, EI), Navy (Marina Militare Italiana, MMI), Italian Air Force (Aeronautica Militare Italiana, AMI), Carabinieri Corps (Arma dei Carabinieri, CC), Financial Guard (Guardia di Finanza) (2015)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; women may serve in any military branch; Italian citizenship required; 1-year service obligation (2013)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "13,865,688"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "14,003,755 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "11,247,446"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "11,348,695 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "288,188"
},
"female": {
"text": "281,671 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.69% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.72% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.69% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "1.1% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.2% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.3% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
@ -983,13 +970,13 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "13,357 (Eritrea); 12,213 (Somalia); 8,991 (Afghanistan); 6,293 (Nigeria); 5,764 (Pakistan); 5,552 (Mali) (2014)"
"text": "13,068 (Somalia); 12,203 (Afghanistan); 11,962 (Eritrea); 9,931 (Nigeria); 9,202 (Pakistan); 8,334 (Mali); 5,079 (Cote d'Ivoire) (2015)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "813 (2014)"
"text": "747 (2015)"
},
"note": {
"text": "141,766 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals by sea (November 2015)"
"text": "299,223 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals by sea (2015 - October 2016)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

171
europe/je.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Jersey and the other Channel Islands represent the last remnants of the medieval Dukedom of Normandy that held sway in both France and England. These islands were the only British soil occupied by German troops in World War II. Jersey is a British crown dependency but is not part of the UK or of the European Union. However, the UK Government is constitutionally responsible for its defense and international representation."
"text": "Jersey and the other Channel Islands represent the last remnants of the medieval Dukedom of Normandy that held sway in both France and England. These islands were the only British soil occupied by German troops in World War II. Jersey is a British Crown dependency but is not part of the UK or of the EU. However, the UK Government is constitutionally responsible for its defense and international representation."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -48,12 +48,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "gently rolling plain with low, rugged hills along north coast"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "NA"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "unnamed elevation 143 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m ++ highest point: unnamed elevation 143 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -73,6 +73,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "fairly even distribution; no notable trends"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "NA"
},
@ -84,6 +87,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "98,069 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Channel Islander(s)"
@ -101,27 +107,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Protestant (Anglican, Baptist, Congregational New Church, Methodist, Presbyterian), Roman Catholic"
},
"Population": {
"text": "97,294 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "16.02% (male 8,066/female 7,517)"
"text": "16.1% (male 8,169/female 7,616)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "14.52% (male 7,241/female 6,883)"
"text": "14.23% (male 7,187/female 6,768)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "41.31% (male 20,130/female 20,063)"
"text": "41.18% (male 20,215/female 20,170)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "12.24% (male 5,797/female 6,109)"
"text": "12.38% (male 5,931/female 6,209)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "15.92% (male 6,597/female 8,891) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "16.12% (male 6,731/female 9,073) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -138,38 +138,44 @@
"text": "3.9%"
},
"note": {
"text": "data represents the Channel Islands (2015 est.)"
"text": "data represent the Channel Islands (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "39 years"
"text": "38.5 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "36.6 years"
"text": "36.2 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "41.4 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "41.2 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "0.8% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.79% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "11.91 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "12.1 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "7.68 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "7.7 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "3.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "fairly even distribution; no notable trends"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "31.4% of total population (2014)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.76% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.) ++ data is for the Channel Islands"
"text": "0.76% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"note": {
"text": "data are for the Channel Islands"
}
},
"Sex ratio": {
@ -180,45 +186,45 @@
"text": "1.07 male(s)/female"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "1 male(s)/female"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "0.95 male(s)/female"
"text": "0.96 male(s)/female"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "0.74 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.97 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.97 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "3.82 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "3.8 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "4.03 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "4 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "3.59 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "81.76 years"
"text": "81.9 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "79.3 years"
"text": "79.4 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "84.37 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "84.5 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.66 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.66 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -237,13 +243,16 @@
},
"conventional short form": {
"text": "Jersey"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "the name is of Old Norse origin, but the meaning of the root \"Jer(s)\" is uncertain; the \"-ey\" ending means \"island\""
}
},
"Dependency status": {
"text": "British crown dependency"
},
"Government type": {
"text": "parliamentary democracy"
"text": "parliamentary democracy (Assembly of the States of Jersey); a Crown dependency of the UK"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -269,11 +278,14 @@
"text": "Liberation Day, 9 May (1945)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice (2015)"
"text": "unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply; local statutes"
},
"Citizenship": {
"text": "see United Kingdom"
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "16 years of age; universal"
},
@ -282,7 +294,7 @@
"text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Lieutenant Governor Sir John MCCOLL (since 26 September 2011)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Chief Minister Ian GORST (18 December 2011); Bailiff Michael BIRT (since 9 July 2009)"
"text": "Chief Minister Ian GORST (since 18 December 2011); Bailiff Michael BIRT (since 9 July 2009)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed individually by the states"
@ -293,13 +305,13 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "unicameral Assembly of the States of Jersey (58 seats; 53 voting members directly elected by simple majority vote include 12 senators to serve 6-year terms, and 29 deputies and 12 constables or heads of parishes to serve 3-year terms; 5 non-voting members appointed by the monarch include the bailiff, lieutenant governor, dean of Jersey, attorney general, and the solicitor general); note - the senator seats will be reduced to 8 in the October 2014 election"
"text": "unicameral Assembly of the States of Jersey (54 seats; 49 voting members directly elected by simple majority vote include 8 senators to serve 6-year terms, and 29 deputies and 12 constables or heads of parishes to serve 3-year terms; 5 non-voting members appointed by the monarch include the bailiff, lieutenant governor, dean of Jersey, attorney general, and the solicitor general)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 27 April 2011 (next to be held in 2014)"
"text": "last held on 15 October 2014 (next to be held in 2017)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote - NA; seats - independents 53; note - starting with the 2014 elections, the number of Senators will be reduced to 8"
"text": "percent of vote - NA; seats - independents 49"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -318,17 +330,17 @@
"text": " ++ Reform Jersey [Sam MEZEC] ++ "
},
"note": {
"text": "all senators and deputies elected in 2008 were independents"
"text": "most senators and deputies sit as independents"
}
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Institute of Directors, Jersey branch (provides business support) ++ Jersey Hospitality Association [Robert JONES] (trade association) ++ Jersey Rights Association [David ROTHERHAM] (human rights) ++ La Societe Jersiaise (education and conservation group) ++ Progress Jersey [Daren O'TOOLE, Gino RISOLI] (human rights) ++ Royal Jersey Agriculture and Horticultural Society or RJA&HS (development and management of the Jersey breed of cattle) ++ Save Jersey's Heritage (protects heritage through building preservation)"
"text": "Institute of Directors, Jersey branch (provides business support) ++ Jersey Hospitality Association [Ian BARNES] (trade association) ++ Jersey Rights Association [David ROTHERHAM] (human rights) ++ La Societe Jersiaise (education and conservation group) ++ Progress Jersey [Daren O'TOOLE, Gino RISOLI] (human rights) ++ Royal Jersey Agriculture and Horticultural Society or RJA&HS (development and management of the Jersey breed of cattle) ++ Save Jersey's Heritage (protects heritage through building preservation)"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"text": "none (British crown dependency)"
"text": "none (British Crown dependency)"
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"text": "none (British crown dependency)"
"text": "none (British Crown dependency)"
},
"Flag description": {
"text": "white with a diagonal red cross extending to the corners of the flag; in the upper quadrant, surmounted by a yellow crown, a red shield with three lions in yellow; according to tradition, the ships of Jersey - in an attempt to differentiate themselves from English ships flying the horizontal cross of St. George - rotated the cross to the \"X\" (saltire) configuration; because this arrangement still resembled the Irish cross of St. Patrick, the yellow Plantagenet crown and Jersey coat of arms were added"
@ -344,16 +356,16 @@
"text": "Gerard LE FEUVRE"
},
"note": {
"text": "adopted 2008; serves as a local anthem; as a British crown dependency, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)"
"text": "adopted 2008; serves as a local anthem; as a British Crown dependency, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)"
}
}
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Jersey's economy is based on international financial services, agriculture, and tourism. In 2010 the financial services sector accounted for about 50% of the island's output. Potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes, and especially flowers are important export crops, shipped mostly to the UK. The Jersey breed of dairy cattle is known worldwide and represents an important export income earner. Tourism accounts for one-quarter of GDP. Living standards come close to those of the UK. In recent years, the government has encouraged light industry to locate in Jersey with the result that an electronics industry has developed, displacing more traditional industries. All raw material and energy requirements are imported as well as a large share of Jersey's food needs. Light taxes and death duties make the island a popular tax haven. In October 2014, Jersey signed an OECD agreement to automatically exchange some financial account information to limit tax avoidance and evasion."
"text": "Jersey's economy is based on international financial services, agriculture, and tourism. In 2010, the financial services sector accounted for about 50% of the island's output. Potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes, and especially flowers are important export crops, shipped mostly to the UK. The Jersey breed of dairy cattle is known worldwide and represents an important export income earner. Tourism accounts for one-quarter of GDP. Living standards come close to those of the UK. In recent years, the government has encouraged light industry to locate in Jersey with the result that an electronics industry has developed, displacing more traditional industries. All raw material and energy requirements are imported as well as a large share of Jersey's food needs. Light taxes and death duties make the island a popular tax haven. In October 2014, Jersey signed an OECD agreement to automatically exchange some financial account information to limit tax avoidance and evasion."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$5.771 billion (FY 2012/13 est.) ++ $5.786 billion (FY 2011/12)",
"text": "$5.771 billion (FY12/13 est.) ++ $5.786 billion (FY11/12)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2013 US dollars"
}
@ -362,7 +374,7 @@
"text": "$5.771 billion (FY 2012/13 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "-0.3% (FY 2012/13 est.)"
"text": "-0.3% (FY12/13 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$57,000 (2005 est.)"
@ -443,10 +455,15 @@
"text": "$NA"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Jersey pounds (JEP) per US dollar ++ 0.607 (2012) ++ 0.607 (2013) ++ 0.6391 (2011 est.) ++ 0.6472 (2010 est)"
"text": "Jersey pounds (JEP) per US dollar ++ 0.6542 (2012) ++ 0.607 (2014) ++ 0.607 (2013) ++ 0.6391 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - consumption": {
"text": "630.1 million kWh (2004 est.)"
}
@ -454,53 +471,55 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "83,900"
"text": "73,800"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "95 (2014 est.)"
"text": "80 (July 2010 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "83,900"
"text": "112,400"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "105 (2004)"
"text": "117 (July 2013 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "increasingly modern system, with broadband access"
"text": "modern system with broadband access"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "digital telephone system launch announced in 2006 now implemented; fixed-line and mobile-cellular services widely available; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular density exceeds 100 per 100 persons"
"text": "fixed-line and mobile-cellular services widely available"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 44; submarine cable connectivity to Guernsey, the UK, and France (2010)"
"text": "country code - 44; submarine cable connectivity to Guernsey, the UK, and France (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "multiple UK terrestrial television broadcasts are received via a transmitter in Jersey; satellite packages available; BBC Radio Jersey and 1 other radio station operating (2009)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM NA, FM 1, shortwave 0 (UK radio broadcasts carried via local relays) (2008)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "2 (UK television carried by local relays with a switch to digital broadcasts scheduled for 2010) (2008)"
"text": "multiple UK terrestrial TV broadcasts are received via a transmitter in Jersey; satellite packages available; BBC Radio Jersey and 1 other radio station operating (2009)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".je"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "29,500"
"text": "58,000"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "31.9% (2009)"
"text": "59.6% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "2 (registered in UK)"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "11 (registered in UK) (2015)"
}
},
"Airports": {
"text": "1 (2013)"
},
@ -528,23 +547,7 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "18,688"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "18,615 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "664"
},
"female": {
"text": "590 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military and Security": {
"Military - note": {
"text": "defense is the responsibility of the UK"
}

20
europe/jn.json
View file

@ -54,12 +54,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "volcanic island, partly covered by glaciers"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Norwegian Sea 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "NA"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Haakon VII Toppen on Beerenberg 2,277 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Norwegian Sea 0 m ++ highest point: Haakon VII Toppen on Beerenberg 2,277 m"
},
"note": {
"text": "Beerenberg volcano has numerous peaks; the highest point on the volcano rim is named Haakon VII Toppen, after Norway's first king following the reestablishment of Norwegian independence in 1905"
@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "0 sq km (2011)"
"text": "0 sq km (2012)"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "dominated by the volcano Beerenberg",
@ -110,6 +110,9 @@
},
"conventional short form": {
"text": "Jan Mayen"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "named after Dutch Captain Jan Jacobszoon MAY, one of the first explorers to reach the island in 1614"
}
},
"Dependency status": {
@ -130,9 +133,6 @@
"Communications": {
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "a coastal radio station has been remotely operated since 1994 (2008)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "NA; note - there is one radio and meteorological station (1998)"
}
},
"Transportation": {
@ -151,7 +151,7 @@
"text": "none; offshore anchorage only"
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military - note": {
"text": "defense is the responsibility of Norway"
}

164
europe/kv.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "The central Balkans were part of the Roman and Byzantine Empires before ethnic Serbs migrated to the territories of modern Kosovo in the 7th century. During the medieval period, Kosovo became the center of a Serbian Empire and saw the construction of many important Serb religious sites, including many architecturally significant Serbian Orthodox monasteries. The defeat of Serbian forces at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 led to five centuries of Ottoman rule during which large numbers of Turks and Albanians moved to Kosovo. By the end of the 19th century, Albanians replaced the Serbs as the dominant ethnic group in Kosovo. Serbia reacquired control over Kosovo from the Ottoman Empire during the First Balkan War of 1912. After World War II, Kosovo became an autonomous province of Serbia in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (S.F.R.Y.). Despite legislative concessions, Albanian nationalism increased in the 1980s, which led to riots and calls for Kosovo's independence. The Serbs - many of whom viewed Kosovo as their cultural heartland - instituted a new constitution in 1989 revoking Kosovo's autonomous status. Kosovo's Albanian leaders responded in 1991 by organizing a referendum declaring Kosovo independent. Serbia undertook repressive measures against the Kosovar Albanians in the 1990s, provoking an Albanian insurgency. ++ Beginning in 1998, Serbia conducted a brutal counterinsurgency campaign that resulted in massacres and massive expulsions of ethnic Albanians (some 800,000 ethnic Albanians were forced from their homes in Kosovo). After international attempts to mediate the conflict failed, a three-month NATO military operation against Serbia beginning in March 1999 forced the Serbs to agree to withdraw their military and police forces from Kosovo. UN Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999) placed Kosovo under a transitional administration, the UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), pending a determination of Kosovo's future status. A UN-led process began in late 2005 to determine Kosovo's final status. The negotiations ran in stages between 2006 and 2007, but ended without agreement between Belgrade and Pristina. On 17 February 2008, the Kosovo Assembly declared Kosovo independent. Since then, over 100 countries have recognized Kosovo, and it has joined numerous international organizations. In October 2008, Serbia sought an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on the legality under international law of Kosovo's declaration of independence. The ICJ released the advisory opinion in July 2010 affirming that Kosovo's declaration of independence did not violate general principles of international law, UN Security Council Resolution 1244, or the Constitutive Framework. The opinion was closely tailored to Kosovo's unique history and circumstances. Serbia continues to reject Kosovo's independence, but the two countries reached an agreement to normalize their relations in April 2013 through EU-facilitated talks and are currently engaged in the implementation process."
"text": "The central Balkans were part of the Roman and Byzantine Empires before ethnic Serbs migrated to the territories of modern Kosovo in the 7th century. During the medieval period, Kosovo became the center of a Serbian Empire and saw the construction of many important Serb religious sites, including many architecturally significant Serbian Orthodox monasteries. The defeat of Serbian forces at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 led to five centuries of Ottoman rule during which large numbers of Turks and Albanians moved to Kosovo. By the end of the 19th century, Albanians replaced Serbs as the dominant ethnic group in Kosovo. Serbia reacquired control over the region from the Ottoman Empire during the First Balkan War of 1912. After World War II, Kosovo's present-day boundaries were established when Kosovo became an autonomous province of Serbia in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (S.F.R.Y.). Despite legislative concessions, Albanian nationalism increased in the 1980s, which led to riots and calls for Kosovo's independence. The Serbs - many of whom viewed Kosovo as their cultural heartland - instituted a new constitution in 1989 revoking Kosovo's autonomous status. Kosovo's Albanian leaders responded in 1991 by organizing a referendum declaring Kosovo independent. Serbia undertook repressive measures against the Kosovar Albanians in the 1990s, provoking a Kosovar Albanian insurgency. ++ Beginning in 1998, Serbia conducted a brutal counterinsurgency campaign that resulted in massacres and massive expulsions of ethnic Albanians (some 800,000 ethnic Albanians were forced from their homes in Kosovo). After international attempts to mediate the conflict failed, a three-month NATO military operation against Serbia beginning in March 1999 forced the Serbs to agree to withdraw their military and police forces from Kosovo. UN Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999) placed Kosovo under a transitional administration, the UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), pending a determination of Kosovo's future status. A UN-led process began in late 2005 to determine Kosovo's final status. The 2006-07 negotiations ended without agreement between Belgrade and Pristina, though the UN issued a comprehensive report on Kosovo's final status that endorsed independence. On 17 February 2008, the Kosovo Assembly declared Kosovo independent. Since then, over 100 countries have recognized Kosovo, and it has joined numerous international organizations. In October 2008, Serbia sought an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on the legality under international law of Kosovo's declaration of independence. The ICJ released the advisory opinion in July 2010 affirming that Kosovo's declaration of independence did not violate general principles of international law, UN Security Council Resolution 1244, or the Constitutive Framework. The opinion was closely tailored to Kosovo's unique history and circumstances. ++ Serbia continues to reject Kosovo's independence, but the two countries reached an agreement to normalize their relations in April 2013 through EU-facilitated talks and are currently engaged in the implementation process. Kosovo seeks full integration into the international community, and has pursued bilateral recognitions and eventual membership in international organizations, such as the UN, EU, and NATO."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -48,12 +48,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "flat fluvial basin at an elevation of 400-700 m above sea level surrounded by several high mountain ranges with elevations of 2,000 to 2,500 m"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Drini i Bardhe/Beli Drim 297 m (located on the border with Albania)"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "NA"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Gjeravica/Deravica 2,656 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Drini i Bardhe/Beli Drim 297 m (located on the border with Albania) ++ highest point: Gjeravica/Deravica 2,656 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -69,9 +69,21 @@
"other": {
"text": "5.5% (2001 est.)"
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "pockets of agglomeration exist throughout the country, the largest being in the east in and around the capital of Pristina"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "the 41-km long Nerodimka River divides into two branches each of which flows into a different sea: the northern branch flows into the Sitnica River, which via the Ibar, Morava, and Danube Rivers ultimately flows into the Black Sea; the southern branch flows via the Lepenac and Vardar Rivers into the Aegean Sea"
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "1,883,018 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Kosovar (Albanian), Kosovac (Serbian)"
@ -92,46 +104,43 @@
"Languages": {
"text": "Albanian (official) 94.5%, Bosnian 1.7%, Serbian (official) 1.6%, Turkish 1.1%, other 0.9% (includes Romani), unspecified 0.1%",
"note": {
"text": "in municipalities where a community's mother tongue is not one of Kosovo's offical languages, the language of that community may be given official status according to the 2006 Law on the Use of Languages (2011 est.)"
"text": "in municipalities where a community's mother tongue is not one of Kosovo's official languages, the language of that community may be given official status according to the 2006 Law on the Use of Languages (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Religions": {
"text": "Muslim 95.6%, Orthodox 1.5%, Roman Catholic 2.2%, other 0.07%, none 0.07%, unspecified 0.6% (2011 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "1,870,981 (July 2015 est.)"
"text": "Muslim 95.6%, Roman Catholic 2.2%, Orthodox 1.5%, other 0.07%, none 0.07%, unspecified 0.6% (2011 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "25.82% (male 250,907/female 232,112)"
"text": "25.39% (male 248,366/female 229,732)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "17.74% (male 174,208/female 157,791)"
"text": "17.38% (male 171,363/female 155,928)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "42.01% (male 414,684/female 371,339)"
"text": "42.43% (male 421,620/female 377,362)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "7.4% (male 69,030/female 69,338)"
"text": "7.65% (male 72,444/female 71,659)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "7.03% (male 55,107/female 76,465) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "7.15% (male 56,407/female 78,137) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "28.2 years"
"text": "28.7 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "27.9 years"
"text": "28.3 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "28.6 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "29 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "pockets of agglomeration exist throughout the country, the largest being in the east in and around the capital of Pristina"
},
"Major urban areas - population": {
"text": "PRISTINA (capital) 207,062 (2014)"
},
@ -149,13 +158,13 @@
"text": "1.12 male(s)/female"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "1 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "0.72 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Literacy": {
@ -197,10 +206,13 @@
},
"local short form": {
"text": "Kosova (Kosovo)"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "name derives from the Serbian \"kos\" meaning \"blackbird,\" an ellipsis (linguistic omission) for \"kosove polje\" or \"field of the blackbirds\""
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "republic"
"text": "parliamentary republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -226,7 +238,7 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 17 February (2008)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1974, 1990; latest (postindependence) draft finalized 2 April 2008, signed 7 April 2008, ratified 8 April 2008, entered into force 15 June 2008; amended 2012, 2013 (2015)"
"text": "previous 1974, 1990; latest (postindependence) draft finalized 2 April 2008, signed 7 April 2008, ratified 9 April 2008, entered into force 15 June 2008; amended several times, last in 2016 (2016); note - amendment 24, passed by the Assembly in March 2016, established the Kosovo Relocated Specialist Institution, a court established to try war crimes allegedly committed by the Kosovo Liberation Army in the late 1990s (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system; note- the European Union Rule of Law Mission (EULEX) retains limited executive powers related to the investigation of such issues as war crimes"
@ -234,12 +246,26 @@
"International law organization participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"Citizenship": {
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Kosovo"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": "5 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "President Atifete JAHJAGA (since 7 April 2011);"
"text": "President Hashim THACI (since 7 April 2016)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Isa MUSTAFA (since 9 December 2014)"
@ -248,10 +274,10 @@
"text": "Cabinet elected by the Assembly"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president indirectly elected by two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 7 April 2011 (next to be held in 2016); prime minister indirectly elected by the Assembly"
"text": "president indirectly elected by two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly for a 5-year term; if a candidate does not receive a two-third majority in the first two ballots, the candidate receiving a simple majority of votes in the third ballot is elected (eligible for a second term); election last held on 26 February 2016 (next to be held in 2021); prime minister indirectly elected by the Assembly"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Atifete JAHJAGA elected president; Assembly vote - Atifete JAHJAGA (independent) 80, Suzana NOVOBERDALIU (AKR) 10; Isa MUSTAFA (LDK) elected prime minister by the Assembly; Assembly vote -73 to 38, 2 abstentions"
"text": "Hashim THACI elected president; Assembly vote - Hashim THACI (PDK) 71, Rafet RAMA (PDK) 0 in the third round (10 votes invalid); Isa MUSTAFA (LDK) selected prime minister by the President in consultation with the LDK/PDK/PD/LB/PSHDK/PK coalition"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -267,26 +293,23 @@
},
"Judicial branch": {
"highest court(s)": {
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of the court president and at least 15 percent of judges to reflect Kosovo's territorial ethnic composition); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 7 judges)"
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of the court president and NA judges); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 7 judges)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "Supreme Court judges nominated by the Kosovo Judicial Council, an independent body staffed by judges and lay members, and also responsible for overall administration of Kosovo's judicial system; judges appointed by the president of the Republic of Kosovo; judges appointed until mandatory retirement age; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the Kosovo Assembly and appointed by the president of the republic to serve single, 9-year terms"
"text": "Supreme Court judges nominated by the Kosovo Judicial Council, a 13-member independent body staffed by judges and lay members, and also responsible for overall administration of Kosovo's judicial system; judges appointed by the president of the Republic of Kosovo; judges appointed until mandatory retirement age; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the Kosovo Assembly and appointed by the president of the republic to serve single, 9-year terms"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "Court of Appeals (organized into 4 departments: General, Serious Crime, Commercial Matters), and Administrative Matters; Basic Court (located in 7 municipalities, each with several branches)"
"text": "subordinate courts: Court of Appeals (organized into 4 departments: General, Serious Crime, Commercial Matters, and Administrative Matters; Basic Court (located in 7 municipalities, each with several branches)"
},
"note": {
"text": "Kosovo initiated a new judicial system in January 2013"
"text": "in March 2016, the Kosovo Assembly approved a constitutional amendment that establishes the Kosovo Relocated Specialist Judicial Institution; the court - to be located at the Hague in the Netherlands and expected to be in operation by the end of 2016 - will try alleged crimes by members of the Kosovo Liberation Army during the late 1990s; the court will be attached to each level of the Kosovo court system and consist of 4 Specialist Chambers with international judges and the Prosecutor's Office"
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Albanian Christian Democratic Party of Kosovo or PSHDK [Uke BERISHA] ++ Alliance for the Future of Kosovo or AAK [Ramush HARADINAJ] ++ Civic Initiative for Kosovo or NISMA [Fatmir LIMAJ] ++ Conservative Party of Kosovo or PK [Munir BASHA] ++ Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK [Isa MUSTAFA] ++ Democratic Party of Kosovo or PDK [Hashim THACI] ++ Justice Party of Kosovo or PD [Ferid AGANI] ++ Movement for Self-Determination (Vetevendosje) or VV [Visar YMERI] ++ Movement for Unification or LB [Avni KLINAKU] ++ Serb List [Aleksandar JABLANOVIC] ++ Turkish Democratic Party of Kosovo or KDTP [Mahir YAGCILAR] ++ Vakat Coalition or VAKAT [Rasim DEMIRI]",
"note": {
"text": "a coalition formed for the 2014 parliamentary elections included the PDK, PD, LB, PSHDK, and PK"
}
"text": "Albanian Christian Democratic Party of Kosovo or PSHDK [Uke BERISHA] ++ Alliance for the Future of Kosovo or AAK [Ramush HARADINAJ] ++ Conservative Party of Kosovo or PK [Munir BASHA] ++ Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK [Isa MUSTAFA] ++ Democratic Party of Kosovo or PDK [Kadri VESELI, acting chairman] ++ Initiative for Kosovo or NISMA [Fatmir LIMAJ] ++ Justice Party of Kosovo or PD [Ferid AGANI] ++ Movement for Self-Determination (Vetevendosje) or VV [Visar YMERI] ++ Movement for Unification or LB [Valon MURATI] ++ Serb List [Slavko SIMIC] ++ Turkish Democratic Party of Kosovo or KDTP [Mahir YAGCILAR] ++ Vakat Coalition or VAKAT [Rasim DEMIRI]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "CiviKos Platform [Valdete IDRIZI] ++ Council for the Defense of Human Rights and Freedom (human rights) ++ Group for Political and Legal Studies [Fisnik KORENICA] ++ KLA Veterans [Xhevdet QERIQI] ++ Kosova Women's Network [Igballe ROGOVA] ++ Kosovar Civil Society Foundation [Venera HAJRULLAHU] ++ Kosovo Democratic Institute [Ismet KRYEZIU] ++ Organization for Democracy, Anti-Corruption and Dignity Rise! [Avni ZOGIANI] ++ Serb National Council (SNV) ++ Speak Up [Ramadan ILAZI, executive director]"
"text": "CiviKos Platform [Valdete IDRIZI] ++ Council for the Defense of Human Rights and Freedom (human rights) [Behxhet SHALA] ++ Group for Political and Legal Studies [Fisnik KORENICA] ++ KLA War Veterans Organization [Muharrem XHEMAJLI] ++ Kosova Women's Network [Igballe ROGOVA] ++ Kosovar Civil Society Foundation [Venera HAJRULLAHU] ++ Kosovo Democratic Institute [Ismet KRYEZIU] ++ Organization for Democracy, Anti-Corruption and Dignity Rise! [Arton DEMHASAJ, acting chairman] ++ Serb National Council (SNV) ++ Speak Up [Petrit ZOGAJ, executive director]"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "IBRD, IDA, IFC, IMF, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OIF (observer)"
@ -306,11 +329,14 @@
},
"consulate(s) general": {
"text": "New York"
},
"consulate(s)": {
"text": "Des Moines (IA)"
}
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Tracey Ann JACOBSON (since 26 July 2012)"
"text": "Ambassador Gregory T. DELAWIE (since 21 August 2015)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "Arberia/Dragodan, Nazim Hikmet 30, Pristina, Kosovo"
@ -345,28 +371,28 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Kosovo's economy has shown progress in transitioning to a market-based system and maintaining macroeconomic stability, but it is still highly dependent on the international community and the diaspora for financial and technical assistance. Kosovo's citizens are the poorest in Europe with a per capita GDP (PPP) of $8,000 in 2014. An unemployment rate of 31% encourages emigration and fuels a significant informal, unreported economy. Remittances from the diaspora - located mainly in Germany, Switzerland, and the Nordic countries - are estimated to account for about 15% of GDP. International donor assistance accounts for approximately 10% of Kosovo’s GDP. Most of Kosovo's population lives in rural towns outside of the capital, Pristina. Inefficient, near-subsistence farming is common - the result of small plots, limited mechanization, and a lack of technical expertise. Kosovo enjoys lower labor costs than the rest of the region. However, high levels of corruption and little contract enforcement have discouraged potential investors. With international assistance, Kosovo has been able to privatize a majority of its state-owned-enterprises. Minerals and metals production - including lignite, lead, zinc, nickel, chrome, aluminum, magnesium, and a wide variety of construction materials - once the backbone of industry, has declined because of ageing equipment and insufficient investment. A limited and unreliable electricity supply is a major impediment to economic development, but Kosovo has received technical assistance to help improve the sector’s performance. In 2012, Kosovo privatized its electricity supply and distribution network. The US Government is cooperating with the Ministry of Economic Development (MED) and the World Bank to conclude a commercial tender for the construction of a new power plant. MED also has plans for the rehabilitation of an older coal power plant, and the development of a coal mine that could supply both plants. In June 2009, Kosovo joined the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, and began servicing its share of the former Yugoslavia's debt. In order to help integrate Kosovo into regional economic structures, UNMIK signed (on behalf of Kosovo) its accession to the Central Europe Free Trade Area (CEFTA) in 2006. Serbia and Bosnia previously had refused to recognize Kosovo's customs stamp or extend reduced tariff privileges for Kosovo products under CEFTA, but both countries resumed trade with Kosovo in 2011. Kosovo joined the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in 2012 and the Council of Europe Development Bank in 2013. In 2014, Kosovo concluded the Stabilization and Association Agreement negotiations (SAA) with the EU, focused on trade liberalization. The SAA is expected to be signed by end of 2015. The official currency of Kosovo is the euro, but the Serbian dinar is also used illegally in Serb majority communities. Kosovo's tie to the euro has helped keep core inflation low. Kosovo experienced its first federal budget deficit in 2012, when government expenditures climbed sharply. In May 2014, the government introduced a 25% salary increase for public sector employees and an equal increase in certain social benefits. Central revenues could not sustain these increases, and the Government was forced to reduce its planned capital investments. The government recently made changes to its fiscal policy that extended the list of duty-free imports, decreased the Value Added Tax (VAT) for basic food items and public utilities, and increased the VAT for all other goods."
"text": "Kosovo's economy has shown progress in transitioning to a market-based system and maintaining macroeconomic stability, but it is still highly dependent on the international community and the diaspora for financial and technical assistance. Remittances from the diaspora - located mainly in Germany, Switzerland, and the Nordic countries - are estimated to account for about 15% of GDP and international donor assistance accounts for approximately 10% of GDP. With international assistance, Kosovo has been able to privatize a majority of its state-owned enterprises. ++ ++ Kosovo's citizens are the poorest in Europe with a per capita GDP (PPP) of $8,000 in 2014. An unemployment rate of 31%, and a youth unemployment rate near 60%, in a country where the average age is 26, encourages emigration and fuels a significant informal, unreported economy. Most of Kosovo's population lives in rural towns outside of the capital, Pristina. Inefficient, near-subsistence farming is common - the result of small plots, limited mechanization, and a lack of technical expertise. Kosovo enjoys lower labor costs than the rest of the region. However, high levels of corruption, little contract enforcement, and unreliable electricity supply have discouraged potential investors. ++ ++ Minerals and metals production - including lignite, lead, zinc, nickel, chrome, aluminum, magnesium, and a wide variety of construction materials - once the backbone of industry, has declined because of ageing equipment and insufficient investment. A limited and unreliable electricity supply is a major impediment to economic development, but Kosovo has received technical assistance to help improve the sector’s performance. In 2012, Kosovo privatized its electricity supply and distribution network. The US Government is cooperating with the Ministry of Economic Development (MED) and the World Bank to conclude a commercial tender for the construction of a new power plant, Kosovo C. MED also has plans for the rehabilitation of an older coal power plant, Kosovo B, and the development of a coal mine that could supply both plants. ++ ++ In June 2009, Kosovo joined the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, and began servicing its share of the former Yugoslavia's debt. In order to help integrate Kosovo into regional economic structures, UNMIK signed (on behalf of Kosovo) its accession to the Central Europe Free Trade Area (CEFTA) in 2006. Serbia and Bosnia previously had refused to recognize Kosovo's customs stamp or extend reduced tariff privileges for Kosovo products under CEFTA, but both countries resumed trade with Kosovo in 2011. Kosovo joined the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in 2012 and the Council of Europe Development Bank in 2013. In 2014, Kosovo concluded the Stabilization and Association Agreement negotiations (SAA) with the EU, focused on trade liberalization, and signed it into law in 2015. In 2015, Kosovo negotiated a $185 million Stand-by Arrangement (SBA) with the IMF following the conclusion of its previous SBA in 2014. The official currency of Kosovo is the euro, but the Serbian dinar is also used illegally in Serb majority communities. Kosovo's tie to the euro has helped keep core inflation low. ++ ++ Kosovo experienced its first federal budget deficit in 2012, when government expenditures climbed sharply. In May 2014, the government introduced a 25% salary increase for public sector employees and an equal increase in certain social benefits. Central revenues could not sustain these increases, and the government was forced to reduce its planned capital investments. The government, led by Prime Minister MUSTAFA - a trained economist - recently made several changes to its fiscal policy, expanding the list of duty-free imports, decreasing the Value Added Tax (VAT) for basic food items and public utilities, and increasing the VAT for all other goods. In August 2015, as part of its EU-facilitated normalization process with Serbia, Kosovo signed agreements on telecommunications and energy distribution, but disagreements over who owns economic assets within Kosovo continue."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$16.92 billion (2014 est.) ++ $16.47 billion (2013 est.) ++ $15.93 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$17.54 billion (2015 est.) ++ $16.87 billion (2014 est.) ++ $16.67 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$7.319 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$6.404 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "2.7% (2014 est.) ++ 3.4% (2013 est.) ++ 2.8% (2012 est.)"
"text": "4% (2015 est.) ++ 1.2% (2014 est.) ++ 3.4% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$0 (2014 est.) ++ $0 (2013 est.) ++ $0 (2012 est.)",
"text": "NA (2015 est.) ++ NA (2014 est.) ++ NA (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "12.5% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 12.7% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 12.5% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "12.5% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 12.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 12.5% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
@ -385,7 +411,7 @@
"text": "5.8%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-43.5% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-43.5% (2012 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -423,7 +449,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "30.9% (2013 est.) ++ 45% (2012 est.)",
"text": "35.3% (2014 est.) ++ 30.9% (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "Kosovo has a large informal sector that may not be reflected in these data"
}
@ -443,16 +469,16 @@
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "19.1% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "22% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-2.9% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-3.4% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "10.6% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 9.1% of GDP (2013)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.4% (2014 est.) ++ 1.8% (2013 est.)"
"text": "-0.5% (2015 est.) ++ 0.4% (2014 est.)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "12.8% (30 June 2013 est.) ++ 13.7% (31 December 2012 est.)"
@ -461,10 +487,10 @@
"text": "$2.511 billion (2014 est.) ++ $2.773 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$2.02 billion (2014 est.) ++ $2.505 billion (2013)"
"text": "$2.02 billion (2014 est.) ++ $2.505 billion (2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$586 million (2014 est.) ++ -$450 million (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$560 million (2015 est.) ++ -$582 million (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$349 million (2014 est.) ++ $408 million (2013 est.)"
@ -491,13 +517,18 @@
"text": "$411.6 million (2014 est.) ++ $448.2 million (2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$21.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $27.51 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$21.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $34.32 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.7489 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.) ++ 0.755 (2010 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "5.324 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -570,11 +601,14 @@
"text": "562,000"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "31 (2007)"
"text": "31 (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "Z6 (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "6 (2013)"
},
@ -597,7 +631,7 @@
"text": "3"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 3 (2013)"
"text": "3 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -623,26 +657,18 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Kosovo does not have a military force; the Kosovo Security Force was established in 2009 and maintains a non-military mandate in four core competencies: search-and-rescue, firefighting, demining, and hazardous material response (2015)"
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "430,926"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "389,614 (2010 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "Serbia with several other states protest the US and other states' recognition of Kosovo's declaration of its status as a sovereign and independent state in February 2008; ethnic Serbian municipalities along Kosovo's northern border challenge final status of Kosovo-Serbia boundary; several thousand NATO-led Kosovo Force peacekeepers under United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo authority continue to keep the peace within Kosovo between the ethnic Albanian majority and the Serb minority in Kosovo; Kosovo and Macedonia completed demarcation of their boundary in September 2008"
"text": "Serbia with several other states protest the US and other states' recognition of Kosovo's declaration of its status as a sovereign and independent state in February 2008; ethnic Serbian municipalities along Kosovo's northern border challenge final status of Kosovo-Serbia boundary; several thousand NATO-led Kosovo Force peacekeepers under UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo authority continue to keep the peace within Kosovo between the ethnic Albanian majority and the Serb minority in Kosovo; Kosovo and Macedonia completed demarcation of their boundary in September 2008"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"IDPs": {
"text": "17,100 (primarily ethnic Serbs displaced during the 1998-1999 war fearing reprisals from the majority ethnic-Albanian population; a smaller number of ethnic Serbs, Roma, Ashkali, and Egyptians fled their homes in 2004 as a result of violence) (2015)"
"text": "17,000 (primarily ethnic Serbs displaced during the 1998-1999 war fearing reprisals from the majority ethnic-Albanian population; a smaller number of ethnic Serbs, Roma, Ashkali, and Egyptians fled their homes in 2004 as a result of violence) (2015)"
}
}
}

292
europe/lg.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "The name \"Latvia\" originates from the ancient Latgalians, one of four eastern Baltic tribes that formed the ethnic core of the Latvian people (ca. 8th-12th centuries A.D.). The region subsequently came under the control of Germans, Poles, Swedes, and finally, Russians. A Latvian republic emerged following World War I, but it was annexed by the USSR in 1940 - an action never recognized by the US and many other countries. Latvia reestablished its independence in 1991 following the breakup of the Soviet Union. Although the last Russian troops left in 1994, the status of the Russian minority (some 28% of the population) remains of concern to Moscow. Latvia acceded to both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004; it joined the euro zone in 2014."
"text": "Several eastern Baltic tribes merged in medieval times to form the ethnic core of the Latvian people (ca. 8th-12th centuries A.D.). The region subsequently came under the control of Germans, Poles, Swedes, and finally, Russians. A Latvian republic emerged following World War I, but it was annexed by the USSR in 1940 - an action never recognized by the US and many other countries. Latvia reestablished its independence in 1991 following the breakup of the Soviet Union. Although the last Russian troops left in 1994, the status of the Russian minority (some 26% of the population) remains of concern to Moscow. Latvia acceded to both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004; it joined the euro zone in 2014."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "slightly larger than West Virginia",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "slightly larger than West Virginia"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -59,12 +56,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "low plain"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Baltic Sea 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "87 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Gaizina Kalns 312 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m ++ highest point: Gaizina Kalns 312 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -82,21 +79,13 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "8.3 sq km",
"text": "12 sq km",
"note": {
"text": "land in Latvia is often too wet and in need of drainage not irrigation; approximately 16,000 sq km or 85% of agricultural land has been improved by drainage (2007)"
"text": "land in Latvia is often too wet and in need of drainage not irrigation; approximately 16,000 sq km or 85% of agricultural land has been improved by drainage (2012)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "35.45 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "0.42 cu km/yr (42%/45%/13%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "177.9 cu m/yr (2007)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "largest concentration of people is found in and around the port and capital city of Riga; small agglomerations are scattered throughout the country"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "NA"
@ -117,6 +106,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "1,965,686 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Latvian(s)"
@ -131,33 +123,27 @@
"Languages": {
"text": "Latvian (official) 56.3%, Russian 33.8%, other 0.6% (includes Polish, Ukrainian, and Belarusian), unspecified 9.4%",
"note": {
"text": "percentages represent lanugage usually spoken at home (2011 est.)"
"text": "represents lanugage usually spoken at home (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Religions": {
"text": "Lutheran 19.6%, Orthodox 15.3%, other Christian 1%, other 0.4%, unspecified 63.7% (2006)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "1,986,705 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "14.86% (male 151,296/female 143,968)"
"text": "15.01% (male 151,290/female 143,710)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "10.47% (male 107,301/female 100,779)"
"text": "9.9% (male 100,416/female 94,244)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "42.25% (male 414,648/female 424,745)"
"text": "42.07% (male 409,921/female 417,074)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "13.44% (male 117,851/female 149,063)"
"text": "13.77% (male 119,844/female 150,860)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "18.98% (male 122,507/female 254,547) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "19.25% (male 123,467/female 254,860) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -176,26 +162,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "42.9 years"
"text": "43.3 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "39.2 years"
"text": "39.5 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "46.3 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "46.6 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "-1.06% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-1.07% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "10 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "9.9 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "14.31 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "14.4 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-6.26 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "-6.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "largest concentration of people is found in and around the port and capital city of Riga; small agglomerations are scattered throughout the country"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -228,39 +217,42 @@
"text": "0.48 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.85 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.85 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "26.9 (2013 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "18 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "5.36 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "5.3 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "5.76 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "5.7 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "4.95 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "4.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "74.23 years"
"text": "74.5 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "69.62 years"
"text": "69.9 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "79.07 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "79.3 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.5 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.51 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "5.7% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "5.9% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "3.58 physicians/1,000 population (2012)"
@ -285,27 +277,27 @@
}
},
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
"text": "0.67% (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
"text": "NA"
"text": "6,800 (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
"text": "NA"
"text": "400 (2015 est.)"
},
"Major infectious diseases": {
"degree of risk": {
"text": "intermediate"
},
"vectorborne diseases": {
"text": "tickborne encephalitis (2013)"
"text": "tickborne encephalitis (2016)"
}
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "25.6% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.9% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "4.9% of GDP (2013)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -323,24 +315,24 @@
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
"text": "15 years"
"text": "16 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "15 years"
"text": "16 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "16 years (2012)"
"text": "17 years (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "28.4%"
"text": "19.6%"
},
"male": {
"text": "27.6%"
"text": "19.4%"
},
"female": {
"text": "29.3% (2012 est.)"
"text": "20% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -360,10 +352,13 @@
},
"former": {
"text": "Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "the name \"Latvia\" originates from the ancient Latgalians, one of four eastern Baltic tribes that formed the ethnic core of the Latvian people (ca. 8th-12th centuries A.D.)"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "parliamentary democracy"
"text": "parliamentary republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -392,10 +387,10 @@
"text": "4 May 1990 (declared); 6 September 1991 (recognized by the Soviet Union)"
},
"National holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day, 18 November (1918); note - 18 November 1918 was the date Latvia declared independence from Soviet Russia and established its statehood; 4 May 1990 was the date it declared its independence from the Soviet Union"
"text": "Independence Day, 18 November (1918); note - 18 November 1918 was the date Latvia established its statehood and its concomitant independence from Soviet Russia; 4 May 1990 was the date it declared the restoration of Latvian statehood and its concomitant independence from the Soviet Union"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous (preindependence); note - following independence in 1991, parts of the 1922 constitution were reinforced and fully reinforced 6 July 1993; amended several times, last in 2014 (2015)"
"text": "several previous (pre-1991 independence); note - following the restoration of independence in 1991, parts of the 1922 constitution were reinforced and fully reinforced 6 July 1993; amended several times, last in 2014 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system with traces of socialist legal traditions and practices"
@ -404,14 +399,17 @@
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": ""
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Latvia"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": ""
"text": "5 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
@ -422,7 +420,7 @@
"text": "President Raimonds VEJONIS (since 8 July 2015)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Laimdota STRAUJUMA (since 22 January 2014)"
"text": "Prime Minister Maris KUCINSKIS (since 11 February 2016); Deputy Prime Minister Arvils ASERADENS (since 11 February 2016)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, appointed by Parliament"
@ -431,7 +429,7 @@
"text": "president indirectly elected by Parliament for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 3 June 2015 (next to be held in 2019); prime minister appointed by the president, confirmed by Parliament"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Andris BERZINS (ZZS) elected president; Parliament vote - Raimonds VEJONIS 55 of 100"
"text": "Raimonds VEJONIS elected president; Parliament vote - Raimonds VEJONIS 55 of 100"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -457,7 +455,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Alliance of Regions or LRA [Martins BONDARS, Dainis LIEPINS] ++ For Latvia from the Heart or NSL [Inguna SUDRABA] ++ Social Democratic Party \"Harmony\" or SC [Janis URBANOVICS, Nils USAKOVS] ++ National Alliance \"All For Latvia!\"-\"For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK\" or NA [Gaidis BERZINS, Raivis DZINTARS] ++ Union of Greens and Farmers or ZZS [Augusts BRIGMANIS, Raimonds VEJONIS] ++ Unity [Solvita ABOLTINA]"
"text": "Alliance of Regions or LRA [Martins BONDARS] ++ For Latvia from the Heart or NSL [Inguna SUDRABA] ++ Social Democratic Party \"Harmony\" or SC [Nils USAKOVS] ++ National Alliance \"All For Latvia!\"-\"For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK\" or NA [Gaidis BERZINS, Raivis DZINTARS] ++ Union of Greens and Farmers or ZZS [Augusts BRIGMANIS] ++ Unity [Solvita ABOLTINA]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Employers' Confederation of Latvia [Vitalijs GAVRILOVS] ++ Farmers' Parliament [Juris LAZDINS] ++ Free Trade Union Confederation of Latvia [Peteris KRIGERS]"
@ -467,7 +465,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Andris RAZANS (since 27 July 2012)"
"text": "Ambassador Andris TEIKMANIS (since 16 September 2016)"
},
"chancery": {
"text": "2306 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20008"
@ -481,7 +479,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge D'Affaires Sharon HUDSON-DEAN (since 2015)"
"text": "Ambassador Nancy Bikoff PETTIT (since 8 September 2015)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "1 Samnera Velsa St, Riga LV-1510"
@ -516,58 +514,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Latvia is a small, open economy with exports contributing nearly a third of GDP. Due to its geographical location, transit services are highly-developed, along with timber and wood-processing, agriculture and food products, and manufacturing of machinery and electronics industries. Corruption continues to be an impediment to attracting foreign direct investment and Latvia's low birth rate and decreasing population are major challenges to its long-term economic vitality. Latvia's economy experienced GDP growth of more than 10% per year during 2006-07, but entered a severe recession in 2008 as a result of an unsustainable current account deficit and large debt exposure amid the softening world economy. Triggered by the collapse of the second largest bank, GDP plunged 18% in 2009. The economy has not returned to pre-crisis levels despite strong growth, especially in the export sector in 2011-14. The IMF, EU, and other international donors provided substantial financial assistance to Latvia as part of an agreement to defend the currency's peg to the euro in exchange for the government's commitment to stringent austerity measures. The IMF/EU program successfully concluded in December 2011. The majority of companies, banks, and real estate have been privatized, although the state still holds sizable stakes in a few large enterprises, including 99.8% ownership of the Latvian national airline. Latvia officially joined the World Trade Organization in February 1999 and the EU in May 2004. Latvia joined the euro zone in 2014."
"text": "Latvia is a small, open economy with exports contributing nearly a third of GDP. Due to its geographical location, transit services are highly-developed, along with timber and wood-processing, agriculture and food products, and manufacturing of machinery and electronics industries. Corruption continues to be an impediment to attracting foreign direct investment and Latvia's low birth rate and decreasing population are major challenges to its long-term economic vitality. ++ ++ Latvia's economy experienced GDP growth of more than 10% per year during 2006-07, but entered a severe recession in 2008 as a result of an unsustainable current account deficit and large debt exposure amid the softening world economy. Triggered by the collapse of the second largest bank, GDP plunged 18% in 2009. The economy has not returned to pre-crisis levels despite strong growth, especially in the export sector in 2011-14. ++ ++ The IMF, EU, and other international donors provided substantial financial assistance to Latvia as part of an agreement to defend the currency's peg to the euro in exchange for the government's commitment to stringent austerity measures. The IMF/EU program successfully concluded in December 2011. The majority of companies, banks, and real estate have been privatized, although the state still holds sizable stakes in a few large enterprises, including 99.8% ownership of the Latvian national airline. Latvia officially joined the World Trade Organization in February 1999 and the EU in May 2004. Latvia joined the euro zone in 2014."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$48.36 billion (2014 est.) ++ $47.25 billion (2013 est.) ++ $45.33 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$48.96 billion (2015 est.) ++ $47.66 billion (2014 est.) ++ $46.71 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$31.97 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$26.96 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "2.4% (2014 est.) ++ 4.2% (2013 est.) ++ 4.8% (2012 est.)"
"text": "2.7% (2015 est.) ++ 2% (2014 est.) ++ 2.9% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$23,800 (2014 est.) ++ $23,200 (2013 est.) ++ $22,300 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$24,700 (2015 est.) ++ $23,800 (2014 est.) ++ $23,100 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "21% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 21.5% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 22.7% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "20.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 21.5% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 21.6% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "61.5%"
"text": "61.4%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "17.2%"
"text": "18%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "23%"
"text": "22.8%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "1.1%"
"text": "-0.8%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "58%"
"text": "58.8%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-60.9% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-60.2% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "3.4%"
"text": "3.3%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "23%"
},
"services": {
"text": "73.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "73.8% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -577,10 +575,10 @@
"text": "processed foods, processed wood products, textiles, processed metals, pharmaceuticals, railroad cars, synthetic fibers, electronics"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "1.6% (2014 est.)"
"text": "2.2% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "1.005 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "973,700 (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -594,7 +592,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "8.9% (2014 est.) ++ 9.9% (2013 est.)"
"text": "9.9% (2015 est.) ++ 10.9% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "NA%"
@ -612,20 +610,20 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$11.34 billion"
"text": "$9.718 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$11.8 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$10.06 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "35.5% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "35.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-1.4% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-1.3% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "40% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 38.2% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "36.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 40.8% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social security funds"
}
@ -634,64 +632,69 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.7% (2014 est.) ++ 0% (2013 est.)"
"text": "0.2% (2015 est.) ++ 0.7% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "3.5% (31 December 2011) ++ 3.5% (31 December 2010)"
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2013) ++ 0.3% (31 December 2012)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "4.6% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 5.92% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "4.5% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 4.6% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$8.969 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $10.24 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$10.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $10.08 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$12.88 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $13.41 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$15.46 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $18.94 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$15.39 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $15.46 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$1.115 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $1.076 billion (31 December 2011) ++ $1.252 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$1.115 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $1.076 billion (31 December 2011 est.) ++ $1.252 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$995 million (2014 est.) ++ -$721 million (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$332 million (2015 est.) ++ -$620 million (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$13.41 billion (2014 est.) ++ $13.04 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$11.4 billion (2015 est.) ++ $13.5 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "foodstuffs, wood and wood products, metals, machinery and equipment, textiles"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Lithuania 17.7%, Russia 14.7%, Estonia 11.2%, Germany 6.6%, Poland 6.2%, Sweden 5.1%, UK 4.7% (2014)"
"text": "Lithuania 17.8%, Russia 11.5%, Estonia 11.1%, Germany 6.3%, Poland 5.6%, Sweden 5.2%, UK 5%, Denmark 4% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$16.65 billion (2014 est.) ++ $16.41 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$13.74 billion (2015 est.) ++ $16.52 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, consumer goods, chemicals, fuels, vehicles"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Lithuania 17%, Germany 11.7%, Poland 10.9%, Russia 7.7%, Estonia 7.7%, Finland 5.8%, Italy 4.1% (2014)"
"text": "Lithuania 16.9%, Germany 11.2%, Poland 10.5%, Russia 8.1%, Estonia 7.7%, Finland 5.2%, Netherlands 4% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$7.507 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $7.893 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$40.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $7.893 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$40.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $42.06 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$15.85 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $17.02 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$15.71 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $15.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$2.454 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.664 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$2.391 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.568 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "lati (LVL) per US dollar - ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2013 est.) ++ 0.55 (2012 est.) ++ 0.5012 (2011 est.) ++ 0.5305 (2010 est.)"
"text": "lati (LVL) per US dollar - ++ 0.9012 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2013 est.) ++ 0.55 (2012 est.) ++ 0.5012 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "6.008 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -765,18 +768,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "390,000"
"text": "395,602"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "19 (2014 est.)"
"text": "20 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "2.5 million"
"text": "2.579 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "126 (2014 est.)"
"text": "130 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -787,31 +790,42 @@
"text": "number of telecommunications operators has grown rapidly since the fixed-line market opened to competition in 2003; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular subscribership roughly 150 per 100 persons"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 371; the Latvian network is now connected via fiber optic cable to Estonia, Finland, and Sweden (2008)"
"text": "country code - 371; the Latvian network is now connected via fiber-optic cable to Estonia, Finland, and Sweden (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "several national and regional commercial TV stations are foreign-owned, 2 national TV stations are publicly owned; system supplemented by privately owned regional and local TV stations; cable and satellite multi-channel TV services with domestic and foreign broadcasts available; publicly owned broadcaster operates 4 radio networks with dozens of stations throughout the country; dozens of private broadcasters also operate radio stations (2007)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 8, FM 62, shortwave 1 (2008)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "37 (plus 31 repeaters) (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".lv"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "1.5 million"
"text": "1.573 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "76.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "79.2% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "3"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "47"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "2,527,368"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "2,277,996 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "YL (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "42 (2013)"
},
@ -840,7 +854,7 @@
"text": "24"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 24 (2013)"
"text": "24 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -894,37 +908,13 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "National Armed Forces (Nacionalo Brunoto Speku): Land Forces (Latvijas Sauszemes Speki), Navy (Latvijas Juras Speki; includes Coast Guard (Latvijas Kara Flotes)), Latvian Air Force (Latvijas Gaisa Speki), Latvian Home Guard (Latvijas Zemessardze) (2011)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for voluntary male and female military service; no conscription; under current law, every citizen is entitled to serve in the armed forces for life (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "546,090"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "540,810 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "401,691"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "447,638 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "10,482"
},
"female": {
"text": "9,858 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "0.91% of GDP (2014) ++ 0.99% of GDP (2013) ++ 0.92% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.05% of GDP (2011) ++ 0.92% of GDP (2010)"
}
@ -935,7 +925,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"stateless persons": {
"text": "262,802 (2014); note - individuals who were Latvian citizens prior to the 1940 Soviet occupation and their descendants were recognized as Latvian citizens when the country's independence was restored in 1991; citizens of the former Soviet Union residing in Latvia who have neither Latvian nor other citizenship are considered non-citizens (officially there is no statelessness in Latvia) and are entitled to non-citizen passports; children born after Latvian independence to stateless parents are entitled to Latvian citizenship upon their parents' request; non-citizens cannot vote or hold certain government jobs and are exempt from military service but can travel visa-free in the EU under the Schengen accord like Latvian citizens; non-citizens can obtain naturalization if they have been permanent residents of Latvia for at least five years, pass tests in Latvian language and history, and know the words of the Latvian national anthem"
"text": "252,195 (2015); note - individuals who were Latvian citizens prior to the 1940 Soviet occupation and their descendants were recognized as Latvian citizens when the country's independence was restored in 1991; citizens of the former Soviet Union residing in Latvia who have neither Latvian nor other citizenship are considered non-citizens (officially there is no statelessness in Latvia) and are entitled to non-citizen passports; children born after Latvian independence to stateless parents are entitled to Latvian citizenship upon their parents' request; non-citizens cannot vote or hold certain government jobs and are exempt from military service but can travel visa-free in the EU under the Schengen accord like Latvian citizens; non-citizens can obtain naturalization if they have been permanent residents of Latvia for at least five years, pass tests in Latvian language and history, and know the words of the Latvian national anthem"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

291
europe/lh.json
View file

@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "slightly larger than West Virginia",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "slightly larger than West Virginia"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -53,12 +50,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "lowland, many scattered small lakes, fertile soil"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Baltic Sea 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "110 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Aukstojas 294 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m ++ highest point: Aukstojas 294 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -76,18 +73,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "13.4 sq km (2007)"
"text": "44 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "24.9 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "2.38 cu km/yr (7%/90%/3%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "703.8 cu m/yr (2009)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "fairly even population distribution throughout the country, but somewhat greater concentrations in the southern cities of Vilnius and Kaunas, and the western port of Klaipeda"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "NA"
@ -108,6 +97,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "2,854,235 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Lithuanian(s)"
@ -125,30 +117,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Roman Catholic 77.2%, Russian Orthodox 4.1%, Old Believer 0.8%, Evangelical Lutheran 0.6%, Evangelical Reformist 0.2%, other (including Sunni Muslim, Jewish, Greek Catholic, and Karaite) 0.8%, none 6.1%, unspecified 10.1% (2011 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "2,884,433",
"note": {
"text": "Statistics Lithuania (the national statistical agency of Lithuania) estimates the country's total population at the start of 2013 to be 2,971,905, which takes into account the findings of Lithuania's 2011 census and the high rate of net outmigration since the country joined the EU in 2004 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "14.91% (male 220,460/female 209,501)"
"text": "14.93% (male 218,453/female 207,643)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "11.97% (male 178,332/female 166,985)"
"text": "11.55% (male 170,494/female 159,283)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "40.71% (male 575,323/female 598,912)"
"text": "40.36% (male 566,159/female 585,862)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "13.26% (male 168,354/female 214,201)"
"text": "13.73% (male 172,987/female 218,955)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "19.15% (male 186,458/female 365,907) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "19.42% (male 187,340/female 367,059) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -167,26 +150,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "43.1 years"
"text": "43.4 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "39.3 years"
"text": "39.5 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "46.3 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "46.7 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "-1.04% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-1.06% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "10.1 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "10 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "14.27 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "14.5 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-6.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "-6.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "fairly even population distribution throughout the country, but somewhat greater concentrations in the southern cities of Vilnius and Kaunas, and the western port of Klaipeda"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -210,7 +196,7 @@
"text": "1.07 male(s)/female"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "0.96 male(s)/female"
"text": "0.97 male(s)/female"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "0.79 male(s)/female"
@ -219,36 +205,39 @@
"text": "0.51 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.85 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.86 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "26.8 (2013 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "10 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "3.84 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "3.8 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "4.3 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "3.36 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "74.69 years"
"text": "74.9 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "69.24 years"
"text": "69.5 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "80.46 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "80.6 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.59 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.59 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "62.9%",
@ -257,7 +246,7 @@
}
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "6.2% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "6.6% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "4.12 physicians/1,000 population (2012)"
@ -295,14 +284,14 @@
"text": "intermediate"
},
"vectorborne diseases": {
"text": "tickborne encephalitis (2013)"
"text": "tickborne encephalitis (2016)"
}
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "27.5% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5.2% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "4.8% of GDP (2012)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -320,24 +309,24 @@
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
"text": "16 years"
"text": "17 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "16 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "17 years (2012)"
"text": "17 years (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "26.4%"
"text": "19.3%"
},
"male": {
"text": "29.9%"
"text": "19.6%"
},
"female": {
"text": "21.8% (2012 est.)"
"text": "18.7% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -357,10 +346,13 @@
},
"former": {
"text": "Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "meaning of the name \"Lietuva\" remains unclear; it may derive from the Lietava, a stream in east central Lithuania"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "parliamentary democracy"
"text": "semi-presidential republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -377,16 +369,16 @@
}
},
"Administrative divisions": {
"text": "60 municipalities (savivaldybe, singular - savivaldybe); Akmene, Alytaus Miestas, Alytus, Ank<EFBFBD>ciai, Bir<69>tono, Bir<69>ai, Druskininkai, Elektr<74>nai, Ignalina, Jonava, Joni<6E>kis, Jurbarkas, Kai<61>iadorys, Kalvarijos, Kauno Miestas, Kaunas, Kazlu Rudos, Kedainiai, Kelme, Klaipedos Miestas, Klaipeda, Kretinga, Kupi<EFBFBD>kis, Lazdijai, Marijampole, Ma<4D>eikiai, Moletai, Neringa, Pag<61>giai, Pakruojis, Palangos Miestas, Panevezio Miestas, Paneve<76>ys, Pasvalys, Plunge, Prienai, Radvili<6C>kis, Raseiniai, Rietavo, Roki<6B>kis, <20>akiai, <20>alcininkai, <20>iauliu Miestas, <20>iauliai, <20>ilale, <20>ilute, <20>irvintos, Skuodas, <20>vencionys, Taurage, Tel<65>iai, Trakai, Ukmerge, Utena, Varena, Vilkavi<76>kis, Vilniaus Miestas, Vilnius, Visaginas, Zarasai"
"text": "60 municipalities (savivaldybe, singular - savivaldybe); Akmene, Alytaus Miestas, Alytus, Anksciai, Birstono, Birzai, Druskininkai, Elektrenai, Ignalina, Jonava, Joniskis, Jurbarkas, Kaisiadorys, Kalvarijos, Kauno Miestas, Kaunas, Kazlu Rudos, Kedainiai, Kelme, Klaipedos Miestas, Klaipeda, Kretinga, Kupiskis, Lazdijai, Marijampole, Mazeikiai, Moletai, Neringa, Pagegiai, Pakruojis, Palangos Miestas, Panevezio Miestas, Panevezys, Pasvalys, Plunge, Prienai, Radviliskis, Raseiniai, Rietavo, Rokiskis, Sakiai, Salcininkai, Siauliu Miestas, Siauliai, Silale, Silute, Sirvintos, Skuodas, Svencionys, Taurage, Telsiai, Trakai, Ukmerge, Utena, Varena, Vilkaviskis, Vilniaus Miestas, Vilnius, Visaginas, Zarasai"
},
"Independence": {
"text": "11 March 1990 (declared); 6 September 1991 (recognized by the Soviet Union); notable earlier dates: 6 July 1253 (coronation of MINDAUGAS, traditional founding date), 1 July 1569 (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth created), 16 February 1918 (independence from Soviet Russia)"
},
"National holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day, 16 February (1918); note - 16 February 1918 was the date Lithuania declared its independence from Soviet Russia and established its statehood; 11 March 1990 was the date it declared its independence from the Soviet Union"
"text": "Independence Day, 16 February (1918); note - 16 February 1918 was the date Lithuania established its statehood and its concomitant independence from Soviet Russia and Germany; 11 March 1990 was the date it declared the restoration of Lithuanian statehood and its concomitant independence from the Soviet Union"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted by referendum 25 October 1992, entered into force 2 November 1992; amended 2003 (2015)"
"text": "several previous; latest adopted by referendum 25 October 1992, entered into force 2 November 1992; amended 1996, 2003, 2006 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system; legislative acts can be appealed to the constitutional court"
@ -395,14 +387,17 @@
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": ""
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Lithuania"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": ""
"text": "10 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
@ -430,10 +425,10 @@
"text": "unicameral Parliament or Seimas (141 seats; 71 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote and 70 directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 14 and 28 October 2012 (next to be held in October 2016)"
"text": "last held on 9 and 23 October 2016 (next to be held in October 2020)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party - DP 19.8%, LSDP 18.4%, TS-LKD 15.1%, LS 8.6%, DK 8%, TT 7.3%, LLRA 5.8%, LVZS 3.9%, other 13.1%; seats by party - LSDP 38, TS-LKD 33, DP 29, TT 11, LS 11, LLRA 8, DK 7, LVZS 1, independent 3"
"text": "percent of vote by party - LVLS 22.5%, TS-LKD 22.6%, LSDP 15%, LS 9.5%, LCP-LPP 6.3%, LLRA 5.7%, TT 5.6%, DP 4.9%, LZP 2%, Lithuanian List 1.8%, other 4.1%; seats by party - LVLS 54, TS-LKD 31, LSDP 17, LS 14, LLRA 8, TT 8, DP 2, LCP-LPP 1, LZP 1, Lithuanian List 1, independent 4"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -441,14 +436,14 @@
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of 37 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "Supreme Court judges nominated by the president and appointed by the Seimas; judges serve 5-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court judges selected by the Seimas from among nominations by the president, by the Seimas chairperson, and Supreme Court chairperson; judges serve 9-year, nonrenewable terms; note - one-third of court judges reconstituted every 3 years"
"text": "Supreme Court judges nominated by the president and appointed by the Seimas; judges serve 5-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court judges selected by the Seimas from among nominations by the president, by the Seimas chairperson, and Supreme Court chairperson; judges serve 9-year, nonrenewable terms; one-third of membership reconstituted every 3 years"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "Court of Appeals; district and local courts"
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Christian Party or KP [Gediminas VAGNORIUS] ++ Democratic Labor and Unity Party or DDVP [Kristina BRAZAUSKIENE] ++ Electoral Action of Lithuanian Poles or LLRA [Valdemar TOMASEVSKI] ++ Emigrants Party or EP [Juozas MURAUSKAS] ++ Homeland Union-Lithuanian Christian Democrats or TS-LKD [Andrius KUBILIUS] ++ Labor Party or DP [Loreta GRAUZINIENE] ++ Liberal and Center Union or LCS [Arturas MELIANAS] ++ Liberal Movement or LS or LRLS [Eligijus MASIULIS] ++ Lithuanian People's Party or LLP [Kazimiera PRUNSKIENE] ++ Lithuanian People's Party or LZP [Joana SIMANAUSKIENE] ++ Lithuanian Russian Union or LRS [Sergejus DMITRIJEVAS] ++ Lithuanian Social Democratic Party or LSDP [Algirdas BUTKEVICIUS] ++ Nationalist Union or TS [Julius PANKA] ++ Order and Justice Party or TT [Rolandas PAKSAS] ++ Peasant and Greens Union or LVZS [Ramunas KARBAUSKIS] ++ Republican Party or RP [Valdemaras VALKIUNAS] ++ Russian Alliance or RA [Tamara LOCHANKINA] ++ Socialist People's Front or SLF [Algirdas PALECKIS] ++ The Union of National Unity or TVS [Algimantas MATULEVICIUS] ++ Way of Courage or DK [Jonas VARKALA] ++ YES-Homeland Revival and Perspective or YES Union or TAIP Union or TAIP [Arturas ZUOKAS] ++ Young Lithuania Party or PJL [Stanislovas BUSKEVICIUS]"
"text": "Anti-Corruption Coalition or LCP-LPP ++ Electoral Action of Lithuanian Poles or LLRA [Valdemar TOMASEVSKI] ++ Homeland Union-Lithuanian Christian Democrats or TS-LKD [Gabrielius LANDSBERGIS] ++ Labor Party or DP [Valentinas MAZURONIS] ++ Liberal Movement or LS or LRLS [Eligijus MASIULIS] ++ Lithuanian Green Party or LZP [Linas BALSYS] ++ Lithuanian List ++ Lithuanian Social Democratic Party or LSDP [Algirdas BUTKEVICIUS] ++ Order and Justice Party or TT [Rolandas PAKSAS] ++ Peasant and Greens Union or LVZS [Ramunas KARBAUSKIS] ++ Way of Courage or DK [Jonas VARKALA]"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "Australia Group, BA, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UN Security Council (non-permanent), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
@ -507,58 +502,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Lithuania gained membership in the World Trade Organization in May 2001 and joined the EU in May 2004. Lithuania's trade with the EU and CIS countries accounts for approximately 87.3% of total trade. Foreign investment and EU funding have aided in the transition from the former planned economy to a market economy. The three former Soviet Baltic republics were severely hit by the 2008-09 financial crisis, but Lithuania has rebounded and become one of the fastest growing economies in the EU. Lithuania’s ongoing recovery hinges on export growth, which is being hampered by economic slowdowns in the EU and Russia. Lithuania joined the euro zone on 1 January 2015."
"text": "Lithuania gained membership in the WTO in May 2001 and joined the EU in May 2004. Lithuania's trade with the EU and CIS countries accounts for approximately 87.3% of total trade. Foreign investment and EU funding have aided in the transition from the former planned economy to a market economy. The three former Soviet Baltic republics were severely hit by the 2008-09 financial crisis, but Lithuania has rebounded and become one of the fastest growing economies in the EU. Lithuania’s ongoing recovery hinges on export growth, which is being hampered by economic slowdowns in the EU and Russia. Lithuania joined the euro zone on 1 January 2015 and is under review for membership in the OECD."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$79.93 billion (2014 est.) ++ $77.64 billion (2013 est.) ++ $75.19 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$82.54 billion (2015 est.) ++ $81.23 billion (2014 est.) ++ $78.84 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$48.29 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$41.19 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "3% (2014 est.) ++ 3.3% (2013 est.) ++ 3.8% (2012 est.)"
"text": "1.6% (2015 est.) ++ 3% (2014 est.) ++ 3.5% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$27,300 (2014 est.) ++ $26,500 (2013 est.) ++ $25,600 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$28,400 (2015 est.) ++ $27,700 (2014 est.) ++ $26,700 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "19% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 20.7% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 18% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "16.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 21.9% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 20.7% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "63.9%"
"text": "64.1%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "17%"
"text": "17.5%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "19.2%"
"text": "20.8%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-0.3%"
"text": "-2.3%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "81.8%"
"text": "77.4%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-81.6% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-77.5% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "3.4%"
"text": "3.2%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "31%"
"text": "30.2%"
},
"services": {
"text": "65.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "66.6% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -568,10 +563,10 @@
"text": "metal-cutting machine tools, electric motors, television sets, refrigerators and freezers, petroleum refining, shipbuilding (small ships), furniture, textiles, food processing, fertilizers, agricultural machinery, optical equipment, lasers, electronic components, computers, amber jewelry, information technology, video game development, biotechnology"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "5.3% (2014 est.)"
"text": "1.2% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "1.477 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "1.469 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -585,7 +580,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "10.7% (2014 est.) ++ 11.8% (2013 est.)"
"text": "9.1% (2015 est.) ++ 10.7% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "4% (2008 est.)"
@ -603,20 +598,20 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$15.41 billion"
"text": "$14.4 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$16.29 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$14.48 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "31.9% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "34.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-1.8% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-0.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "39.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 38.9% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "45.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 42.5% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "official data; data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions"
}
@ -625,64 +620,69 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.2% (2014 est.) ++ 1.2% (2013 est.)"
"text": "-0.7% (2015 est.) ++ 0.2% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "3% (31 December 2010) ++ 2.06% (31 December 2009)"
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2013) ++ 0.3% (31 December 2012)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "3.5% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 3.76% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "3.1% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 3.5% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$14.67 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $15.89 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$19.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $14.67 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$22.25 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $22.41 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$22.34 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $25.6 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$24.43 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $22.34 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$3.964 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $4.075 billion (31 December 2011) ++ $5.661 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$3.964 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $4.075 billion (31 December 2011 est.) ++ $5.661 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$60 million (2014 est.) ++ $743 million (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$710 million (2015 est.) ++ $1.734 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$31.55 billion (2014 est.) ++ $31.88 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$24.81 billion (2015 est.) ++ $31.5 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "refined fuel, machinery and equipment, chemicals, textiles, foodstuffs, plastics"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Russia 20.9%, Latvia 9.2%, Poland 8.3%, Germany 7.3%, Belarus 4.7%, Netherlands 4.5%, Estonia 4.3% (2014)"
"text": "Russia 13.7%, Latvia 9.8%, Poland 9.7%, Germany 7.8%, Estonia 5.3%, Belarus 4.6%, UK 4.5%, US 4.4%, Netherlands 4% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$33.54 billion (2014 est.) ++ $33.11 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$26.93 billion (2015 est.) ++ $32.75 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "oil, natural gas, machinery and equipment, transport equipment, chemicals, textiles and clothing, metals"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Russia 21.7%, Germany 11%, Poland 9.5%, Latvia 6.9%, Italy 4.9%, Netherlands 4.8%, UK 4.1% (2014)"
"text": "Russia 16.9%, Germany 11.5%, Poland 10.3%, Latvia 7.6%, Netherlands 5.1%, Italy 4.5% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$8.728 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $8.072 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.697 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $8.728 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$8.728 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $8.072 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$30.81 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $33.64 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$15.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $18.67 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$15.63 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $17.19 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$3.814 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $4.394 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$3.427 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.404 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "litai (LTL) per US dollar - ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2013 est.) ++ 2.69 (2012 est.) ++ 2.481 (2011 est.) ++ 2.6063 (2010 est.)"
"text": "litai (LTL) per US dollar - ++ 0.9012 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2013 est.) ++ 2.69 (2012 est.) ++ 2.481 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "3.927 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -756,18 +756,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "590,000"
"text": "561,919"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "20 (2014 est.)"
"text": "19 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "4.4 million"
"text": "4.184 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "152 (2014 est.)"
"text": "145 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -775,34 +775,45 @@
"text": "adequate; being modernized to provide improved international capability and better residential access"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "rapid expansion of mobile-cellular services has resulted in a steady decline in the number of fixed-line connections; mobile-cellular teledensity stands at about 140 per 100 persons"
"text": "rapid expansion of mobile-cellular services has resulted in a steady decline in the number of fixed-line connections; mobile-cellular teledensity stands at about 145 per 100 persons"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 370; major international connections to Denmark, Sweden, and Norway by submarine cable for further transmission by satellite; landline connections to Latvia and Poland (2010)"
"text": "country code - 370; major international connections to Denmark, Sweden, and Norway by submarine cable for further transmission by satellite; landline connections to Latvia and Poland (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "public broadcaster operates 3 channels with the third channel - a satellite channel - introduced in 2007; various privately owned commercial TV broadcasters operate national and multiple regional channels; many privately owned local TV stations; multi-channel cable and satellite TV services available; publicly owned broadcaster operates 3 radio networks; many privately owned commercial broadcasters, with repeater stations in various regions throughout the country (2007)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 29, FM 142, shortwave 1 (2001)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "44 (may have as many as 100 transmitters, including repeater stations) (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".lt"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "2 million"
"text": "2.059 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "70.3% (2014 est.)"
"text": "71.4% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "2"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "52"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "1,363,950"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "565,642 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "LY (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "61 (2013)"
},
@ -837,7 +848,7 @@
"text": "2"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 36 (2013)"
"text": "36 (2013)"
}
},
"Pipelines": {
@ -894,39 +905,15 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Lithuanian Armed Forces (Lietuvos Ginkluotosios Pajegos): Land Forces (Sausumos Pajegos), Naval Forces (Karines Juru Pajegos), Air Forces (Karines Oro Pajegos), Special Forces (Specialiuju Operaciju Pajegos); Volunteer Forces (Savanoriu Pajegos) (2015)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; 1-year service obligation; Lithuania converted to a professional military in the fall of 2008, although the decision continues under judicial review; a new law passed passed in March 2015 restored conscription on a limited basis (2015)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "890,074"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "875,780 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "669,111"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "724,803 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "20,425"
},
"female": {
"text": "19,527 (2010 est.)"
}
"text": "18 years of age for military service; 9-month service obligation; Lithuania converted to a professional military in the fall of 2008, although the decision continues under judicial review; a new law passed in March 2015 restored conscription on a limited, 5-year basis; in March 2016, Lithuania's National Security and Defense Council recommended permanently restoring conscription service (2016)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.11% of GDP (2015) ++ 0.9% of GDP (2014) ++ 0.8% of GDP (2013) ++ 0.97% of GDP (2012) ++ 0.85% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "1.48% of GDP (2016) ++ 1.11% of GDP (2015) ++ 0.9% of GDP (2014) ++ 0.8% of GDP (2013) ++ 0.97% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
@ -935,7 +922,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"stateless persons": {
"text": "3,645 (2014)"
"text": "3,466 (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

321
europe/lo.json
View file

@ -48,12 +48,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "rugged mountains in the central and northern part and lowlands in the south"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Bodrok River 94 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "458 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Gerlachovsky Stit 2,655 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Bodrok River 94 m ++ highest point: Gerlachovsky Stit 2,655 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -71,18 +71,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "1,720 sq km (2007)"
"text": "869 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "50.1 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "0.69 cu km/yr (47%/51%/3%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "126.7 cu m/yr (2010)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country; slightly larger concentration in the west in proximity to the Czech border"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "NA"
@ -103,6 +95,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "5,445,802 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Slovak(s)"
@ -120,27 +115,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 8.2%, Greek Catholic 3.8%, other or unspecified 12.5%, none 13.4% (2011 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "5,445,027 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "15.14% (male 422,297/female 402,154)"
"text": "15.14% (male 422,797/female 401,718)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "11.78% (male 330,116/female 311,144)"
"text": "11.32% (male 317,775/female 298,954)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "45.17% (male 1,241,594/female 1,217,885)"
"text": "45.13% (male 1,241,212/female 1,216,596)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "13.56% (male 349,304/female 388,904)"
"text": "13.52% (male 349,089/female 387,394)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "14.35% (male 299,097/female 482,532) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "14.88% (male 312,042/female 498,225) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -159,26 +148,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "39.6 years"
"text": "40.1 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "37.9 years"
"text": "38.4 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "41.4 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "41.9 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "0.02% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.01% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "9.91 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "9.8 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "9.74 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "9.8 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "0.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country; slightly larger concentration in the west in proximity to the Czech border"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -211,39 +203,42 @@
"text": "0.62 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.94 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.94 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "27.4 (2013 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "6 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "5.27 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "5.2 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "5.91 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "5.8 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "4.58 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "4.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "76.88 years"
"text": "77.1 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "73.3 years"
"text": "73.5 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "80.71 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "80.9 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.39 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.4 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "8.2% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "8.1% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "3.32 physicians/1,000 population (2012)"
@ -280,7 +275,7 @@
"text": "27.4% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.1% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "4.1% of GDP (2013)"
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
@ -290,18 +285,18 @@
"text": "14 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "16 years (2012)"
"text": "16 years (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "34%"
"text": "29.7%"
},
"male": {
"text": "35%"
"text": "29.5%"
},
"female": {
"text": "32.5% (2012 est.)"
"text": "30.1% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -318,10 +313,13 @@
},
"local short form": {
"text": "Slovensko"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "related to the Slavic autonym (self-designation) \"Slovenin,\" a derivation from \"slovo\" (word), denoting \"people who speak (the same language)\" (i.e., people who understand each other)"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "parliamentary democracy"
"text": "parliamentary republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -347,7 +345,7 @@
"text": "Constitution Day, 1 September (1992)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous (preindependence); latest passed by legislature 1 September 1992, signed 3 September 1992, effective 1 October 1992; amended several times, last in 2011; note - an amendment passed by the National Council failed in a national referendum held in early 2015 (2015)"
"text": "several previous (preindependence); latest passed by legislature 1 September 1992, signed 3 September 1992, effective 1 October 1992; amended many times, last in 2015 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; note - legal code modified to comply with the obligations of Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe"
@ -356,14 +354,17 @@
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": ""
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Slovakia"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": ""
"text": "5 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
@ -391,15 +392,15 @@
"text": "unicameral National Council or Narodna Rada (150 seats; members directly elected in a single national constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 10 March 2012 (next to be held in March 2016)"
"text": "last held on 5 March 2016 (next to be held in March 2020)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party - Smer-SD 44.4%, KDH 8.8%, OLaNO 8.6%, Most-Hid 6.9%, SDKU-DS 6.1%, SaS 5.9%, other 19.3%; seats by party - Smer-SD 83, KDH 16, OLaNO 16, Most-Hid 13, SDKU-DS 11, SaS 11"
"text": "percent of vote by party - Smer-SD 28.3%, SaS 12.1%, OLaNO-NOVA 11%, SNS 8.6%, LSNS 8%, SME-Rodina 6.6%, Most-Hid 6.5%, Siet 5.6%, other 13.3%; seats by party - Smer-SD 49, SaS 21, OLaNO-NOVA 19, SNS 15, LSNS 14, SME-Rodina 11, Most-Hid 11, Siet 10"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
"highest court(s)": {
"text": "Supreme Court of the Slovak Republic (consists of 84 judges - as of 2015 - organized into criminal, civil, commercial, and administrative divisions with 3- and 5-judge panels; Constitutional Court (consists of 13 judges)"
"text": "Supreme Court of the Slovak Republic (consists of the court president, vice president, and 84 judges organized into criminal, civil, commercial, and administrative divisions with 3- and 5-judge panels); Constitutional Court (consists of 13 judges)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "Supreme Court judge candidates proposed by the Judicial Council of the Slovak Republic, a 17-member independent body to include the Supreme Court chief justice and presidential and governmental appointees; judges appointed by the president for life with mandatory retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the National Council of the Republic and appointed by the president; judges appointed for 12-year terms"
@ -410,14 +411,14 @@
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"parties in the Parliament": {
"text": " ++ Christian Democratic Movement or KDH [Jan FIGEL] ++ Direction-Social Democracy or Smer-SD [Robert FICO] ++ Freedom and Solidarity or SaS [Richard SULIK] ++ Most-Hid or Bridge [Bela BUGAR] ++ Ordinary People and Independent Personalities or OLaNO [Igor MATOVIC] ++ Slovak Democratic and Christian Union-Democratic Party or SDKU-DS [Pavol FRESO]"
"text": " ++ Direction-Social Democracy or Smer-SD [Robert FICO] ++ Bridge or Most-Hid [Bela BUGAR] ++ Freedom and Solidarity or SaS [Richard SULIK] ++ Network or Siet [Radoslav PROCHAZKA] ++ Ordinary People and Independent Personalities - New Majority or OLaNO-NOVA [Igor MATOVIC] ++ People's Party - Our Slovakia or LSNS [Marian KOTLEBA] ++ Slovak National Party or SNS [Andrej DANKO] ++ We Are Family or SME-Rodina [Boris KOLLAR] ++ "
},
"selected parties outside the Parliament": {
"text": " ++ Civic Conservative Party or OKS [Ondrej DOSTAL] ++ Nation and Justice - Our Party or NAS [Anna BELOUSOVOVA] ++ Network or Siet [Radoslav PROCHAZKA] ++ New Majority or NOVA [Daniel LIPSIC] ++ Party of the Hungarian Coalition or SMK [Jozsef BERENYI] ++ People's Party - Our Slovakia or LSNS [Marian KOTLEBA] ++ Slovak National Party or SNS [Andrej DANKO]"
"text": " ++ Christian Democratic Movement or KDH [Jan FIGEL] ++ JUMP! or SKOK! [Juraj MISKOV] ++ Party of the Hungarian Coalition or SMK [Jozsef BERENYI] ++ Slovak Democratic and Christian Union-Democratic Party or SDKU-DS [Pavol FRESO]"
}
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Association of Towns and Villages or ZMOS ++ Confederation of Trade Unions or KOZ ++ Entrepreneurs Association of Slovakia or ZPS ++ Federation of Employers' Associations of the Slovak Republic or AZZZ ++ Medical Trade Association or LOZ ++ National Union of Employers or RUZ ++ Slovak Chamber of Commerce and Industry or SOPK ++ The Business Alliance of Slovakia or PAS"
"text": "Alliance of Companies Employing 500 or More Employees or Klub500 ++ Association of Towns and Villages or ZMOS ++ Confederation of Trade Unions or KOZ ++ Entrepreneurs Association of Slovakia or ZPS ++ Federation of Employers' Associations of the Slovak Republic or AZZZ ++ Medical Trade Association or LOZ ++ National Union of Employers or RUZ ++ Slovak Chamber of Commerce and Industry or SOPK ++ The Business Alliance of Slovakia or PAS"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
@ -436,12 +437,12 @@
"text": "[1] (202) 237-6438"
},
"consulate(s) general": {
"text": "New York"
"text": "Los Angeles, New York"
}
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Theodore SEDGWICK (since 4 July 2010)"
"text": "Charge d’Affaires J. Liam WASLEY (since September 2015)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "Hviezdoslavovo Namestie 4, 81102 Bratislava"
@ -479,58 +480,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Slovakia has made significant economic reforms since its separation from the Czech Republic in 1993. With a population of 5.4 million, the Slovak Republic has a small, open economy, with exports, at about 92% of GDP, serving as the main driver of GDP growth. Slovakia joined the European Union (EU) in 2004 and the Eurozone in 2009. The country’s banking sector is sound. Slovakia has led the region garnering FDI, because of its relatively low-cost, highly-skilled labor force, reasonable tax rates, and favorable geographic location in the heart of Central Europe. However, recent increases in corporate taxes, as well as changes to the Labor Code, slow dispute resolution, and ongoing corruption potentially threaten the attractiveness of the Slovak market. Moreover, the energy sector is characterized by high costs, unpredictable regulatory oversight, and growing government interference."
"text": "Slovakia has made significant economic reforms since its separation from the Czech Republic in 1993. With a population of 5.4 million, the Slovak Republic has a small, open economy, with exports, at about 93% of GDP, serving as the main driver of GDP growth. Slovakia joined the EU in 2004 and the euro zone in 2009. The country’s banking sector is sound. ++ ++ Slovakia has led the region garnering FDI, because of its relatively low-cost, highly-skilled labor force, reasonable tax rates, and favorable geographic location in the heart of Central Europe. However, recent increases in corporate taxes, as well as changes to the Labor Code, slow dispute resolution, and ongoing corruption potentially threaten the attractiveness of the Slovak market. Moreover, the energy sector is characterized by high costs, unpredictable regulatory oversight, and growing government interference."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$153.2 billion (2014 est.) ++ $149.6 billion (2013 est.) ++ $147.5 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$161.3 billion (2015 est.) ++ $155.7 billion (2014 est.) ++ $151.9 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$99.87 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$86.63 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "2.4% (2014 est.) ++ 1.4% (2013 est.) ++ 1.6% (2012 est.)"
"text": "3.6% (2015 est.) ++ 2.5% (2014 est.) ++ 1.4% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$28,300 (2014 est.) ++ $27,600 (2013 est.) ++ $27,200 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$29,800 (2015 est.) ++ $28,800 (2014 est.) ++ $28,100 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "21% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 22.2% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 22% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "21.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 21.1% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 22.9% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "56.7%"
"text": "56%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "18.5%"
"text": "19%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "21.1%"
"text": "23%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-0.5%"
"text": "-0.4%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "91.9%"
"text": "93.8%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-87.8% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-91.4% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "3.4%"
"text": "3.7%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "30%"
"text": "31.1%"
},
"services": {
"text": "66.6% (2014 est.)"
"text": "65.3% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -540,27 +541,27 @@
"text": "automobiles; metal and metal products; electricity, gas, coke, oil, nuclear fuel; chemicals, synthetic fibers, wood and paper products; machinery; earthenware and ceramics; textiles; electrical and optical apparatus; rubber products; food and beverages; pharmaceutical"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "2.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "7.4% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.722 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "2.719 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "3.5%"
"text": "4.2%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "25.9%"
"text": "22.6%"
},
"services": {
"text": "70.6% (2014)"
"text": "73.2% (2015)"
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "12.8% (2014 est.) ++ 14.1% (2013 est.)"
"text": "11.5% (2015 est.) ++ 12.8% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "20.5% (2012 est.)"
"text": "12.6% (2014 est.)"
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
"lowest 10%": {
@ -571,122 +572,127 @@
}
},
"Distribution of family income - Gini index": {
"text": "25.3 (2012) ++ 25.7 (2011)"
"text": "26 (2013) ++ 25.7 (2011)"
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$38.87 billion"
"text": "$36.95 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$41.74 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$39.53 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "38.9% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "42.7% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-2.9% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-3% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "53.6% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 54.6% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "52.9% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 53.9% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general Government Gross Debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by Government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social security funds."
"text": "data cover general Government Gross Debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by Government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social security funds"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-0.1% (2014 est.) ++ 1.5% (2013 est.)"
"text": "-0.3% (2015 est.) ++ -0.1% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.3% (10 September 2014) ++ 0.75% (13 November 2013)",
"text": "0.05% (9 December 2015) ++ 0.05% (10 September 2014)",
"note": {
"text": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks from the euro area; Slovakia became a member of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) on 1 January 2009"
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "3.2% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 3.37% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "2.78% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 3.2% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$41.69 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $42.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)",
"text": "$43 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $41.69 billion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
}
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$64.13 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $62.69 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$53.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $48.34 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$65.76 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $72.79 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$67.67 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $65.76 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$5.172 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $4.04 billion (31 December 2013) ++ $4.611 billion (31 December 2012 est.)"
"text": "$4.634 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.732 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $4.801 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$50 million (2014 est.) ++ $1.486 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$1.128 billion (2015 est.) ++ $133 million (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$76.07 billion (2014 est.) ++ $85.89 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$73.12 billion (2015 est.) ++ $83.16 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "vehicles and related parts 25%, machinery and electrical equipment 21%, nuclear reactors and furnaces 12%, iron and steel 5%, mineral oils and fuels 5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "vehicles and related parts 27%, machinery and electrical equipment 20%, nuclear reactors and furnaces 12%, iron and steel 4%, mineral oils and fuels 5% (2015 est.)"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 23.3%, Czech Republic 13.6%, Poland 8.8%, Hungary 6.6%, Austria 6.5%, UK 5.4%, France 5.2%, Italy 4.8% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 22.7%, Czech Republic 12.5%, Poland 8.5%, Austria 5.7%, Hungary 5.7%, France 5.6%, UK 5.5%, Italy 4.5% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$79.78 billion (2014 est.) ++ $79.78 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$71.09 billion (2015 est.) ++ $79.36 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and electrical equipment 19%, vehicles and related parts 13%, nuclear reactors and furnaces 12%, fuel and mineral oils 11% (2014 est.)"
"text": "machinery and electrical equipment 20%, vehicles and related parts 14%, nuclear reactors and furnaces 12%, fuel and mineral oils 9% (2015 est.)"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 19%, Czech Republic 16.9%, Austria 9.3%, Russia 7.9%, Poland 6.2%, Hungary 6.2%, South Korea 4.2%, China 4% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 19.4%, Czech Republic 17.4%, Austria 9.1%, Hungary 6.3%, Poland 6.3%, South Korea 5.5%, Russia 5.2%, China 4.1% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$2.614 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.15 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$2.892 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.614 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$2.614 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.15 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$67.66 billion (30 September 2015 est.) ++ $67.78 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$60.67 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $66.73 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$56.31 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $59.94 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$10.43 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $12.99 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$10.71 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $10.44 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.7489 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.) ++ 0.755 (2010 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.7752 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "28.59 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "27.25 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - consumption": {
"text": "28.68 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "28.36 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - exports": {
"text": "11.86 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - imports": {
"text": "12.93 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
"text": "12.96 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
"text": "8.074 million kW (2013 est.)"
"text": "8.076 million kW (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
"text": "38.5% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "33.2% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
"text": "21.9% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "24% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
"text": "19.4% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "31.4% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
"text": "9.2% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "11.2% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - production": {
"text": "200 bbl/day (2014 est.)"
@ -713,39 +719,39 @@
"text": "24,940 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - production": {
"text": "100 million cu m (2014 est.)"
"text": "910.7 million cu m (2014 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - consumption": {
"text": "4.014 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
"text": "4.3 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - exports": {
"text": "3 million cu m (2014 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - imports": {
"text": "4.236 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
"text": "4.21 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - proved reserves": {
"text": "14.16 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)"
},
"Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": {
"text": "29.27 million Mt (2012 est.)"
"text": "23.04 million Mt (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "920,000"
"text": "866,630"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "17 (2014 est.)"
"text": "16 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "6.4 million"
"text": "6.676 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "117 (2014 est.)"
"text": "123 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -760,27 +766,38 @@
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state-owned public broadcaster, Radio and Television of Slovakia (RTVS), operates 3 national TV stations and multiple national and regional radio networks; roughly 35 privately owned TV stations operating nationally, regionally, and locally; about 40% of households are connected to multi-channel cable or satellite TV; more than 20 privately owned radio stations (2008)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 1, FM 22, shortwave 1 (2008)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "37 (2008)"
"text": "state-owned public broadcaster, Radio and Television of Slovakia (RTVS), operates 2 national TV stations and multiple national and regional radio networks; roughly 50 privately owned TV stations operating nationally, regionally, and locally; about 40% of households are connected to multi-channel cable or satellite TV; 32 privately owned radio stations (2016)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".sk"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "4.5 million"
"text": "4.629 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "82.7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "85% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "4"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "23"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "11,100"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "0 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "OM (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "35 (2013)"
},
@ -812,7 +829,7 @@
"text": "9"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 5 (2013)"
"text": "5 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -860,39 +877,15 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic (Ozbrojene Sily Slovenskej Republiky): Land Forces (Pozemne Sily), Air Forces (Vzdusne Sily) (2010)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-30 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription in peacetime suspended in 2006; women are eligible to serve (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,405,310"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,369,897 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,156,113"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,139,380 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "31,646"
},
"female": {
"text": "30,219 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.02% of GDP (2014) ++ 1% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.12% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.1% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.12% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "1.03% of GDP (2015) ++ 1.01% of GDP (2014) ++ 1% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.12% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.1% of GDP (2011)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
@ -901,7 +894,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"stateless persons": {
"text": "1,523 (2014)"
"text": "1,523 (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

176
europe/ls.json
View file

@ -48,12 +48,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "mostly mountainous (Alps) with Rhine Valley in western third"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Ruggeller Riet 430 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "NA"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Vorder-Grauspitz 2,599 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Ruggeller Riet 430 m ++ highest point: Vorder-Grauspitz 2,599 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -71,7 +71,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "NA"
"text": "0 sq km (2012)"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "most of the population is found in the western half of the country along the Rhine River"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "NA"
@ -92,6 +95,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "37,937 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Liechtensteiner(s)"
@ -101,7 +107,7 @@
}
},
"Ethnic groups": {
"text": "Liechtensteiner 65.6%, other 34.4% (2000 census)"
"text": "Liechtensteiner 66.3%, other 33.7% (2013 est.)"
},
"Languages": {
"text": "German 94.5% (official) (Alemannic is the main dialect), Italian 1.1%, other 4.3% (2010 est.)"
@ -109,51 +115,48 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Roman Catholic (official) 75.9%, Protestant Reformed 6.5%, Muslim 5.4%, Lutheran 1.3%, other 2.9%, none 5.4%, unspecified 2.6% (2010 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "37,624 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "15.54% (male 3,142/female 2,706)"
"text": "15.38% (male 3,141/female 2,694)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "11.73% (male 2,182/female 2,230)"
"text": "11.71% (male 2,214/female 2,229)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "42.65% (male 8,013/female 8,035)"
"text": "42.13% (male 7,983/female 8,001)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "13.58% (male 2,504/female 2,606)"
"text": "13.82% (male 2,553/female 2,690)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "16.49% (male 2,837/female 3,369) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "16.95% (male 2,954/female 3,478) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "42.7 years"
"text": "42.9 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "41.5 years"
"text": "41.7 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "43.8 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "44.1 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "0.84% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.82% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "10.45 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "10.4 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "7.12 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "7.3 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "5.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "most of the population is found in the western half of the country along the Rhine River"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -171,48 +174,48 @@
"text": "1.26 male(s)/female"
},
"0-14 years": {
"text": "1.16 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.17 male(s)/female"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "0.98 male(s)/female"
"text": "0.99 male(s)/female"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "1 male(s)/female"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "0.96 male(s)/female"
"text": "0.95 male(s)/female"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "0.84 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.99 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.99 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "4.29 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "4.3 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "4.59 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "4.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "3.92 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "81.77 years"
"text": "81.9 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "79.6 years"
"text": "79.7 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "84.5 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "84.6 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.69 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.69 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -224,7 +227,7 @@
"text": "NA"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "2.1% of GDP (2008)"
"text": "2.6% of GDP (2011)"
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
@ -234,7 +237,7 @@
"text": "16 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "14 years (2012)"
"text": "13 years (2014)"
}
}
},
@ -251,10 +254,13 @@
},
"local short form": {
"text": "Liechtenstein"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "named after the Liechtenstein dynasty that purchased and united the counties of Schellenburg and Vaduz and that were allowed by the Holy Roman Emperor in 1719 to rename the new property after their family; the name in German means \"light (bright) stone\""
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "hereditary constitutional monarchy"
"text": "constitutional monarchy"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -280,7 +286,7 @@
"text": "Assumption Day, 15 August, and National Day, 15 August (1940)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1862; latest adopted 5 October 1921; amended many times, last in 2011 (2015)"
"text": "previous 1862; latest adopted 5 October 1921; amended many times, last in 2011 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system influenced by Swiss, Austrian, and German law"
@ -288,6 +294,20 @@
"International law organization participation": {
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "the father must be a citizen of Liechtenstein; in the case of a child born out of wedlock, the mother must be a citizen"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": "5 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
@ -302,7 +322,7 @@
"text": "Cabinet elected by the Parliament, confirmed by the monarch"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party in the Landtag usually appointed the head of government by the monarch, and the leader of the largest minority party in the Landtag usually appointed the deputy head of government by the monarch if there is a coalition government"
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party in the Parliament usually appointed the head of government by the monarch, and the leader of the largest minority party in the Landtag usually appointed the deputy head of government by the monarch if there is a coalition government"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -321,21 +341,21 @@
"text": "Supreme Court or Oberster Gerichtshof (consists of 5 judges); Constitutional Court or Verfassungsgericht (consists of 5 judges and 5 alternates)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "judges of both courts elected by the Landtag and appointed by the monarch; Supreme Court judges serve 4-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court judge tenure NA"
"text": "judges of both courts elected by the Landtag and appointed by the monarch; Supreme Court judges serve 4-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court judges appointed for renewable 5-year terms"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "Court of Appeal or Obergericht (second instance), Court of Justice (first instance), Administrative Court, county courts"
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Fatherland Union (Vaterlaendische Union) or VU [Jakob BUECHEL] ++ Progressive Citizens' Party (Fortschrittliche Buergerpartei) or FBP [Elfried HASLER] ++ The Free List (Die Freie Liste) or FL [Wolfgang MARXER] ++ the independents (Die Unabhaengigen) or DU [Harry QUADERER]"
"text": "Fatherland Union (Vaterlaendische Union) or VU [Jakob BUECHEL] ++ Progressive Citizens' Party (Fortschrittliche Buergerpartei) or FBP [Elfried HASLER] ++ The Free List (Die Freie Liste) or FL [Wolfgang MARXER] ++ The Independents (Die Unabhaengigen) or DU [Harry QUADERER]"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "CD, CE, EBRD, EFTA, IAEA, ICCt, ICRM, IFRCS, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WIPO, WTO"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Claudia FRITSCHE (since 7 December 2000)"
"text": "Ambassador Kurt JAEGER (since 16 December 2016)"
},
"chancery": {
"text": "2900 K Street, NW, Suite 602B, Washington, DC 20007"
@ -345,9 +365,6 @@
},
"FAX": {
"text": "[1] (202) 331-3221"
},
"consulate(s) general": {
"text": "Atlanta, New York, San Francisco"
}
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
@ -373,7 +390,7 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Despite its small size and limited natural resources, Liechtenstein has developed into a prosperous, highly industrialized, free-enterprise economy with a vital financial service sector and the third highest per capita income in the world, after Qatar and Luxembourg. The Liechtenstein economy is widely diversified with a large number of small businesses. Low business taxes - the maximum tax rate is 20% - and easy incorporation rules have induced many holding companies to establish nominal offices in Liechtenstein, providing 30% of state revenues. The country participates in a customs union with Switzerland and uses the Swiss franc as its national currency. It imports more than 90% of its energy requirements. Liechtenstein has been a member of the European Economic Area (an organization serving as a bridge between the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and the EU) since May 1995. The government is working to harmonize its economic policies with those of an integrated Europe. Since 2008, Liechtenstein has faced renewed international pressure - particularly from Germany and the United States - to improve transparency in its banking and tax systems. In December 2008, Liechtenstein signed a Tax Information Exchange Agreement with the US. Upon Liechtenstein's conclusion of 12 bilateral information-sharing agreements, the OECD in October 2009 removed the principality from its \"grey list\" of countries that had yet to implement the organization's Model Tax Convention. By the end of 2010, Liechtenstein had signed 25 Tax Information Exchange Agreements or Double Tax Agreements. In 2011 Liechtenstein joined the Schengen area, which allows passport-free travel across 26 European countries."
"text": "Despite its small size and lack of natural resources, Liechtenstein has developed into a prosperous, highly industrialized, free-enterprise economy with a vital financial service sector and the third highest per capita income in the world, after Qatar and Luxembourg. The Liechtenstein economy is widely diversified with a large number of small businesses. Low business taxes - the maximum tax rate is 20% - and easy incorporation rules have induced many holding companies to establish nominal offices in Liechtenstein, providing 30% of state revenues. ++ ++ The country participates in a customs union with Switzerland and uses the Swiss franc as its national currency. It imports more than 90% of its energy requirements. Liechtenstein has been a member of the European Economic Area (an organization serving as a bridge between the European Free Trade Association and the EU) since May 1995. The government is working to harmonize its economic policies with those of an integrated Europe. ++ ++ Since 2008, Liechtenstein has faced renewed international pressure - particularly from Germany and the US - to improve transparency in its banking and tax systems. In December 2008, Liechtenstein signed a Tax Information Exchange Agreement with the US. Upon Liechtenstein's conclusion of 12 bilateral information-sharing agreements, the OECD in October 2009 removed the principality from its \"grey list\" of countries that had yet to implement the organization's Model Tax Convention. By the end of 2010, Liechtenstein had signed 25 Tax Information Exchange Agreements or Double Tax Agreements. In 2011, Liechtenstein joined the Schengen area, which allows passport-free travel across 26 European countries."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$3.2 billion (2009 est.) ++ $3.216 billion (2008 est.) ++ $3.159 billion (2007 est.)"
@ -410,7 +427,7 @@
"Labor force": {
"text": "35,830 (2012)",
"note": {
"text": "51% of the labor force in Liechtenstein commute daily from Austria, Switzerland, or Germany (2012 est.)"
"text": "51% of the labor force in Liechtenstein commute daily from Austria, Switzerland, and Germany (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
@ -425,7 +442,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "2.3% (2012) ++ 2.5% (2011)"
"text": "3.4% (2014) ++ 2.3% (2012)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "NA%"
@ -456,7 +473,7 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-0.7% (2012) ++ 0.2% (2011)"
"text": "-0.2% (2013) ++ -0.7% (2012)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$NA"
@ -486,10 +503,15 @@
}
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Swiss francs (CHF) per US dollar - ++ 0.9152 (2014) ++ 0.9377 (2012) ++ 0.94 (2012 est.) ++ 0.8876 (2011 est.) ++ 1.0429 (2010 est.)"
"text": "Swiss francs (CHF) per US dollar - ++ 0.9627 (2015) ++ 0.9377 (2012) ++ 0.9377 (2012) ++ 0.94 (2012 est.) ++ 0.8876 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "145.3 million kWh (2012)"
},
@ -503,18 +525,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "18,000"
"text": "17,184"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "48 (2014 est.)"
"text": "46 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "38,800"
"text": "41,000"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "104 (2014 est.)"
"text": "108 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -525,31 +547,28 @@
"text": "fixed-line and mobile-cellular services widely available; combined telephone service subscribership exceeds 150 per 100 persons"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 423; linked to Swiss networks by cable and microwave radio relay (2011)"
"text": "country code - 423; linked to Swiss networks by cable and microwave radio relay (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "relies on foreign terrestrial and satellite broadcasters for most broadcast media services; first Liechtenstein-based TV station established August 2008; Radio Liechtenstein operates multiple radio stations; a Swiss-based broadcaster operates several radio stations in Liechtenstein (2008)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 0, FM 4, shortwave 0 (1998)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "NA (linked to Swiss networks) (1997)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".li"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "34,500"
"text": "36,000"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "92.4% (2014 est.)"
"text": "96.6% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "HB (2016)"
},
"Pipelines": {
"text": "gas 20 km (2013)"
},
@ -576,33 +595,12 @@
"text": "28 km (2010)"
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "no regular military forces; National Police maintains close relations with neighboring forces (2013)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "8,009 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "6,538"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "6,746 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "219"
},
"female": {
"text": "211 (2010 est.)"
}
"text": "no regular military forces; National Police maintain close relations with neighboring forces (2013)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "Liechtenstein has no military forces, but the modern National Police maintains close relations with neighboring forces (2013)"
"text": "Liechtenstein has no military forces, but the modern National Police maintain close relations with neighboring forces (2013)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {

286
europe/lu.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Founded in 963, Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 and an independent state under the Netherlands. It lost more than half of its territory to Belgium in 1839 but gained a larger measure of autonomy. Full independence was attained in 1867. Overrun by Germany in both world wars, it ended its neutrality in 1948 when it entered into the Benelux Customs Union and when it joined NATO the following year. In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the European Economic Community (later the European Union), and in 1999 it joined the euro currency area."
"text": "Founded in 963, Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 and an independent state under the Netherlands. It lost more than half of its territory to Belgium in 1839 but gained a larger measure of autonomy. Full independence was attained in 1867. Overrun by Germany in both world wars, it ended its neutrality in 1948 when it entered into the Benelux Customs Union and when it joined NATO the following year. In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the EEC (later the EU), and in 1999 it joined the euro currency area."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -48,12 +48,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle flood plain in the southeast"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Moselle River 133 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "325 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Buurgplaatz 559 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Moselle River 133 m ++ highest point: Buurgplaatz 559 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -71,18 +71,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "NA"
"text": "0 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "3.1 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "0.06 cu km/yr (65%/33%/1%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "135.9 cu m/yr (2010)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "most people live in the south, on or near the border with France"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "NA"
@ -99,10 +91,13 @@
}
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "landlocked; the only Grand Duchy in the world"
"text": "landlocked; the only grand duchy in the world"
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "582,291 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Luxembourger(s)"
@ -112,38 +107,32 @@
}
},
"Ethnic groups": {
"text": "Luxembourger 57%, Portuguese 16.1%, French 6.1%, Italian 3.5%, Belgian 3.3%, German 2.4%, British 1.1%, other 10.5%",
"text": "Luxembourger 54.1%, Portuguese 16.4%, French 7%, Italian 3.5%, Belgian 3.3%, German 2.3%, British 1.1%, other 12.3%",
"note": {
"text": "represents composition by citizenship (2011 est.)"
"text": "represents population by nationality (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Languages": {
"text": "Luxembourgish (official administrative language and national language (spoken vernacular)) 88.8%, French (official administrative language) 4.2%, Portuguese 2.3%, German (official administrative language) 1.1%, other 3.5% (2011 est.)"
"text": "Luxembourgish (official administrative and judicial language and national language (spoken vernacular)) 88.8%, French (official administrative, judicial, and legislative language) 4.2%, Portuguese 2.3%, German (official administrative and judicial language) 1.1%, other 3.5% (2011 est.)"
},
"Religions": {
"text": "Roman Catholic 87%, other (includes Protestant, Jewish, and Muslim) 13% (2000)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "570,252 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "16.93% (male 49,677/female 46,886)"
"text": "16.82% (male 50,445/female 47,525)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "12.28% (male 35,983/female 34,062)"
"text": "12.26% (male 36,578/female 34,788)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "44.37% (male 129,660/female 123,355)"
"text": "44.34% (male 132,434/female 125,748)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "11.51% (male 33,280/female 32,351)"
"text": "11.63% (male 34,321/female 33,379)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "14.91% (male 37,460/female 47,538) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "14.95% (male 38,614/female 48,459) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -168,20 +157,23 @@
"text": "38.6 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "39.9 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "39.9 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "2.13% (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.05% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "11.37 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "11.4 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "7.24 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "7.3 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "17.16 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "16.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "most people live in the south, on or near the border with France"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -202,7 +194,7 @@
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
@ -214,39 +206,42 @@
"text": "0.79 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "1.01 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.01 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "30.2 (2012 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "10 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "3.46 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "3.4 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "3.84 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "3.8 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "3.05 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "3 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "82.17 years"
"text": "82.3 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "79.73 years"
"text": "79.8 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "84.76 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "84.9 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.61 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.61 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "7.1% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "6.6% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "2.9 physicians/1,000 population (2013)"
@ -295,13 +290,13 @@
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "18.8%"
"text": "22.6%"
},
"male": {
"text": "18.9%"
"text": "26.1%"
},
"female": {
"text": "18.6% (2012 est.)"
"text": "18.1% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -314,10 +309,13 @@
"text": "Luxembourg"
},
"local long form": {
"text": "Grand Duche de Luxembourg"
"text": "Grand Duchee de Luxembourg"
},
"local short form": {
"text": "Luxembourg"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "from the Celtic \"lucilem\" (little) and the German \"burg\" (castle or fortress) to produce the meaning of the \"little castle\""
}
},
"Government type": {
@ -347,7 +345,7 @@
"text": "National Day (birthday of Grand Duke Henri) 23 June; note - this date of birth is not the true date of birth for any of the Royals, but the festivities were shifted to allow observance during a more favorable time of year"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1842 (heavily amended 1848, 1856); latest effective 17 October 1968; amended many times, last in 2009 (2015)"
"text": "previous 1842 (heavily amended 1848, 1856); latest effective 17 October 1868; amended many times, last in 2009 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system"
@ -355,6 +353,20 @@
"International law organization participation": {
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "limited to situations where the parents are either unknown, stateless, or when the nationality law of the parents' state of origin does not permit acquisition of citizenship by descent when the birth occurs outside of national territory"
},
"citizenship by descent": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Luxembourg"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": "7 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal and compulsory"
},
@ -395,17 +407,17 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Alternative Democratic Reform Party or ADR [Jean SCHOOS] ++ Christian Social People's Party or CSV [Marc SPAUTZ] ++ Democratic Party or DP [Xavier BETTEL] ++ Green Party [Francoise FOLMER and Christian KMIOTEK] ++ Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP [Claude HAAGEN] ++ The Left (dei Lenk/la Gauche) [Serge URBANY] ++ other minor parties"
"text": "Alternative Democratic Reform Party or ADR [Jean SCHOOS] ++ Christian Social People's Party or CSV [Claude WISELER] ++ Democratic Party or DP [Corinne CAHEN] ++ Green Party [Francoise FOLMER and Christian KMIOTEK] ++ Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP [Claude HAAGEN] ++ The Left (dei Lenk/la Gauche) [Central Committee] ++ other minor parties"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Business Federation Luxembourg or FEDIL [Nicolas SOISSON] ++ Centrale Paysanne [Marc FISCH] (federation of agricultural producers) ++ Chamber of Artisans (Chambre des Metiers) [Roland KUHN] ++ Chamber of Commerce (Chambre de Commerce) [Carlo THELEN] ++ Chambre des Salaries or CSL [Jean-Claude REDING] ++ General Association of Officials (Confederation Generale de la Fonction Publique or CGFP [Romain WOLFF] (trade union representing civil service) ++ Greenpeace [Kumi NAIDOO] ++ LCGP [Patrick DURY] (center-right trade union) ++ Luxembourg Association of Bankers and Insurance Employees or ALEBA [Roberto SCOLATI] ++ Luxembourg Bankers Association or ABBL [Yves MAAS] ++ Mouvement Ecologique [Blanche WEBER] (environment protection) ++ OGB-L [Andre ROELTGEN] (center-left trade union)"
"text": "Business Federation Luxembourg or FEDIL [Nicolas BUCK, chairman] ++ Centrale Paysanne [Marc FISCH] (federation of agricultural producers) ++ Chamber of Artisans (Chambre des Metiers) [Roland KUHN] ++ Chamber of Commerce (Chambre de Commerce) [Carlo THELEN] ++ Chambre des Salaries or CSL [Jean-Claude REDING] ++ General Association of Officials (Confederation Generale de la Fonction Publique or CGFP [Romain WOLFF] (trade union representing civil service) ++ Greenpeace [Kumi NAIDOO] ++ LCGP [Patrick DURY] (center-right trade union) ++ Luxembourg Association of Bankers and Insurance Employees or ALEBA [Roberto SCOLATI] ++ Luxembourg Bankers Association or ABBL [Yves MAAS] ++ Mouvement Ecologique [Blanche WEBER] (environment protection) ++ OGB-L [Andre ROELTGEN] (center-left trade union)"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Jean-Louis WOLZFELD (since 11 September 2012)"
"text": "Ambassador Sylvie LUCAS (since 16 September 2016)"
},
"chancery": {
"text": "2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008"
@ -422,7 +434,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Charge d'Affaires Alison SHORTER-LAWRENCE"
"text": "Ambassador David MCKEAN (since 14 April 2016)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "22 Boulevard Emmanuel Servais, L-2535 Luxembourg City"
@ -457,58 +469,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "This small, stable, high-income economy has historically featured solid growth, low inflation, and low unemployment. The industrial sector, initially dominated by steel, has become increasingly diversified to include chemicals, machinery and equipment, rubber, automotive components, and other products. The financial sector, which accounts for about 36% of GDP, is the leading sector in the economy. The economy depends on foreign and cross-border workers for about 39% of its labor force. Luxembourg experienced uneven economic growth in the aftermath of the global economic crisis that began in late 2008. Luxembourg's GDP contracted 3.6% in 2009, rebounded in 2010-12, fell again in 2013, but recovered in 2014. Unemployment has remained below the EU average despite having increased from a historically-low rate of 4% in the 2000s to 7% in 2014. The country continues to enjoy an extraordinarily high standard of living - GDP per capita ranks among the highest in the world and is the highest in the euro zone. Luxembourg has one of the highest current account surpluses as a share of GDP in the euro zone, and it maintains a healthy budgetary position and the lowest public debt levels in the region. Luxembourg has lost some of its advantage as a favorable tax location because of OECD and EU pressure. In 2015 the government’s compliance with EU requirements to implement automatic exchange of tax information on savings accounts - thus ending banking secrecy - has depressed banking activity and dampened GDP growth. Likewise, changes to the way EU members collect taxes from e-Commerce has cut Luxembourg’s tax revenues, requiring the government to raise additional levies and to reduce some direct social benefits."
"text": "This small, stable, high-income economy has historically featured solid growth, low inflation, and low unemployment. The industrial sector, initially dominated by steel, has become increasingly diversified to include chemicals, machinery and equipment, rubber, automotive components, and other products. The financial sector, which accounts for about 36% of GDP, is the leading sector in the economy. The economy depends on foreign and cross-border workers for about 39% of its labor force. ++ ++ Luxembourg experienced uneven economic growth in the aftermath of the global economic crisis that began in late 2008. Luxembourg's GDP contracted 3.6% in 2009, rebounded in 2010-12, fell again in 2013-14, but recovered in 2015. Unemployment has remained below the EU average despite having increased from a historically low rate of 4% in the 2000s to 7.1% in 2014. ++ ++ The country continues to enjoy an extraordinarily high standard of living - GDP per capita ranks among the highest in the world and is the highest in the euro zone. Luxembourg has one of the highest current account surpluses as a share of GDP in the euro zone, and it maintains a healthy budgetary position and the lowest public debt level in the region. ++ ++ Luxembourg has lost some of its advantage as a favorable tax location because of OECD and EU pressure. In 2015, the government’s compliance with EU requirements to implement automatic exchange of tax information on savings accounts - thus ending banking secrecy - has depressed banking activity and dampened GDP growth. Likewise, changes to the way EU members collect taxes from e-commerce has cut Luxembourg’s tax revenues, requiring the government to raise additional levies and to reduce some direct social benefits."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$53.67 billion (2014 est.) ++ $50.83 billion (2013 est.) ++ $48.67 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$56.02 billion (2015 est.) ++ $53.43 billion (2014 est.) ++ $51.34 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$65.68 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$57.83 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "5.6% (2014 est.) ++ 4.4% (2013 est.) ++ -0.7% (2012 est.)"
"text": "4.8% (2015 est.) ++ 4.1% (2014 est.) ++ 4.3% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$97,600 (2014 est.) ++ $92,500 (2013 est.) ++ $88,500 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$99,500 (2015 est.) ++ $97,100 (2014 est.) ++ $95,600 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "23.6% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 23.7% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 25.4% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "23.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 24.8% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 24% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "30.2%"
"text": "29.4%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "16.5%"
"text": "16.6%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "17.9%"
"text": "17.6%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.7%"
"text": "0.1%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "199.6%"
"text": "213.9%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-164.8% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-177.6% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "0.3%"
"text": "0.2%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "11.7%"
"text": "11.3%"
},
"services": {
"text": "88% (2014 est.)"
"text": "88.5% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -518,12 +530,12 @@
"text": "banking and financial services, construction, real estate services, iron, metals, and steel, information technology, telecommunications, cargo transportation and logistics, chemicals, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum, tourism, biotechnology"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "4.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "1.1% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "257,300",
"text": "260,700",
"note": {
"text": "data exclude foreign workers; in addition to the figure for domestic labor force, about 150,000 workers commute daily from France, Belgium, and Germany (2014 est.)"
"text": "data exclude foreign workers; in addition to the figure for domestic labor force, about 150,000 workers commute daily from France, Belgium, and Germany (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
@ -538,7 +550,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "7.1% (2014 est.) ++ 6.9% (2013 est.)"
"text": "6.9% (2015 est.) ++ 7.1% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "NA%"
@ -556,77 +568,77 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$27.95 billion"
"text": "$24.74 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$27.57 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$24.02 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "42.6% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "43.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "0.6% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "1.3% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "22.5% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 23.5% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "21.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 22.9% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.7% (2014 est.) ++ 1.7% (2013 est.)"
"text": "0.1% (2015 est.) ++ 0.7% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.75% (31 December 2013) ++ 1.5% (31 December 2010)",
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2013) ++ 0.3% (31 December 2010)",
"note": {
"text": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area"
}
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$211.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $209.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)",
"text": "$218.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $209.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
"text": "see entry for the EU for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
}
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$275 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $279.7 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$268.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $275 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$116.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $120.7 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$108.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $115.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$70.34 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $67.63 billion (31 December 2011) ++ $101.1 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$47.13 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $63.17 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $78.64 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$3.326 billion (2014 est.) ++ $2.918 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$3.189 billion (2015 est.) ++ $3.58 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$24.22 billion (2014 est.) ++ $24.02 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$17.81 billion (2015 est.) ++ $24.57 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, steel products, chemicals, rubber products, glass"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 23.5%, France 17%, Belgium 16.2%, Italy 5.6%, Switzerland 4.4% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 22.1%, Belgium 16.7%, France 16.6%, UK 4.7%, Italy 4.6%, Netherlands 4% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$24.79 billion (2014 est.) ++ $25.42 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$20.22 billion (2015 est.) ++ $24.81 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "commercial aircraft, minerals, chemicals, metals, foodstuffs, luxury consumer goods"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Belgium 30.8%, Germany 24.5%, France 11.9%, US 7.1%, China 5.9%, Netherlands 4.9% (2014)"
"text": "Belgium 27.6%, Germany 22.9%, China 11.7%, France 9.5%, US 8.4%, Netherlands 4.2%, Mexico 4.1% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$863 million (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $963 million (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$771 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $863 million (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$863 million (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $963 million (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$3.331 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $3.525 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$NA ++ $11.21 billion (31 December 2008 est.)"
@ -635,10 +647,15 @@
"text": "$NA"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.7489 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.) ++ 0.755 (2010 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "2.119 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -712,18 +729,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "270,000"
"text": "276,900"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "48 (2014 est.)"
"text": "49 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "796,400"
"text": "807,000"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "143 (2014 est.)"
"text": "141 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -731,34 +748,45 @@
"text": "highly developed, completely automated and efficient system, mainly buried cables"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "fixed-line teledensity over 50 per 100 persons; nationwide mobile-cellular telephone system with market for mobile-cellular phones virtually saturated"
"text": "fixed-line teledensity about 50 per 100 persons; nationwide mobile-cellular telephone system with market for mobile-cellular phones virtually saturated"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 352 (2010)"
"text": "country code - 352 (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "Luxembourg has a long tradition of operating radio and TV services for pan-European audiences and is home to Europe's largest privately owned broadcast media group, the RTL group, which operates 46 TV stations and 29 radio stations in Europe; also home to Europe's largest satellite operator, Societe Europeenne des Satellites (SES); domestically, the RTL group operates TV and radio networks; other domestic private radio and TV operators and French and German stations available; satellite and cable TV services available (2008)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 2 (1999)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "5 (1999)"
"text": "Luxembourg has a long tradition of operating radio and TV services for pan-European audiences and is home to Europe's largest privately owned broadcast media group, the RTL Group, which operates 46 TV stations and 29 radio stations in Europe; also home to Europe's largest satellite operator, Societe Europeenne des Satellites; domestically, the RTL Group operates TV and radio networks; other domestic private radio and TV operators and French and German stations available; satellite and cable TV services available (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".lu"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "530,400"
"text": "555,000"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "95.0% (2014 est.)"
"text": "97.3% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "3"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "119"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "1,830,972"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "6,309,473,324 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "LX (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "2 (2013)"
},
@ -775,7 +803,7 @@
"text": "1"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 1 (2013)"
"text": "1 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -823,39 +851,15 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Luxembourg Army (Armee Luxembourgeoise) (2015)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-24 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription; Luxembourg citizen or EU citizen with 3-year residence in Luxembourg (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "118,665"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "117,456 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "97,290"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "96,361 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "3,263"
},
"female": {
"text": "3,084 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "0.6% of GDP (2012) ++ 0.61% of GDP (2011) ++ 0.6% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "0.5% of GDP (2015) ++ 0.39% of GDP (2014) ++ 0.38% of GDP (2013) ++ 0.38% of GDP (2012) ++ 0.39% of GDP (2011)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
@ -864,7 +868,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"stateless persons": {
"text": "81 (2014)"
"text": "82 (2015)"
}
}
}

342
europe/md.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Part of Romania during the interwar period, Moldova was incorporated into the Soviet Union at the close of World War II. Although the country has been independent from the USSR since 1991, Russian forces have remained on Moldovan territory east of the Nistru River supporting the separatist region of Transnistria, composed of a Slavic majority population (mostly Ukrainians and Russians), but with a sizable ethnic Moldovan minority. Europe's poorest economy, Moldova became the first former Soviet state to elect a communist, Vladimir VORONIN, as its president in 2001. VORONIN served as Moldova's president until he resigned in September 2009. Four Moldovan opposition parties then formed a new coalition, the Alliance for European Integration (AEI), iterations of which acted as Moldova's governing coalitions over the next several years. In May 2013, two of the original AEI parties and a splinter group from a third re-formed a ruling coalition called the Pro-European Coalition. The Moldovan Government in summer 2014 signed and ratified an Association Agreement with the EU, advancing the Coalition's policy priority of EU integration. Following the country's most recent legislative election in November 2014, the three pro-European parties that entered Parliament won a total of 55 of the body's 101 seats, enough for a majority coalition. After negotiations among the three broke down, however, two of the parties - the Liberal Democratic Party (PLDM) and the Democratic Party (PD) - agreed to form the Alliance for a European Moldova (AEM) and a minority government with their combined 42 seats. In February 2015, the PLDM and the PD secured Communist Party of the Republic of Moldova support to win parliamentary approval with 60 votes for their minority government."
"text": "Part of Romania during the interwar period, Moldova was incorporated into the Soviet Union at the close of World War II. Although the country has been independent from the USSR since 1991, Russian forces have remained on Moldovan territory east of the Nistru River supporting the breakaway region of Transnistria, composed of a Slavic majority population (mostly Ukrainians and Russians), but with a sizable ethnic Moldovan minority. Europe's poorest economy, Moldova became the first former Soviet state to elect a communist, Vladimir VORONIN, as its president in 2001. VORONIN served as Moldova's president until he resigned in September 2009. Four Moldovan opposition parties then formed a new coalition, the Alliance for European Integration (AEI), iterations of which acted as Moldova's governing coalitions over the next several years. In May 2013, two of the original AEI parties and a splinter group from a third re-formed a ruling coalition called the Pro-European Coalition. The Moldovan Government in summer 2014 signed and ratified an Association Agreement with the EU, advancing the Coalition's policy priority of EU integration. Following the country's most recent legislative election in November 2014, the three pro-European parties that entered Parliament won a total of 55 of the body's 101 seats. Infighting among coalition members led to prolonged legislative gridlock and political instability, as well as the collapse of two governments, all ruled by pro-European coalitions centered around the Liberal Democratic Party (PLDM) and the Democratic Party (PDM). A political impasse ended in January 2016 when a new parliamentary majority led by PDM, joined by defectors from the Communists and PLDM, supported Pavel FILIP as prime minister."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "slightly larger than Maryland",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "slightly larger than Maryland"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -51,12 +48,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Dniester (Nistru) 2 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "139 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Dealul Balanesti 430 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Dniester (Nistru) 2 m ++ highest point: Dealul Balanesti 430 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -74,18 +71,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "2,283 sq km (2011)"
"text": "2,283 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "11.65 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "1.07 cu km/yr (14%/83%/4%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "290 cu m/yr (2010)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "pockets of agglomeration exist throughout the country, the largest being in the center of the country around the capital of Chisinau, followed by Tiraspol and Balti"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "landslides"
@ -106,6 +95,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "3,510,485 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Moldovan(s)"
@ -123,33 +115,27 @@
"Languages": {
"text": "Moldovan 58.8% (official; virtually the same as the Romanian language), Romanian 16.4%, Russian 16%, Ukrainian 3.8%, Gagauz 3.1% (a Turkish language), Bulgarian 1.1%, other 0.3%, unspecified 0.4%",
"note": {
"text": "percentages represent lanugage usually spoken (2004 est.)"
"text": "represents lanugage usually spoken (2004 est.)"
}
},
"Religions": {
"text": "Orthodox 93.3%, Baptist 1%, other Christian 1.2%, other 0.9%, atheist 0.4%, none 1%, unspecified 2.2% (2004 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "3,546,847 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "17.86% (male 326,681/female 306,763)"
"text": "18.03% (male 326,244/female 306,543)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "13.49% (male 247,183/female 231,389)"
"text": "12.87% (male 233,694/female 218,189)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "43.73% (male 777,648/female 773,401)"
"text": "43.55% (male 768,933/female 760,002)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "13.24% (male 214,846/female 254,818)"
"text": "13.36% (male 214,852/female 254,224)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "11.68% (male 159,145/female 254,973) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "12.19% (male 165,811/female 261,993) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -168,26 +154,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "36 years"
"text": "36.3 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "34.2 years"
"text": "34.5 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "38 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "38.3 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "-1.03% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-1.04% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "12 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "11.8 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "12.59 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "12.6 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-9.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "-9.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "pockets of agglomeration exist throughout the country, the largest being in the center of the country around the capital of Chisinau, followed by Tiraspol and Balti"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -205,7 +194,7 @@
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
},
"0-14 years": {
"text": "1.07 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "1.07 male(s)/female"
@ -214,48 +203,51 @@
"text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "0.84 male(s)/female"
"text": "0.85 male(s)/female"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "0.62 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "24 (2013 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "23 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "12.59 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "12.3 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "14.44 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "14.1 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "10.62 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "10.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "70.42 years"
"text": "70.7 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "66.55 years"
"text": "66.9 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "74.54 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "74.8 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.56 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.56 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "67.8% (2005)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "11.8% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "10.3% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "2.98 physicians/1,000 population (2013)"
@ -280,13 +272,13 @@
}
},
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "0.63% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.64% (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
"text": "17,600 (2014 est.)"
"text": "18,000 (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
"text": "800 (2014 est.)"
"text": "800 (2015 est.)"
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "15.7% (2014)"
@ -295,7 +287,7 @@
"text": "2.2% (2012)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "8.3% of GDP (2012)"
"text": "7.5% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -332,13 +324,13 @@
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "13.1%"
"text": "9.8%"
},
"male": {
"text": "12.8%"
"text": "9.6%"
},
"female": {
"text": "13.4% (2012 est.)"
"text": "10.2% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -358,10 +350,13 @@
},
"former": {
"text": "Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "named for the Moldova River in neighboring eastern Romania"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "republic"
"text": "parliamentary republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -402,7 +397,7 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 27 August (1991)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1978; latest adopted 29 July 1994, effective 27 August 1994; amended 2006, 2010 (2015)"
"text": "previous 1978; latest adopted 29 July 1994, effective 27 August 1994; amended several times, last in 2010; note – in early 2016, a Moldovan Constitutional Court decision allows for direct presidential elections, reversing a constitutional amendment allowing Parliament to select the president (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system with Germanic law influences; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts"
@ -410,6 +405,20 @@
"International law organization participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Moldova"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": "10 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
@ -418,32 +427,32 @@
"text": "President Nicolae TIMOFTI (since 23 March 2012)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Interim Prime Minister Gheorghe BREGA (since 30 October 2015); Minister Valeriu STRELET (since 30 July 2015) ousted in no-confidence vote 29 October 2015"
"text": "Prime Minister Pavel FILIP (since 20 January 2016)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet proposed by the prime minister-designate, nominated by the president, approved through a vote of confidence in Parliament"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president indirectly elected by Parliament by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 16 March 2012 (next to be held in March 2016); prime minister designated by the president upon consultation with Parliament; within 15 days from designation, the prime minister-designate must request a vote of confidence for his/her proposed work program from the Parliament; the prime minister and Cabinet received a vote of confidence on 30 July 2015"
"text": "president directly elected for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 16 March 2012 (under the previous system of indirect election by the Parliament; next to be held in fall 2016); prime minister designated by the president upon consultation with Parliament; within 15 days from designation, the prime minister-designate must request a vote of confidence for his/her proposed work program from the Parliament"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Nicolae TIMOFTI (independent) elected president; Parliament vote - 62 of 101; Valeriu STRELET (Liberal Democratic) designated prime minister; Parliament confidence vote - 52 to 41"
"text": "Nicolae TIMOFTI (independent) elected president; Parliament vote - 62 of 101; Pavel FILIP (Democratic Party) designated prime minister; Parliament vote - 57 of 101"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "unicameral Parliament or Parlament (101 seats; members directly elected in a single, nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms)"
"text": "unicameral Parliament (101 seats; members directly elected in a single, nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 30 November 2014 (next to be held in November 2018)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party - PSRM 20.5%, PLDM 20.2%, PCRM 17.5%, PD 15.8%, PL 9.7%, other 16.3%; seats by party - PSRM 25, PLDM 23, PCRM 21, PD 19, PL 13"
"text": "percent of vote by party - PSRM 20.5%, PLDM 20.2%, PCRM 17.5%, PDM 15.8%, PL 9.7%, other 16.3%; seats by party - PSRM 25, PLDM 23, PCRM 21, PDM 19, PL 13"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
"highest court(s)": {
"text": "Supreme Court of Justice (consists of a chief judges, 3 deputy-chief judges, 45 judges, and 7 assistant judges); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president and 6 judges); note - the Constitutional Court is autonomous to the other branches of government; the Court interprets the Constitution and reviews the constitutionality of parliamentary laws and decisions, decrees of the president, and acts of the government"
"text": "Supreme Court of Justice (consists of a chief judge, 3 deputy-chief judges, 45 judges, and 7 assistant judges); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president and 6 judges); note - the Constitutional Court is autonomous to the other branches of government; the Court interprets the Constitution and reviews the constitutionality of parliamentary laws and decisions, decrees of the president, and acts of the government"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "Supreme Court of Justice judges appointed by Parliament upon the recommendation of the Supreme Council of the Magistracy; all judges serve 4-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court judges appointed 2 each by Parliament, the Moldovan president, and the Higher Council of Magistracy; court president elected by other court judges for a 3-year term; other judges appointed for 6-year terms"
@ -454,10 +463,10 @@
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"represented in Parliament": {
"text": " ++ Communist Party of the Republic of Moldova or PCRM [Vladimir VORONIN] ++ Democratic Party or PD [Marian LUPU] ++ Liberal Democratic Party or PLDM [Vladimir FILAT] ++ Liberal Party or PL [Mihai GHIMPU] ++ Party of Socialists or PSRM [Igor DODON]"
"text": " ++ Communist Party of the Republic of Moldova or PCRM [Vladimir VORONIN] ++ Democratic Party of Moldova or PDM [Marian LUPU] ++ Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova or PLDM [Valeriu STRELET, acting] ++ Liberal Party or PL [Mihai GHIMPU] ++ Socialist Party of the Republic of Moldova or PSRM [Igor DODON]"
},
"not represented in Parliament": {
"text": " ++ Anti-Fascist Movement or Antifa [Grigore PETRENCO] ++ Anti-Mafia Movement [Sergiu MOCANU] ++ Christian Democratic People's Party or PPCD [Iurie ROSCA] ++ Conservative Party or PC [Natalia NIRCA] ++ Ecological Party of Moldova \"Green Alliance\" or PEMAVE [Vladimir BRAGA] ++ European Action Movement or MAE [Veaceslav UNTILA] ++ Humanist Party of Moldova or PUM [Valeriu PASAT] ++ Labor Party or PM [Gheorghe SIMA] ++ Liberal Reformers Party or PLR [Ion HADARCA] ++ National Liberal Party or PNL [Vitalia PAVLICENKO] ++ Our Party [Renato USATII] ++ Patriots of Moldova Party or PPM [Mihail GARBUZ] ++ Popular Republican Party or PPR [Nicolae ANDRONIC] ++ Republican Party of Moldova or PRM [Andrei STRATAN] ++ Roma Social Political Movement of the Republic of Moldova or MRRM [Ion BUCUR] ++ Social Democratic Party or PSD [Victor SELIN] ++ Social Political Movement \"Equality\" or MR [Valeriy KLIMENCO] ++ United Moldova Party or PMUEM [Vladimir TURCAN]"
"text": " ++ Anti-Mafia Movement [Sergiu MOCANU] ++ Christian Democratic People's Party or PPCD [Victor CIOBANU] ++ Conservative Party or PC [Natalia NIRCA] ++ Dignity and Truth Party [Andrei NASTASE] ++ Ecological Party of Moldova \"Green Alliance\" or PEMAVE [Vladimir BRAGA] ++ European People’s Party of Moldova (EPPM) [Iurie LEANCA] ++ Humanist Party of Moldova or PUM [Valeriu PASAT] ++ Labor Party or PM [Gheorghe SIMA] ++ Liberal Reformers Party or PLR [Ion HADARCA] ++ National Liberal Party or PNL [Vitalia PAVLICENKO] ++ Our Home Moldova [Grigore PETRENCO] ++ Our Party [Renato USATII] ++ Patriots of Moldova Party or PPM [Mihail GARBUZ] ++ Republican Party of Moldova or PRM [Andrei STRATAN] ++ Revival Party [Vadim MISIN] ++ Roma Social Political Movement of the Republic of Moldova or MRRM [Ion BUCUR] ++ Social Democratic Party or PSD [Victor SELIN] ++ Social Political Movement \"Equality\" or MR [Valeriy KLIMENCO] ++ United Moldova Party or PMUEM [Vladimir TURCAN]"
}
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
@ -520,58 +529,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Despite recent progress, Moldova remains one of the poorest countries in Europe. With a moderate climate and good farmland, Moldova's economy relies heavily on its agriculture sector, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. Moldova also depends on annual remittances of about $1.6 billion from the roughly one million Moldovans working in Europe, Russia, and other former Soviet Bloc countries. With few natural energy resources, Moldova imports almost all of its energy supplies from Russia and Ukraine. Moldova's dependence on Russian energy is underscored by a growing $5 billion debt to Russian natural gas supplier Gazprom, largely the result of unreimbursed natural gas consumption in the separatist Transnistria region. In August 2013, work began on a new pipeline between Moldova and Romania that may eventually break Russia's monopoly on Moldova's gas supplies. The government's goal of EU integration has resulted in some market-oriented progress. Moldova experienced better than expected economic growth in 2014 due to increased agriculture production, to economic policies adopted by the Moldovan government since 2009, and to the receipt of EU trade preferences. Moldova signed an Association Agreement and a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement with the EU during fall 2014, connecting Moldovan products to the world’s largest market. Still, growth has been hampered by high prices for Russian natural gas, a Russian import ban on Moldovan wine, increased foreign scrutiny of Moldovan agricultural products, and by Moldova’s large external debt. Over the longer term, Moldova's economy remains vulnerable to political uncertainty, weak administrative capacity, vested bureaucratic interests, corruption, higher fuel prices, Russian pressure, and the illegal separatist regime in Moldova's Transnistria region."
"text": "Despite recent progress, Moldova remains one of the poorest countries in Europe. With a moderate climate and productive farmland, Moldova's economy relies heavily on its agriculture sector, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. Moldova also depends on annual remittances of about $1.12 billion from the roughly one million Moldovans working in Europe, Russia, and other former Soviet Bloc countries. ++ ++ With few natural energy resources, Moldova imports almost all of its energy supplies from Russia and Ukraine. Moldova's dependence on Russian energy is underscored by a more than $5 billion debt to Russian natural gas supplier Gazprom, largely the result of unreimbursed natural gas consumption in the breakaway region of Transnistria. Moldova and Romania inaugurated the Ungheni-Iasi natural gas interconnector project in August 2014. The 43-kilometer pipeline between Moldova and Romania, allows for both the import and export of natural gas. Several technical and regulatory delays kept gas from flowing into Moldova until March 2015. Romanian gas exports to Moldova are largely symbolic. Moldova hopes to build a pipeline connecting Ungheni to Chisinau, bringing the gas to Moldovan population centers. ++ ++ The government's stated goal of EU integration has resulted in some market-oriented progress. Moldova experienced better than expected economic growth in 2014 due to increased agriculture production, to economic policies adopted by the Moldovan government since 2009, and to the receipt of EU trade preferences. Moldova signed an Association Agreement and a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement with the EU during fall 2014, connecting Moldovan products to the world’s largest market. Still, a $1 billion asset-stripping heist of Moldovan banks in late 2014 delivered a significant shock to the economy in 2015; a subsequent bank bailout increased inflationary pressures and contributed to the depreciation of the leu. Moldova’s growth has also been hampered by endemic corruption and a Russian import ban on Moldova’s agricultural products. ++ ++ Over the longer term, Moldova's economy remains vulnerable to corruption, political uncertainty, weak administrative capacity, vested bureaucratic interests, higher fuel prices, Russian political and economic pressure, and unresolved separatism in Moldova's Transnistria region."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$17.78 billion (2014 est.) ++ $17 billion (2013 est.) ++ $15.54 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$17.94 billion (2015 est.) ++ $18.03 billion (2014 est.) ++ $17.2 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$7.962 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$6.475 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "4.6% (2014 est.) ++ 9.4% (2013 est.) ++ -0.7% (2012 est.)"
"text": "-0.5% (2015 est.) ++ 4.8% (2014 est.) ++ 9.4% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$5,000 (2014 est.) ++ $4,800 (2013 est.) ++ $4,400 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$5,000 (2015 est.) ++ $5,100 (2014 est.) ++ $4,800 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "20.9% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 19.6% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 14.6% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "18% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 22.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 19.6% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "88.1%"
"text": "89.7%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "18.5%"
"text": "20.7%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "24.7%"
"text": "23.6%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "1.3%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "42.9%"
"text": "43.2%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-75.6% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-78.5% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "16%"
"text": "14.1%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "20.4%"
"text": "21.1%"
},
"services": {
"text": "63.6% (2014 est.)"
"text": "64.7% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -581,27 +590,27 @@
"text": "sugar, vegetable oil, food processing, agricultural machinery; foundry equipment, refrigerators and freezers, washing machines; hosiery, shoes, textiles"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "7.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "1% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "1.23 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "1.228 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "26.4%"
"text": "30.5%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "13.2%"
"text": "12.2%"
},
"services": {
"text": "60.4% (2012 est.)"
"text": "57.3% (2014 est.)"
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "6.2% (2014 est.) ++ 5.1% (2013 est.)"
"text": "5.2% (2015 est.) ++ 3.9% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "21.9% (2010 est.)"
"text": "20.8% (2013 est.)"
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
"lowest 10%": {
@ -612,104 +621,109 @@
}
},
"Distribution of family income - Gini index": {
"text": "33 (2010) ++ 33.2 (2003)"
"text": "28.5 (2013) ++ 33.2 (2003)"
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$3.025 billion"
"text": "$2.158 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$3.164 billion"
"text": "$2.292 billion"
},
"note": {
"text": "National Public Budget (2014 est.)"
"text": "National Public Budget (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "38% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "33.6% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-1.7% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-2.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "17.2% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 19.3% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "39.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "5.1% (2014 est.) ++ 4.6% (2013 est.)"
"text": "9.6% (2015 est.) ++ 5.1% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "3.5% (31 December 2013) ++ 4.5% (31 December 2012)",
"text": "19.5% (31 December 2015) ++ 6.5% (31 December 2014)",
"note": {
"text": "this is the basic rate on short-term operations"
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "11.01% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 12.29% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "14.2% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 11.01% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$1.718 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.077 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.188 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.698 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$4.685 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $4.797 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$3.402 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.685 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$2.674 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $3.4 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$2.162 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.643 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$65.28 million (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $51.46 million (31 December 2012) ++ $20.71 million (31 December 2011)"
"text": "$9.723 million (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $50.47 million (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $51.46 million (31 December 2012 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$294 million (2014 est.) ++ -$399 million (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$304 million (2015 est.) ++ -$300 million (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$2.352 billion (2014 est.) ++ $2.466 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.507 billion (2015 est.) ++ $1.805 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "foodstuffs, textiles, machinery"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Romania 18.9%, Russia 18.4%, Italy 10.6%, Germany 6%, Belarus 5.9%, Ukraine 4.7%, UK 4.7%, Turkey 4.5% (2014)"
"text": "Romania 23.1%, Italy 10.2%, Turkey 9.4%, Russia 8%, Germany 6.6%, Belarus 6.4% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$5.264 billion (2014 est.) ++ $5.449 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$3.595 billion (2015 est.) ++ $4.858 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "mineral products and fuel, machinery and equipment, chemicals, textiles"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Romania 15.2%, Russia 13.5%, Ukraine 10.3%, China 9.1%, Germany 8.1%, Italy 6.7%, Turkey 5.7% (2014)"
"text": "Russia 22.7%, Romania 18.1%, Ukraine 11.5%, Germany 7%, Italy 4.8%, Turkey 4.4% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$2.157 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.821 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.757 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.157 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$6.562 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $6.613 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$6.207 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $6.464 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$3.448 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $3.262 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
"text": "$3.647 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $3.615 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$108.2 million (31 December 2012) ++ $88.42 million (31 December 2011)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Moldovan lei (MDL) per US dollar - ++ 14.036 (2014 est.) ++ 14.036 (2013 est.) ++ 12.11 (2012 est.) ++ 11.738 (2011 est.) ++ 12.369 (2010 est.)"
"text": "Moldovan lei (MDL) per US dollar - ++ 19.83 (2015 est.) ++ 15.435 (2014 est.) ++ 14.036 (2013 est.) ++ 12.11 (2012 est.) ++ 11.738 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "5.467 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
"text": "3.574 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - consumption": {
"text": "5.056 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
"text": "4.305 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - exports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "0 kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - imports": {
"text": "846 million kWh (2012 est.)"
"text": "731 million kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
"text": "439,900 kW",
@ -742,7 +756,7 @@
"text": "0 bbl (1 January 2015 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - production": {
"text": "354.3 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
"text": "354 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - consumption": {
"text": "16,000 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
@ -754,10 +768,13 @@
"text": "16,320 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - production": {
"text": "0 cu m (2013 est.)"
"text": "0 cu m (2015 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - consumption": {
"text": "3.28 billion cu m (2013 est.)"
"text": "3.28 billion cu m",
"note": {
"text": "includes Transnistria; excluding Transnistria, consumption amounted to 2.92 billion cu m in 2015 (2013 est.)"
}
},
"Natural gas - exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2013 est.)"
@ -765,7 +782,7 @@
"Natural gas - imports": {
"text": "3.28 billion cu m",
"note": {
"text": "excludes Transnistria (2013 est.)"
"text": "includes Transnistria; excluding Transnistria, imports amounted to 2.92 billion cu m in 2015 (2013 est.)"
}
},
"Natural gas - proved reserves": {
@ -778,53 +795,64 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "1.22 million"
"text": "1,202,466"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "34 (2014 est.)"
"text": "34 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "3.7 million"
"text": "3.713 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "104 (2014 est.)"
"text": "105 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "poor service outside Chisinau; some modernization is under way"
"text": "the mobile market has extended the reach of service to outside the cities and across most of the country"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "multiple private operators of GSM mobile-cellular telephone service are operating; GPRS system is being introduced; a CDMA mobile telephone network began operations in 2007; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity 100 per 100 persons"
"text": "competition among mobile telephone providers has spurred subscriptions; little interest in expanding fixed-line service; mobile-cellular teledensity exceeds 100 per 100 persons"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 373; service through Romania and Russia via landline; satellite earth stations - at least 3 (Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik) (2011)"
"text": "country code - 373; service through Romania and Russia via landline; satellite earth stations - at least 3 (Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik) (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state-owned national radio-TV broadcaster operates 2 TV and 2 radio stations; a total of nearly 40 terrestrial TV channels and some 50 radio stations are in operation; Russian and Romanian channels also are available (2007)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 2, FM 29, shortwave NA (2006)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "40 (2006)"
"text": "state-owned national radio-TV broadcaster operates 1 TV and 1 radio stations; a total of nearly 70 terrestrial TV channels and some 50 radio stations are in operation; Russian and Romanian channels also are available (2016)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".md"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "1.6 million"
"text": "1.768 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "44.8% (2014 est.)"
"text": "49.8% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "3"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "12"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "1,005,942"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "489,630 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "ER (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "7 (2013)"
},
@ -850,7 +878,7 @@
"text": "1"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 1 (2013)"
"text": "1 (2013)"
}
},
"Pipelines": {
@ -889,43 +917,19 @@
"text": "bulk carrier 7, cargo 88, carrier 1, chemical tanker 3, passenger/cargo 7, petroleum tanker 2, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 11, specialized tanker 1"
},
"foreign-owned": {
"text": "63 (Bulgaria 1, Denmark 1, Egypt 5, Greece 1, Israel 2, Lebanon 1, Pakistan 1, Romania 2, Russia 5, Syria 5, Turkey 18, UK 3, Ukraine 14, Yemen 4) (2010)"
"text": "63 (Bulgaria 1, Denmark 1, Egypt 5, Greece 1, Israel 2, Lebanon 1, Pakistan 1, Romania 2, Russia 5, Syria 5, Turkey 18, UK 3, Ukraine 14, Yemen 4) (2010)"
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "National Army: Land Forces Command, Air Forces Command (includes air defense unit) (2014)"
"text": "National Army: Land Forces Command, Air Forces Command (includes air defense unit); Carabinieri Troops: a component of the Ministry of Internal Affairs that also has official status as a service of the Armed Forces (2016)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; male registration required at age 16; 1-year service obligation (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,143,440"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,156,958 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "875,224"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "969,903 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "28,213"
},
"female": {
"text": "26,614 (2010 est.)"
}
"text": "18 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; male registration required at age 16; 1-year service obligation (2016)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "0.3% of GDP (2014) ++ 0.3% of GDP (2012) ++ 0.3% of GDP (2011) ++ 0.3% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "0.3% of GDP (2015 projected) ++ 0.3% of GDP (2014) ++ 0.3% of GDP (2012) ++ 0.3% of GDP (2011) ++ 0.3% of GDP (2010)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
@ -937,7 +941,7 @@
"text": "6,779 applicants for forms of legal stay other than asylum (Ukraine) (2015)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "2,036 (2014)"
"text": "5,014 (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

199
europe/mj.json
View file

@ -53,12 +53,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Adriatic Sea 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "1,086 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Bobotov Kuk 2,522 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m ++ highest point: Bobotov Kuk 2,522 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -76,7 +76,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "24.12 sq km (2010)"
"text": "24 sq km (2012)"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "highest population density is concentrated in the south, southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "destructive earthquakes"
@ -97,6 +100,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "644,578 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Montenegrin(s)"
@ -114,27 +120,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Orthodox 72.1%, Muslim 19.1%, Catholic 3.4%, atheist 1.2%, other 1.5%, unspecified 2.6% (2011 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "647,073 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "15.18% (male 48,138/female 50,095)"
"text": "15.13% (male 47,983/female 49,527)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "10.27% (male 30,681/female 35,776)"
"text": "9.92% (male 29,003/female 34,907)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "47.02% (male 164,104/female 140,142)"
"text": "46.83% (male 163,055/female 138,792)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "13.12% (male 42,354/female 42,542)"
"text": "13.37% (male 42,998/female 43,168)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "14.41% (male 37,040/female 56,201) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "14.76% (male 38,014/female 57,131) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -153,23 +153,26 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "39.7 years"
"text": "40.2 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "38.7 years"
"text": "39.3 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "40.9 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "41.3 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "-0.42% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-0.35% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "10.42 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "10.2 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "9.43 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "9.6 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "highest population density is concentrated in the south, southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -187,10 +190,10 @@
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
},
"0-14 years": {
"text": "0.96 male(s)/female"
"text": "0.97 male(s)/female"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "0.86 male(s)/female"
"text": "0.83 male(s)/female"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "1.17 male(s)/female"
@ -202,9 +205,12 @@
"text": "0.66 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.99 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.99 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "26.3 (2010 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "7 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
@ -212,7 +218,7 @@
"text": "39.4% (2005/06)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "6.5% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "6.4% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "2.11 physicians/1,000 population (2013)"
@ -230,7 +236,7 @@
},
"Sanitation facility access": {
"improved": {
"text": " ++ urban: 90.8% of population ++ rural: 92.2% of population ++ total: 95.9% of population"
"text": " ++ urban: 98% of population ++ rural: 92.2% of population ++ total: 95.9% of population"
},
"unimproved": {
"text": " ++ urban: 2% of population ++ rural: 7.8% of population ++ total: 4.1% of population (2015 est.)"
@ -253,7 +259,7 @@
"text": "bacterial diarrhea"
},
"vectorborne diseases": {
"text": "Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (2013)"
"text": "Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (2016)"
}
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
@ -326,10 +332,13 @@
},
"former": {
"text": "People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Republic of Montenegro"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "the country's name locally as well as in most Western European languages means \"black mountain\" and refers to the dark coniferous forests on Mount Lovcen and the surrounding area"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "republic"
"text": "parliamentary republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -355,7 +364,7 @@
"text": "National Day, 13 July (1878, the day the Berlin Congress recognized Montenegro as the 27th independent state in the world, and 1941, the day the Montenegrins staged an uprising against Nazi occupiers and sided with the partisan Communist movement)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 22 October 2007; amended 2013, 2014 (2015)"
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 22 October 2007; amended 2013, 2014 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law"
@ -363,6 +372,20 @@
"International law organization participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICC jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Montenegro"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": "10 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
@ -388,18 +411,15 @@
"text": "unicameral Assembly or Skupstina (81 seats; members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 14 October 2012 (next to be held in October 2016)"
"text": "last held on 16 October 2016 (next to be held by October 2020)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party/coalition - Coalition for European Montenegro 45.6%, Democratic Front 22.8%, SNP 11.1%, Positive Montenegro 8.2%, Bosniak Party 4.2%, other (including Albanian and Croatian minority parties) 8.1%; seats by party - Coalition for European Montenegro 39, Democratic Front 20, SNP 9, Positive Montenegro 7, Bosniak Party 3, Albanian and Croatian minority parties 3"
},
"note": {
"text": "seats by party/coaltion as of May 2015 - Coalition for European Montenegro 39, Democratic Front 20, SNP 9, Positive Montenegro 5, Bosniak Party 3, Albanian and Croatian minority parties 3, independent 2"
"text": "percent of vote by party/coalition - DPS 41.4%, DF 20.3%, Key Coalition, 11.1%, DCG 10.0%, SDP 5.2%, SD 3.3%, BS, 3.2%, Albanians Decisively 1.3%, HGI .5%, other 3.7%; seats by party/coalition - DPS 36, DF 18, Key Coalition 9, DCG 8, SDP 4, SD 2, BS 2, Albanians Decisively 1, HGI 1"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
"highest court(s)": {
"text": "Supreme Court or Vrhovni Sud (consists of the court president, deputy president and 15 judges); Constitutional Court or Ustavni Sud (consists of the court president and 7 judges)"
"text": "Supreme Court or Vrhovni Sud (consists of the court president, deputy president, and 15 judges); Constitutional Court or Ustavni Sud (consists of the court president and 7 judges)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "Supreme Court president proposed by general session of the Supreme Court and elected by the Judicial Council, a 9-member body consisting of judges, lawyers designated by the Assembly, and the minister of judicial affairs; Supreme Court president elected for a single renewable, 5-year term; other judges elected by the Judicial Council for life; Constitutional Court judges - 2 proposed by the president of Montenegro and 5 by the Assembly, and elected by the Assembly; court president elected from among the court members; court president elected for 3 years, other judges 9 years"
@ -409,13 +429,13 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Albanian Coalition (includes Democratic League in Montenegro or DSCG [Mehmet BARDHI], Democratic Party [Fatmir GJEKA], and Albanian Alternative or AA [Gjergj CAMAJ]) ++ Bosniak Party or BS [Rafet HUSOVIC] ++ Coalition for European Montenegro [Milo DJUKANOVIC] (includes Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC], Liberal Party of Montenegro or LP [Andrija POPOVIC], and Social Democratic Party or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC]) ++ Coalition FORCA for Unity (includes FORCA [Nazif CUNGU] and Civic Initiative [Vaselj SINISTAJ]) ++ Croatian Civic Initiative or HGI [Marija VUCINOVIC] ++ Democratic Front or DF [Miodrag LEKIC] (includes New Serb Democracy or NOVA [Andrija MANDIC] and Movement for Change or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC]) ++ Positive Montenegro [Darko PAJOVIC] ++ Socialist People's Party or SNP [Srdan MILIC]"
"text": "Albanians Decisively [Genci NIMANBEGU] (includes FORCA, AA, DUA) ++ Albanian Alternative or AA [Nik DJELOSAJ] ++ Bosniak Party or BS [Rafet HUSOVIC] ++ Croatian Civic Initiative or HGI [Marija VUCINOVIC] ++ Democratic Alliance or DEMOS [Miodrag LEKIC] ++ Democratic Front or DF [collective leadership] (includes NOVA, PZP, DNP, RP) ++ Democratic Montenegro or DCG [Aleksa BECIC] ++ Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC] ++ Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Mehmet ZENKA] ++ Key Coalition [Miodrag LEKIC] (includes DEMOS, SNP, URA] ++ Movement for Change or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC] ++ New Democratic Power or FORCA [Nazif CUNGU] ++ New Serb Democracy or NOVA [Andrija MANDIC] ++ Social Democratic Party or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC] ++ Social Democrats or SD [Ivan BRAJOVIC] ++ Socialist People's Party or SNP [Srdjan MILIC] ++ United Reform Action or URA [Zarko RAKCEVIC] ++ Workers' Party or RP [Janko VUCINIC]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "NA"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO (pending member), ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
"text": "CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
@ -452,7 +472,7 @@
}
},
"Flag description": {
"text": "a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered; the arms consist of a double-headed golden eagle - symbolizing the unity of church and state - surmounted by a crown; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the breast shield over the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a blue sky; the lion is symbol of episcopal authority and harkens back to the three and a half centuries that Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy"
"text": "a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered; the arms consist of a double-headed golden eagle - symbolizing the unity of church and state - surmounted by a crown; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the breast shield over the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a blue sky; the lion is a symbol of episcopal authority and harkens back to the three and a half centuries when Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy"
},
"National symbol(s)": {
"text": "double-headed eagle; national colors: red, gold"
@ -471,28 +491,28 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Montenegro's economy is transitioning to a market system. From the beginning of the privatization process in 1999 through to 2015, around 85% of Montenegrin state-owned companies have been privatized, including 100% of banking, telecommunications, and oil distribution. The government recognizes the need to remove impediments in order to remain competitive and open the economy to foreign investors. The biggest foreign investors in Montenegro are Italy, Norway, Austria, Russia, Hungary and Great Britain. Net foreign direct investment in 2014 reached $483 million and investment per capita is one of the highest in Europe. Montenegro uses the Euro as its domestic currency, though it is not an official member of the Euro-zone. In January 2007, Montenegro joined the World Bank and IMF, and in December 2011, the World Trade Organization. Montenegro began negotiations to join the EC in June, 2012, having met the conditions set down by the European Council, which called on Montenegro to take steps to fight corruption and organized crime. Tourism brings in twice as many visitors as Montenegro’s total population every year. Several new luxury tourism complexes are in various states of development along the coast, and a number are being offered in connection with nearby boating and yachting facilities. Montenegro is currently planning major overhauls of its road, rail networks, and possible expansions of its air transportation system. In 2014, the Government of Montenegro selected two Chinese companies to construct a 41 km-long section of the country’s highway system. Construction will cost around $1.1 billion. Montenegro first instituted value added tax (VAT) in April 2003, and introduced differentiated VAT rates of 17% and 7% (for tourism) in January 2006. In May 2013, the Montenegrin Government raised the higher level VAT rate to 19%."
"text": "Montenegro's economy is transitioning to a market system. From the beginning of the privatization process in 1999 through 2015, around 85% of Montenegrin state-owned companies have been privatized, including 100% of banking, telecommunications, and oil distribution. Tourism brings in twice as many visitors as Montenegro’s total population every year. Several new luxury tourism complexes are in various stages of development along the coast, and a number are being offered in connection with nearby boating and yachting facilities. ++ ++ Montenegro uses the euro as its domestic currency, though it is not an official member of the euro zone. In January 2007, Montenegro joined the World Bank and IMF, and in December 2011, the WTO. Montenegro began negotiations to join the EC in June, 2012, having met the conditions set down by the European Council, which called on Montenegro to take steps to fight corruption and organized crime. ++ ++ The government recognizes the need to remove impediments in order to remain competitive and open the economy to foreign investors. The biggest foreign investors in Montenegro are Italy, Norway, Austria, Russia, Hungary and the UK. Net foreign direct investment in 2014 reached $483 million and investment per capita is one of the highest in Europe. ++ ++ Montenegro is currently planning major overhauls of its road and rail networks, and possible expansions of its air transportation system. In 2014, the Government of Montenegro selected two Chinese companies to construct a 41 km-long section of the country’s highway system. Construction will cost around $1.1 billion. Montenegro first instituted a value-added tax (VAT) in April 2003, and introduced differentiated VAT rates of 17% and 7% (for tourism) in January 2006. In May 2013, the Montenegrin Government raised the higher level VAT rate to 19%."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$9.428 billion (2014 est.) ++ $9.289 billion (2013 est.) ++ $8.989 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$9.969 billion (2015 est.) ++ $9.662 billion (2014 est.) ++ $9.493 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$4.551 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$3.989 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1.5% (2014 est.) ++ 3.3% (2013 est.) ++ -2.5% (2012 est.)"
"text": "3.2% (2015 est.) ++ 1.8% (2014 est.) ++ 3.5% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$15,100 (2014 est.) ++ $14,900 (2013 est.) ++ $14,400 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$16,000 (2015 est.) ++ $15,500 (2014 est.) ++ $15,300 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "3.6% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 4.3% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 0.9% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "5.1% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 4.6% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 5.1% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
@ -511,7 +531,7 @@
"text": "42.1%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-64.5% ++ (2013 est.)"
"text": "-64.5% (2013 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -566,22 +586,22 @@
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "34.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "38.6% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-1.5% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-1.7% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "59.5% of GDP (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 57.9% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
"text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-0.7% (2014 est.) ++ 2.2% (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.6% (2015 est.) ++ -0.7% (2014 est.)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "9.22% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 9.36% (31 December 2013 est.)"
@ -596,10 +616,10 @@
"text": "$2.63 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.682 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$7.532 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $3.827 billion (31 December 2012) ++ $3.322 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
"text": "$7.532 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $3.827 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $3.322 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$699 million (2014 est.) ++ -$646 million (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$387 million (2015 est.) ++ -$699 million (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$370.2 million (2014 est.) ++ $489.2 million (2012 est.)"
@ -626,10 +646,15 @@
"text": "$133 million (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.7489 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.) ++ 0.755 (2010 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "3.809 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
},
@ -703,18 +728,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "160,000"
"text": "154,448"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "25 (2014 est.)"
"text": "24 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "1 million"
"text": "1.008 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "156 (2014 est.)"
"text": "156 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -725,31 +750,42 @@
"text": "GSM mobile-cellular service, available through multiple providers with national coverage, is growing"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 382; 2 international switches connect the national system (2011)"
"text": "country code - 382; 2 international switches connect the national system (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state-funded national radio-TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial TV networks, 1 satellite TV channel, and 2 radio networks; 4 public TV stations and some 20 private TV stations; 14 local public radio stations and more than 40 private radio stations (2007)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "31 (station frequency types NA) (2004)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "13 (2004)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".me"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "381,700"
"text": "418,000"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "58.7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "64.6% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "1"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "6"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "526,980"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "0 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "4O (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "5 (2013)"
},
@ -809,31 +845,15 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Armed Forces of the Republic of Montenegro: Army of Montenegro (includes Montenegrin Navy (Mornarica Crne Gore, MCG)), Air Force (2011)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)"
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "149,159"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "131,823 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "3,120"
},
"female": {
"text": "3,677 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.74% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.59% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.69% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.75% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.81% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "1.65% of GDP (2015) ++ 1.74% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.59% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.69% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.75% of GDP (2011)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
@ -841,11 +861,8 @@
"text": "none"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "5,633 (Serbia and Kosovo) (2014)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "3,296 (2014)"
"text": "3,262 (2015)"
}
}
}

268
europe/mk.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Macedonia gained its independence peacefully from Yugoslavia in 1991. Greece's objection to the new state's use of what it considered a Hellenic name and symbols delayed international recognition, which occurred under the provisional designation of \"the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.\" In 1995, Greece lifted a 20-month trade embargo and the two countries agreed to normalize relations, but the issue of the name remained unresolved and negotiations for a solution are ongoing. Since 2004, the US and over 130 other nations have recognized Macedonia by its constitutional name, Republic of Macedonia. Ethnic Albanian grievances over perceived political and economic inequities escalated into an insurgency in 2001 that eventually led to the internationally brokered Ohrid Framework Agreement, which ended the fighting and established guidelines for constitutional amendments and the creation of new laws that enhanced the rights of minorities. Although Macedonia became an EU candidate in 2005, the country still faces challenges, including fully implementing the Framework Agreement, resolving the outstanding name dispute with Greece, improving relations with Bulgaria, halting democratic backsliding, bolstering independence of the judiciary and media freedom, and stimulating economic growth and development. Macedonia's membership in NATO was blocked by Greece at the Alliance's Summit of Bucharest in 2008."
"text": "Macedonia gained its independence peacefully from Yugoslavia in 1991. Greek objection to Macedonia’s name, insisting it implies territorial pretensions to the northern Greek province of the same name, have stalled the country’s movement toward Euro-Atlantic integration. Immediately after Macedonia declared independence, Greece sought to block Macedonian efforts to gain UN membership if the name “Macedonia” was used. Macedonia was eventually admitted to the UN in 1993 as “The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,” and at the same time it agreed to UN-sponsored negotiations on the name dispute. In 1995, Greece lifted a 20-month trade embargo and the two countries agreed to normalize relations, but the issue of the name remained unresolved and negotiations for a solution are ongoing. Since 2004, the US and over 130 other nations have recognized Macedonia by its constitutional name, Republic of Macedonia. Ethnic Albanian grievances over perceived political and economic inequities escalated into an insurgency in 2001 that eventually led to the internationally brokered Ohrid Framework Agreement, which ended the fighting and established guidelines for constitutional amendments and the creation of new laws that enhanced the rights of minorities. Relations between Macedonians and ethnic Albanians remain fragile, however. Although Macedonia became an EU candidate in 2005, the country still faces challenges, including overcoming the ongoing political crisis that began in 2015 when opposition party SDSM began releasing wiretap content that it alleged showed widespread government corruption, the ongoing migration crisis, fully implementing the Framework Agreement, resolving the outstanding name dispute with Greece, improving relations with Bulgaria, halting democratic backsliding, and stimulating economic growth and development. Macedonia's membership in NATO was blocked by Greece at the Alliance's Summit of Bucharest in 2008."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -48,12 +48,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "mountainous with deep basins and valleys; three large lakes, each divided by a frontier line; country bisected by the Vardar River"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Vardar River 50 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "741 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Golem Korab (Maja e Korabit) 2,764 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Vardar River 50 m ++ highest point: Golem Korab (Maja e Korabit) 2,764 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -71,18 +71,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "1,278 sq km (2004)"
"text": "1,280 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "6.4 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "1.03 cu km/yr (21%/67%/12%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "502 cu m/yr (2007)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "high seismic risks"
@ -103,6 +95,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "2,100,025 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Macedonian(s)"
@ -120,27 +115,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Macedonian Orthodox 64.8%, Muslim 33.3%, other Christian 0.4%, other and unspecified 1.5% (2002 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "2,096,015 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "17.48% (male 189,719/female 176,751)"
"text": "17.27% (male 187,752/female 174,935)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "13.88% (male 150,048/female 140,834)"
"text": "13.69% (male 148,340/female 139,195)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "43.69% (male 464,811/female 450,914)"
"text": "43.65% (male 465,622/female 451,028)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "12.21% (male 125,327/female 130,617)"
"text": "12.3% (male 126,548/female 131,749)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "12.74% (male 114,357/female 152,637) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "13.09% (male 117,787/female 157,069) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -159,26 +148,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "37.2 years"
"text": "37.5 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "36.1 years"
"text": "36.4 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "38.3 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "38.6 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "0.2% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.18% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "11.55 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "11.5 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "9.08 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "9.1 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-0.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "-0.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -211,42 +203,45 @@
"text": "0.75 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.99 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.99 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "26.6 (2013 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "8 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "7.7 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "7.5 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "7.96 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "7.8 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "7.42 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "7.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "76.02 years"
"text": "76.2 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "73.44 years"
"text": "73.6 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "78.79 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "79 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.6 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.6 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "40.2% (2011)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "6.4% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "6.5% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "2.62 physicians/1,000 population (2009)"
@ -307,7 +302,7 @@
"text": "13 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "14 years (2012)"
"text": "13 years (2012)"
}
},
"Child labor - children ages 5-14": {
@ -320,13 +315,13 @@
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "53.9%"
"text": "53.1%"
},
"male": {
"text": "55.2%"
"text": "52%"
},
"female": {
"text": "51.7% (2012 est.)"
"text": "55% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -349,10 +344,13 @@
},
"former": {
"text": "People's Republic of Macedonia, Socialist Republic of Macedonia"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "the country name derives from the ancient kingdom of Macedon (7th to 2nd centuries B.C.)"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "parliamentary democracy"
"text": "parliamentary republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -378,7 +376,7 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 8 September (1991); also known as National Day"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991; amended several times, last in 2011 (2015)"
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991; amended several times, last in 2015 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts"
@ -386,6 +384,20 @@
"International law organization participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Macedonia"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": "8 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
@ -394,16 +406,16 @@
"text": "President Gjorge IVANOV (since 12 May 2009)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Nikola GRUEVSKI (since 26 August 2006)"
"text": "Interim Prime Minister Emil DIMITRIEV (since 18 January 2016); Prime Minister Nikola GRUEVSKI (since 26 August 2006) resigned on 15 January 2016"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers elected by the Assembly by simple majority vote; note - current cabinet formed by the government coalition parties VMRO-DPMNE, DUI, and several small parties"
"text": "Council of Ministers elected by the Assembly by simple majority vote; note - the 2014 cabinet formed by the government coalition parties VMRO-DPMNE, DUI, and several small parties; as a result of an agreement reached in July 2015 between the largest parties to resolve a 16-month opposition boycott of the Assembly, several minister and deputy minister positions were also given to the opposition SDSM"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 13 and 27 April 2014 (next to be held in 2019); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually elected prime minister by the Assembly"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Gjorge IVANOV reelected president in second round; percent of vote - Gjorge IVANOV (independent) 55.3%, Stevo PENDAROVSKI (SDSM) 41.1%"
"text": "Gjorge IVANOV reelected president in second round; percent of vote - Gjorge IVANOV (independent) 55.3%, Stevo PENDAROVSKI (SDSM) 41.1%, other 3.6%"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -411,10 +423,10 @@
"text": "unicameral Assembly or Sobranie (123 seats; 120 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 3 directly elected in diaspora constituencies worldwide by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 27 April 2014 (next to be held on 24 April 2016); note - election has been moved up because of political unrest"
"text": "last held on 27 April 2014 (the election scheduled for 5 June 2016 has been postponed until 11 December 2016)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party - VMRO-DPMNE 43.0%, SDSM 25.3%, DUI 13.7%, DPA 5.9%, GROM 2.8%, NDR 1.6%, other 4.3%, invalid 3.4%; seats by party - VMRO-DPMNE 61, SDSM 34, DUI 19, DPA 7, GROM 1, NDR 1"
"text": "percent of vote by party - VMRO-DPMNE 43.0%, SDSM 25.3%, BDI 13.7%, PDSh 5.9%, GROM 2.8%, RDK 1.6%, other 4.3%, invalid 3.4%; seats by party - VMRO-DPMNE 61, SDSM 34, BDI 19, PDSh 7, GROM 1, RDK 1"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -422,14 +434,14 @@
"text": "Supreme Court (consist of NA judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "Supreme Court judges nominated by the Judicial Council, a 7-member body of legal professionals, and appointed by the Assembly; judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the legislature for nonrenewable, 9-year terms"
"text": "Supreme Court judges nominated by the Judicial Council, a 7-member body of legal professionals, and appointed by the Assembly; judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the Assembly for nonrenewable, 9-year terms"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "Courts of Appeal; Basic Courts"
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Citizens Option for Macedonia or GROM [Stevco JAKIMOVSKI] ++ Democratic Party of Albanians or DPA [Menduh THACI] ++ Democratic Union for Integration or DUI [Ali AHMETI] ++ Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity or VMRO-DPMNE [Nikola GRUEVSKI] ++ National Democratic Revival or NDR [Vesel MEMEDI] ++ Social Democratic Union of Macedonia or SDSM [Zoran ZAEV]",
"text": "Citizens Option for Macedonia or GROM [Stevco JAKIMOVSKI] ++ Democratic Party of Albanians or PDSh [Menduh THACI] ++ Democratic Union for Integration or BDI [Ali AHMETI] ++ Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity or VMRO-DPMNE [Nikola GRUEVSKI] ++ National Democratic Revival or RDK [Vesel MEMEDI] ++ Social Democratic Union of Macedonia or SDSM [Zoran ZAEV]",
"note": {
"text": "during the 2014 parliamentary elections VMRO-DPMNE, SDSM, and GROM each led coalitions"
}
@ -488,64 +500,64 @@
"text": "Vlado MALESKI/Todor SKALOVSKI"
},
"note": {
"text": "adopted 1991; written in 1943, the song previously served as the anthem of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia while part of Yugoslavia"
"text": "written in 1943 and adopted in 1991 , the song previously served as the anthem of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia while part of Yugoslavia"
}
}
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Since its independence in 1991, Macedonia has made progress in liberalizing its economy and improving its business environment, but has lagged the Balkan region in attracting foreign investment. Corruption and weak rule of law remain significant problems. Some businesses complain of opaque regulations and unequal enforcement of the law. Unemployment has remained consistently high at more than 30% since 2008, but may be overstated based on the existence of an extensive gray market, estimated to be between 20% and 45% of GDP, which is not captured by official statistics. Macedonia’s economy is closely linked to Europe as a customer for exports and source of investment, and has suffered as a result of prolonged weakness in the euro zone. Macedonia maintained macroeconomic stability through the global financial crisis by conducting prudent monetary policy, which keeps the domestic currency pegged against the euro, and by limiting fiscal deficits. The government has been loosening fiscal policy, however, and the budget deficit was 4.2% of GDP in both 2013 and 2014. Public debt at the end of 2014 was 45.8%, which although low by regional comparison, is significant for a small economy."
"text": "Since its independence in 1991, Macedonia has made progress in liberalizing its economy and improving its business environment, but has lagged the Balkan region in attracting foreign investment. Corruption and weak rule of law remain significant problems. Some businesses complain of opaque regulations and unequal enforcement of the law. ++ ++ Macedonia’s economy is closely linked to Europe as a customer for exports and source of investment, and has suffered as a result of prolonged weakness in the euro zone. Unemployment has remained consistently high at about 30% since 2008, but may be overstated based on the existence of an extensive gray market, estimated to be between 20% and 45% of GDP, which is not captured by official statistics. ++ ++ Macedonia maintained macroeconomic stability through the global financial crisis by conducting prudent monetary policy, which keeps the domestic currency pegged against the euro, and by limiting fiscal deficits. The government has been loosening fiscal policy, however, and the budget deficit was 4.2% of GDP in both 2013 and 2014, gradually falling to 3.7% in 2015. By yearend 2015, public debt was 40.3%, which although low by regional comparison, is significant for a small economy."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$27.72 billion (2014 est.) ++ $26.72 billion (2013 est.) ++ $26.02 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$29.1 billion (2015 est.) ++ $28.07 billion (2014 est.) ++ $27.11 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars; Macedonia has a large informal sector that may not be reflected in these data"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars; Macedonia has a large informal sector that may not be reflected in these data"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$11.34 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$10.09 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "3.8% (2014 est.) ++ 2.7% (2013 est.) ++ -0.5% (2012 est.)"
"text": "3.7% (2015 est.) ++ 3.5% (2014 est.) ++ 2.9% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$13,400 (2014 est.) ++ $12,900 (2013 est.) ++ $12,600 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$14,000 (2015 est.) ++ $13,600 (2014 est.) ++ $13,100 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "29.2% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 26.7% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 26% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "30.5% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 29.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 27.2% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "69.8%"
"text": "67.7%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "16.8%"
"text": "16.7%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "23.4%"
"text": "18.2%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "7.3%"
"text": "13.7%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "47.7%"
"text": "48.5%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-64.9% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-64.8% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "10.2%"
"text": "11.2%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "24.8%"
"text": "26.1%"
},
"services": {
"text": "65% (2014 est.)"
"text": "62.7% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -555,10 +567,10 @@
"text": "food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, iron, steel, cement, energy, pharmaceuticals, automotive parts"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "7.8% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "959,200 (2014 est.)"
"text": "954,900 (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -572,7 +584,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "28% (2014 est.) ++ 29% (2013 est.)"
"text": "26.1% (2015 est.) ++ 28% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "30.4% (2011 est.)"
@ -590,29 +602,29 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$3.143 billion"
"text": "$2.903 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$3.619 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$3.252 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "27.7% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "29.3% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-4.2% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-3.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "45.8% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 40.5% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "46.5% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 46% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "official data from Ministry of Finance; data cover central government debt; this data excludes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; includes treasury debt held by foreign entitites; excludes debt issued by sub-national entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; there are no debt instruments sold for social funds"
"text": "official data from Ministry of Finance; data cover central government debt; this data exclude debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; include treasury debt held by foreign entitites; exclude debt issued by sub-national entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; there are no debt instruments sold for social funds"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-0.1% (2014 est.) ++ 2.8% (2013 est.)"
"text": "-0.2% (2015 est.) ++ -0.1% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "3.25% (31 December 2014) ++ 3.25% (31 December 2013)",
@ -621,58 +633,63 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "5.2% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 5.4% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "7.08% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 7.46% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$1.692 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.569 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.797 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.692 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$6.129 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $6.282 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$5.093 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $5.552 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$5.308 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $5.111 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$2.084 billion (31 December 2014) ++ $2.302 billion (31 December 2013) ++ $2.423 billion (31 December 2012)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$151 million (2014 est.) ++ -$195 million (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$141 million (2015 est.) ++ -$91 million (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$4.934 billion (2014 est.) ++ $4.267 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$3.372 billion (2015 est.) ++ $3.682 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco; textiles, miscellaneous manufactures, iron, steel; automotive parts"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 41.4%, Bulgaria 6.6%, Italy 6.1%, Serbia 5.2%, Kosovo 4.7%, Greece 4.6% (2014 est.)"
"text": "Germany 33.2%, Kosovo 11.5%, Bulgaria 5.1%, Greece 4.5% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$6.15 billion (2014 est.) ++ $5.617 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$5.393 billion (2015 est.) ++ $6.15 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, automobiles, chemicals, fuels, food products"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "UK 12.3%, Germany 11.1%, Greece 9.2%, Serbia 8.2%, Italy 6.2%, China 5.9%, Bulgaria 5.3%, Turkey 5.1% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 15.9%, UK 13.6%, Greece 10.9%, Serbia 8.7%, Bulgaria 6.7%, Turkey 5.5%, Italy 4.7% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$2.963 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.747 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$2.471 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.963 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$7.855 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $6.934 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$7.029 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $7.241 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$6.007 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $5.88 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$6.123 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $5.93 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$500.5 million (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $743.5 million (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$599.6 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $600.3 million (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Macedonian denars (MKD) per US dollar - ++ 46.437 (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 46.437 (31 December 2013 est.) ++ 47.89 (2012 est.) ++ 44.231 (2011 est.) ++ 46.485 (2010 est.)"
"text": "Macedonian denars (MKD) per US dollar - ++ 55.537 (2015 est.) ++ 46.437 (2014 est.) ++ 46.437 (31 December 2013 est.) ++ 47.89 (2012 est.) ++ 44.231 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "4.569 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -746,18 +763,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "390,000"
"text": "372,557"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "19 (2014 est.)"
"text": "18 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "2.3 million"
"text": "2.223 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "110 (2014 est.)"
"text": "106 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -765,29 +782,26 @@
"text": "competition from the mobile-cellular segment of the telecommunications market has led to a drop in fixed-line telephone subscriptions"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular telephone subscribership about 130 per 100 persons"
"text": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular telephone subscribership about 120 per 100 persons"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 389 (2012)"
"text": "country code - 389 (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "public TV broadcaster operates 3 national channels and a satellite network; 5 privately owned TV channels broadcast nationally using terrestrial transmitters and about 15 broadcast on national level via satellite; roughly 75 local commercial TV stations; large number of cable operators offering domestic and international programming; public radio broadcaster operates over multiple stations; 3 privately owned radio stations broadcast nationally; about 70 local commercial radio stations (2012)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 1, FM 68, shortwave 0 (2009)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "76 (2009)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".mk"
},
"Internet users": {
"text": "1.1 million ++ 51.1% (2009)"
"text": "1.475 million ++ 70.4% (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Transportation": {
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "Z3 (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "10 (2013)"
},
@ -810,7 +824,7 @@
"text": "1"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 1 (2013)"
"text": "1 (2013)"
}
},
"Pipelines": {
@ -836,37 +850,13 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Army of the Republic of Macedonia (ARM; includes General Staff and subordinate Joint Operational Command, Training and Doctrine Command, Special Operations Regiment) (2012)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2008 (2013)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "532,196"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "511,964 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "443,843"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "426,251 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "16,144"
},
"female": {
"text": "14,920 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.08% of GDP (2015) ++ 1.17% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.14% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.2% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.3% of GDP (2011)"
}
@ -877,10 +867,10 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"stateless persons": {
"text": "741 (2014)"
"text": "667 (2015)"
},
"note": {
"text": "224,911 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (November 2015)"
"text": "477,997 refugee and migrant arrivals (2015 - October 2016 est.)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

179
europe/mn.json
View file

@ -53,12 +53,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "hilly, rugged, rocky"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "NA"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Mont Agel 140 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m ++ highest point: Mont Agel 140 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -76,7 +76,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "NA"
"text": "0 sq km (2012)"
},
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "the most densely populated country in the world; its entire population living on 2 square km"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "NA"
@ -93,10 +96,16 @@
}
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "second-smallest independent state in the world (after Holy See); smallest country with a coastline; almost entirely urban"
"text": "second-smallest independent state in the world (after the Holy See); smallest country with a coastline; almost entirely urban"
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "30,581 (July 2016 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "immigrants make up more than 55% of the total population, according to UN data (2015)"
}
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Monegasque(s) or Monacan(s)"
@ -114,54 +123,48 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Roman Catholic 90% (official), other 10%"
},
"Population": {
"text": "30,535",
"note": {
"text": "immigrants make up more than 60% of the total population, according to UN data (2013) (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "11.41% (male 1,793/female 1,692)"
"text": "11.08% (male 1,744/female 1,644)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "9.03% (male 1,420/female 1,337)"
"text": "9.13% (male 1,439/female 1,352)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "34.47% (male 5,239/female 5,286)"
"text": "33.68% (male 5,162/female 5,137)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "14.71% (male 2,255/female 2,238)"
"text": "14.79% (male 2,253/female 2,270)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "30.37% (male 4,146/female 5,129) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "31.33% (male 4,269/female 5,311) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "51.7 years"
"text": "52.4 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "50.6 years"
"text": "51.1 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "53 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "53.7 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "0.12% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.18% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "6.65 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "6.6 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "9.24 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "9.6 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "3.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "4.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "the most densely populated country in the world; its entire population living on 2 square km"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -185,45 +188,45 @@
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "0.99 male(s)/female"
"text": "1 male(s)/female"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
"text": "0.99 male(s)/female"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "0.81 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "1.82 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "1.8 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "2.06 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "2.1 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "1.57 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "89.52 years"
"text": "89.5 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "85.63 years"
"text": "85.6 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "93.58 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "93.5 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.52 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.53 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "4% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "4.3% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "7.17 physicians/1,000 population (2012)"
@ -241,10 +244,10 @@
},
"Sanitation facility access": {
"improved": {
"text": " ++ urban: 100% of population ++ total: 100% of population"
"text": " ++ urban: 100% of population ++ rural: NA ++ total: 100% of population"
},
"unimproved": {
"text": " ++ urban: 0% of population ++ total: 0% of population (2015 est.)"
"text": " ++ urban: 0% of population ++ rural: NA ++ total: 0% of population (2015 est.)"
}
},
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
@ -257,7 +260,7 @@
"text": "NA"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "1.6% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "1% of GDP (2014)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -273,6 +276,9 @@
},
"local short form": {
"text": "Monaco"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "founded as a Greek colony in the 6th century B.C., the name derives from two Greek words \"monos\" (single, alone) and \"oikos\" (house) to convey the sense of a people \"living apart\" or in a \"single habitation\""
}
},
"Government type": {
@ -302,7 +308,7 @@
"text": "National Day (Saint Rainier's Day), 19 November (1857)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1911 (suspended 1959); latest adopted 17 December 1962; amended 2002 (2015)"
"text": "previous 1911 (suspended 1959); latest adopted 17 December 1962; amended 2002 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system influenced by French legal tradition"
@ -310,6 +316,20 @@
"International law organization participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"Citizenship": {
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "the father must be a citizen of Monaco; in the case of a child born out of wedlock, the mother must be a citizen and father unknown"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": "10 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
@ -318,7 +338,7 @@
"text": "Prince ALBERT II (since 6 April 2005)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Minister of State Michel ROGER (since 29 March 2010)"
"text": "Minister of State Serge TELLE (since 1 February 2016)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Government under the authority of the monarch"
@ -350,7 +370,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Horizon Monaco [Laurent NOUVION] ++ Renaissance [SBM (public corporation)] ++ Union Monegasque [Stephane VALERI]"
"text": "Horizon Monaco [Laurent NOUVION] ++ Renaissance [SBM (public corporation)] ++ Union Monegasque [Jean-Francois ROBILLON]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "NA"
@ -401,7 +421,7 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Monaco, bordering France on the Mediterranean coast, is a popular resort, attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. The principality also is a banking center and has successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added, nonpolluting industries. The state has no income tax and low business taxes and thrives as a tax haven both for individuals who have established residence and for foreign companies that have set up businesses and offices. Monaco, however, is not a tax-free shelter; it charges nearly 20% value-added tax, collects stamp duties, and companies face a 33% tax on profits unless they can show that three-quarters of profits are generated within the principality. Monaco's reliance on tourism and banking for its economic growth has left it vulnerable to a downturn in France and other European economies which are the principality's main trade partners. In 2009, Monaco's GDP fell by 11.5% as the euro-zone crisis precipitated a sharp drop in tourism and retail activity and home sales. A modest recovery ensued in 2010 and intensified in 2013, with GDP growth of more than 9%, but Monaco's economic prospects remain uncertain, and tied to future euro-zone growth. Monaco was formally removed from the OECD's \"grey list\" of uncooperative tax jurisdictions in late 2009, but continues to face international pressure to abandon its banking secrecy laws and help combat tax evasion. In October 2014, Monaco officially became the 84th jurisdiction participating in the OECD’s Multilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters, an effort to combat offshore tax avoidance and evasion. The state retains monopolies in a number of sectors, including tobacco, the telephone network, and the postal service. Living standards are high, roughly comparable to those in prosperous French metropolitan areas."
"text": "Monaco, bordering France on the Mediterranean coast, is a popular resort, attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. The principality also is a banking center and has successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added, nonpolluting industries. The state retains monopolies in a number of sectors, including tobacco, the telephone network, and the postal service. Living standards are high, roughly comparable to those in prosperous French metropolitan areas. ++ ++ The state has no income tax and low business taxes and thrives as a tax haven both for individuals who have established residence and for foreign companies that have set up businesses and offices. Monaco, however, is not a tax-free shelter; it charges nearly 20% value-added tax, collects stamp duties, and companies face a 33% tax on profits unless they can show that three-quarters of profits are generated within the principality. Monaco was formally removed from the OECD's \"grey list\" of uncooperative tax jurisdictions in late 2009, but continues to face international pressure to abandon its banking secrecy laws and help combat tax evasion. In October 2014, Monaco officially became the 84th jurisdiction participating in the OECD’s Multilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters, an effort to combat offshore tax avoidance and evasion. ++ ++ Monaco's reliance on tourism and banking for its economic growth has left it vulnerable to a downturn in France and other European economies which are the principality's main trade partners. In 2009, Monaco's GDP fell by 11.5% as the euro-zone crisis precipitated a sharp drop in tourism and retail activity and home sales. A modest recovery ensued in 2010 and intensified in 2013, with GDP growth of more than 9%, but Monaco's economic prospects remain uncertain, and tied to future euro-zone growth."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$6.79 billion (2013 est.) ++ $6.213 billion (2012 est.) ++ $5.748 billion (2011 est.)",
@ -413,10 +433,10 @@
"text": "$6.063 billion (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "9.3% (2013 est.) ++ 1.2% (2012) ++ 7% (2011)"
"text": "9.3% (2013 est.) ++ 1.2% (2012 est.) ++ 7% (2011 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$78,700 (2013 est.) ++ $73,200 (2012) ++ $72,600 (2011)"
"text": "$78,700 (2013 est.) ++ $73,200 (2012 est.) ++ $72,600 (2011 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
@ -471,14 +491,14 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$1.06 billion"
"text": "$1.075 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$1.128 billion (2011 est.)"
"text": "$1.144 billion (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "17.5% of GDP (2011 est.)"
"text": "17.7% of GDP (2011 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-1.1% of GDP (2011 est.)"
@ -514,24 +534,31 @@
"text": "$NA"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.7489 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.) ++ 0.755 (2010 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
}
},
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "50,600"
"text": "49,085"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "166 (2014 est.)"
"text": "130 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "33,700"
"text": "34,000"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "110 (2014 est.)"
"text": "90 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -542,31 +569,28 @@
"text": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity exceeds 200 per 100 persons"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 377; no satellite earth stations; connected by cable into the French communications system (2011)"
"text": "country code - 377; no satellite earth stations; connected by cable into the French communications system (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "TV Monte-Carlo (TMC) operates a TV network; cable TV available; Radio Monte-Carlo has extensive radio networks in France and Italy with French-language broadcasts to France beginning in the 1960s and Italian-language broadcasts to Italy beginning in the 1970s; other radio stations include Riviera Radio and Radio Monaco (2012)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 1, FM 11, shortwave 1 (2008)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "5 (1998)"
"text": "TV Monte-Carlo operates a TV network; cable TV available; Radio Monte-Carlo has extensive radio networks in France and Italy with French-language broadcasts to France beginning in the 1960s and Italian-language broadcasts to Italy beginning in the 1970s; other radio stations include Riviera Radio and Radio Monaco (2012)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".mc"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "27,400"
"text": "35,000"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "89.9% (2014 est.)"
"text": "93.4% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "3A (2016)"
},
"Heliports": {
"text": "1 (2012)"
},
@ -589,31 +613,10 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "no regular military forces; Directorate of Public Security (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "5,749 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "4,629"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "4,597 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "153"
},
"female": {
"text": "141 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "defense is the responsibility of France"
}

314
europe/mt.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Great Britain formally acquired possession of Malta in 1814. The island staunchly supported the UK through both world wars and remained in the Commonwealth when it became independent in 1964; a decade later it declared itself a republic. Since about the mid-1980s, the island has transformed itself into a freight transshipment point, a financial center, and a tourist destination while its key industries moved toward more service-oriented activities. Malta became an EU member in May 2004 and began using the euro as currency in 2008."
"text": "Great Britain formally acquired Malta in 1814. The island staunchly supported the UK through both world wars and remained in the Commonwealth when it became independent in 1964; a decade later it declared itself a republic. Since about the mid-1980s, the island has transformed itself into a freight transshipment point, a financial center, and a tourist destination while its key industries moved toward more service-oriented activities. Malta became an EU member in May 2004 and began using the euro as currency in 2008."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -54,12 +54,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "mostly low, rocky, flat to dissected plains; many coastal cliffs"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "NA"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Ta'Dmejrek 253 m (near Dingli)"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m ++ highest point: Ta'Dmejrek 253 m (near Dingli)"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -77,18 +77,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "32 sq km (2007)"
"text": "35 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "0.05 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "0.05 cu km/yr (64%/1%/35%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "134.1 cu m/yr (2009)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "most of the population lives on the eastern half of Malta, the largest of the three inhabited islands"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "NA"
@ -105,10 +97,13 @@
}
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "the country comprises an archipelago, with only the three largest islands (Malta, Ghawdex or Gozo, and Kemmuna or Comino) being inhabited; numerous bays provide good harbors; Malta and Tunisia are discussing the commercial exploitation of the continental shelf between their countries, particularly for oil exploration"
"text": "the country comprises an archipelago, with only the three largest islands (Malta, Ghawdex or Gozo, and Kemmuna or Comino) inhabited; numerous bays provide good harbors; Malta and Tunisia are discussing the commercial exploitation of the continental shelf between their countries, particularly for oil exploration"
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "415,196 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Maltese (singular and plural)"
@ -126,27 +121,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Roman Catholic (official) more than 90% (2011 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "413,965 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "15.05% (male 31,943/female 30,341)"
"text": "15.01% (male 31,978/female 30,361)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "12.22% (male 26,028/female 24,570)"
"text": "11.84% (male 25,276/female 23,890)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "40.24% (male 85,145/female 81,447)"
"text": "40.1% (male 85,151/female 81,346)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "13.98% (male 28,702/female 29,185)"
"text": "13.98% (male 28,797/female 29,251)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "18.5% (male 34,345/female 42,259) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "19.06% (male 35,614/female 43,532) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -165,26 +154,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "41.2 years"
"text": "41.5 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "40 years"
"text": "40.4 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "42.4 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "42.7 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "0.31% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.29% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "10.18 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "10.1 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "9.09 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "9.2 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "1.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "most of the population lives on the eastern half of Malta, the largest of the three inhabited islands"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -217,7 +209,13 @@
"text": "0.81 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.99 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.99 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "26.9",
"note": {
"text": "data refer to the average of the different childbearing ages of first-order births (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
@ -225,31 +223,31 @@
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "3.56 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "3.5 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "3.97 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "3.9 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "3.14 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "80.25 years"
"text": "80.4 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "77.92 years"
"text": "78 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "82.71 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "82.8 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.54 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.55 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "8.7% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "9.7% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "3.49 physicians/1,000 population (2013)"
@ -286,7 +284,7 @@
"text": "28.7% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "8% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "6.8% of GDP (2012)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -304,24 +302,24 @@
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
"text": "14 years"
"text": "15 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "14 years"
"text": "15 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "15 years (2012)"
"text": "14 years (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "14.2%"
"text": "11.8%"
},
"male": {
"text": "14%"
"text": "13.8%"
},
"female": {
"text": "14.5% (2012 est.)"
"text": "9.6% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -338,10 +336,13 @@
},
"local short form": {
"text": "Malta"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "the ancient Greeks called the island \"Melite\" meaning \"honey-sweet\" from the Greek word \"meli\" meaning \"honey\" and referring to the island's honey production"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "republic"
"text": "parliamentary republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -367,7 +368,7 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 21 September (1964); Republic Day, 13 December (1974)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "many previous; latest adopted 21 September 1964; amended many times, last in 2014 (2015)"
"text": "many previous; latest adopted 21 September 1964; amended many times, last in 2015 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "mixed legal system of English common law and civil law (based on the Roman and Napoleonic civil codes)"
@ -376,18 +377,21 @@
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": ""
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Malta"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes"
"text": "no"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": ""
"text": "5 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age (16 in Local Council elections); universal"
"text": "18 years of age (16 in local council elections); universal"
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
@ -429,7 +433,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Alternativa Demokratika/Alliance for Social Justice or AD (Green Party) [Arnold CASSOLA] ++ Labor Party or PL [Joseph MUSCAT] ++ Nationalist Party or PN [Simon BUSUTTIL]"
"text": "Alternativa Demokratika or AD (Green Party) [Arnold CASSOLA] ++ Labor Party or PL [Joseph MUSCAT] ++ Nationalist Party or PN [Simon BUSUTTIL]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Alliance of Liberal Democrats Malta (Alleanza Liberali-Demokratika Malta) or ALDM (for divorce, abortion, gay marriage, women's rights) ++ Alliance for Change (Alleanza Bidla) (Euros-septic) ++ Together for a Better Environment (Flimkien Ghal-Ambjent Ahjar) or FAA (pro-environment) ++ ",
@ -442,7 +446,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Marisa Maria Louise MICALLEF (since 22 August 2013)"
"text": "Ambassador Pierre Clive AGIUS (since 2 March 2016)"
},
"chancery": {
"text": "2017 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008"
@ -456,7 +460,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Gina ABERCROMBIE-WINSTANLEY (since 18 April 2012)"
"text": "Ambassador G. Kathleen HILL (since 25 February 2016)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "Ta' Qali National Park, Attard, ATD 4000"
@ -472,7 +476,7 @@
}
},
"Flag description": {
"text": "two equal vertical bands of white (hoist side) and red; in the upper hoist-side corner is a representation of the George Cross, edged in red; according to legend, the colors are taken from the red and white checkered banner of Count Roger of Sicily who removed a bi-colored corner and granted it to Malta in 1091; an uncontested explanation is that the colors are those of the Knights of Saint John who ruled Malta from 1530 to 1798; in 1942, King George VI of the United Kingdom awarded the George Cross to the islanders for their exceptional bravery and gallantry in World War II; since independence in 1964, the George Cross bordered in red has appeared directly on the white field"
"text": "two equal vertical bands of white (hoist side) and red; in the upper hoist-side corner is a representation of the George Cross, edged in red; according to legend, the colors are taken from the red and white checkered banner of Count Roger of Sicily who removed a bi-colored corner and granted it to Malta in 1091; an uncontested explanation is that the colors are those of the Knights of Saint John who ruled Malta from 1530 to 1798; in 1942, King George VI of the UK awarded the George Cross to the islanders for their exceptional bravery and gallantry in World War II; since independence in 1964, the George Cross bordered in red has appeared directly on the white field"
},
"National symbol(s)": {
"text": "Maltese eight-pointed cross; national colors: red, white"
@ -491,58 +495,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Malta - the smallest economy in the euro zone - produces only about 20% of its food needs, has limited fresh water supplies, and has few domestic energy sources. Malta's geographic position between Europe and North Africa makes it a target for irregular migration, which has strained Malta's political and economic resources. Malta's fertility rate is below the EU average, and population growth in recent years has largely been from immigration, putting increasing pressure on the pension system. Malta adopted the euro on 1 January 2008. Malta's economy is dependent on foreign trade, manufacturing, and tourism. Malta has weathered the Eurozone crisis better than most EU member states due to a low debt-to-GDP ratio and financially sound banking sector. It has low unemployment relative to other European countries, and growth has recovered since the 2009 recession. In 2014, Malta led the Eurozone in growth, expanding by nearly 3.5%. Also in 2014, the government began promoting public-private partnerships in the healthcare sector to establish Malta as a Mediterranean health hub for medical tourism, reduced residential and commercial energy tariffs by 25%, and implemented a citizenship purchase program to increase government revenue and attract foreign investors. The government has implemented new programs, including free child care, to encourage increased labor participation. The high cost of borrowing and small labor market present potential constraints to future economic growth."
"text": "Malta - the smallest economy in the euro zone - produces only about 20% of its food needs, has limited fresh water supplies, and has few domestic energy sources. Malta's economy is dependent on foreign trade, manufacturing, and tourism. Malta joined the EU in 2004 and adopted the euro on 1 January 2008. ++ ++ Malta has weathered the euro-zone crisis better than most EU member states due to a low debt-to-GDP ratio and financially sound banking sector. It has low unemployment relative to other European countries, and growth has recovered since the 2009 recession. In 2014 and 2015, Malta led the euro zone in growth, expanding by nearly 3.5% each year. ++ ++ Malta’s services sector continued to grow in 2015, with noted increases in the financial services and online gaming sectors. Malta continues to enhance its regulation of the financial services sector, and passed additional legislation in 2014 and 2015 to improve anti-money laundering oversight for financial and gaming activities. Expanding EU discussions of anti-tax avoidance measures, including the “Anti-Tax Avoidance Package” submitted in early 2016, have raised concerns among Malta’s financial services and insurance providers about passage of laws governing EU tax practices, which could have a significant impact on those sectors. ++ ++ Malta’s 2015 GDP growth was bolstered by energy infrastructure investments, and revenue growth is expected to continue, supported by a strong labor market and proceeds from a citizenship by investment program equal to roughly 0.9% of GDP. Malta's geographic position between Europe and North Africa makes it a route for irregular migration. Historically, Malta's fertility rate has been below the EU average, and population growth in recent years has been largely from immigration, increasing pressure on the pension system. The government has implemented new programs, including free childcare, to encourage increased labor participation. The high cost of borrowing and small labor market remain potential constraints to future economic growth."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$14.12 billion (2014 est.) ++ $13.64 billion (2013 est.) ++ $13.33 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$15.47 billion (2015 est.) ++ $14.58 billion (2014 est.) ++ $14.09 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$10.51 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$9.752 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "3.5% (2014 est.) ++ 2.4% (2013 est.) ++ 2.5% (2012 est.)"
"text": "6.2% (2015 est.) ++ 3.5% (2014 est.) ++ 4.5% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$33,200 (2014 est.) ++ $32,100 (2013 est.) ++ $31,300 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$36,100 (2015 est.) ++ $34,300 (2014 est.) ++ $33,500 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "21% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 21.3% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 18.9% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "34.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 21.8% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 21.9% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "54.9%"
"text": "52.9%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "20.3%"
"text": "19.3%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "18.6%"
"text": "24.9%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0%"
"text": "-0.5%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "149.7%"
"text": "141.1%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-143.5% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-137.7% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "1.7%"
"text": "1.4%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "12.8%"
"text": "11.4%"
},
"services": {
"text": "85.5% (2013 est.)"
"text": "87.2% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -552,27 +556,27 @@
"text": "tourism, electronics, ship building and repair, construction, food and beverages, pharmaceuticals, footwear, clothing, tobacco, aviation services, financial services, information technology services"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "-3.6% (2014)"
"text": "5.9% (2015)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "192,700 (2014 est.)"
"text": "196,600 (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "1.5%"
"text": "1.7%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "25.7%"
"text": "18.3%"
},
"services": {
"text": "72.8% (2014)"
"text": "80% (2015)"
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "5.9% (2014 est.) ++ 6.4% (2013 est.)"
"text": "5.4% (2015 est.) ++ 5.8% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "15.7% (2013 est.)"
"text": "15.9% (2014 est.)"
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
"lowest 10%": {
@ -583,24 +587,24 @@
}
},
"Distribution of family income - Gini index": {
"text": "27.9 (2013) ++ 27.1 (2012)"
"text": "27.7 (2014) ++ 27.9 (2013)"
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$4.721 billion"
"text": "$4.087 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$4.918 billion (2015 est.)"
"text": "$4.23 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "44.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "41.7% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-1.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
"text": "-1.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "68.2% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 69.6% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "63.9% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 67.1% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "Malta reports public debt at nominal value outstanding at the end of the year, according to guidelines set out in the Maastricht Treaty for general government gross debt; the data include the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); general government comprises the central government, state government, local government and social security funds"
}
@ -609,75 +613,80 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.8% (2014 est.) ++ 1% (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.2% (2015 est.) ++ 0.8% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2014) ++ 0.25% (31 December 2013)",
"text": "-0.21% (31 December 2015) ++ -0.09% (31 December 2013)",
"note": {
"text": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area"
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "0.3% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 0.75% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "3.4% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 3.9% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$5.44 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $5.858 billion (31 December 2013 est.)",
"text": "$12.87 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $11.55 billion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
"text": "see entry for the EU for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
}
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$19.12 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $16.72 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$17.65 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $15.97 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$20.94 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $20.38 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$17.58 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $17.63 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$3.631 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $3.424 billion (31 December 2011) ++ $2.399 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$4.405 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $3.642 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $4.249 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$348 million (2014 est.) ++ $318 million (2013 est.)"
"text": "$962 million (2015 est.) ++ $365 million (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$3.467 billion (2014 est.) ++ $3.801 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$2.956 billion (2015 est.) ++ $3.48 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and mechanical appliances; mineral fuels, oils and petroleum products; pharmaceutical products; books and newspapers; aircraft/spacecraft and parts; toys, games, and sports equipment"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 20.1%, France 12.8%, Italy 9.3%, Libya 6.7%, UK 6.6% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 13.3%, France 10.2%, Hong Kong 7.4%, Singapore 7.3%, UK 6.4%, US 5.8%, Italy 5.6%, Japan 4.7% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$4.921 billion (2014 est.) ++ $5.248 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$4.603 billion (2015 est.) ++ $4.964 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "mineral fuels, oils and products; electrical machinery; aircraft/spacecraft and parts thereof; machinery and mechanical appliances; plastic and other semi-manufactured goods; vehicles and parts"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Italy 22.8%, US 8.6%, UK 7.4%, Germany 5.9%, Canada 5.6%, Spain 4.6%, Netherlands 4.5%, France 4.4% (2014)"
"text": "Italy 23%, Netherlands 8.4%, UK 7.5%, Germany 6.8%, Canada 6.1%, China 4.1%, France 4% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$619.2 million (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $596.9 million (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$571.7 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $619.2 million (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$619.2 million (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $596.9 million (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$99.02 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $103.8 billion (30 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$47.34 billion (31 June 2014) ++ $46.35 billion (31 December 2013)"
"text": "$164.4 billion (30 June 2015 est.) ++ $158.7 billion (December 31, 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$177.6 billion (31 June 2014 est.) ++ $181.7 billion (31 December 2013)"
"text": "$69.09 billion (31 June 2015 est.) ++ $67.32 billion (30 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.7489 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.) ++ 0.755 (2010 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "2.17 billion kWh (2014)"
"text": "2.17 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - consumption": {
"text": "2.061 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
"text": "174,700 kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - exports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2013 est.)"
@ -686,7 +695,7 @@
"text": "0 kWh (2013 est.)"
},
"Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
"text": "653,200 kW (2014 est.)"
"text": "620,000 kW (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
"text": "91.7% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
@ -707,10 +716,10 @@
"text": "0 bbl/day (2014 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - imports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
"text": "0 bbl/day (2014 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - proved reserves": {
"text": "0 bbl (1 January 2015 est.)"
"text": "0 bbl (July 6, 1905 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - production": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2014 est.)"
@ -725,13 +734,13 @@
"text": "36,480 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - production": {
"text": "0 cu m (2013 est.)"
"text": "0 cu m (2014 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - consumption": {
"text": "0 cu m (2013 est.)"
"text": "0 cu m (2014 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2013 est.)"
"text": "0 cu m (2014 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - imports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2013 est.)"
@ -740,24 +749,24 @@
"text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)"
},
"Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": {
"text": "1.697 million Mt (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.457 million Mt (2014 est.)"
}
},
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "230,000"
"text": "230,226"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "56 (2014 est.)"
"text": "56 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "546,200"
"text": "558,000"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "132 (2014 est.)"
"text": "135 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -765,34 +774,45 @@
"text": "automatic system featuring submarine cable and microwave radio relay between islands"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular subscribership exceeds 180 per 100 persons"
"text": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular subscribership exceeds 190 per 100 persons"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 356; submarine cable connects to Italy; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2011)"
"text": "country code - 356; submarine cable connects to Italy; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "2 publicly owned TV stations, Television Malta (TVM) broadcasting nationally plus an educational channel; several privately owned national television stations, two of which are owned by political parties; Italian and British broadcast programs are available; multi-channel cable and satellite TV services are available; publicly owned radio broadcaster operates 1 station; roughly 20 commercial radio stations (2011)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 1, FM 18, shortwave 6 (1999)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "6 (2009)"
"text": "2 publicly owned TV stations, Television Malta broadcasting nationally plus an educational channel; several privately owned national television stations, two of which are owned by political parties; Italian and British broadcast programs are available; multi-channel cable and satellite TV services are available; publicly owned radio broadcaster operates 3 stations; roughly 20 commercial radio stations (2016)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".mt"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "166,000"
"text": "315,000"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "40.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "76.2% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "9"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "28"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "1,583,046"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "3.352 million mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "9H (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "1 (2013)"
},
@ -841,37 +861,13 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Armed Forces of Malta (AFM; includes land, maritime, and air elements) (2013)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2014)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "95,499"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "90,919 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "79,645"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "75,684 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "2,554"
},
"female": {
"text": "2,385 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "0.61% of GDP (2013) ++ 0.61% of GDP (2012) ++ 0.61% of GDP (2011) ++ 0.61% of GDP (2010)"
}

286
europe/nl.json
View file

@ -56,12 +56,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders); some hills in southeast"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Zuidplaspolder -7 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "30 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Mount Scenery 862 m (on the island of Saba in the Caribbean, now considered an integral part of the Netherlands following the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles)"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Zuidplaspolder -7 m ++ highest point: Mount Scenery 862 m (on the island of Saba in the Caribbean, now considered an integral part of the Netherlands following the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles)"
},
"note": {
"text": "the highest point on continental Netherlands is Vaalserberg at 322 m"
@ -82,18 +82,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "4,572 sq km (2007)"
"text": "4,860 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "91 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "10.61 cu km/yr (12%/88%/1%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "636.7 cu m/yr (2008)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "an area known as the Randstad, anchored by the cities of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, the Hague, and Utrecht, is the most densely populated region; the north tends to be less dense, though sizeable communities can be found throughout the entire country"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "flooding"
@ -114,6 +106,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "17,016,967 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Dutchman(men), Dutchwoman(women)"
@ -123,38 +118,32 @@
}
},
"Ethnic groups": {
"text": "Dutch 80.7%, EU 5%, Indonesian 2.4%, Turkish 2.2%, Surinamese 2%, Moroccan 2%, Caribbean 0.8%, other 4.8% (2008 est.)"
"text": "Dutch 78.6%, EU 5.8%, Turkish 2.4%, Indonesian 2.2%, Moroccan 2.2%, Surinamese 2.1%, Bonairian, Saba Islander, Sint Eustatian 0.8%, other 5.9% (2014 est.)"
},
"Languages": {
"text": "Dutch (official)",
"note": {
"text": "Frisian is an official language in Fryslan province; Frisian, Low Saxon, and Limburgish are recognized as regional languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages; for the three special municipalities of the Caribbean Netherlands, English is widely used on the islands of Sint Eustatius and Saba, while Papiamento is the primary language on Bonaire"
"text": "Frisian is an official language in Fryslan province; Frisian, Low Saxon, Limburgish, Romani, and Yiddish have protected status under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages; Dutch is the official language of the three special municipalities of the Caribbean Netherlands, while English is a recognized regional language on Sint Eustatius and Saba and Papiamento is a recognized regional language on Bonaire"
}
},
"Religions": {
"text": "Roman Catholic 28%, Protestant 19% (includes Dutch Reformed 9%, Protestant Church of The Netherlands, 7%, Calvinist 3%), other 11% (includes about 5% Muslim and lesser numbers of Hindu, Buddhist, Jehovah's Witness, and Orthodox), none 42% (2009 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "16,947,904 (July 2015 est.)"
"text": "Roman Catholic 28%, Protestant 19% (includes Dutch Reformed 9%, Protestant Church of The Netherlands, 7%, Calvinist 3%), other 11% (includes about 5% Muslim and fewer numbers of Hindu, Buddhist, Jehovah's Witness, and Orthodox), none 42% (2009 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "16.73% (male 1,450,957/female 1,384,576)"
"text": "16.56% (male 1,442,059/female 1,375,479)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "12.15% (male 1,049,802/female 1,009,250)"
"text": "12.11% (male 1,050,889/female 1,010,596)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "40.12% (male 3,412,016/female 3,388,119)"
"text": "39.83% (male 3,400,998/female 3,377,311)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "13.02% (male 1,099,594/female 1,107,401)"
"text": "13.14% (male 1,113,587/female 1,123,165)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "17.97% (male 1,373,111/female 1,673,078) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "18.35% (male 1,411,830/female 1,711,053) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -173,26 +162,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "42.3 years"
"text": "42.5 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "41.3 years"
"text": "41.4 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "43.2 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "43.4 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "0.41% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.4% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "10.83 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "10.9 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "8.66 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "8.8 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "1.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "an area known as the Randstad, anchored by the cities of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, the Hague, and Utrecht, is the most densely populated region; the north tends to be less dense, though sizeable communities can be found throughout the entire country"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -225,36 +217,39 @@
"text": "0.82 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.98 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.98 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "29.4 (2011 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "7 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "3.62 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "3.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "3.91 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "3.9 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "3.32 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "81.23 years"
"text": "81.3 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "79.11 years"
"text": "79.2 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "83.47 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "83.6 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.78 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.78 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "69%",
@ -263,7 +258,7 @@
}
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "12.9% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "10.9% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Hospital bed density": {
"text": "4.7 beds/1,000 population (2009)"
@ -297,7 +292,7 @@
"text": "21.9% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5.9% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "5.6% of GDP (2013)"
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
@ -312,13 +307,13 @@
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "9.5%"
"text": "10.5%"
},
"male": {
"text": "8.9%"
"text": "9.7%"
},
"female": {
"text": "10% (2012 est.)"
"text": "11.3% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -335,10 +330,13 @@
},
"local short form": {
"text": "Nederland"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "the country name literally means \"the lowlands\" and refers to the geographic features of the land being both flat and down river from higher areas (i.e., at the estuaries of the Scheldt, Meuse, and Rhine Rivers; only about half of the Netherlands is more than 1 meter above sea level)"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "constitutional monarchy"
"text": "parliamentary constitutional monarchy; part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -358,7 +356,13 @@
}
},
"Administrative divisions": {
"text": "12 provinces (provincies, singular - provincie); Drenthe, Flevoland, Fryslan (Friesland), Gelderland, Groningen, Limburg, Noord-Brabant (North Brabant), Noord-Holland (North Holland), Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (Zealand), Zuid-Holland (South Holland)"
"text": "12 provinces (provincies, singular - provincie); Drenthe, Flevoland, Fryslan (Friesland), Gelderland, Groningen, Limburg, Noord-Brabant (North Brabant), Noord-Holland (North Holland), Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (Zealand), Zuid-Holland (South Holland)",
"note 1": {
"text": "the Netherlands is one of four constituent parts (countries) of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; the other three parts, Aruba, Curacao, and Sint Maarten, are all islands in the Caribbean; while all four parts are considered equal partners, in practice, most of the Kingdom's affairs are administered by the Netherlands, which makes up about 98% of the Kingdom's total land area and population"
},
"note 2": {
"text": "three other Caribbean islands, Bonaire, Saint Eustatius, and Saba, are considered to be special municipalities of the Netherlands proper"
}
},
"Dependent areas": {
"text": "Aruba, Curacao, Sint Maarten"
@ -370,7 +374,7 @@
"text": "King's Day (the King's birthday of 27 April (1967); celebrated on 26 April if 27 April is a Sunday)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1597, 1798; latest adopted 24 August 1815 (substantially revised in 1848); amended many times, last in 2010"
"text": "previous 1597, 1798; latest adopted 24 August 1815 (substantially revised in 1848); amended many times, last in 2010 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system based on the French system; constitution does not permit judicial review of acts of the States General"
@ -379,14 +383,17 @@
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": ""
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of the Netherlands"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": ""
"text": "5 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
@ -429,17 +436,17 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Christian Democratic Appeal or CDA [Sybrand VAN HAERSMA BUMA] ++ Christian Union or CU [Arie SLOB] ++ Democrats 66 or D66 [Alexander PECHTOLD] ++ Green Left or GL [Bram VAN OJIK] ++ Labor Party or PvdA [Diederik SAMSOM] ++ Party for Freedom or PVV [Geert WILDERS] ++ Party for the Animals or PvdD [Marianne THIEME] ++ People's Party for Freedom and Democracy or VVD [Mark RUTTE] ++ Reformed Political Party or SGP [Kees VAN DER STAAIJ] ++ Socialist Party or SP [Emile ROEMER] ++ plus a few minor parties"
"text": "Christian Democratic Appeal or CDA [Sybrand VAN HAERSMA BUMA] ++ Christian Union or CU [Gert-Jan SEGERS] ++ Democrats 66 or D66 [Alexander PECHTOLD] ++ 50 Plus [Jan NAGEL] ++ Green Left or GL [Jesse KLAVER] ++ Labor Party or PvdA [Diederik SAMSOM] ++ Party for Freedom or PVV [Geert WILDERS] ++ Party for the Animals or PvdD [Marianne THIEME] ++ People's Party for Freedom and Democracy or VVD [Mark RUTTE] ++ Reformed Political Party or SGP [Kees VAN DER STAAIJ] ++ Socialist Party or SP [Emile ROEMER] ++ plus a few minor parties"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Christian Trade Union Federation or CNV [Maurice LIMMEN] ++ Confederation of Netherlands Industry and Employers or VNO-NCW [Hans DE BOER] ++ Federation for Small and Medium-sized Businesses or MKB [Michael VAN STRAALAN] ++ Netherlands Trade Union Federation or FNV [Ton HEERTS] ++ Social Economic Council or SER [Mariette HAMER] ++ Trade Union Federation of Middle and High Personnel or CMHP [Reginald VISSER]"
"text": "Christian Trade Union Federation or CNV [Maurice LIMMEN] ++ Confederation of Netherlands Industry and Employers or VNO-NCW [Hans DE BOER] ++ Federation for Small and Medium-sized Businesses or MKB [Michael VAN STRAALEN] ++ Netherlands Trade Union Federation or FNV [Ton HEERTS] ++ Social Economic Council or SER [Mariette HAMER] ++ Trade Union Federation of Middle and High Personnel or MHP [Reginald VISSER]"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Henne SCHUWER (since 17 September 2015)"
"text": "Ambassador Hendrik SCHUWER (since 17 September 2015)"
},
"chancery": {
"text": "4200 Linnean Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008"
@ -452,14 +459,11 @@
},
"consulate(s) general": {
"text": "Chicago, Miami, New York, San Francisco"
},
"consulate(s)": {
"text": "Boston"
}
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "ambassador Timothy M. BROAS (since 19 March 2014)"
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Adam H. STERLING (since 12 February 2016)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "Lange Voorhout 102, 2514 EJ, The Hague"
@ -497,58 +501,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "The Netherlands, the sixth-largest economy in the European Union, plays an important role as a European transportation hub, with a persistently high trade surplus, stable industrial relations, and moderate unemployment. Industry focuses on food processing, chemicals, petroleum refining, and electrical machinery. A highly mechanized agricultural sector employs only 2% of the labor force but provides large surpluses for food-processing and underpins the country’s status as the world’s second largest agricultural exporter. The Netherlands is part of the Eurozone, and as such, its monetary policy is controlled by the European Central Bank. The Dutch financial sector is highly concentrated, with four commercial banks possessing over 90% of banking assets. The sector suffered as a result of the global financial crisis and required billions of dollars of government support, but the European Banking Authority completed stringent reviews in 2014 and deemed Dutch banks to be well-capitalized. To address the 2009 and 2010 economic downturns, the government sought to stimulate the domestic economy by accelerating infrastructure programs, offering corporate tax breaks for employers to retain workers, and expanding export credits. The stimulus programs and bank bailouts, however, resulted in a government budget deficit of 5.3% of GDP in 2010 that contrasted sharply with a surplus of 0.7% in 2008. The government of Prime Minister Mark RUTTE has since implemented significant austerity measures to improve public finances and has instituted broad structural reforms in key policy areas, including the labor market, the housing sector, the energy market, and the pension system. As a result, the government budget deficit at the end of 2014 dropped to 1.8% of GDP. Following a protracted recession during which unemployment doubled to 7.4% and household consumption contracted for nearly three consecutive years, the year 2014 saw fragile GDP growth of 0.8 percent and a rise in most economic indicators. Drivers of growth included increased exports and business investments, as well as newly invigorated household consumption."
"text": "The Netherlands, the sixth-largest economy in the European Union, plays an important role as a European transportation hub, with a persistently high trade surplus, stable industrial relations, and moderate unemployment. Industry focuses on food processing, chemicals, petroleum refining, and electrical machinery. A highly mechanized agricultural sector employs only 2% of the labor force but provides large surpluses for food-processing and underpins the country’s status as the world’s second largest agricultural exporter. ++ ++ The Netherlands is part of the euro zone, and as such, its monetary policy is controlled by the European Central Bank. The Dutch financial sector is highly concentrated, with four commercial banks possessing over 90% of banking assets. The sector suffered as a result of the global financial crisis and required billions of dollars of government support, but the European Banking Authority completed stringent reviews in 2014 and deemed Dutch banks to be well-capitalized. To address the 2009 and 2010 economic downturns, the government sought to stimulate the domestic economy by accelerating infrastructure programs, offering corporate tax breaks for employers to retain workers, and expanding export credits. The stimulus programs and bank bailouts, however, resulted in a government budget deficit of 5.3% of GDP in 2010 that contrasted sharply with a surplus of 0.7% in 2008. ++ ++ The government of Prime Minister Mark RUTTE has since implemented significant austerity measures to improve public finances and has instituted broad structural reforms in key policy areas, including the labor market, the housing sector, the energy market, and the pension system. As a result, the government budget deficit at the end of 2015 dropped to 2% of GDP. Following a protracted recession during which unemployment doubled to 7.4% and household consumption contracted for nearly three consecutive years, 2014 saw fragile GDP growth of 1% and a rise in most economic indicators. Growth picked up in 2015 as households boosted purchases through reduced saving. Drivers of growth included increased exports and business investments, as well as newly invigorated household consumption."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$808.8 billion (2014 est.) ++ $800.7 billion (2013 est.) ++ $804.7 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$840.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $824.4 billion (2014 est.) ++ $812.8 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$880.7 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$750.7 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1% (2014 est.) ++ -0.5% (2013 est.) ++ -1.1% (2012 est.)"
"text": "2% (2015 est.) ++ 1.4% (2014 est.) ++ -0.2% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$48,000 (2014 est.) ++ $47,500 (2013 est.) ++ $47,700 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$49,600 (2015 est.) ++ $48,900 (2014 est.) ++ $48,400 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "28.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 29% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 29.3% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "27.9% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 27.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 28.1% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "44.7%"
"text": "44.6%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "25.8%"
"text": "25.3%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "18.2%"
"text": "19.4%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-0.1%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "82.9%"
"text": "82.5%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-71.5% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-71.7% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "2.8%"
"text": "1.6%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "22.3%"
"text": "18%"
},
"services": {
"text": "74.8% (2014 est.)"
"text": "70.2% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -558,10 +562,10 @@
"text": "agroindustries, metal and engineering products, electrical machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum, construction, microelectronics, fishing"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "-1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.5% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "8.214 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "7.895 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -575,7 +579,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "7.4% (2014 est.) ++ 7.3% (2013 est.)"
"text": "6.9% (2015 est.) ++ 7.4% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "9.1% (2013 est.)"
@ -593,20 +597,20 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$390.2 billion"
"text": "$324 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$410.4 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$337.8 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "44.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "43.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-2.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-1.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "69% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 68.8% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "65.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 68.2% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
}
@ -615,19 +619,19 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.3% (2014 est.) ++ 2.6% (2013 est.)"
"text": "0.2% (2015 est.) ++ 0.3% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.75% (31 December 2013) ++ 1.5% (31 December 2010)",
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2013) ++ 0.3% (31 December 2010)",
"note": {
"text": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area"
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "2.27% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 2.31% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "1.85% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 2.27% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$388.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $339.1 billion (31 December 2013 est.)",
"text": "$405.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $435 billion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
}
@ -636,49 +640,54 @@
"text": "$1.119 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.158 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$1.853 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.946 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.619 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.855 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$671.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $698.6 billion (31 December 2013) ++ $578.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.)"
"text": "$728.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $786.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $817.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$90.16 billion (2014 est.) ++ $93.49 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$64.42 billion (2015 est.) ++ $78.17 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$571.8 billion (2014 est.) ++ $566.2 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$476.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $574.7 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels; foodstuffs"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 25.3%, Belgium 12.9%, UK 8.9%, France 8.6%, Italy 4.3% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 24.5%, Belgium 11.1%, UK 9.3%, France 8.4%, Italy 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$469 billion (2014 est.) ++ $467.2 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$389.6 billion (2015 est.) ++ $469.4 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs, clothing"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 14.5%, China 13%, Belgium 8.4%, US 6.5%, UK 6.1%, Russia 5.7%, Norway 4.1% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 14.7%, China 14.5%, Belgium 8.2%, US 8.1%, UK 5.1% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$42.92 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $46.25 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$38.21 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $42.92 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$42.92 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $46.25 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$4.154 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $4.524 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$646.4 billion (31 December 2013 est.) ++ $605.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.)"
"text": "$739.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $671.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$930.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $982 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.102 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.046 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.7489 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.) ++ 0.755 (2010 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "98.57 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
},
@ -755,18 +764,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "7.13 million"
"text": "6,951,528"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "42 (2014 est.)"
"text": "41 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "19.6 million"
"text": "20.809 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "116 (2014 est.)"
"text": "123 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -774,7 +783,7 @@
"text": "highly developed and well maintained"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "extensive fixed-line fiber-optic network; large cellular telephone system with 5 major operators utilizing the third generation of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technology; one in five households now use Voice over the Internet Protocol (VoIP) services"
"text": "extensive fixed-line, fiber-optic network; large cellular telephone system with 5 major operators utilizing the third generation of the Global System for Mobile Communications technology; one in five households now use Voice over the Internet Protocol services"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 31; submarine cables provide links to the US and Europe; satellite earth stations - 5 (3 Intelsat - 1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (2011)"
@ -783,25 +792,36 @@
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "more than 90% of households are connected to cable or satellite TV systems that provide a wide range of domestic and foreign channels; public service broadcast system includes multiple broadcasters, 3 with a national reach and the remainder operating in regional and local markets; 2 major nationwide commercial television companies, each with 3 or more stations, and many commercial TV stations in regional and local markets; nearly 600 radio stations with a mix of public and private stations providing national or regional coverage (2008)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 4, FM 567, shortwave 1 (2009)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "342 (2009)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".nl"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "16.2 million"
"text": "15.778 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "96.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "93.1% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "8"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "244"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "34,870,204"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "5,292,794,685 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "PH (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "29 (2013)"
},
@ -833,7 +853,7 @@
"text": "4"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 2 (2013)"
"text": "2 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -887,39 +907,15 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Royal Netherlands Army, Royal Netherlands Navy (includes Naval Air Service and Marine Corps), Royal Netherlands Air Force (Koninklijke Luchtmacht, KLu), Royal Marechaussee (Military Police) (2015)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "17 years of age for an all-volunteer force (2014)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "3,734,610"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "3,687,940 (2014 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "3,479,509"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "3,435,564 (2014 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "100,446"
},
"female": {
"text": "94,750 (2014 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.2% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.27% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.35% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.27% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "1.15% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.16% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.23% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.26% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.34% of GDP (2010)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
@ -928,14 +924,14 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "18,687 (Somalia); 14,396 (Iraq); 8,692 (Syria); 6,294 (Eritrea); 6,244 (Afghanistan) (2014)"
"text": "17,444 (Somalia); 16,184 (Syria); 12,397 (Iraq); 10,870 (Eritrea); 5,803 (Afghanistan) (2015)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "1,951 (2014)"
"text": "1,951 (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "major European producer of synthetic drugs, including ecstasy, and cannabis cultivator; important gateway for cocaine, heroin, and hashish entering Europe; major source of US-bound ecstasy; large financial sector vulnerable to money laundering; significant consumer of ecstasy"
"text": "major European producer of synthetic drugs, including ecstasy, and cannabis cultivator; important gateway for cocaine, heroin, and hashish entering Europe; major source of US-bound ecstasy and a significant consumer of ecstasy; a large financial sector vulnerable to money laundering"
}
}
}

321
europe/no.json
View file

@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "slightly larger than twice the size of Georgia; slightly larger than New Mexico",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "slightly larger than twice the size of Georgia; slightly larger than New Mexico"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -62,12 +59,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken by fertile valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented by fjords; arctic tundra in north"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Norwegian Sea 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "460 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Galdhopiggen 2,469 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Norwegian Sea 0 m ++ highest point: Galdhopiggen 2,469 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -85,18 +82,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "1,149 sq km (2007)"
"text": "900 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "382 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "2.94 cu km/yr (28%/43%/29%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "622.4 cu m/yr (2006)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "most Norweigans live in the south where the climate is more mild and there is better connectivity to mainland Europe; population clusters are found all along the North Sea coast in the southwest, and Skaggerak in the southeast; the interior areas of the north remain sparsely populated"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "rockslides, avalanches",
@ -120,6 +109,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "5,265,158 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Norwegian(s)"
@ -140,27 +132,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Church of Norway (Evangelical Lutheran - official) 82.1%, other Christian 3.9%, Muslim 2.3%, Roman Catholic 1.8%, other 2.4%, unspecified 7.5% (2011 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "5,207,689 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "18.08% (male 482,945/female 458,735)"
"text": "18.02% (male 486,408/female 462,178)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "12.99% (male 347,535/female 329,113)"
"text": "12.8% (male 345,785/female 327,969)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "40.91% (male 1,096,539/female 1,033,879)"
"text": "40.98% (male 1,112,006/female 1,045,791)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "11.69% (male 308,142/female 300,895)"
"text": "11.7% (male 311,528/female 304,267)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "16.32% (male 387,333/female 462,573) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "16.51% (male 398,203/female 471,023) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -182,23 +168,26 @@
"text": "39.1 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "38.3 years"
"text": "38.4 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "39.9 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "40 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "1.13% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.07% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "12.14 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "12.2 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "8.12 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "8.1 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "7.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "6.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "most Norweigans live in the south where the climate is more mild and there is better connectivity to mainland Europe; population clusters are found all along the North Sea coast in the southwest, and Skaggerak in the southeast; the interior areas of the north remain sparsely populated"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -219,7 +208,7 @@
"text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
@ -231,7 +220,13 @@
"text": "0.84 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "1.01 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.02 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "28.5",
"note": {
"text": "data is calculated based on actual age at first births (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
@ -239,28 +234,28 @@
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "2.48 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "2.5 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "2.79 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "2.8 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "2.16 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "81.7 years"
"text": "81.8 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "79.7 years"
"text": "79.8 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "83.81 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "83.9 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.86 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.86 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "88.4%",
@ -269,7 +264,7 @@
}
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "9.6% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "9.7% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "4.28 physicians/1,000 population (2012)"
@ -306,28 +301,28 @@
"text": "24.8% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "6.6% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "7.4% of GDP (2014)"
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
"text": "17 years"
"text": "18 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "17 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "18 years (2012)"
"text": "18 years (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "8.6%"
"text": "7.9%"
},
"male": {
"text": "10%"
"text": "9.1%"
},
"female": {
"text": "7.2% (2012 est.)"
"text": "6.6% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -344,10 +339,13 @@
},
"local short form": {
"text": "Norge"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "derives from the Old Norse words \"nordr\" and \"vegr\" meaning \"northern way\" and refers to the long coastline of western Norway"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "constitutional monarchy"
"text": "parliamentary constitutional monarchy"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -376,7 +374,7 @@
"text": "Constitution Day, 17 May (1814)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "drafted spring 1814, adopted 16 May 1814, signed by Constituent Assembly 17 May 1814; amended over 400 times, last in 2014 (2015)"
"text": "drafted spring 1814, adopted 16 May 1814, signed by Constituent Assembly 17 May 1814; amended over 400 times, last in 2015 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "mixed legal system of civil, common, and customary law; Supreme Court can advise on legislative acts"
@ -385,14 +383,17 @@
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": ""
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Norway"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": ""
"text": "7 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
@ -435,7 +436,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Center Party or Sp [Trygve Slagsvold VEDUM] ++ Christian Democratic Party or KrF [Knut Arild HAREIDE] ++ Conservative Party or H [Erna SOLBERG] ++ Green Party or MDG [Rasmus NANSSON] ++ Labor Party or Ap [Jonas Gahr STOHRE] ++ Liberal Party or V [Trine SKEI-GRANDE] ++ Progress Party or FrP [Siv JENSEN] ++ Socialist Left Party or SV [Audun LYSBAKKEN]"
"text": "Center Party or Sp [Trygve Slagsvold VEDUM] ++ Center-Right Coalition (includes FrP, H, KrF, V) ++ Christian Democratic Party or KrF [Knut Arild HAREIDE] ++ Conservative Party or H [Erna SOLBERG] ++ Green Party or MDG [Rasmus HANSSON and Hilde OPOKU] ++ Labor Party or Ap [Jonas Gahr STORE] ++ Liberal Party or V [Trine SKEI GRANDE] ++ Progress Party or FrP [Siv JENSEN] ++ Red-Green Coalition (includes Ap, Sp, SV) ++ Socialist Left Party or SV [Audun LYSBAKKEN]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise (Naeringslivets Hovedorganisasjon) or NHO [President Tore ULSTEIN; CEO Kristin SKOGEN LUND] ++ Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (Landsorganisasjonen i Norge) or LO [Gerd KRISTIANSEN]",
@ -465,7 +466,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Julie FURUTA-TOY (since 27 September 2013)"
"text": "Ambassador Samuel HEINS (since 10 March 2016)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "Henrik Ibsens gate 48, 0244 Oslo; note - the embassy will move to Huseby in the near future"
@ -500,58 +501,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "The Norwegian economy is a prosperous mixed economy, with a vibrant private sector, a large state sector, and an extensive social safety net. The government controls key areas, such as the vital petroleum sector, through extensive regulation and large-scale state-majority-owned enterprises. The country is richly endowed with natural resources - petroleum, hydropower, fish, forests, and minerals - and is highly dependent on the petroleum sector, which accounts for the largest portion of export revenue and about 30% of government revenue. Norway is the world's third-largest natural gas exporter; and seventh largest oil exporter, making one of its largest offshore oil finds in 2011. Norway opted to stay out of the EU during a referendum in November 1994; nonetheless, as a member of the European Economic Area, it contributes sizably to the EU budget. In anticipation of eventual declines in oil and gas production, Norway saves state revenue from the petroleum sector in the world's largest sovereign wealth fund, valued at over $870 billion in December 2014 and annually uses up to 4% of the fund, it’s projected long term return, to help finance public expenses. After solid GDP growth in 2004-07, the economy slowed in 2008, and contracted in 2009, before returning to positive growth in 2010-14. Nevertheless, the government budget remains in surplus. Lower oil prices in 2015 may cause the economy to contract as higher costs production costs in the North Sea deter investment."
"text": "Norway's has a stable economy with a vibrant private sector, a large state sector, and an extensive social safety net. Norway opted out of the EU during a referendum in November 1994; nonetheless, as a member of the European Economic Area, it contributes sizably to the EU budget. ++ ++ The country is richly endowed with natural resources in addition to oil and gas, including hydropower, fish, forests, and minerals. The government manages the country’s petroleum resources through extensive regulation. The petroleum sector provides about 9% of jobs, 15% of GDP, and 39% of exports, according to official national estimates. Norway is one of the world's leading petroleum exporters, though oil production in 2015 was close to 50% below its peak in 2000; annual gas production, conversely, more than doubled over the same time period. ++ ++ In anticipation of eventual declines in oil and gas production, Norway saves state revenue from petroleum sector activities in the world's largest sovereign wealth fund, valued at over $800 billion as of early 2016. The government allows itself to use up to 4% of the fund’s value, its annual expected real rate of return, to help balance the federal budget each year. After solid GDP growth in 2004-07, the economy slowed in 2008, and contracted in 2009, before returning to modest, positive growth from 2010 to 2015. Lower oil prices in 2015 caused growth to slow, increased unemployment, and weakened the Norwegian krone. The latter trend has mitigated the negative impact of lower oil and gas prices by making Norwegian exports cheaper for foreign buyers. The government has expressed willingness to increase public spending from the sovereign wealth fund to help prevent a recession."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$346.3 billion (2014 est.) ++ $338.9 billion (2013 est.) ++ $336.4 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$357 billion (2015 est.) ++ $351.4 billion (2014 est.) ++ $343.8 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$499.8 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$388.3 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "2.2% (2014 est.) ++ 0.7% (2013 est.) ++ 2.7% (2012 est.)"
"text": "1.6% (2015 est.) ++ 2.2% (2014 est.) ++ 1% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$67,200 (2014 est.) ++ $65,700 (2013 est.) ++ $65,200 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$68,600 (2015 est.) ++ $68,200 (2014 est.) ++ $67,500 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "37.9% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 38.3% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 39% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "37.6% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 40.2% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 38.2% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "40.9%"
"text": "42.6%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "21.9%"
"text": "23.2%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "23.7%"
"text": "23.3%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "4.7%"
"text": "5.3%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "38.3%"
"text": "37.1%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-29.6% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-31.5% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "1.7%"
"text": "1.8%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "38.2%"
"text": "35%"
},
"services": {
"text": "60.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "63.2% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -561,34 +562,34 @@
"text": "petroleum and gas, shipping, fishing, aquaculture, food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and paper products, metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "2.6% (2014 est.)"
"text": "1.6% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.734 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "2.772 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "2.2%"
"text": "2.7%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "20.2%"
"text": "18.3%"
},
"services": {
"text": "77.6% (2012)"
"text": "79% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "3.5% (2014 est.) ++ 3.5% (2013 est.)"
"text": "4.4% (2015 est.) ++ 3.5% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "NA%"
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
"lowest 10%": {
"text": "3.9%"
"text": "3.8%"
},
"highest 10%": {
"text": "21% (2008)"
"text": "21.2% (2014)"
}
},
"Distribution of family income - Gini index": {
@ -596,20 +597,20 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$273.9 billion"
"text": "$211.6 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$228.4 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$188.5 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "54.8% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "54.3% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "9.1% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "5.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "38.6% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 40.6% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "31.8% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 27.4% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data exclude treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
}
@ -618,96 +619,101 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "2% (2014 est.) ++ 2.1% (2013 est.)"
"text": "2.2% (2015 est.) ++ 2% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "6.25% (31 December 2010) ++ 1.75% (31 December 2009)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "2.25% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 2.5% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "1.75% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 2.25% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$120.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $144.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$200.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $120.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$323.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $310 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$590.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $689.1 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$527.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $590.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$252.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $219.2 billion (31 December 2011) ++ $250.9 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$193.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $219.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $265.4 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$47.13 billion (2014 est.) ++ $52.38 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$35.04 billion (2015 est.) ++ $59.78 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$141.4 billion (2014 est.) ++ $153.5 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$102.9 billion (2015 est.) ++ $143.7 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "petroleum and petroleum products, machinery and equipment, metals, chemicals, ships, fish"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "UK 22.9%, Germany 16.9%, Netherlands 12.9%, France 6%, Sweden 5.7%, Belgium 4.8% (2014)"
"text": "UK 22.2%, Germany 17.9%, Netherlands 10.2%, France 6.6%, Sweden 6.1%, Belgium 5%, US 4.5% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$91.13 billion (2014 est.) ++ $93.02 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$75.79 billion (2015 est.) ++ $90.89 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, foodstuffs"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Sweden 12.3%, Germany 11.9%, China 9.4%, UK 6.5%, US 6.2%, Denmark 6.1% (2014)"
"text": "Sweden 12%, Germany 11.8%, China 10.9%, UK 6.7%, US 6.6%, Denmark 6% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$64.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $58.28 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$57.46 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $64.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$64.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $58.28 billion (31 December 2013 est.)",
"text": "$661.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $730.1 billion (31 December 2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "Norway is a net external creditor"
}
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$285.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $272.4 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$201.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $225.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$256.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $255.6 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$192.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $229.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Norwegian kroner (NOK) per US dollar - ++ 6.3021 (2014 est.) ++ 6.3021 (2013 est.) ++ 5.82 (2012 est.) ++ 5.6065 (2011 est.) ++ 6.0442 (2010 est.)"
"text": "Norwegian kroner (NOK) per US dollar - ++ 8.0646 (2015 est.) ++ 6.3021 (2014 est.) ++ 6.3021 (2013 est.) ++ 5.82 (2012 est.) ++ 5.6065 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "134 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "142 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - consumption": {
"text": "119.5 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "126.4 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - exports": {
"text": "15.14 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "21.9 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - imports": {
"text": "10.14 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "6.3 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
"text": "32.28 million kW (2012 est.)"
"text": "33.7 million kW (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
"text": "4.3% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "4.7% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
"text": "88.6% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "92.7% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
"text": "2.9% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "2.5% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - production": {
"text": "1.568 million bbl/day (2014 est.)"
"text": "1.568 million bbl/day (2015 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - exports": {
"text": "1.218 million bbl/day (2013 est.)"
@ -716,7 +722,7 @@
"text": "37,080 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - proved reserves": {
"text": "5.497 billion bbl (1 January 2010 est.)"
"text": "6.435 billion bbl (1 January 2010 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - production": {
"text": "349,600 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
@ -731,19 +737,19 @@
"text": "101,600 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - production": {
"text": "112.6 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
"text": "114.9 billion cu m (2015 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - consumption": {
"text": "6.075 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - exports": {
"text": "106.6 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
"text": "114.4 billion cu m (2015 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - imports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2014 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - proved reserves": {
"text": "2.09 trillion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)"
"text": "1.856 trillion cu m (1 January 2015 est.)"
},
"Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": {
"text": "41.06 million Mt (2012 est.)"
@ -752,18 +758,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "1.16 million"
"text": "1,029,545"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "22 (2014 est.)"
"text": "20 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "5.9 million"
"text": "5.841 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "115 (2014 est.)"
"text": "112 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -774,31 +780,42 @@
"text": "Norway has a domestic satellite system; the prevalence of rural areas encourages the wide use of mobile-cellular systems"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 47; 2 buried coaxial cable systems; submarine cables provide links to other Nordic countries and Europe; satellite earth stations - NA Eutelsat, NA Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Norway shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Sweden) (2011)"
"text": "country code - 47; 2 buried coaxial cable systems; submarine cables provide links to other Nordic countries and Europe; satellite earth stations - NA Eutelsat, NA Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Norway shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Sweden) (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state-owned public radio-TV broadcaster operates 3 nationwide TV stations, 3 nationwide radio stations, and 16 regional radio stations; roughly a dozen privately owned television stations broadcast nationally and roughly another 25 local TV stations broadcasting; nearly 75% of households have access to multi-channel cable or satellite TV; 2 privately owned radio stations broadcast nationwide and another 240 stations operate locally (2008)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 5, FM 160, shortwave 1 (2008)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "69 (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".no"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "4.9 million"
"text": "5.042 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "96.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "96.8% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "3"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "106"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "12,277,220"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "0 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "LN (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "95 (2013)"
},
@ -827,7 +844,7 @@
"text": "6"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 22 (2013)"
"text": "22 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -866,7 +883,7 @@
"text": "bulk carrier 55, cargo 105, carrier 5, chemical tanker 121, combination ore/oil 12, liquefied gas 47, passenger 3, passenger/cargo 121, petroleum tanker 54, refrigerated cargo 9, roll on/roll off 4, vehicle carrier 49"
},
"foreign-owned": {
"text": "81 (Bermuda 24, Canada 1, Cyprus 1, Denmark 7, France 5, Iceland 2, Lithuania 1, Saudi Arabia 3, Sweden 27, US 10)"
"text": "81 (Bermuda 24, Canada 1, Cyprus 1, Denmark 7, France 5, Iceland 2, Lithuania 1, Saudi Arabia 3, Sweden 27, US 10)"
},
"registered in other countries": {
"text": "974 (Antigua and Barbuda 9, Bahamas 186, Barbados 38, Belize 2, Bermuda 5, Brazil 3, Canada 4, Chile 1, Comoros 1, Cook Islands 8, Croatia 2, Curacao 2, Cyprus 14, Denmark 2, Dominica 1, Equatorial Guinea 1, Estonia 2, Faroe Islands 13, Gibraltar 46, Hong Kong 48, Indonesia 3, Isle of Man 30, Italy 6, Liberia 38, Libya 1, Malta 96, Marshall Islands 75, Netherlands 19, Panama 81, Portugal 2, Saint Kitts and Nevis 3, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13, Singapore 153, Spain 10, Sweden 3, UK 32, US 17, Vanuatu 1, unknown 3) (2010)"
@ -884,51 +901,27 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Norwegian Army (Haeren), Royal Norwegian Navy (Kongelige Norske Sjoeforsvaret, RNoN; includes Coastal Rangers and Coast Guard (Kystvakt)), Royal Norwegian Air Force (Kongelige Norske Luftforsvaret, RNoAF), Home Guard (Heimevernet, HV) (2013)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "19-35 years of age for male compulsory military service; 16 years of age in wartime; 17 years of age for male volunteers; 18 years of age for women; 1-year service obligation followed by 4-5 refresher training periods through ages 35-60, totalling 18 months (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,079,043"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,051,210 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "888,761"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "865,697 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "32,290"
},
"female": {
"text": "30,777 (2010 est.)"
}
"text": "19-35 years of age for male compulsory military service; 16 years of age in wartime; 17 years of age for male volunteers; 18 years of age for women; 1-year service obligation followed by 4-5 refresher training periods through ages 35-60, totaling 18 months (2012)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.4% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.47% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.4% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "1.59% of GDP (2015) ++ 1.58% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.4% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.4% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.47% of GDP (2011)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "Norway asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud Land and its continental shelf); Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental shelf (CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission; Norway and Russia signed a comprehensive maritime boundary agreement in 2010"
"text": "Norway asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud Land and its continental shelf); Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission; Norway and Russia signed a comprehensive maritime boundary agreement in 2010"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "8,901 (Somalia); 11,202 (Eritrea); 5,190 (Iraq); 5,454 (Afghanistan) (2014)"
"text": "13,490 (Eritrea); 8,600 (Somalia); 5,684 (Afghanistan) (2015)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "1,997 (2014)"
"text": "2,561 (2015)"
}
}
}

315
europe/pl.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Poland's history as a state began near the middle of the 10th century. By the mid-16th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ruled a vast tract of land in central and eastern Europe. During the 18th century, internal disorders weakened the nation, and in a series of agreements between 1772 and 1795, Russia, Prussia, and Austria partitioned Poland among themselves. Poland regained its independence in 1918 only to be overrun by Germany and the Soviet Union in World War II. It became a Soviet satellite state following the war, but its government was comparatively tolerant and progressive. Labor turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union \"Solidarity\" that over time became a political force with over 10 million members. Free elections in 1989 and 1990 won Solidarity control of the parliament and the presidency, bringing the communist era to a close. A \"shock therapy\" program during the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its economy into one of the most robust in Central Europe. Poland joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004. With its transformation to a democratic, market-oriented country largely completed and with large investments in defense, energy, and other infrastructure, Poland is an increasingly active member of Euro-Atlantic organizations."
"text": "Poland's history as a state began near the middle of the 10th century. By the mid-16th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ruled a vast tract of land in Central and Eastern Europe. During the 18th century, internal disorders weakened the nation, and in a series of agreements between 1772 and 1795, Russia, Prussia, and Austria partitioned Poland among themselves. Poland regained its independence in 1918 only to be overrun by Germany and the Soviet Union in World War II. It became a Soviet satellite state following the war, but its government was comparatively tolerant and progressive. Labor turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union \"Solidarity\" that over time became a political force with over 10 million members. Free elections in 1989 and 1990 won Solidarity control of the parliament and the presidency, bringing the communist era to a close. A \"shock therapy\" program during the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its economy into one of the most robust in Central Europe. Poland joined NATO in 1999 and the EU in 2004. With its transformation to a democratic, market-oriented country largely completed and with large investments in defense, energy, and other infrastructure, Poland is an increasingly active member of Euro-Atlantic organizations."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "about twice the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than New Mexico",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "about twice the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than New Mexico"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -56,12 +53,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "near Raczki Elblaskie -2 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "173 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Rysy 2,499 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: near Raczki Elblaskie -2 m ++ highest point: Rysy 2,499 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -79,18 +76,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "1,157 sq km (2007)"
"text": "970 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "61.6 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "11.96 cu km/yr (31%/60%/10%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "312.3 cu m/yr (2009)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "population concentrated in the southern (Krakow) and central (Warsaw, Lodz) areas, with an extension to the northern coastal city of Gdansk"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "flooding"
@ -111,6 +100,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "38,523,261 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Pole(s)"
@ -134,27 +126,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Catholic 87.2% (includes Roman Catholic 86.9% and Greek Catholic, Armenian Catholic, and Byzantine-Slavic Catholic .3%), Orthodox 1.3% (almost all are Polish Autocephalous Orthodox), Protestant 0.4% (mainly Augsburg Evangelical and Pentacostal), other 0.4% (includes Jehovah's Witness, Buddhist, Hare Krishna, Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Muslim, Jewish, Mormon), unspecified 10.8% (2012 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "38,562,189 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "14.7% (male 2,915,674/female 2,753,218)"
"text": "14.72% (male 2,915,840/female 2,754,098)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "11.52% (male 2,279,404/female 2,163,621)"
"text": "11.11% (male 2,195,587/female 2,082,634)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "43.56% (male 8,471,593/female 8,326,656)"
"text": "43.5% (male 8,456,789/female 8,301,167)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "14.54% (male 2,645,228/female 2,962,305)"
"text": "14.42% (male 2,623,838/female 2,931,215)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "15.67% (male 2,362,421/female 3,682,069) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "16.26% (male 2,460,648/female 3,801,445) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -173,26 +159,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "39.9 years"
"text": "40.3 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "38.2 years"
"text": "38.6 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "41.6 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "42 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "-0.09% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-0.11% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "9.74 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "9.6 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "10.19 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "10.3 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-0.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "-0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "population concentrated in the southern (Krakow) and central (Warsaw, Lodz) areas, with an extension to the northern coastal city of Gdansk"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -219,15 +208,18 @@
"text": "1.02 male(s)/female"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "0.89 male(s)/female"
"text": "0.9 male(s)/female"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "0.64 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.94 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.94 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "27.2 (2013 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "3 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
@ -236,28 +228,28 @@
"text": "4.5 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "4.89 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "4.8 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "4.09 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "4 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "77.4 years"
"text": "77.6 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "73.53 years"
"text": "73.7 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "81.5 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "81.7 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.33 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.34 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "6.7% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "6.4% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "2.22 physicians/1,000 population (2012)"
@ -295,17 +287,14 @@
"text": "intermediate"
},
"vectorborne diseases": {
"text": "tickborne encephalitis"
},
"note": {
"text": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)"
"text": "tickborne encephalitis (2016)"
}
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "27% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.9% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "4.8% of GDP (2012)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -323,24 +312,24 @@
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
"text": "15 years"
"text": "16 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "15 years"
"text": "16 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "16 years (2012)"
"text": "17 years (2013)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "26.5%"
"text": "23.9%"
},
"male": {
"text": "24.1%"
"text": "22.7%"
},
"female": {
"text": "30% (2012 est.)"
"text": "25.5% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -357,10 +346,13 @@
},
"local short form": {
"text": "Polska"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "name derives from the Polanians, a west Slavic tribe that united several surrounding Slavic groups (9th-10th centuries A.D.) and who passed on their name to the country; the name of the tribe likely comes from the Slavic \"pole\" (field or plain), indicating the flat nature of their country"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "republic"
"text": "parliamentary republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -386,23 +378,26 @@
"text": "Constitution Day, 3 May (1791)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 2 April 1997, approved by referendum 25 May 1997, effective 17 October 1997; amended 2006, 2009 (2015)"
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 2 April 1997, approved by referendum 25 May 1997, effective 17 October 1997; amended 2006, 2009, 2015 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system; changes gradually being introduced as part of broader democratization process; limited judicial review of legislative acts, but rulings of the Constitutional Tribunal are final"
"text": "civil law system; judicial review of legislative, administrative, and other governmental acts; constitutional law rulings of the Constitutional Tribunal are final"
},
"International law organization participation": {
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": ""
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "both parents must be citizens of Poland"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": ""
"text": "5 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
@ -413,13 +408,13 @@
"text": "President Andrzej DUDA (since 6 August 2015)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Beata SZYDLO (since 13 November 2015); Deputy Prime Ministers Janusz PIECHOCINSKI (since 6 December 2012) and Tomasz SIEMONIAK (since 22 September 2014)"
"text": "Prime Minister Beata SZYDLO (since 16 November 2015); Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Culture and National Heritage Piotr GLINSKI (since 16 November 2015), Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Science and Higher Education Jaroslaw GOWIN (since 16 November 2015), and Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Development Mateusz MORAWIECKI (since 16 November 2015)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, appointed by the president, and approved by the Sejm"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 10 and 24 May 2015 (next to be held in 2020); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the Sejm"
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 10 and 24 May 2015 (next to be held in 2020); prime minister, deputy prime ministers, and Council of Ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the Sejm"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Andrzej DUDA elected president; percent of vote in runoff - Andrzej DUDA 51.5%, Bronislaw KOMOROWSKI (independent) 48.5%"
@ -436,7 +431,7 @@
"text": "Senate - last held on 25 October 2015 (next to be held in October 2019); Sejm - last held on 25 October 2015 (next to be held in October 2019)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PiS 61, PO 34, PSL 1, independents 4; seats by party as of 26 February 2015 - PO 63, PiS 31, PSL 2, independent 4; Sejm - percent of vote by party - PiS 37.6%, PO 24.1%, K15 8.8%, .N 7.6%, ZL 7.5%, PSL 5.1% other 9.3%; seats by party - PiS 235, PO 138, K15 42, .N 28, ZL 0, PSL 16, German minority 1"
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PiS 62, PO 33, PSL 1, independents 4; Sejm - percent of vote by party - PiS 37.6%, PO 24.1%, K15 8.8%, N 7.6%, PSL 5.1% other 16.8%; seats by party - PiS 234, PO 138, K15 40, N 29, PSL 16, independent 2, German minority 1"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -451,7 +446,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "A Just Poland (union of PR and SP) [Jaroslaw GOWIN] ++ Civic Platform or PO [Ewa KOPACZ,chairperson; Rafal GRUPINSKI, parliamentary caucus leader] ++ Democratic Left Alliance or SLD [Leszek MILLER, chairman, parliamentary caucus leader] ++ German Minority of Lower Silesia or MNSO [Ryszard GALLA, representative] ++ Kukiz 15 [Pawel KUKIZ] ++ Law and Justice or PiS [Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI, chairman; Mariusz BLASZCZAK, parliamentary caucus leader] ++ .Modern or .N [Ryszard PETRU] ++ New Right Congress or KNP [Michal MARUSIK, chairman] ++ Poland Together or PR [Jaroslaw GOWIN, chairman] ++ Polish People's Party or PSL [Janusz PIECHOCINSKI, chairman; Jan BURY, parliamentary caucus leader] ++ Social Democratic Party of Poland or SDPL [Wojciech FILEMONOWICZ, chairman] ++ United Left alliance or ZL [Barbara NOWACKA] ++ United Poland or SP [Zbigniew ZIOBRO, chairperson] ++ Your Movement or TR [Janusz PALIKOT, chairman, parliamentary caucus leader]"
"text": "Civic Platform or PO [Grzegorz SCHETYNA, chairperson; Slawomir NEUMANN, parliamentary caucus leader] ++ Congress of the New Right or KNP [Michal MARUSIK, chairman] ++ Democratic Left Alliance or SLD [Wlodzimierz CZARZASTY, chairman] ++ German Minority of Lower Silesia or MNSO [Ryszard GALLA, representative] ++ Kukiz 15 [Pawel KUKIZ; chairman, parliamentary caucus leader] ++ Law and Justice or PiS [Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI, chairman; Ryszard TERLECKI, parliamentary caucus leader] ++ Nowoczesna (\"Modern\") or N [Ryszard PETRU; chairman, parliamentary caucus leader] ++ Polish People's Party or PSL [Wladyslaw KOSINIAK-KAMYSZ; chairman, parliamentary caucus leader] ++ Razem (Together) [no party chair, led by nine-member management board]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "All Poland Trade Union Alliance or OPZZ [Jan GUZ] (trade union) ++ Independent Self-Governing Trade Union \"Solidarity\" [Piotr DUDA] ++ Roman Catholic Church [Archbishop Wojciech POLAK, Archbishop Stanislaw GADECKI]"
@ -478,7 +473,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Stephen MULL (since 24 October 2012)"
"text": "Ambassador Paul JONES (since 7 October 2015)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31 00-540 Warsaw"
@ -519,58 +514,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Poland has pursued a policy of economic liberalization since 1990 and Poland's economy was the only one in the EU to avoid a recession through the 2008-09 economic downturn. Although EU membership and access to EU structural funds have provided a major boost to the economy since 2004, GDP per capita remains significantly below the EU average. The unemployment rate is now below the EU average. The government of Prime Minister Donald TUSK steered the Polish economy through the economic downturn by skillfully managing public finances and adopting controversial pension and tax reforms to further shore up public finances. While the Polish economy has performed well over the past five years, growth slowed in 2013 and picked back up in 2014. Short-term, the key policy challenge will be to consolidate debt and spending without stifling economic growth. Over the longer term, Poland's economic performance could improve if the country addresses some of the remaining deficiencies in its road and rail infrastructure, business environment, rigid labor code, commercial court system, government red tape, and burdensome tax system, especially for entrepreneurs. Poland’s long-term challenges include diversifying Poland’s energy mix and sources of supply, as well as stemming the outflow of educated young Poles to other EU Member States, especially in light of a coming demographic contraction as the Solidarity-era baby boom generation ages."
"text": "Poland has pursued a policy of economic liberalization since 1990 and Poland's economy was the only EU country to avoid a recession through the 2008-09 economic downturn. Although EU membership and access to EU structural funds have provided a major boost to the economy since 2004, GDP per capita remains significantly below the EU average and the unemployment rate is now below the EU average. ++ ++ The government of Prime Minister Donald TUSK steered the Polish economy through the economic downturn by skillfully managing public finances and adopting controversial pension and tax reforms to further shore up public finances. While the Polish economy has performed well over the past five years, growth slowed in 2013 and picked back up in 2014-15. Poland’s new center-right Law and Justice government plans to introduce expansionary economic policies to spur long-term growth, but social spending programs are expected to lead to increased deficit spending over the medium term. ++ ++ Poland faces several challenges, which include addressing some of the remaining deficiencies in its road and rail infrastructure, business environment, rigid labor code, commercial court system, government red tape, and burdensome tax system, especially for entrepreneurs. Additional long-term challenges include diversifying Poland’s energy mix and sources of supply, strengthening investments in innovation, research, and development, and as well as stemming the outflow of educated young Poles to other EU member states, especially in light of a coming demographic contraction due to emigration, persistently low fertility rates, and the aging of the Solidarity-era baby boom generation."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$959.8 billion (2014 est.) ++ $927.9 billion (2013 est.) ++ $912.1 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$1.007 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $971.6 billion (2014 est.) ++ $940.8 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$547.9 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$474.8 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "3.4% (2014 est.) ++ 1.7% (2013 est.) ++ 1.8% (2012 est.)"
"text": "3.7% (2015 est.) ++ 3.3% (2014 est.) ++ 1.3% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$25,200 (2014 est.) ++ $24,400 (2013 est.) ++ $24,000 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$26,500 (2015 est.) ++ $25,600 (2014 est.) ++ $24,700 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "18.9% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 17.8% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 17.2% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "20.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 18.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 17.7% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "60.1%"
"text": "58.7%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "18.2%"
"text": "18%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "19.5%"
"text": "20.1%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.7%"
"text": "0.4%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "46.9%"
"text": "49.4%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-45.4% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-46.6% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "3.4%"
"text": "3.3%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "40.1%"
"text": "41.1%"
},
"services": {
"text": "56.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "55.6% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -580,55 +575,55 @@
"text": "machine building, iron and steel, coal mining, chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "4.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "5.4% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "18.26 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "17.76 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "12.9%"
"text": "12.6%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "30.2%"
"text": "30.4%"
},
"services": {
"text": "57% (2010)"
"text": "57% (2012)"
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "12.3% (2014 est.) ++ 13.5% (2013 est.)"
"text": "10.5% (2015 est.) ++ 12.3% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "10.6% (2008 est.)"
"text": "17.3% (2012 est.)"
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
"lowest 10%": {
"text": "3.3%"
},
"highest 10%": {
"text": "27.1% (2009 est.)"
"text": "25.6% (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Distribution of family income - Gini index": {
"text": "34.1 (2009) ++ 31.6 (1998)"
"text": "32.4 (2012) ++ 33.7 (2008)"
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$89.91 billion"
"text": "$76.65 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$99.09 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$87.95 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "16.4% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "16.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-1.7% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-2.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "43.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 48.9% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "45% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 43.9% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, the data include subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
}
@ -637,64 +632,69 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0% (2014 est.) ++ 0.9% (2013 est.)"
"text": "-0.9% (2015 est.) ++ 0% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "4.25% (31 December 2012) ++ 4% (31 December 2010)"
"text": "2.5% (31 December 2014) ++ 1.5% (31 December 2013)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "6.18% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 7.07% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "4.92% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 6.25% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$172.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $184.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$177.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $172.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$306.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $318.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$348 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $369.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$337.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $348 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$177.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $138.2 billion (31 December 2011) ++ $190.2 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$137.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $168.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $204.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$6.915 billion (2014 est.) ++ -$6.856 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$1.117 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$11.13 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$210.7 billion (2014 est.) ++ $198.1 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$190.8 billion (2015 est.) ++ $210.7 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and transport equipment 37.8%, intermediate manufactured goods 23.7%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 17.1%, food and live animals 7.6% (2012 est.)"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 27.1%, UK 6.6%, Czech Republic 6.6%, France 5.8%, Italy 4.7%, Netherlands 4.3%, Russia 4.2% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 27.1%, UK 6.8%, Czech Republic 6.6%, France 5.5%, Italy 4.8%, Netherlands 4.4% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$215 billion (2014 est.) ++ $198.5 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$188.4 billion (2015 est.) ++ $215 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and transport equipment 38%, intermediate manufactured goods 21%, chemicals 15%, minerals, fuels, lubricants, and related materials 9% (2011 est.)"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 28%, Russia 9.1%, China 6.5%, Netherlands 5.9%, Italy 5.5%, France 4.2%, Czech Republic 4.2% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 27.6%, China 7.5%, Russia 7.2%, Netherlands 5.9%, Italy 5.2%, France 4.1% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$100.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $106.2 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$94.91 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $100.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$358.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $359.4 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$332.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $338.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$280.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $270.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$221.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $249.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$70.69 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $69.89 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$62.12 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $65.85 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "zlotych (PLN) per US dollar - ++ 3.1538 (2014 est.) ++ 3.1538 (2013 est.) ++ 3.26 (2012 est.) ++ 2.9639 (2011 est.) ++ 3.0153 (2010 est.)"
"text": "zlotych (PLN) per US dollar - ++ 3.7721 (2015 est.) ++ 3.1538 (2014 est.) ++ 3.1538 (2013 est.) ++ 3.26 (2012 est.) ++ 2.9639 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "152.7 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -711,16 +711,16 @@
"text": "35.22 million kW (2012 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
"text": "84.6% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "89.5% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
"text": "1.6% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "1.5% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
"text": "8.8% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "8.5% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - production": {
"text": "19,260 bbl/day (2014 est.)"
@ -768,18 +768,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "5.04 million"
"text": "4.245 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "13 (2014 est.)"
"text": "11 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "59.8 million"
"text": "56.838 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "155 (2014 est.)"
"text": "147 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -787,34 +787,45 @@
"text": "modernization of the telecommunications network has accelerated with market-based competition; fixed-line service, dominated by the former state-owned company, is dwarfed by the growth in mobile-cellular services"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "mobile-cellular service available since 1993 and provided by four nation-wide networks; coverage is generally good with some gaps in the east; fixed-line service lags in rural areas"
"text": "several nation-wide networks provide mobile-cellular service; coverage is generally good; fixed-line service lags in rural areas"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 48; international direct dialing with automated exchanges; satellite earth station - 1 with access to Intelsat, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik (2011)"
"text": "country code - 48; international direct dialing with automated exchanges; satellite earth station - 1 with access to Intelsat, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state-run public TV operates 2 national channels supplemented by 16 regional channels and several niche channels; privately owned entities operate several national TV networks and a number of special interest channels; many privately owned channels broadcasting locally; roughly half of all households are linked to either satellite or cable TV systems providing access to foreign television networks; state-run public radio operates 5 national networks and 17 regional radio stations; 2 privately owned national radio networks, several commercial stations broadcasting to multiple cities, and many privately owned local radio stations (2007)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 14, FM 63, shortwave 2 (2008)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "75 (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".pl"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "25.9 million"
"text": "26.221 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "67.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "68% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "6"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "92"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "4,841,128"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "120,016,466 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "SP (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "126 (2013)"
},
@ -849,7 +860,7 @@
"text": "17"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 21 (2013)"
"text": "21 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -906,39 +917,15 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Polish Armed Forces: Land Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Aviation Forces, Special Forces (2013)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-28 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription phased out in 2009-12; service obligation shortened from 12 to 9 months in 2005; women only allowed to serve as officers and noncommissioned officers (2013)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "9,531,855"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "9,298,593 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "7,817,556"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "7,766,361 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "221,889"
},
"female": {
"text": "211,172 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.95% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.95% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.91% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.83% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.91% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "2% of GDP (2016) ++ 2.27% of GDP (2015) ++ 1.95% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.95% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.91% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.83% of GDP (2011)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
@ -947,10 +934,10 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "14,277 (Russia) (2014); 71,302 applicants for forms of legal stay other than asylum (Ukraine) (2015)"
"text": "12,304 (Russia) (2015); 71,302 applicants for forms of legal stay other than asylum (Ukraine) (2015)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "10,825 (2014)"
"text": "10,825 (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

290
europe/po.json
View file

@ -60,14 +60,14 @@
"text": "maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south"
},
"Terrain": {
"text": "mountainous north of the Tagus River, rolling plains in south"
"text": "the west-flowing Tagus River divides the country: the north is mountainous toward the interior, while the south is characterized by rolling plains"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "372 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Ponta do Pico (Pico or Pico Alto) on Ilha do Pico in the Azores 2,351 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m ++ highest point: Ponta do Pico (Pico or Pico Alto) on Ilha do Pico in the Azores 2,351 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -85,18 +85,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "5,837 sq km (2007)"
"text": "5,400 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "68.7 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "8.46 cu km/yr (12%/18%/69%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "812 cu m/yr (2005)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "concentrations are primarily along or near the Atlantic coast; both Lisbon and the second largest city, Porto, are coastal cities"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "Azores subject to severe earthquakes",
@ -120,6 +112,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "10,833,816 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Portuguese (singular and plural)"
@ -140,27 +135,21 @@
"text": "represents population 15 years of age and older (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Population": {
"text": "10,825,309 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "15.68% (male 884,389/female 812,685)"
"text": "15.5% (male 874,807/female 804,483)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "11.41% (male 655,259/female 580,020)"
"text": "11.4% (male 655,234/female 579,669)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "42.05% (male 2,303,473/female 2,248,914)"
"text": "41.88% (male 2,300,872/female 2,236,077)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "11.97% (male 604,549/female 691,216)"
"text": "12.07% (male 610,886/female 697,287)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "18.89% (male 836,679/female 1,208,125) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "19.15% (male 849,506/female 1,224,995) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -179,26 +168,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "41.5 years"
"text": "41.8 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "39.4 years"
"text": "39.8 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "43.6 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "44 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "0.09% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.07% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "9.27 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "9.1 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "11.02 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "11.1 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "2.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "concentrations are primarily along or near the Atlantic coast; both Lisbon and the second largest city, Porto, are coastal cities"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -222,7 +214,7 @@
"text": "1.13 male(s)/female"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "1.02 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "0.88 male(s)/female"
@ -231,42 +223,45 @@
"text": "0.69 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.96 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "29.5 (2012 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "10 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "4.43 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "4.4 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "4.86 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "4.8 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "3.97 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "79.16 years"
"text": "79.3 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "75.92 years"
"text": "76.1 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "82.62 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "82.8 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.52 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.53 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "86.8% (2005/06)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "9.7% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "9.5% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "4.1 physicians/1,000 population (2012)"
@ -303,7 +298,7 @@
"text": "22.1% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5.3% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "5.1% of GDP (2011)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -321,35 +316,24 @@
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
"text": "16 years"
"text": "17 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "16 years"
"text": "17 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "17 years (2012)"
}
},
"Child labor - children ages 5-14": {
"total number": {
"text": "36,569"
},
"percentage": {
"text": "3%"
},
"note": {
"text": "data represents children ages 6-14 (2001 est.)"
"text": "17 years (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "37.6%"
"text": "34.8%"
},
"male": {
"text": "36.4%"
"text": "34.2%"
},
"female": {
"text": "39.1% (2012 est.)"
"text": "35.4% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -366,10 +350,13 @@
},
"local short form": {
"text": "Portugal"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "name derives from the Roman designation \"Portus Cale\" meaning \"Port of Cale\"; Cale was an ancient Celtic town and port in present-day northern Portugal"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "republic; parliamentary democracy"
"text": "semi-presidential republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -395,7 +382,7 @@
"text": "Portugal Day (Dia de Portugal), 10 June (1580); note - also called Camoes Day, the day that revered national poet Luis de Camoes (1524-80) died"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 2 April 1976, effective 25 April 1976; amended several times, last in 2005 (2015)"
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 2 April 1976, effective 25 April 1976; amended several times, last in 2005 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts"
@ -404,14 +391,17 @@
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": ""
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Portugal"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": ""
"text": "10 years; 6 years if from a Portuguese speaking country"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
@ -419,19 +409,19 @@
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "President Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 9 March 2006)"
"text": "President Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA (since 9 March 2016)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Pedro Manuel PASSOS COELHO Mamede (since 21 June 2011); note - on 10 November 2015, a bloc in Parliament composed of the Socialists, the Left Bloc, and the Communists brought down the conservative government of Prime Minister PASSOS COELHO voting against the legislative plan it set forth"
"text": "Prime Minister Antonio Luis Santos da COSTA (since 24 November 2015)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 23 January 2011 (next to be held in January 2016); following legislative elections which must be held by October 2015, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the president"
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 24 January 2016 (next to be held in January 2021); following legislative elections which must be held by October 2015, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the president"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Anibal CAVACO SILVA reelected president; percent of vote - Anibal CAVACO SILVA (PPD/PSD) 53%, Manuel ALEGRE (PS) 19.8%, Fernando NOBRE (independent) 14.1%, Francisco LOPES (independent) 7.1%, Manuel COELHO 4.5%, other 1.5%"
"text": "Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA elected president; percent of vote - Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA (PSD) 52%, Antonio Sampaio da NOVA (independent) 22.9%, Marisa MATISA (BE) 10.1%, Maria de BELEM (independent) 4.2%, other 10.8%"
},
"note": {
"text": "there is also a Council of State that acts as a consultative body to the president"
@ -445,7 +435,7 @@
"text": "last held on 4 October 2015 (next to be held by October 2019)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party - Portugal Ahead 36.9%, PS 32.3%, B.E. 10.2%, CDU 8.2%, PPD/PSD (Azores and Madeira) 1.5%, PAN 1.4%, other 9.5%; seats by party - Portugal Ahead 102, PS 86, B.E. 19, CDU 17, PPD/PSD (Azores and Madeira) 5, PAN 1"
"text": "percent of vote by party - Portugal Ahead Coalition (PAF) 36.9%, PS 32.3%, B.E. 10.2%, CDU 8.2%, PPD/PSD (Azores and Madeira) 1.5%, PAN 1.4%, other 9.5%; seats by party - PAF 102, PS 86, B.E. 19, CDU 17, PPD/PSD (Azores and Madeira) 5, PAN 1"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -460,7 +450,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Democratic and Social Center/Popular Party or CDS/PP [Paulo PORTAS] ++ People-Animals-Nature or PAN [Andre SILVA] ++ Portugal Ahead (coalition including PPD/PSD and CDS/PP) [Pedro PASSOS COELHO] ++ Social Democratic Party or PPD/PSD [Pedro PASSOS COELHO] ++ Socialist Party or PS [Antonio COSTA] ++ The Left Bloc or BE [Catarina Soares MARTINS] ++ Unitarian Democratic Coalition or CDU [Jeronimo DE SOUSA] (includes Portuguese Communist Party or PCP and Ecologist Party (\"The Greens\") or PEV)"
"text": "Democratic and Social Center/Popular Party or CDS/PP [Paulo PORTAS] ++ Ecologist Party (The Greens) or PEV [Heloisa APOLONIA] ++ Portuguese Communist Party or PCP [Jeronimo DE SOUSA] ++ Portugal Ahead Coalition or PAF (includes PSD and CDS/PP) ++ Social Democratic Party or PPD/PSD [Pedro PASSOS COELHO] ++ Socialist Party or PS [Antonio COSTA] ++ The Left Bloc or BE [Catarina Soares MARTINS] ++ Unitarian Democratic Coalition or CDU [Jeronimo DE SOUSA] (includes Portuguese Communist Party or PCP and Ecologist Party (\"The Greens\") or PEV)"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Armed Forces Officers' Association or AOFA [Colonel Pereira CRACEL] ++ the Desperate Generation (youth movement protesting against low wages, precarious labor conditions, and unemployment) ++ General Workers Union or General Confederation of Portuguese Workers or UGT [Carlos SILVA] ++ Portuguese National Workers' Conference or CGTP [Armenio CARLOS] ++ TugaLeaks (a website that has become a mouthpiece for publicizing diverse protest action)",
@ -473,7 +463,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Nuno Filipe Alves Salvador e BRITO (since 10 February 2011)"
"text": "Ambassador Domingos T?eixeira de Abreu Fezas VITAL (since 28 January 2016)"
},
"chancery": {
"text": "2012 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036"
@ -531,58 +521,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Portugal has become a diversified and increasingly service-based economy since joining the European Community - the EU's predecessor - in 1986. Over the following two decades, successive governments privatized many state-controlled firms and liberalized key areas of the economy, including the financial and telecommunications sectors. The country joined the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) in 1999 and began circulating the euro on 1 January 2002 along with 11 other EU members. The economy grew by more than the EU average for much of the 1990s, but the rate of growth slowed in 2001-08. The economy contracted in 2009, and fell again from 2011 to 2014, as the government implemented spending cuts and tax increases to comply with conditions of an EU-IMF financial rescue package, signed in May 2011. A modest recovery began in 2013 and gathered steam in in 2014 due to strong export performance and a rebound in private consumption. Although austerity measures were instituted to reduce the large budget deficit, they contributed to record unemployment and a wave of emigration not seen since the 1960s. A continued reduction in private- and public-sector debt could weigh on consumption and investment in 2015, holding back a stronger recovery. The government of Pedro PASSOS COELHO has passed legislation aimed at reducing labor market rigidity, and, this, along with sustained fiscal discipline, could make Portugal more attractive to foreign direct investment. The government reduced the budget deficit from 11.2% of GDP in 2010 to 4.8% in 2014, a figure that is significantly higher than the EU-IMF target of 4%. The government has pledged to lower the deficit to under 3% of GDP in 2015 in order to comply with EU fiscal obligations, under the excessive deficit procedure. Legislative elections in 2015 could increase the risk of fiscal slippage and undermine investor confidence in Portugal’s economy, which has improved over the course of the EU-IMF program. EU-IMF financing expired in May 2014."
"text": "Portugal has become a diversified and increasingly service-based economy since joining the European Community - the EU's predecessor - in 1986. Over the following two decades, successive governments privatized many state-controlled firms and liberalized key areas of the economy, including the financial and telecommunications sectors. The country joined the Economic and Monetary Union in 1999 and began circulating the euro on 1 January 2002 along with 11 other EU members. ++ ++ The economy grew by more than the EU average for much of the 1990s, but the rate of growth slowed in 2001-08. The economy contracted in 2009, and fell again from 2011 to 2014, as the government implemented spending cuts and tax increases to comply with conditions of an EU-IMF financial rescue package, signed in May 2011. A modest recovery began in 2013 and gathered steam in 2014 due to strong export performance and a rebound in private consumption. Although austerity measures were instituted to reduce the large budget deficit, they contributed to record unemployment and a wave of emigration not seen since the 1960s. ++ ++ A continued reduction in private- and public-sector debt could weigh on consumption and investment in 2016, holding back a stronger recovery. The prior center-right government passed legislation aimed at reducing labor market rigidity, and, this, along with sustained fiscal discipline, could make Portugal more attractive to foreign direct investment. Under the center-right government, the budget deficit fell from 11.2% of GDP in 2010 to 3.5% in 2015, reaching the EU-IMF target of 4%, but still above its EU fiscal obligations, under the excessive deficit procedure. EU-IMF financing expired in May 2014. The new center-left Socialist government, however, has signaled that it will unwind spending cuts associated with austerity while remaining within EU fiscal targets."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$281.4 billion (2014 est.) ++ $278.9 billion (2013 est.) ++ $283.4 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$290.3 billion (2015 est.) ++ $286.2 billion (2014 est.) ++ $283.6 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$229.9 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$199 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "0.9% (2014 est.) ++ -1.6% (2013 est.) ++ -4% (2012 est.)"
"text": "1.5% (2015 est.) ++ 0.9% (2014 est.) ++ -1.1% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$27,100 (2014 est.) ++ $26,800 (2013 est.) ++ $27,300 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$27,900 (2015 est.) ++ $27,500 (2014 est.) ++ $27,100 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "15.4% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 15% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 14.1% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "15.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 15.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 15.3% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "65.9%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "18.5%"
"text": "18.1%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "14.9%"
"text": "15%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.4%"
"text": "0.2%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "40%"
"text": "40.3%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-39.7% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-39.6% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "2.3%"
"text": "2.4%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "21.6%"
"text": "21.9%"
},
"services": {
"text": "76.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "75.9% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -592,10 +582,10 @@
"text": "textiles, clothing, footwear, wood and cork, paper and pulp, chemicals, lubricants, automobiles and auto parts, base metals, minerals, porcelain and ceramics, glassware, technology, telecommunications; dairy products, wine, other foodstuffs; ship construction and refurbishment; tourism, plastics, financial services, optics"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "0.4% (2014 est.)"
"text": "1% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "5.226 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "5.195 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -609,7 +599,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "13.9% (2014 est.) ++ 16.2% (2013 est.)"
"text": "12.4% (2015 est.) ++ 13.9% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "18.7% (2012 est.)"
@ -627,20 +617,20 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$102.6 billion"
"text": "$87.3 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$112.9 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$96.05 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "44.6% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "43.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-4.5% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-4.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "130.2% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 129.7% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "129% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 130.2% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
}
@ -649,7 +639,7 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-0.2% (2014 est.) ++ 0.4% (2013 est.)"
"text": "0.5% (2015 est.) ++ -0.2% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.05% (31 December 2014) ++ 0.25% (31 December 2013)",
@ -658,10 +648,10 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "5.3% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 5.91% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "4.49% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 5.3% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$66.76 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $69.61 billion (31 December 2013 est.)",
"text": "$72.29 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $66.76 billion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
}
@ -670,49 +660,54 @@
"text": "$296.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $316.2 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$366.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $442.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$326.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $364.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$126.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $57.04 billion (31 December 2013) ++ $65.53 billion (31 December 2012 est.)"
"text": "$59.84 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $57.77 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $79.18 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$1.268 billion (2014 est.) ++ $3.164 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$838 million (2015 est.) ++ $145 million (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$62.92 billion (2014 est.) ++ $61.86 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$54.33 billion (2015 est.) ++ $62.72 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "agricultural products, foodstuffs, wine, oil products, chemical products, plastics and rubber, hides, leather, wood and cork, wood pulp and paper, textile materials, clothing, footwear, machinery and tools, base metals"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Spain 23.7%, France 11.8%, Germany 11.8%, Angola 6.5%, UK 6.1%, US 4.2%, Netherlands 4% (2014)"
"text": "Spain 25%, France 12.1%, Germany 11.8%, UK 6.7%, US 5.2%, Angola 4.2%, Netherlands 4% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$74.81 billion (2014 est.) ++ $72.49 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$64.49 billion (2015 est.) ++ $75.29 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "agricultural products, chemical products, vehicles and other transport material, optical and precision instruments, computer accessories and parts, semiconductors and related devices, oil products, base metals, food products, textile materials"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Spain 32.6%, Germany 12.4%, France 7.1%, Italy 5.3%, Netherlands 5.1% (2014)"
"text": "Spain 32.9%, Germany 12.9%, France 7.4%, Italy 5.4%, Netherlands 5.1% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$19.62 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $17.55 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$19.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $19.62 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$19.62 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $17.55 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$493.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $531.6 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$157.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $146.2 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$138.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $153.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$99.55 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $99.55 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$87.44 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $95.58 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.7489 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.) ++ 0.755 (2010 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "51.67 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
},
@ -786,18 +781,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "4.59 million"
"text": "4,682,997"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "42 (2014 est.)"
"text": "43 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "11.9 million"
"text": "11.715 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "110 (2014 est.)"
"text": "108 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -808,31 +803,42 @@
"text": "integrated network of coaxial cables, open-wire, microwave radio relay, and domestic satellite earth stations"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 351; a combination of submarine cables provide connectivity to Europe, North and East Africa, South Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and the US; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to Azores (2010)"
"text": "country code - 351; a combination of submarine cables provide connectivity to Europe, North and East Africa, South Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and the US; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to Azores (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "Radio e Televisao de Portugal (RTP), the publicly owned TV broadcaster, operates 2 domestic channels and external service channels to Africa; overall, roughly 40 domestic TV stations; viewers have widespread access to international broadcasters with more than half of all households connected to multi-channel cable or satellite TV systems; publicly owned radio operates 3 national networks and provides regional and external services; several privately owned national radio stations and some 300 regional and local commercial radio stations (2008)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 2, FM 63, shortwave 1 (2008)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "42 (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".pt"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "7.2 million"
"text": "7.43 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "66.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "68.6% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "12"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "122"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "12,635,233"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "343,971,094 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "CR, CS (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "64 (2013)"
},
@ -864,7 +870,7 @@
"text": "1"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 20 (2013)"
"text": "20 (2013)"
}
},
"Pipelines": {
@ -921,37 +927,13 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Portuguese Army (Exercito Portuguesa), Portuguese Navy (Marinha Portuguesa; includes Marine Corps), Portuguese Air Force (Forca Aerea Portuguesa, FAP) (2013)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-30 years of age for voluntary military service; no compulsory military service, but conscription possible if insufficient volunteers available; women serve in the armed forces, on naval ships since 1993, but are prohibited from serving in some combatant specialties; reserve obligation to age 35 (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "2,566,264"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "2,458,297 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "2,103,080"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "2,018,004 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "62,208"
},
"female": {
"text": "54,786 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.29% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.2% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.78% of GDP (2012)"
}
@ -962,7 +944,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"stateless persons": {
"text": "14 (2014)"
"text": "14 (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

302
europe/ri.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918; its name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Communist Partisans resisted the Axis occupation and division of Yugoslavia from 1941 to 1945 and fought nationalist opponents and collaborators as well. The military and political movement headed by Josip Broz \"TITO\" (Partisans) took full control of Yugoslavia when their domestic rivals and the occupiers were defeated in 1945. Although communists, TITO and his successors (Tito died in 1980) managed to steer their own path between the Warsaw Pact nations and the West for the next four and a half decades. In 1989, Slobodan MILOSEVIC became president of the Republic of Serbia and his ultranationalist calls for Serbian domination led to the violent breakup of Yugoslavia along ethnic lines. In 1991, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia declared independence, followed by Bosnia in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in April 1992 and under MILOSEVIC's leadership, Serbia led various military campaigns to unite ethnic Serbs in neighboring republics into a \"Greater Serbia.\" These actions ultimately failed and, after international intervention, led to the signing of the Dayton Peace Accords in 1995. ++ MILOSEVIC retained control over Serbia and eventually became president of the FRY in 1997. In 1998, an ethnic Albanian insurgency in the formerly autonomous Serbian province of Kosovo provoked a Serbian counterinsurgency campaign that resulted in massacres and massive expulsions of ethnic Albanians living in Kosovo. The MILOSEVIC government's rejection of a proposed international settlement led to NATO's bombing of Serbia in the spring of 1999. Serbian military and police forces withdrew from Kosovo in June 1999, and the UN Security Council authorized an interim UN administration and a NATO-led security force in Kosovo. FRY elections in late 2000 led to the ouster of MILOSEVIC and the installation of democratic government. In 2003, the FRY became the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, a loose federation of the two republics. Widespread violence predominantly targeting ethnic Serbs in Kosovo in March 2004 led to more intense calls to address Kosovo's status, and the UN began facilitating status talks in 2006. In June 2006, Montenegro seceded from the federation and declared itself an independent nation. Serbia subsequently gave notice that it was the successor state to the union of Serbia and Montenegro. ++ In February 2008, after nearly two years of inconclusive negotiations, Kosovo declared itself independent of Serbia - an action Serbia refuses to recognize. At Serbia's request, the UN General Assembly (UNGA) in October 2008 sought an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on whether Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence was in accordance with international law. In a ruling considered unfavorable to Serbia, the ICJ issued an advisory opinion in July 2010 stating that international law did not prohibit declarations of independence. In late 2010, Serbia agreed to an EU-drafted UNGA Resolution acknowledging the ICJ's decision and calling for a new round of talks between Serbia and Kosovo, this time on practical issues rather than Kosovo's status. Serbia and Kosovo signed the first agreement of principles governing the normalization of relations between the two countries in April 2013 and are in the process of implementing its provisions. In January 2014, the EU opened formal negotiations on Serbia's accession to the EU."
"text": "The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918; its name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Communist Partisans resisted the Axis occupation and division of Yugoslavia from 1941 to 1945 and fought nationalist opponents and collaborators as well. The military and political movement headed by Josip Broz \"TITO\" (Partisans) took full control of Yugoslavia when their domestic rivals and the occupiers were defeated in 1945. Although communists, TITO and his successors (Tito died in 1980) managed to steer their own path between the Warsaw Pact nations and the West for the next four and a half decades. In 1989, Slobodan MILOSEVIC became president of the Republic of Serbia and his ultranationalist calls for Serbian domination led to the violent breakup of Yugoslavia along ethnic lines. In 1991, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia declared independence, followed by Bosnia in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in April 1992 and under MILOSEVIC's leadership, Serbia led various military campaigns to unite ethnic Serbs in neighboring republics into a \"Greater Serbia.\" These actions ultimately failed and, after international intervention, led to the signing of the Dayton Peace Accords in 1995. ++ MILOSEVIC retained control over Serbia and eventually became president of the FRY in 1997. In 1998, an ethnic Albanian insurgency in the formerly autonomous Serbian province of Kosovo provoked a Serbian counterinsurgency campaign that resulted in massacres and massive expulsions of ethnic Albanians living in Kosovo. The MILOSEVIC government's rejection of a proposed international settlement led to NATO's bombing of Serbia in the spring of 1999. Serbian military and police forces withdrew from Kosovo in June 1999, and the UN Security Council authorized an interim UN administration and a NATO-led security force in Kosovo. FRY elections in late 2000 led to the ouster of MILOSEVIC and the installation of democratic government. In 2003, the FRY became the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, a loose federation of the two republics. Widespread violence predominantly targeting ethnic Serbs in Kosovo in March 2004 led to more intense calls to address Kosovo's status, and the UN began facilitating status talks in 2006. In June 2006, Montenegro seceded from the federation and declared itself an independent nation. Serbia subsequently gave notice that it was the successor state to the union of Serbia and Montenegro. ++ In February 2008, after nearly two years of inconclusive negotiations, Kosovo declared itself independent of Serbia - an action Serbia refuses to recognize. At Serbia's request, the UN General Assembly (UNGA) in October 2008 sought an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on whether Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence was in accordance with international law. In a ruling considered unfavorable to Serbia, the ICJ issued an advisory opinion in July 2010 stating that international law did not prohibit declarations of independence. In late 2010, Serbia agreed to an EU-drafted UNGA Resolution acknowledging the ICJ's decision and calling for a new round of talks between Serbia and Kosovo, this time on practical issues rather than Kosovo's status. Serbia and Kosovo signed the first agreement of principles governing the normalization of relations between the two countries in April 2013 and are in the process of implementing its provisions. Prime Minister Aleksandar VUCIC, has promoted an ambitious goal of Serbia joining the EU by 2020. Under his leadership, in January 2014 Serbia opened formal negotiations for accession."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -48,12 +48,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Danube and Timok Rivers 35 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "442 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Midzor 2,169 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Danube and Timok Rivers 35 m ++ highest point: Midzor 2,169 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -71,10 +71,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "919.6 sq km (2011)"
"text": "950 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "162.2 cu km (note - includes Kosovo) (2011)"
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "destructive earthquakes"
@ -95,6 +95,12 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "7,143,921",
"note": {
"text": "does not include the population of Kosovo (July 2016 est.)"
}
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Serb(s)"
@ -109,36 +115,27 @@
"Languages": {
"text": "Serbian (official) 88.1%, Hungarian 3.4%, Bosnian 1.9%, Romany 1.4%, other 3.4%, undeclared or unknown 1.8%",
"note": {
"text": "Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Croatian, and Rusyn all official in Vojvodina (2011 est.)"
"text": "Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Croatian, and Rusyn are official in Vojvodina (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Religions": {
"text": "Serbian Orthodox 84.6%, Catholic 5%, Muslim 3.1%, Protestant 1%, atheist 1.1%, other 0.8%, undeclared or unknown 4.5% (2011 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "7,176,794",
"note": {
"text": "does not include the population of Kosovo (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "14.74% (male 545,685/female 512,443)"
"text": "14.64% (male 539,189/female 506,727)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "11.46% (male 423,785/female 398,878)"
"text": "11.34% (male 417,692/female 392,379)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "41.52% (male 1,503,100/female 1,476,843)"
"text": "41.41% (male 1,492,799/female 1,465,270)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "14.66% (male 506,796/female 545,165)"
"text": "14.58% (male 502,172/female 539,349)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "17.61% (male 519,501/female 744,598) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "18.03% (male 530,827/female 757,517) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -157,26 +154,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "42.1 years"
"text": "42.3 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "40.4 years"
"text": "40.7 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "43.8 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "44 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "-0.46% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-0.46% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "9.08 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "9 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "13.66 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "13.6 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -194,7 +194,7 @@
"text": "1.07 male(s)/female"
},
"0-14 years": {
"text": "1.07 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
@ -209,42 +209,45 @@
"text": "0.7 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "27.8 (2013 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "17 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "6.05 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "5.9 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "6.96 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "6.8 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "5.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "5 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "75.26 years"
"text": "75.5 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "72.39 years"
"text": "72.6 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "78.31 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "78.5 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.43 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.43 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "60.8% (2010)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "10.6% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "10.4% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "2.11 physicians/1,000 population (2009)"
@ -282,10 +285,7 @@
"text": "intermediate"
},
"food or waterborne diseases": {
"text": "bacterial diarrhea"
},
"note": {
"text": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)"
"text": "bacterial diarrhea (2016)"
}
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
@ -295,7 +295,7 @@
"text": "1.8% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.8% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "4.4% of GDP (2012)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -319,7 +319,7 @@
"text": "14 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "15 years (2013)"
"text": "15 years (2014)"
}
},
"Child labor - children ages 5-14": {
@ -332,7 +332,13 @@
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "51.1% (2012 est.)"
"text": "49.4%"
},
"male": {
"text": "N/A"
},
"female": {
"text": "N/A (2013 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -352,10 +358,13 @@
},
"former": {
"text": "People's Republic of Serbia, Socialist Republic of Serbia"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "the origin of the name in uncertain, but seems to be related to the name of the West Slavic Sorbs who reside in the Lusatian region in present-day eastern Germany; by tradition, the Serbs migrated from that region to the Balkans in about the 6th century A.D."
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "republic"
"text": "parliamentary republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -372,12 +381,12 @@
}
},
"Administrative divisions": {
"text": "122 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina) and 23 cities (gradovi, singular - grad)",
"text": "119 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina) and 26 cities (gradovi, singular - grad)",
"municipalities": {
"text": "Ada*, Aleksandrovac, Aleksinac, Alibunar*, Apatin*, Arandelovac, Arilje, Babusnica, Bac*, Backa Palanka*, Backa Topola*, Backi Petrovac*, Bajina Basta, Batocina, Becej*, Bela Crkva*, Bela Palanka, Beocin*, Blace, Bogatic, Bojnik, Boljevac, Bor, Bosilegrad, Brus, Bujanovac, Cajetina, Cicevac, Coka*, Crna Trava, Cuprija, Despotovac, Dimitrov, Doljevac, Gadzin Han, Golubac, Gornji Milanovac, Indija*, Irig*, Ivanjica, Kanjiza*, Kikinda*, Kladovo, Knic, Knjazevac, Koceljeva, Kosjeric, Kovacica*, Kovin*, Krupanj, Kucevo, Kula*, Kursumlija, Lajkovac, Lapovo, Lebane, Ljig, Ljubovija, Lucani, Majdanpek, Mali Idos*, Mali Zvornik, Malo Crnice, Medveda, Merosina, Mionica, Negotin, Nova Crnja*, Nova Varos, Novi Becej*, Novi Knezevac*, Odzaci*, Opovo*, Osecina, Paracin, Pecinci*, Petrovac na Mlavi, Pirot, Plandiste*, Pozega, Presevo, Priboj, Prijepolje, Prokuplje, Raca, Raska, Razanj, Rekovac, Ruma*, Secanj*, Senta*, Sid*, Sjenica, Smederevska Palanka, Sokobanja, Srbobran*, Sremski Karlovci*, Stara Pazova*, Surdulica, Svilajnac, Svrljig, Temerin*, Titel*, Topola, Trgoviste, Trstenik, Tutin, Ub, Varvarin, Velika Plana, Veliko Gradiste, Vladicin Han, Vladimirci, Vlasotince, Vrbas*, Vrnjacka Banja, Vrsac*, Zabalj*, Zabari, Zagubica, Zitiste*, Zitorada"
"text": "Ada*, Aleksandrovac, Aleksinac, Alibunar*, Apatin*, Arandelovac, Arilje, Babusnica, Bac*, Backa Palanka*, Backa Topola*, Backi Petrovac*, Bajina Basta, Batocina, Becej*, Bela Crkva*, Bela Palanka, Beocin*, Blace, Bogatic, Bojnik, Boljevac, Bor, Bosilegrad, Brus, Bujanovac, Cajetina, Cicevac, Coka*, Crna Trava, Cuprija, Despotovac, Dimitrov, Doljevac, Gadzin Han, Golubac, Gornji Milanovac, Indija*, Irig*, Ivanjica, Kanjiza*, Kladovo, Knic, Knjazevac, Koceljeva, Kosjeric, Kovacica*, Kovin*, Krupanj, Kucevo, Kula*, Kursumlija, Lajkovac, Lapovo, Lebane, Ljig, Ljubovija, Lucani, Majdanpek, Mali Idos*, Mali Zvornik, Malo Crnice, Medveda, Merosina, Mionica, Negotin, Nova Crnja*, Nova Varos, Novi Becej*, Novi Knezevac*, Odzaci*, Opovo*, Osecina, Paracin, Pecinci*, Petrovac na Mlavi, Plandiste*, Pozega, Presevo, Priboj, Prijepolje, Prokuplje, Raca, Raska, Razanj, Rekovac, Ruma*, Secanj*, Senta*, Sid*, Sjenica, Smederevska Palanka, Sokobanja, Srbobran*, Sremski Karlovci*, Stara Pazova*, Surdulica, Svilajnac, Svrljig, Temerin*, Titel*, Topola, Trgoviste, Trstenik, Tutin, Ub, Varvarin, Velika Plana, Veliko Gradiste, Vladicin Han, Vladimirci, Vlasotince, Vrbas*, Vrnjacka Banja, Zabalj*, Zabari, Zagubica, Zitiste*, Zitorada"
},
"cities": {
"text": "Beograd, Cacak, Jagodina, Kragujevac, Kraljevo, Krusevac, Leskovac, Loznica, Nis, Novi Pazar, Novi Sad*, Pancevo*, Pozarevac, Sabac, Smederevo, Sombor*, Sremska Mitrovica*, Subotica*, Uzice, Vajevo, Vranje, Zajecar, Zrenjanin*"
"text": "Beograd, Cacak, Jagodina, Kikinda*, Kragujevac, Kraljevo, Krusevac, Leskovac, Loznica, Nis, Novi Pazar, Novi Sad*, Pancevo*, Pirot, Pozarevac, Sabac, Smederevo, Sombor*, Sremska Mitrovica*, Subotica*, Uzice, Valjevo, Vranje, Vrsac, Zajecar, Zrenjanin*"
},
"note": {
"text": "the northern 39 municipalities and 6 cities - about 28% of Serbia's area - compose the autonomous province of Vojvodina and are indicated with *"
@ -390,7 +399,7 @@
"text": "National Day, 15 February (1835), the day the first constitution of the country was adopted"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "many previous; latest approved by referendum 28-29 October 2006, adopted 30 September 2006, effective 8 November 2006; note - proposed amendments to establish a special court for war crimes were defeated in June 2015 by the National Assembly (2015)"
"text": "many previous; latest approved by referendum 28-29 October 2006, adopted 30 September 2006, effective 8 November 2006; note - proposed amendments to establish a special court for war crimes were defeated in June 2015 by the National Assembly (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system"
@ -399,14 +408,17 @@
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": ""
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Serbia"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": ""
"text": "3 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
@ -417,7 +429,7 @@
"text": "President Tomislav NIKOLIC (since 11 June 2012)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Aleksandar VUCIC (since 22 April 2014)"
"text": "Prime Minister Aleksandar VUCIC (since 27 April 2014)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet elected by the National Assembly"
@ -431,13 +443,13 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "unicameral National Assembly or Narodna Skupstina (250 seats; members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms)"
"text": "unicameral National Assembly or Narodna Skupstina (250 seats; members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by party list proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 16 March 2014 (next to be held by March 2018)"
"text": "last held on 24 April 2016 (next to be held by April 2020)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party/coalition - SNS-led coalition 48.4%, SPS/PUPS/JS 13.5%, DS 6.0%, Boris Tadic coalition 5.7%, DSS 4.2%, Dveri 3.6%, LDP-led coalition 3.4%, URS 3.0%, SVM 2.1%, Enough of that 2.1%, SRS 2.0%, SDA 1.0%, PDD .7%, other and invalid 4.3%; seats by party/coalition - SNS-led coalition 158, SPS/PUPS/JS 44, DS 19, Boris Tadic coalition 18, SVM 6, SDA 3, PDD 2"
"text": "percent of vote by party/coalition - Serbia is Winning 48.2%, SPS-JS-ZS-KP 11.0%, SRS 8.1%, For a Just Serbia 6.0%, Enough is Enough 6.0%, Alliance for a Better Serbia 5.0%, Dveri-DSS 5.0%, SVM 1.5%, other 9.2%; seats by party/coalition Serbia is Winning 131, SPS-JS-ZS-KP 29, SRS 22, For a Just Serbia 16, Enough is Enough 16, Alliance for a Better Serbia 13, Dveri-DSS 13, SVM 4, other 6"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -455,10 +467,13 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM [Istvan PASZTOR] ++ Boris Tadic coalition [Boris TADIC] (includes Social Democratic Party or SDS (formerly New Democratic Party-Greens or NDS-Z) [Boris TADIC], League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina or LSV [Nenad CANAK], Together for Serbia or ZZS [Dusan PETROVIC], Democratic Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or VMDK [Aron CSONKA], Together for Vojvodina or ZZV [Olena PAPUGA], Democratic Left of Roma or DLR [Jovan DAMJANOVIC]) ++ Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS [Sanda Razkovic IVIC] ++ Dveri [Bosko OBRADOVIC] ++ Enough of That [Sasa RADULOVIC] ++ Party for Democratic Action or PDD [Riza HALIMI] ++ Party of Democratic Action of the Sandzak or SDA [Sulejman UGLJANIN] ++ Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Vojislav SESELJ] ++ SNS-led coalition/A Future We Believe In [Aleksandar VUCIC] (includes Serbian Progressive Party or SNS [Aleksandar VUCIC], Social Democratic Party of Serbia or SDPS [Rasim LJAJIC], New Serbia or NS [Velimir ILIC], Movement of Socialists or PS [Aleksandar VULIN], and Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC]) ++ United Regions of Serbia or URS [Mladan DINKIC] ++ Democratic Party or DS [Bojan PAJTIC] ++ SPS/PUPS/JS [Ivica DACIC] (includes Socialist Party of Serbia or SPS [Ivica DACIC], Party of United Pensioners of Serbia or PUPS [Jovan KRKOBABIC], United Serbia or JS [Dragan \"Palma\" MARKOVIC]) ++ LDP-led coalition [Cedomir JOVANOVIC] (includes Liberal Democratic Party of LDP [Cedomir JOVANOVIC], Bosniak Democratic Union of Sandzak or BDZS [Esad DZUDZEVIC], Social Democratic Union of SDU [Zarko KORAC])"
"text": "Alliance for a Better Serbia - coalition includes LDP, LSV, SDS ++ Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM [Istvan PASZTOR] ++ Communist Party or KP [Josip Joska BROZ] ++ Democratic Alliance of Croats in Vojvodina [Petar KUNTIC] ++ Democratic Party or DS [Dragan SUTANOVAC] ++ Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS [Sanda RASKOVIC-IVIC] ++ Dveri [Bosko OBRADOVIC] ++ Enough of Enough [Sasa RADULOVIC] ++ For a Just Serbia - coalition includes DS, NS, RS, DSVH, VVS, Together for Sumadija ++ Greens of Serbia or ZS [Ivan KARIC] ++ League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina or LSV [Nenad CANAK] ++ Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Cedomir JOVANOVIC] ++ Movement of Socialists or PS [Aleksandar VULIN] ++ New Serbia or NS [Velimir ILIC] ++ Party for Democratic Action or PDD [Riza HALIMI] ++ Party of Democratic Action of the Sandzak or SDA [Sulejman UGLJANIN] ++ Party of United Pensioners of Serbia or PUPS [Milan KRKOBABIC] ++ Reformist Party or RS [Aleksandar VISNJIC] ++ Serbia is Winning - coalition includes SNS, SDPS, PUPS, NS, SPO, PS, PSS, NDSS, SNP ++ Serbian People's Party or SNP [Nenad POPOVIC] ++ Serbian Progressive Party or SNS [Aleksandar VUCIC] ++ Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Vojislav SESELJ] ++ Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC] ++ Social Democratic Party or SDS [Boris TADIC] ++ Social Democratic Party of Serbia or SDPS [Rasim LJAJIC] ++ Socialist Party of Serbia or SPS [Ivica DACIC] ++ Strength of Serbia or PSS [Bogoljub KARIC] ++ Together for Serbia or ZZS [Dusan PETROVIC] ++ Together for Sumadija [Veroljub STEVANOVIC]",
"note": {
"text": "as of April 2016, Serbia had 111 registered political parties and citizens' associations"
}
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Association of Journalists of Serbia or NUNS ++ Journalists Association of Serbia (Udruzenje novinara Srbije) or UNS ++ Obraz (Orthodox clero-fascist organization) ++ SNP 1389 (Serbian nationalist movement) ++ SNP NASI 1389 (Serbian National Movement NASI)"
"text": "Independent Association of Journalists of Serbia or NUNS ++ Journalists Association of Serbia (Udruzenje novinara Srbije) or UNS ++ Obraz (Orthodox clero-fascist organization) ++ SNP 1389 (Serbian nationalist movement) ++ SNP NASI 1389 (Serbian National Movement NASI) ++ Eastern Alternative (pro-Russian association)"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "BIS, BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EU (candidate country), FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)"
@ -468,7 +483,7 @@
"text": "Ambassador Djerdj MATKOVIC (since 23 February 2015)"
},
"chancery": {
"text": "2134 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008"
"text": "2233 Wisconsin Ave NW "
},
"telephone": {
"text": "[1] (202) 332-0333"
@ -482,7 +497,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Michael KIRBY (since 11 September 2012)"
"text": "Ambassador Kyle SCOTT (since 4 February 2016)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "92 Bulevar kneza Aleksandra Karadjordjevica, 11040 Belgrade, Serbia"
@ -520,58 +535,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Serbia has a transitional economy largely dominated by market forces, but the state sector remains significant in certain areas and many institutional reforms are needed. The economy relies on manufacturing and exports, driven largely by foreign investment. MILOSEVIC-era mismanagement of the economy, an extended period of international economic sanctions, civil war, and the damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry during the NATO airstrikes in 1999 left the economy only half the size it was in 1990. After the ousting of former Federal Yugoslav President MILOSEVIC in September 2000, the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition government implemented stabilization measures and embarked on a market reform program. After renewing its membership in the IMF in December 2000, Serbia continued to reintegrate into the international community by rejoining the World Bank (IBRD) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). Serbia has made progress in trade liberalization and enterprise restructuring and privatization, but many large enterprises - including the power utilities, telecommunications company, natural gas company, and others - remain in state hands. Serbia has made some progress towards EU membership, signing a Stabilization and Association Agreement with Brussels in May 2008, and with full implementation of the Interim Trade Agreement with the EU in February 2010, gained candidate status in March 2012. In January 2014, Serbia's EU accession talks officially opened. Serbia's negotiations with the World Trade Organization are advanced, with the country's complete ban on the trade and cultivation of agricultural biotechnology products representing the primary remaining obstacle to accession. Serbia's program with the IMF was frozen in early 2012 because the 2012 budget approved by parliament deviated from the program parameters; the arrangement is now void. High unemployment and stagnant household incomes are ongoing political and economic problems. Structural economic reforms needed to ensure the country's long-term prosperity have largely stalled since the onset of the global financial crisis. Growing budget deficits constrain the use of stimulus efforts to revive the economy and contribute to growing concern of a public debt crisis, given that Serbia's total public debt as a share of GDP more than doubled between 2008 and 2014. Serbia's concerns about inflation and exchange-rate stability may preclude the use of expansionary monetary policy. During 2014 the SNS party addressed issues with the fiscal deficit, state-owned enterprises, the labor market, construction permits, bankruptcy and privatization, and other areas. Major challenges ahead include: high unemployment rates and the need for job creation; high government expenditures for salaries, pensions, healthcare, and unemployment benefits; a growing need for new government borrowing; rising public and private foreign debt; attracting new foreign direct investment; and getting the IMF program back on track. Other serious longer-term challenges include an inefficient judicial system, high levels of corruption, and an aging population. Factors favorable to Serbia's economic growth include its strategic location, a relatively inexpensive and skilled labor force, and free trade agreements with the EU, Russia, Turkey, and countries that are members of the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA). In late 2014, Serbia and the IMF announced a tentative plan for a precautionary loan worth approximately $1 billion. In 2015, the government will be challenged to implement IMF-mandated reforms—which will target social spending, the large public sector, and social spending."
"text": "Serbia has a transitional economy largely dominated by market forces, but the state sector remains significant in certain areas and many institutional reforms are needed. The economy relies on manufacturing and exports, driven largely by foreign investment. MILOSEVIC-era mismanagement of the economy, an extended period of international economic sanctions, civil war, and the damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry during the NATO airstrikes in 1999 left the economy only half the size it was in 1990. ++ ++ After former Federal Yugoslav President MILOSEVIC was ousted in September 2000, the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition government implemented stabilization measures and embarked on a market reform program. Serbia renewed its membership in the IMF in December 2000 and rejoined the World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Serbia has made progress in trade liberalization and enterprise restructuring and privatization, but many large enterprises - including the power utilities, telecommunications company, natural gas company, and others - remain state-owned. Serbia has made some progress towards EU membership, signing a Stabilization and Association Agreement with Brussels in May 2008, and with full implementation of the Interim Trade Agreement with the EU in February 2010, gained candidate status in March 2012. In January 2014, Serbia's EU accession talks officially opened. Serbia's negotiations with the WTO are advanced, with the country's complete ban on the trade and cultivation of agricultural biotechnology products representing the primary remaining obstacle to accession. Serbia's program with the IMF was frozen in early 2012 because the 2012 budget approved by parliament deviated from the program parameters; the arrangement is now void. In late 2014, Serbia and the IMF announced a tentative plan for a precautionary loan worth approximately $1 billion, but the government will be challenged to implement IMF-mandated reforms that will target social spending and the large public sector. ++ ++ High unemployment and stagnant household incomes are ongoing political and economic problems. Structural economic reforms needed to ensure the country's long-term prosperity have largely stalled since the onset of the global financial crisis. Growing budget deficits constrain the use of stimulus efforts to revive the economy and contribute to growing concern of a public debt crisis, given that Serbia's total public debt as a share of GDP more than doubled between 2008 and 2014. Serbia's concerns about inflation and exchange-rate stability preclude the use of expansionary monetary policy. During 2014 the SNS party addressed issues with the fiscal deficit, state-owned enterprises, the labor market, construction permits, bankruptcy and privatization, and other areas. ++ ++ Major challenges ahead include: high unemployment rates and the need for job creation; high government expenditures for salaries, pensions, healthcare, and unemployment benefits; a growing need for new government borrowing; rising public and private foreign debt; attracting new foreign direct investment; and getting the IMF program back on track. Other serious longer-term challenges include an inefficient judicial system, high levels of corruption, and an aging population. Factors favorable to Serbia's economic growth include its strategic location, a relatively inexpensive and skilled labor force, and free trade agreements with the EU, Russia, Turkey, and countries that are members of the Central European Free Trade Agreement."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$95.84 billion (2014 est.) ++ $97.61 billion (2013 est.) ++ $95.16 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$97.7 billion (2015 est.) ++ $96.98 billion (2014 est.) ++ $98.79 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$43.87 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$36.51 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "-1.8% (2014 est.) ++ 2.6% (2013 est.) ++ -1% (2012 est.)"
"text": "0.7% (2015 est.) ++ -1.8% (2014 est.) ++ 2.6% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$13,400 (2014 est.) ++ $13,600 (2013 est.) ++ $13,300 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$13,700 (2015 est.) ++ $13,600 (2014 est.) ++ $13,800 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "9.6% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 11.5% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 9.5% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "13% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 11.5% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 11.5% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "82.3%"
"text": "81.4%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "18.2%"
"text": "11.4%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "17.2%"
"text": "18.1%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-7.7%"
"text": "-1.1%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "44.3%"
"text": "47.7%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-54.3% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-57.4% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "10.3%"
"text": "9.5%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "39.3%"
"text": "41.9%"
},
"services": {
"text": "50.4% (2014 est.)"
"text": "48.6% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -581,10 +596,10 @@
"text": "automobiles, base metals, furniture, food processing, machinery, chemicals, sugar, tires, clothes, pharmaceuticals"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "-7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "4.7% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.89 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "2.9 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -598,7 +613,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "19.7% (2014 est.) ++ 20.1% (2013 est.)"
"text": "19.3% (2015 est.) ++ 19.7% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "9.2% (2013 est.)"
@ -608,83 +623,91 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$17.56 billion"
"text": "$15.58 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$20.47 billion"
"text": "$16.95 billion"
},
"note": {
"text": "this is the consolidated budget, including both central government and local goverment budgets (2014 est.)"
"text": "this is the consolidated budget, including both central government and local goverment budgets (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "40% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "42.7% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-6.7% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-3.8% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "70% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 63.8% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "77% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 70.4% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued or owned by government entities other than the treasury (for which the Government of Singapore issued guarantees); the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities (for which the GOS also issued guarantees), as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
}
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "2.1% (2014 est.) ++ 7.7% (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.4% (2015 est.) ++ 2.1% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "9.5% (18 March 2014) ++ 11.75% (6 February 2013)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "13.04% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 12.35% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "11% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 14.81% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$4.332 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $4.671 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$4.535 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.332 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$18.75 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $20.65 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$18.37 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $18.75 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$21.23 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $25.78 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$19.81 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $20.59 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$7.696 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $8.1 billion (31 December 2013) ++ $7.451 billion (31 December 2012 est.)"
"text": "$7.696 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $8.1 billion (31 December 2013 est.) ++ $7.451 billion (31 December 2012 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$2.632 billion (2014 est.) ++ -$2.778 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$1.751 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$2.632 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$14.84 billion (2014 est.) ++ $14.61 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$12.6 billion (2015 est.) ++ $14.14 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "iron and steel, rubber, clothes, wheat, fruit and vegetables, nonferrous metals, electric appliances, metal products, weapons and ammunition, automobiles"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Italy 17.4%, Germany 12%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 8.8%, Russia 7%, Romania 5.6%, Macedonia, The Former Yugo Rep of 4% (2014)"
"text": "Italy 16.2%, Germany 12.6%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 8.7%, Romania 5.6%, Russia 5.4% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$19.56 billion (2014 est.) ++ $19.53 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$17.03 billion (2015 est.) ++ $19.58 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 12%, Russia 11.3%, Italy 11.3%, China 7.6%, Hungary 5%, Poland 4.8% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 12.4%, Italy 10.6%, Russia 9.6%, China 8.5%, Hungary 4.8%, Poland 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$12.05 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $15.43 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$11.35 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $12.05 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$36.09 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $36.4 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$32.44 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $33.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$29.41 billion (31 December 2009 est.) ++ $11.95 billion (2006 est.)"
"text": "$36.67 billion (31 December 2009 est.) ++ $11.95 billion (2006 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Serbian dinars (RSD) per US dollar - ++ 88.405 (2014 est.) ++ 88.405 (2013 est.) ++ 87.99 (2012 est.) ++ 72.455 (2011 est.) ++ 77.729 (2010 est.)"
"text": "Serbian dinars (RSD) per US dollar - ++ 108.811 (2015 est.) ++ 88.405 (2014 est.) ++ 88.405 (2013 est.) ++ 87.99 (2012 est.) ++ 72.455 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "34.4 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -758,18 +781,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "2.86 million"
"text": "2,770,462"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "40 (2014 est.)"
"text": "39 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "9.3 million"
"text": "9.156 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "130 (2014 est.)"
"text": "128 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -783,25 +806,36 @@
"text": "country code - 381 (2011)"
}
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "308 (station frequency types NA) (2009)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "138 (2009)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".rs"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "3.6 million"
"text": "4.688 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "49.7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "65.3% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "2"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "21"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "2,424,886"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "2.748 million mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "YU (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "26 (2013)"
},
@ -833,7 +867,7 @@
"text": "10"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 5 (2013)"
"text": "5 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -867,49 +901,33 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Serbian Armed Forces (Vojska Srbije, VS): Land Forces Command (includes Riverine Component, consisting of a river flotilla on the Danube), Air and Air Defense Forces Command (2012)"
"text": "Serbian Armed Forces (Vojska Srbije, VS): Land Forces (includes Riverine Component, consisting of a river flotilla on the Danube), Air and Air Defense Forces (2016)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished December 2010; reserve obligation to age 60 for men and age 50 for women (2013)"
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,395,426"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,356,415 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "43,945"
},
"female": {
"text": "41,080 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.44% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 1.49% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.48% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.77% of GDP (2012)"
"text": "1.37% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 1.41% of GDP (2015) ++ 1.49% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.48% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.77% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "Serbia with several other states protest the US and other states' recognition of Kosovo's declaration of its status as a sovereign and independent state in February 2008; ethnic Serbian municipalities along Kosovo's northern border challenge final status of Kosovo-Serbia boundary; several thousand NATO-led Kosovo Force peacekeepers under United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo authority continue to keep the peace within Kosovo between the ethnic Albanian majority and the Serb minority in Kosovo; Serbia delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina, but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute"
"text": "Serbia with several other states protest the US and other states' recognition of Kosovo's declaration of its status as a sovereign and independent state in February 2008; ethnic Serbian municipalities along Kosovo's northern border challenge final status of Kosovo-Serbia boundary; several thousand NATO-led Kosovo Force peacekeepers under UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo authority continue to keep the peace within Kosovo between the ethnic Albanian majority and the Serb minority in Kosovo; Serbia delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina, but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "32,408 (Croatia); 11,325 (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (2014)"
"text": "25,996 (Croatia); 9,288 (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (2015)"
},
"IDPs": {
"text": "97,000 (most are Kosovar Serbs, some are Roma, Ashkalis, and Egyptian (RAE); some RAE IDPs are unregistered) (2015)"
"text": "220,002 (most are Kosovar Serbs, some are Roma, Ashkalis, and Egyptian (RAE); some RAE IDPs are unregistered) (2015)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "3,578 (includes stateless persons in Kosovo) (2014)"
"text": "2,700 (includes stateless persons in Kosovo) (2015)"
},
"note": {
"text": "404,022 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (October 2015)"
"text": "670,302 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (2015 - October 2016)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

339
europe/ro.json
View file

@ -59,12 +59,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Black Sea 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "414 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Moldoveanu 2,544 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Black Sea 0 m ++ highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -82,18 +82,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "6,153 sq km (2007)"
"text": "31,490 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "211.9 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "6.88 cu km/yr (22%/61%/17%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "320.8 cu m/yr (2009)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "urbanization is not particularly high, and a fairly even population distribution can be found throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; Hungarians, the country's largest minority, have a particularly strong presence in eastern Transylvania"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides"
@ -110,10 +102,13 @@
}
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine"
"text": "controls the most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine; the Carpathian Mountains dominate the center of the country, while the Danube River forms much of the southern boundary with Serbia and Bulgaria"
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "21,599,736 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Romanian(s)"
@ -131,27 +126,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Eastern Orthodox (including all sub-denominations) 81.9%, Protestant (various denominations including Reformed and Pentecostal) 6.4%, Roman Catholic 4.3%, other (includes Muslim) 0.9%, none or atheist 0.2%, unspecified 6.3% (2011 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "21,666,350 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "14.49% (male 1,612,090/female 1,526,432)"
"text": "14.4% (male 1,597,470/female 1,512,701)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "10.94% (male 1,215,309/female 1,154,618)"
"text": "10.76% (male 1,192,310/female 1,131,655)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "45.92% (male 5,030,926/female 4,919,140)"
"text": "45.97% (male 5,023,060/female 4,905,559)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "12.92% (male 1,308,475/female 1,491,858)"
"text": "12.8% (male 1,293,423/female 1,471,480)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "15.73% (male 1,376,634/female 2,030,868) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "16.07% (male 1,403,211/female 2,068,867) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -170,26 +159,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "40.2 years"
"text": "40.7 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "38.8 years"
"text": "39.3 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "41.7 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "42.1 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "-0.3% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-0.32% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "9.14 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "9 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "11.9 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "11.9 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-0.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "-0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "urbanization is not particularly high, and a fairly even population distribution can be found throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; Hungarians, the country's largest minority, have a particularly strong presence in eastern Transylvania"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -222,36 +214,39 @@
"text": "0.68 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "22 (2013 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "31 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "9.89 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "9.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "11.23 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "11 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "8.47 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "8.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "74.92 years"
"text": "75.1 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "71.46 years"
"text": "71.7 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "78.59 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "78.8 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.33 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.34 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "69.8%",
@ -260,7 +255,7 @@
}
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "5.3% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "5.6% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "2.45 physicians/1,000 population (2012)"
@ -297,7 +292,7 @@
"text": "23.4% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "3.1% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "2.9% of GDP (2012)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -315,32 +310,24 @@
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
"text": "14 years"
"text": "15 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "14 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "15 years (2011)"
}
},
"Child labor - children ages 5-14": {
"total number": {
"text": "26,658"
},
"percentage": {
"text": "1% (2000 est.)"
"text": "15 years (2012)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "22.7%"
"text": "24%"
},
"male": {
"text": "22.3%"
"text": "23.6%"
},
"female": {
"text": "23.2% (2012 est.)"
"text": "24.7% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -357,10 +344,13 @@
},
"local short form": {
"text": "Romania"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "the name derives from the Latin \"Romanus\" meaning \"citizen of Rome\" and was used to stress the common ancient heritage of Romania's three main regions - Moldavia, Transylvania, and Wallachia - during their gradual unification between the mid-19th century and early 20th century"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "republic"
"text": "semi-presidential republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -386,7 +376,7 @@
"text": "Unification Day (of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991; amended 2003 (2015)"
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991; amended 2003 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system"
@ -395,14 +385,17 @@
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": ""
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Romania"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": ""
"text": "5 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
@ -410,7 +403,7 @@
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "President Klaus IOHANNIS (since 21 December 2014)"
"text": "President Klaus Werner IOHANNIS (since 21 December 2014)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Dacian CIOLOS (since 17 November 2015); Deputy Prime Ministers Costin Grigore BORC and Vasile DANCU (since 17 November 2015)"
@ -419,7 +412,7 @@
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 2 November 2014 with a runoff on 16 November 2014 (next to be held on 16 November 2019); prime minister appointed by the president with consent of Parliament"
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 2 November 2014 with a runoff on 16 November 2014 (next to be held around 16 November 2019); prime minister appointed by the president with consent of Parliament"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Klaus IOHANNIS elected president; percent of vote in runoff - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 54.4%, Victor PONTA (PSD) 45.6%"
@ -427,10 +420,10 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat (176 seats; 137 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote and 39 directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camera Deputatilor (412 seats; 315 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote and 97 directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms); note - in the Chamber of Deputies, seats are reserved for minority parties that receive at least 10 percent of total valid votes cast"
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat (176 seats; 137 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote and 39 directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camera Deputatilor (412 seats; 315 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote and 97 directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "Senate - last held on 9 December 2012 (next to be held by December 2016); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 9 December 2012 (next to be held by December 2016)"
"text": "Senate - last held on 9 December 2012 (next to be held by December 2016); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 9 December 2012 (next to be held by December 2016); note - in the next election the total number of seats will be reduced to 466 (308 members in the Chamber of Deputies [plus 18 reserved seats for non-Hungarian national minorities; ethnic Hungarians compete for regular seats] and 134 in the Senate; the proposed number of members representing the Romanian diaspora has remained unchanged at 6)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by alliance/party - USL 60.1%, ARD 16.7%, PP-DD 14.7%, UDMR 5.2%, other 3.3%; seats by alliance/party - USL 122, ARD 24, PP-DD 21, UDMR 9; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by alliance/party - USL 58.6%, ARD 16.5%, PP-DD 14%, UDMR 5.1%, ethnic minorities 2.7%, other 3.1%; seats by alliance/party - USL 273, ARD 56, PP-DD 47, UDMR 18, ethnic minorities 18"
@ -448,7 +441,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD [Aurelian PAVELESCU] ++ Conservative Party or PC [Daniel CONSTANTIN] (formerly Humanist Party or PUR) ++ Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Hunor KELEMEN] ++ National Liberal Party or PNL [Alina GORGHIU and Vasile BLAGA] - combined with former PDL and FC ++ National Union for Romania's Progress or UNPR [Gabriel OPREA] ++ New Republic Party or NR [George MIOC] ++ Popular Movement Party or PMP [Eugen TOMAC] ++ Social Democratic Party or PSD [Liviu DRAGNEA] (formerly Party of Social Democracy in Romania or PDSR)"
"text": "Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD [Aurelian PAVELESCU] (formerly part of the ARD coalition) ++ Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Hunor KELEMEN] ++ Green Party [Remus CERNEA] ++ M10 Party [Monica MACOVEI] ++ National Liberal Party or PNL [Alina GORGHIU] - merged with former PDL and FC ++ National Union for Romania's Progress or UNPR [interim chairman Neculai ONTANU] - merged with former PP-DD ++ New Republic Party or NR [Alin Ioan BOTA] ++ Popular Movement Party [Traian BASESCU] ++ Party of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats or ALDE [Calin POPESCU TARICEANU, Daniel CONSTANTIN] ++ Romanian Social Party or PSRo [Mircea GEOANA] ++ Save Bucharest Union Party or Partidul USB [Nicusor DAN] ++ Social Democratic Party or PSD [Liviu DRAGNEA] ++ Social Liberal Union or USL (coalition of PSD, PC, and UNPR) ++ United Romania Party or PRU [Bogdan DIACONU]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"other": {
@ -515,116 +508,116 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Romania, which joined the EU on 1 January 2007, began the transition from Communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the country's needs. Romania's macroeconomic gains have only recently started to spur creation of a middle class and to address Romania's widespread poverty. Corruption and red tape continue to permeate the business environment. In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, Romania signed on to a $26 billion emergency assistance package from the IMF, the EU, and other international lenders, but GDP contracted until 2011. In March 2011, Romania and the IMF/EU/World Bank signed a 24-month precautionary stand-by agreement, worth $6.6 billion, to promote fiscal discipline, encourage progress on structural reforms, and strengthen financial sector stability. In September 2013, Romanian authorities and the IMF/EU agreed to a follow-on precautionary two-year stand-by agreement, worth $5.4 billion, to continue with reforms, although Bucharest has announced that it does not intend to draw funds under the agreement. Economic growth rebounded in 2013, driven by strong industrial exports and an excellent agricultural harvest, and the current account deficit was reduced substantially. The economy closed out 2014 with 2.8% growth, down from the 3.5% posted in 2013. Industry outperformed other sectors of the economy. Exports remained the engine of economic growth, led by trade with the EU, which accounts for roughly 70% of Romania trade. In 2014, the Government of Romania succeeded in meeting its annual target for the budget deficit, the external deficit remained low, and inflation was the lowest since 1989, allowing a gradual loosening of the monetary policy throughout the year. However, progress on structural reforms has been uneven and the economy still is vulnerable to external shocks. An ageing population, weak domestic demand, tax evasion, and insufficient health-care represent the top vulnerabilities."
"text": "Romania, which joined the EU on 1 January 2007, began the transition from communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the country's needs. Romania's macroeconomic gains have only recently started to spur creation of a middle class and to address Romania's widespread poverty. Corruption and red tape continue to permeate the business environment. ++ ++ In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, Romania signed a $26 billion emergency assistance package from the IMF, the EU, and other international lenders, but GDP contracted until 2011. In March 2011, Romania and the IMF/EU/World Bank signed a 24-month precautionary standby agreement, worth $6.6 billion, to promote fiscal discipline, encourage progress on structural reforms, and strengthen financial sector stability; no funds were drawn. In September 2013, Romanian authorities and the IMF/EU agreed to a follow-on standby agreement, worth $5.4 billion, to continue with reforms. This agreement expired in September 2015, and no funds were drawn. Progress on structural reforms has been uneven, and the economy still is vulnerable to external shocks. ++ ++ Economic growth rebounded in 2013-15, driven by strong industrial exports and excellent agricultural harvests, and the fiscal deficit was reduced substantially. Industry outperformed other sectors of the economy in 2015. Exports remained an engine of economic growth, led by trade with the EU, which accounts for roughly 70% of Romania trade. Domestic demand was a second driver, due to the mid-2015 cut, from 24% to 9%, of the VAT levied upon foodstuffs. In 2015, the government of Romania succeeded in meeting its annual target for the budget deficit, the external deficit remained low, even if it rose due to increasing imports. For the first time since 1989, inflation turned into deflation, allowing for a gradual loosening of monetary policy throughout the period. ++ ++ An aging population, significant tax evasion, insufficient health care, and an aggressive loosening of the fiscal package jeopardize the low fiscal deficit and public debt and are the economy's top vulnerabilities."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$393.8 billion (2014 est.) ++ $383.1 billion (2013 est.) ++ $370.5 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$414.7 billion (2015 est.) ++ $399.7 billion (2014 est.) ++ $388.3 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$199.1 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$178 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "2.8% (2014 est.) ++ 3.4% (2013 est.) ++ 0.6% (2012 est.)"
"text": "3.8% (2015 est.) ++ 3% (2014 est.) ++ 3.5% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$19,700 (2014 est.) ++ $19,200 (2013 est.) ++ $18,600 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$20,900 (2015 est.) ++ $20,000 (2014 est.) ++ $19,400 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "22.6% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 23.7% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 22.5% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "24.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 24.8% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 24.5% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "69.3%"
"text": "67.9%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "7.6%"
"text": "7%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "22%"
"text": "24.7%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "1%"
"text": "0.9%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "41.1%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-41% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-41.6% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "12.1%"
"text": "4.8%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "35.7%"
"text": "41.3%"
},
"services": {
"text": "52.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "53.9% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
"text": "wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, grapes; eggs, sheep"
},
"Industries": {
"text": "electric machinery and equipment, textiles and footwear, light machinery, auto assembly, mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining"
"text": "electric machinery and equipment, auto assembly, textiles and footwear, light machinery, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining, mining, timber, construction materials"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "3% (2014 est.)"
"text": "3.3% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "9.242 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "9.159 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "27.9%"
"text": "28.3%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "28.2%"
"text": "28.9%"
},
"services": {
"text": "43.9% (2013)"
"text": "42.8% (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "6.8% (2014 est.) ++ 7.1% (2013 est.)"
"text": "6.8% (2015 est.) ++ 6.8% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "22.6% (2011 est.)"
"text": "22.4% (2012 est.)"
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
"lowest 10%": {
"text": "14.5%"
"text": "15.3%"
},
"highest 10%": {
"text": "7.7% (2013 est.)"
"text": "7.6% (2014 est.)"
}
},
"Distribution of family income - Gini index": {
"text": "27.3 (2012) ++ 24.2 (2010)"
"text": "27.3 (2012) ++ 28.2 (2010)"
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$63.85 billion"
"text": "$58.31 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$67.58 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$60.89 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "32.1% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "32.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-1.9% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-1.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "39.8% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 38% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "38.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 39.8% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds"
}
@ -633,90 +626,95 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "1.1% (2014 est.) ++ 4% (2013 est.)"
"text": "-0.6% (2015 est.) ++ 1.1% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "2.75% (31 December 2014) ++ 4% (31 December 2013)"
"text": "1.75% (31 December 2015) ++ 2.75% (31 December 2014)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "8.45% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 10.52% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "6.77% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 8.47% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$32.16 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $30.82 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$36.06 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $32.16 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$70.95 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $74.11 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$71.58 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $78.18 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$68.72 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $81.58 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$64.47 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $68.72 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$37.26 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $43.67 billion (31 December 2013) ++ $31.71 billion (31 December 2012 est.)"
"text": "$36.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $41.04 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $42.59 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$868 million (2014 est.) ++ -$1.551 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$2.032 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$910 million (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$62.13 billion (2014 est.) ++ $58.32 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$54.52 billion (2015 est.) ++ $62.16 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, metals and metal products, textiles and footwear, chemicals, agricultural products, minerals and fuels"
"text": "machinery and equipment, other manufactured goods, agricultural products and foodstuffs, metals and metal products, chemicals, minerals and fuels, raw materials"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 19.6%, Italy 12.1%, France 6.9%, Hungary 5.2%, Turkey 4.6%, UK 4.2% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 19.8%, Italy 12.5%, France 6.8%, Hungary 5.4%, UK 4.4% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$69.27 billion (2014 est.) ++ $65.55 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$63.12 billion (2015 est.) ++ $70.5 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels and minerals, metals, textile and products, agricultural products"
"text": "machinery and equipment, other manufactured goods, chemicals, agricultural products and foodstuffs, fuels and minerals, metals and metal products, raw materials"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 19.2%, Italy 10.9%, Hungary 7.9%, France 5.7%, Poland 4.7% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 19.8%, Italy 10.9%, Hungary 8%, France 5.6%, Poland 4.9%, China 4.6%, Netherlands 4% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$43.16 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $48.82 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$38.71 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $43.16 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$125 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $134 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$102.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $111.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$77.07 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $84.1 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$72.21 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $76 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$2.939 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.34 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$3.618 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $3.14 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "lei (RON) per US dollar - ++ 3.3492 (2014 est.) ++ 3.3492 (2013 est.) ++ 3.47 (2012 est.) ++ 3.0486 (2011 est.) ++ 3.1779 (2010 est.)"
"text": "lei (RON) per US dollar - ++ 4.0057 (2015 est.) ++ 3.3492 (2014 est.) ++ 3.3492 (2013 est.) ++ 3.47 (2012 est.) ++ 3.0486 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "55.78 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "62.04 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - consumption": {
"text": "49.69 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "50.73 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - exports": {
"text": "2.466 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "8.2 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - imports": {
"text": "450 million kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.07 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
"text": "24 million kW (2013 est.)"
"text": "24 million kW (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
"text": "50% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)"
"text": "44.3% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
"text": "5.8% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)"
"text": "6.1% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
"text": "29.7% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)"
"text": "30% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
"text": "14.5% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)"
"text": "19.6% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - production": {
"text": "83,350 bbl/day (2014 est.)"
@ -743,16 +741,16 @@
"text": "53,810 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - production": {
"text": "11.4 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
"text": "11.26 billion cu m (2015 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - consumption": {
"text": "12.1 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
"text": "11.54 billion cu m (2015 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - exports": {
"text": "241.7 million cu m (2014 est.)"
"text": "1.078 million cu m (2015 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - imports": {
"text": "801 million cu m (2014 est.)"
"text": "277.1 million cu m (2015 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - proved reserves": {
"text": "105.5 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)"
@ -764,18 +762,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "4.6 million"
"text": "4.27 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "21 (2014 est.)"
"text": "20 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "22.9 million"
"text": "23.12 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "105 (2014 est.)"
"text": "107 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -783,34 +781,45 @@
"text": "the telecommunications sector is being expanded and modernized; domestic and international service improving rapidly, especially mobile-cellular services"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "more than 90% of telephone network is automatic; fixed-line teledensity exceeds 20 telephones per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 110 telephones per 100 persons"
"text": "more than 90% of telephone network is automatic; fixed-line teledensity is about 20 telephones per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity over 100 telephones per 100 persons"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 40; the Black Sea Fiber Optic System provides connectivity to Bulgaria and Turkey; satellite earth stations - 10; digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest (2011)"
"text": "country code - 40; the Black Sea Fiber-Optic Cable System provides connectivity to Bulgaria and Turkey; satellite earth stations - 10; digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest (2014)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "a mixture of public and private TV stations; the public broadcaster operates multiple stations; roughly 100 private national, regional, and local stations; more than 75% of households are connected to multi-channel cable or satellite TV systems that provide access to Romanian, European, and international stations; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks and regional and local stations; more than 100 private radio stations (2008)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "698 (station frequency type NA) (2006)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "623 (plus 200 repeaters) (2006)"
"text": "a mixture of public and private TV stations; there are 7 public TV stations (2 national, 5 regional) using terrestrial broadcasting and 187 private TV stations (out of which 171 offer local coverage) using terrestrial broadcasting, plus 11 public TV stations using satellite broadcasting and 86 private TV stations using satellite broadcasting; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks and regional and local stations, having in total 20 public radio stations by terrestrial broadcasting plus 4 public radio stations by satellite broadcasting; there are 502 operational private radio stations using terrestrial broadcasting and 26 private radio stations using satellite broadcasting (2014)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".ro"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "11.2 million"
"text": "12.082 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "51.7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "55.8% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "5"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "51"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "3,636,642"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "4,691,280 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "YR (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "45 (2013)"
},
@ -839,7 +848,7 @@
"text": "5"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 14 (2013)"
"text": "14 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -899,39 +908,15 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Land Forces, Naval Forces (Fortele Naval, FN), Romanian Air Force (Fortele Aeriene Romane, FAR) (2013)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "conscription ended 2006; 18 years of age for male and female voluntary service; all military inductees (including women) contract for an initial 5-year term of service, with subsequent successive 3-year terms until age 36 (2015)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "5,601,234"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "5,428,939 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "4,550,409"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "4,507,880 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "117,798"
},
"female": {
"text": "111,607 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.42% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 1.3% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.29% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.3% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.29% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "1.4% of GDP (2015) ++ 1.42% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 1.3% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.29% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.3% of GDP (2011)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
@ -940,7 +925,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"stateless persons": {
"text": "299 (2014)"
"text": "240 (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

304
europe/si.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "The Slovene lands were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the latter's dissolution at the end of World War I. In 1918, the Slovenes joined the Serbs and Croats in forming a new multinational state, which was named Yugoslavia in 1929. After World War II, Slovenia became a republic of the renewed Yugoslavia, which though communist, distanced itself from Moscow's rule. Dissatisfied with the exercise of power by the majority Serbs, the Slovenes succeeded in establishing their independence in 1991 after a short 10-day war. Historical ties to Western Europe, a strong economy, and a stable democracy have assisted in Slovenia's transformation to a modern state. Slovenia acceded to both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004; it joined the euro zone in 2007."
"text": "The Slovene lands were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the latter's dissolution at the end of World War I. In 1918, the Slovenes joined the Serbs and Croats in forming a new multinational state, which was named Yugoslavia in 1929. After World War II, Slovenia became a republic of the renewed Yugoslavia, which though communist, distanced itself from Moscow's rule. Dissatisfied with the exercise of power by the majority Serbs, the Slovenes succeeded in establishing their independence in 1991 after a short 10-day war. Historical ties to Western Europe, a strong economy, and a stable democracy have assisted in Slovenia's transformation to a modern state. Slovenia acceded to both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004; it joined the euro zone and the Schengen zone in 2007."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -50,12 +50,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "a short southwestern coastal strip of Karst topography on the Adriatic; an alpine mountain region lies adjacent to Italy and Austria in the north; mixed mountains and valleys with numerous rivers to the east"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Adriatic Sea 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "492 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Triglav 2,864 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m ++ highest point: Triglav 2,864 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -73,18 +73,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "76.04 sq km (2010)"
"text": "60 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "31.87 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "0.94 cu km/yr (18%/82%/0%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "462.9 cu m/yr (2009)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; pockets in the mountainous northwest exhibit less density than elsewhere"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "flooding; earthquakes"
@ -105,6 +97,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "1,978,029 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Slovene(s)"
@ -122,27 +117,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Catholic 57.8%, Muslim 2.4%, Orthodox 2.3%, other Christian 0.9%, unaffiliated 3.5%, other or unspecified 23%, none 10.1% (2002 census)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "1,983,412 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "13.38% (male 136,839/female 128,560)"
"text": "13.35% (male 136,114/female 127,904)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "9.76% (male 99,207/female 94,471)"
"text": "9.58% (male 97,191/female 92,369)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "43.65% (male 437,238/female 428,439)"
"text": "43.3% (male 432,824/female 423,708)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "14.81% (male 144,737/female 148,929)"
"text": "14.82% (male 144,160/female 148,903)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "18.4% (male 147,745/female 217,247) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "18.95% (male 152,770/female 222,086) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -161,26 +150,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "43.8 years"
"text": "44.1 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "42.1 years"
"text": "42.5 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "45.6 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "45.9 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "-0.26% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-0.29% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "8.42 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "8.3 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "11.37 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "11.5 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "0.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; pockets in the mountainous northwest exhibit less density than elsewhere"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -213,9 +205,12 @@
"text": "0.68 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "29 (2013 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "9 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
@ -224,34 +219,34 @@
"text": "4 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "4.51 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "4.5 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "3.46 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "78.01 years"
"text": "78.2 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "74.4 years"
"text": "74.6 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "81.86 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "82 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.34 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.35 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "9.2% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "9.2% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "2.54 physicians/1,000 population (2010)"
},
"Hospital bed density": {
"text": "4.6 beds/1,000 population (2011)"
"text": "4.6 beds/1,000 population (2013)"
},
"Drinking water source": {
"improved": {
@ -282,7 +277,7 @@
"text": "27.4% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5.7% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "5.7% of GDP (2012)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -303,21 +298,21 @@
"text": "17 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "16 years"
"text": "17 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "18 years (2012)"
"text": "18 years (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "20.6%"
"text": "20.2%"
},
"male": {
"text": "20.3%"
"text": "19.4%"
},
"female": {
"text": "21% (2012 est.)"
"text": "21.3% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -337,6 +332,9 @@
},
"former": {
"text": "People's Republic of Slovenia, Socialist Republic of Slovenia"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "related to the Slavic autonym (self-designation) \"Slovenin,\" a derivation from \"slovo\" (word), denoting \"people who speak (the same language)\" (i.e., people who understand each other)"
}
},
"Government type": {
@ -357,9 +355,9 @@
}
},
"Administrative divisions": {
"text": "200 municipalities (obcine, singular - obcina) and 11 urban municipalities (mestne obcine, singular - mestna obcina)",
"text": "201 municipalities (obcine, singular - obcina) and 11 urban municipalities (mestne obcine, singular - mestna obcina)",
"municipalities": {
"text": "Ajdovscina, Apace, Beltinci, Benedikt, Bistrica ob Sotli, Bled, Bloke, Bohinj, Borovnica, Bovec, Braslovce, Brda, Brezice, Brezovica, Cankova, Cerklje na Gorenjskem, Cerknica, Cerkno, Cerkvenjak, Cirkulane, Crensovci, Crna na Koroskem, Crnomelj, Destrnik, Divaca, Dobje, Dobrepolje, Dobrna, Dobrova-Polhov Gradec, Dobrovnik/Dobronak, Dolenjske Toplice, Dol pri Ljubljani, Domzale, Dornava, Dravograd, Duplek, Gorenja Vas-Poljane, Gorisnica, Gorje, Gornja Radgona, Gornji Grad, Gornji Petrovci, Grad, Grosuplje, Hajdina, Hoce-Slivnica, Hodos, Horjul, Hrastnik, Hrpelje-Kozina, Idrija, Ig, Ilirska Bistrica, Ivancna Gorica, Izola/Isola, Jesenice, Jezersko, Jursinci, Kamnik, Kanal, Kidricevo, Kobarid, Kobilje, Kocevje, Komen, Komenda, Kosanjevica na Krki, Kostel, Kozje, Kranjska Gora, Krizevci, Krsko, Kungota, Kuzma, Lasko, Lenart, Lendava/Lendva, Litija, Ljubno, Ljutomer, Log-Dragomer, Logatec, Loska Dolina, Loski Potok, Lovrenc na Pohorju, Luce, Lukovica, Majsperk, Makole, Markovci, Medvode, Menges, Metlika, Mezica, Miklavz na Dravskem Polju, Miren-Kostanjevica, Mirna, Mirna Pec, Mislinja, Mokronog-Trebelno, Moravce, Moravske Toplice, Mozirje, Muta, Naklo, Nazarje, Odranci, Oplotnica, Ormoz, Osilnica, Pesnica, Piran/Pirano, Pivka, Podcetrtek, Podlehnik, Podvelka, Poljcane, Polzela, Postojna, Prebold, Preddvor, Prevalje, Puconci, Race-Fram, Radece, Radenci, Radlje ob Dravi, Radovljica, Ravne na Koroskem, Razkrizje, Recica ob Savinji, Rence-Vogrsko, Ribnica, Ribnica na Pohorju, Rogaska Slatina, Rogasovci, Rogatec, Ruse, Selnica ob Dravi, Semic, Sevnica, Sezana, Slovenska Bistrica, Slovenske Konjice, Sodrazica, Solcava, Sredisce ob Dravi, Starse, Straza, Sveta Ana, Sveta Trojica v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Andraz v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Jurij ob Scavnici, Sveti Jurij v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Tomaz, Salovci, Sempeter-Vrtojba, Sencur, Sentilj, Sentjernej, Sentjur, Sentrupert, Skocjan, Skofja Loka, Skofljica, Smarje pri Jelsah, Smarjeske Toplice, Smartno ob Paki, Smartno pri Litiji, Sostanj, Store, Tabor, Tisina, Tolmin, Trbovlje, Trebnje, Trnovska Vas, Trzic, Trzin, Turnisce, Velika Polana, Velike Lasce, Verzej, Videm, Vipava, Vitanje, Vodice, Vojnik, Vransko, Vrhnika, Vuzenica, Zagorje ob Savi, Zalec, Zavrc, Zelezniki, Zetale, Ziri, Zirovnica, Zrece, Zuzemberk"
"text": "Ajdovscina, Ankaran, Apace, Beltinci, Benedikt, Bistrica ob Sotli, Bled, Bloke, Bohinj, Borovnica, Bovec, Braslovce, Brda, Brezice, Brezovica, Cankova, Cerklje na Gorenjskem, Cerknica, Cerkno, Cerkvenjak, Cirkulane, Crensovci, Crna na Koroskem, Crnomelj, Destrnik, Divaca, Dobje, Dobrepolje, Dobrna, Dobrova-Polhov Gradec, Dobrovnik/Dobronak, Dolenjske Toplice, Dol pri Ljubljani, Domzale, Dornava, Dravograd, Duplek, Gorenja Vas-Poljane, Gorisnica, Gorje, Gornja Radgona, Gornji Grad, Gornji Petrovci, Grad, Grosuplje, Hajdina, Hoce-Slivnica, Hodos, Horjul, Hrastnik, Hrpelje-Kozina, Idrija, Ig, Ilirska Bistrica, Ivancna Gorica, Izola/Isola, Jesenice, Jezersko, Jursinci, Kamnik, Kanal, Kidricevo, Kobarid, Kobilje, Kocevje, Komen, Komenda, Kosanjevica na Krki, Kostel, Kozje, Kranjska Gora, Krizevci, Krsko, Kungota, Kuzma, Lasko, Lenart, Lendava/Lendva, Litija, Ljubno, Ljutomer, Log-Dragomer, Logatec, Loska Dolina, Loski Potok, Lovrenc na Pohorju, Luce, Lukovica, ++ Majsperk, Makole, Markovci, Medvode, Menges, Metlika, Mezica, Miklavz na Dravskem Polju, Miren-Kostanjevica, Mirna, Mirna Pec, Mislinja, Mokronog-Trebelno, Moravce, Moravske Toplice, Mozirje, Muta, Naklo, Nazarje, Odranci, Oplotnica, Ormoz, Osilnica, Pesnica, Piran/Pirano, Pivka, Podcetrtek, Podlehnik, Podvelka, Poljcane, Polzela, Postojna, Prebold, Preddvor, Prevalje, Puconci, Race-Fram, Radece, Radenci, Radlje ob Dravi, Radovljica, Ravne na Koroskem, Razkrizje, Recica ob Savinji, Rence-Vogrsko, Ribnica, Ribnica na Pohorju, Rogaska Slatina, Rogasovci, Rogatec, Ruse, Selnica ob Dravi, Semic, Sevnica, Sezana, Slovenska Bistrica, Slovenske Konjice, Sodrazica, Solcava, Sredisce ob Dravi, Starse, Straza, Sveta Ana, Sveta Trojica v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Andraz v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Jurij ob Scavnici, Sveti Jurij v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Tomaz, Salovci, Sempeter-Vrtojba, Sencur, Sentilj, Sentjernej, Sentjur, Sentrupert, Skocjan, Skofja Loka, Skofljica, Smarje pri Jelsah, Smarjeske Toplice, Smartno ob Paki, Smartno pri Litiji, Sostanj, Store, Tabor, Tisina, Tolmin, Trbovlje, Trebnje, Trnovska Vas, Trzic, Trzin, Turnisce, Velika Polana, Velike Lasce, Verzej, Videm, Vipava, Vitanje, Vodice, Vojnik, Vransko, Vrhnika, Vuzenica, Zagorje ob Savi, Zalec, Zavrc, Zelezniki, Zetale, Ziri, Zirovnica, Zrece, Zuzemberk"
},
"urban municipalities": {
"text": "Celje, Koper-Capodistria, Kranj, Ljubljana, Maribor, Murska Sobota, Nova Gorica, Novo Mesto, Ptuj, Slovenj Gradec, Velenje"
@ -372,7 +370,7 @@
"text": "Independence Day/Statehood Day, 25 June (1991)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1974 (preindependence); latest passed by legislature 23 December 1991; amended several times, last in 2015 (2015)"
"text": "previous 1974 (preindependence); latest passed by legislature 23 December 1991; amended several times, last in 2015 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system"
@ -381,14 +379,17 @@
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": ""
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Slovenia; both parents if the child is born outside of Slovenia"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes"
"text": "yes, for select cases"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": ""
"text": "10 years, the last 5 of which have been continuous"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
@ -424,17 +425,17 @@
},
"Judicial branch": {
"highest court(s)": {
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of the court president and 37 judges organized into 7 departments - civil, criminal, commercial, labor and social security, administrative, registry, and international cooperation); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 7 judges)"
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of the court president and 37 judges organized into civil, criminal, commercial, labor and social security, administrative, and registry departments); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 7 judges)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "Supreme Court president and vice president appointed by the National Assembly upon the proposal of the Minister of Justice based on the opinions of the Judicial Council, an 11-member independent body elected by the National Assembly from proposals submitted by the president, attorneys, law universities, and sitting judges; other Supreme Court judges elected by the National Assembly from candidates proposed by the Judicial Council; Supreme Court judge term NA; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the National Assembly from nominations by the president of the republic; Constitutional Court president selected from among their own for a 3-year term; other judges elected for single 9-year terms"
"text": "Supreme Court president and vice president appointed by the National Assembly upon the proposal of the Minister of Justice based on the opinions of the Judicial Council, an 11-member independent body elected by the National Assembly from proposals submitted by the president, attorneys, law universities, and sitting judges; other Supreme Court judges elected by the National Assembly from candidates proposed by the Judicial Council; Supreme Court judges appointed for life; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the National Assembly from nominations by the president of the republic; Constitutional Court president selected from among their own for a 3-year term; other judges elected for single 9-year terms"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "county, district, regional, and high courts; specialized labor-related and social courts; Court of Audit; Administrative Court"
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Alliance of Alenka Bratusek or ZaAB [Alenka BRATUSEK] ++ Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia or DeSUS [Karl ERJAVEC] ++ Modern Center Pary or SMC [Miro CERAR] ++ New Slovenia or NSi [Ljudmila NOVAK] ++ Slovenian Democratic Party or SDS [Janez JANSA] ++ Social Democrats or SD [Dejan ZIDAN] ++ United Left or ZL (collective leadership)"
"text": "Alliance of Alenka Bratusek or ZaAB [Alenka BRATUSEK] ++ Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia or DeSUS [Karl ERJAVEC] ++ Modern Center Party or SMC [Miro CERAR] ++ New Slovenia or NSi [Ljudmila NOVAK] ++ Slovenian Democratic Party or SDS [Janez JANSA] ++ Social Democrats or SD [Dejan ZIDAN] ++ United Left or ZL (collective leadership)"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Catholic Church",
@ -464,7 +465,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Brent Robert HARTLEY (since 9 February 2015)"
"text": "Ambassador Brent Robert HARTLEY (since 12 February 2015)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "Presernova 31, 1000 Ljubljana"
@ -499,95 +500,95 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "With excellent infrastructure, a well-educated work force, and a strategic location between the Balkans and Western Europe, Slovenia has one of the highest per capita GDPs in Central Europe, despite having suffered a protracted recession in 2008-2009 in the wake of the global financial crisis. Slovenia became the first 2004 European Union entrant to adopt the euro (on 1 January 2007) and has experienced one of the most stable political transitions in Central and Southeastern Europe. In March 2004, Slovenia became the first transition country to graduate from borrower status to donor partner at the World Bank. In 2007, Slovenia was invited to begin the process for joining the OECD; it became a member in 2012. However, long-delayed privatizations, particularly within Slovenia’s largely state-owned and increasingly indebted banking sector, have fueled investor concerns since 2012 that the country would need EU-IMF financial assistance. In 2013, the European Commission granted Slovenia permission to begin recapitalizing ailing lenders and transferring their nonperforming assets into a “bad bank” established to restore bank balance sheets. Export-led growth fueled by demand in larger European markets pushed GDP growth to 2.6% in 2014, while stubbornly-high unemployment fell slightly to 13%. PM CERAR’s government took office in September 2014, pledging to press ahead with commitments to privatize a select group of state-run companies, rationalize public spending, and further stabilize the banking sector."
"text": "With excellent infrastructure, a well-educated work force, and a strategic location between the Balkans and Western Europe, Slovenia has one of the highest per capita GDPs in Central Europe, despite having suffered a protracted recession in 2008-2009 in the wake of the global financial crisis. Slovenia became the first 2004 EU entrant to adopt the euro (on 1 January 2007) and has experienced one of the most stable political transitions in Central and Southeastern Europe. ++ ++ In March 2004, Slovenia became the first transition country to graduate from borrower status to donor partner at the World Bank. In 2007, Slovenia was invited to begin the process for joining the OECD; it became a member in 2012. However, long-delayed privatizations, particularly within Slovenia’s largely state-owned and increasingly indebted banking sector, have fueled investor concerns since 2012 that the country would need EU-IMF financial assistance. In 2013, the European Commission granted Slovenia permission to begin recapitalizing ailing lenders and transferring their nonperforming assets into a “bad bank” established to restore bank balance sheets. Export-led growth fueled by demand in larger European markets pushed GDP growth to 3.0% in 2014, while stubbornly-high unemployment fell slightly to 12%. ++ ++ Prime Minister CERAR’s government took office in September 2014, pledging to press ahead with commitments to privatize a select group of state-run companies, rationalize public spending, and further stabilize the banking sector."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$61.56 billion (2014 est.) ++ $59.74 billion (2013 est.) ++ $60.38 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$63.78 billion (2015 est.) ++ $62.34 billion (2014 est.) ++ $60.46 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$49.57 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$42.8 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "3% (2014 est.) ++ -1.1% (2013 est.) ++ -2.7% (2012 est.)"
"text": "2.3% (2015 est.) ++ 3.1% (2014 est.) ++ -1.1% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$29,900 (2014 est.) ++ $29,000 (2013 est.) ++ $29,300 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$30,900 (2015 est.) ++ $30,200 (2014 est.) ++ $29,400 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "26.8% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 25% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 21.3% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "25.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 26% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 24.5% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "53.4%"
"text": "52.2%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "19.1%"
"text": "18.7%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "19.7%"
"text": "19.5%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.2%"
"text": "1%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "76.4%"
"text": "77.6%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-68.7% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-68.8% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "2.2%"
"text": "2.3%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "33.1%"
"text": "33.5%"
},
"services": {
"text": "64.7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "64.2% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
"text": "potatoes, hops, wheat, sugar beets, corn, grapes; cattle, sheep, poultry"
"text": "hops, wheat, coffee, corn, apples, pears; cattle, sheep, poultry"
},
"Industries": {
"text": "ferrous metallurgy and aluminum products, lead and zinc smelting; electronics (including military electronics), trucks, automobiles, electric power equipment, wood products, textiles, chemicals, machine tools"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "5.3% (2014 est.)"
"text": "3.3% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "917,900 (2014 est.)"
"text": "917,400 (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "2.2%"
"text": "8.3%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "35%"
"text": "30.8%"
},
"services": {
"text": "62.8% (2009)"
"text": "60.9% (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "13.1% (2014 est.) ++ 13.1% (2013 est.)"
"text": "12.3% (2015 est.) ++ 13.1% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "13.5% (2012 est.)"
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
"lowest 10%": {
"text": "3.9%"
"text": "3.7%"
},
"highest 10%": {
"text": "19.8% (2011)"
"text": "21.1% (2012)"
}
},
"Distribution of family income - Gini index": {
@ -595,20 +596,20 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$20.59 billion"
"text": "$19.29 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$22.26 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$20.55 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "41.5% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "45.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-3.4% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-2.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "60.9% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 61.1% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "83.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 81% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds"
}
@ -617,19 +618,19 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.2% (2014 est.) ++ 1.8% (2013 est.)"
"text": "-0.5% (2015 est.) ++ 0.2% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.75% (31 December 2013) ++ 1.5% (31 December 2012)",
"text": "0.3% (10 September 2014) ++ 0.75% (31 December 2013)",
"note": {
"text": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area"
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "5.02% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 5.68% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "3.49% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 5.02% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$12.85 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $12.31 billion (31 December 2013 est.)",
"text": "$14.39 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $12.85 billion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
}
@ -638,49 +639,54 @@
"text": "$26.11 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $25.92 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$31.08 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $41.44 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$29.94 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $31.11 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$6.87 billion (31 December 2013 est.) ++ $6.31 billion (31 December 2012) ++ $6.783 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
"text": "$6.035 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $7.519 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $7.128 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$3.464 billion (2014 est.) ++ $2.686 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$2.217 billion (2015 est.) ++ $3.089 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$30.55 billion (2014 est.) ++ $28.81 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$26.67 billion (2015 est.) ++ $30.51 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 19%, Italy 11.2%, Austria 8.7%, Croatia 6.6%, Hungary 4.4%, France 4.4%, Russia 4.1%, Slovakia 4.1% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 19.1%, Italy 10.6%, Austria 8%, Croatia 6.8%, Slovakia 4.7%, Hungary 4.4%, France 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$28.94 billion (2014 est.) ++ $27.87 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$25.01 billion (2015 est.) ++ $28.94 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, chemicals, fuels and lubricants, food"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 16.2%, Italy 14.4%, Austria 10.3%, South Korea 4.6%, China 4.4%, Croatia 4.3%, Hungary 4.1% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 16.5%, Italy 13.6%, Austria 10.2%, China 5.5%, Croatia 5.1%, Turkey 4% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$1.016 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $921.9 million (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$856.2 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.016 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$1.016 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $921.9 million (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$56.11 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $55.45 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$14.73 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $14.55 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$14.49 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $14.37 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$8.178 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $9.374 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$7.843 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $8.463 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.7489 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.) ++ 0.755 (2010 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.7752 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "14.81 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -697,16 +703,16 @@
"text": "3.353 million kW (2012 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
"text": "36% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "34.1% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
"text": "20.5% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "33.6% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
"text": "32% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "29.2% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
"text": "6.1% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "3% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - production": {
"text": "5 bbl/day (2014 est.)"
@ -754,18 +760,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "770,000"
"text": "753,082"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "39 (2014 est.)"
"text": "38 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "2.3 million"
"text": "2.354 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "117 (2014 est.)"
"text": "119 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -773,34 +779,45 @@
"text": "well-developed telecommunications infrastructure"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 150 telephones per 100 persons"
"text": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 155 telephones per 100 persons"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 386 (2011)"
"text": "country code - 386 (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "public TV broadcaster, Radiotelevizija Slovenija (RTV), operates a system of national and regional TV stations; 35 domestic commercial TV stations operating nationally, regionally, and locally; about 60% of households are connected to multi-channel cable TV; public radio broadcaster operates 3 national and 4 regional stations; more than 75 regional and local commercial and non-commercial radio stations (2007)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 10, FM 230, shortwave 0 (2006)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "31 (2006)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".si"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "1.4 million"
"text": "1.45 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "72.3% (2014 est.)"
"text": "73.1% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "2"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "35"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "1,130,637"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "1,349,442 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "S5 (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "16 (2013)"
},
@ -835,7 +852,7 @@
"text": "3"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 5 (2013)"
"text": "5 (2013)"
}
},
"Pipelines": {
@ -871,39 +888,15 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Slovenian Armed Forces (Slovenska Vojska, SV): Forces Command (with ground units, naval element, air and air defense brigade); Administration for Civil Protection and Disaster Relief (ACPDR) (2013)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2003 (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "477,592"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "464,301 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "392,075"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "380,077 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "9,818"
},
"female": {
"text": "9,395 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.18% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.32% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.18% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "0.97% of GDP (2015) ++ 1% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.05% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.18% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.32% of GDP (2011)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
@ -911,8 +904,11 @@
"text": "since the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, Croatia and Slovenia have each claimed sovereignty over Pirin Bay and four villages, and Slovenia has objected to Croatia's claim of an exclusive economic zone in the Adriatic Sea; in 2009, however Croatia and Slovenia signed a binding international arbitration agreement to define their disputed land and maritime borders, which led to Slovenia lifting its objections to Croatia joining the EU; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Slovenia has implemented the strict Schengen border rules to curb illegal migration and commerce through southeastern Europe while encouraging close cross-border ties with Croatia; Slovenia continues to impose a hard border Schengen regime with Croatia, which joined the EU in 2013 but has not yet fulfilled Schengen requirements"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"stateless persons": {
"text": "4 (2015)"
},
"note": {
"text": "179,299 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (November 2015)"
"text": "477,791 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (2015 - March 2016)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

197
europe/sm.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Geographically the third smallest state in Europe (after the Holy See and Monaco), San Marino also claims to be the world's oldest republic. According to tradition, it was founded by a Christian stonemason named MARINUS in A.D. 301. San Marino's foreign policy is aligned with that of the European Union, although it is not a member; social and political trends in the republic track closely with those of its larger neighbor, Italy."
"text": "Geographically the third smallest state in Europe (after the Holy See and Monaco), San Marino also claims to be the world's oldest republic. According to tradition, it was founded by a Christian stonemason named MARINUS in A.D. 301. San Marino's foreign policy is aligned with that of the EU, although it is not a member; social and political trends in the republic track closely with those of its larger neighbor, Italy."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -48,12 +48,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "rugged mountains"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Torrente Ausa 55 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "NA"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Monte Titano 755 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Torrente Ausa 55 m ++ highest point: Monte Titano 755 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -71,7 +71,7 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "NA"
"text": "0 sq km (2012)"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "NA"
@ -92,6 +92,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "33,285 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Sammarinese (singular and plural)"
@ -109,51 +112,45 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Roman Catholic"
},
"Population": {
"text": "33,020 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "15.69% (male 2,756/female 2,424)"
"text": "15.46% (male 2,736/female 2,410)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "11.15% (male 1,890/female 1,792)"
"text": "11.34% (male 1,944/female 1,832)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "41.88% (male 6,518/female 7,310)"
"text": "41.34% (male 6,480/female 7,280)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "12.19% (male 2,009/female 2,015)"
"text": "12.52% (male 2,075/female 2,092)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "19.1% (male 2,822/female 3,484) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "19.34% (male 2,883/female 3,553) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "43.9 years"
"text": "44.2 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "42.9 years"
"text": "43.1 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "44.7 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "45.1 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "0.82% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.78% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "8.63 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "8.6 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "8.45 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "8.6 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "8.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "7.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -180,42 +177,42 @@
"text": "0.89 male(s)/female"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "1 male(s)/female"
"text": "0.99 male(s)/female"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "0.81 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.94 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.94 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "4.45 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "4.4 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "4.65 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "4.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "4.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "4.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "83.24 years"
"text": "83.3 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "80.69 years"
"text": "80.7 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "86.01 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "86.1 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.49 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.5 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "6.5% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "6.1% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "5.1 physicians/1,000 population (2013)"
@ -233,7 +230,7 @@
"text": "NA"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "NA"
"text": "2.4% of GDP (2011)"
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
@ -243,7 +240,7 @@
"text": "15 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "16 years (2011)"
"text": "16 years (2012)"
}
}
},
@ -260,14 +257,17 @@
},
"local short form": {
"text": "San Marino"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "named after Saint MARINUS, the traditional founder of the country"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "republic"
"text": "parliamentary republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
"text": "San Marino"
"text": "San Marino (city)"
},
"geographic coordinates": {
"text": "43 56 N, 12 25 E"
@ -289,7 +289,7 @@
"text": "Founding of the Republic, 3 September (A.D. 301)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "consists of several legislative instruments, chief among them the Statutes (Leges Statuti) of 1600 and the Declaration of Citizen Rights of 1974; latter document amended 2000, 2002, 2005 (2015)"
"text": "consists of several legislative instruments, chief among them the Statutes (Leges Statuti) of 1600 and the Declaration of Citizen Rights of 1974; latter document amended several times, last in 2012 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system with Italian civil law influences"
@ -297,12 +297,26 @@
"International law organization participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of San Marino"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": "30 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "co-chiefs of state Captain Regent Lorella STEFANELLI and Captain Regent Nicola RENZI (for the period 1 October 2015 - 1 April 2016)"
"text": "co-chiefs of state Captain Regent Marino RICCARDI and Captain Regent Fabio BERARDI (for the period 1 October 2016 - 1 April 2017)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs Pasquale VALENTINI (since 5 December 2012)"
@ -311,10 +325,10 @@
"text": "Congress of State elected by the Grand and General Council"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "co-chiefs of state (captains regent) indirectly elected by the Grand and General Council for a single 6-month term; election last held in September 2015 (next to be held in March 2016); secretary of state for foreign and political affairs indirectly elected by the Grand and General Council for a single 5-year term; election last held on 11 November 2012 (next to be held by November 2017)"
"text": "co-chiefs of state (captains regent) indirectly elected by the Grand and General Council for a single 6-month term; election last held in September 2016 (next to be held in March 2017); secretary of state for foreign and political affairs indirectly elected by the Grand and General Council for a single 5-year term; election last held on 11 November 2012 (next to be held by November 2017)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Lorella STEFANELLI (PDCS) and Nicola RENZI (AP) elected captains regent; percent of Grand and General Council vote - NA; Pasquale VALENTINI (PDCS) elected secretary of state for foreign and political affairs; percent of Grand and General Council vote - NA"
"text": "Marino RICCARDI (PSD) and Fabio BERARDI (PDCS) elected captains regent; percent of Grand and General Council vote - NA; Pasquale VALENTINI (PDCS) elected secretary of state for foreign and political affairs; percent of Grand and General Council vote - NA"
},
"note": {
"text": "the directly elected parliament (Grand and General Council) selects 2 of its members to serve as the captains regent (co-chiefs of state) for a 6-month period; they preside over meetings of the Grand and General Council and its cabinet (Congress of State), which has 9 other members, all are selected by the Grand and General Council; assisting the captains regent are 9 secretaries of state; the secretary of state for Foreign Affairs has some prime ministerial roles"
@ -343,10 +357,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "San Marino Common Good (includes Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party or PDCS [Marco GATTI], Party of Socialists and Democrats or PSD [Denise BRONZETTI], Popular Alliance or AP [Mario VENTURINI]) ++ Entente for the Country (includes Sammarinese Union of Moderates or USDM [Romeo MORRI and Glauco SANSOVINI], New Socialist Party or NPS [Augusto CASALI], Union for the Republic or UPR [Gian Marco MARCUCCI]) ++ Active Citizenship (includes Civic 10 [Mateo CIACCI], United Left or SU [Gastone PASOLINI])",
"other": {
"text": "Civic Movement R.E.T.E. (Network) [Gloria ARCANGELONI] ++ For San Marino [Emilio DELLA BALDA] ++ San Marino 3.0 [Simone DELLA VALLE]"
}
"text": "San Marino Common Good (includes Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party or PDCS [Marco GATTI], We Sammarinese or NS [Marco ARZILLI], Party of Socialists and Democrats or PSD [Paride ANDREOLI], Popular Alliance or AP [Gabriele GATTI]) ++ Entente for the Country (Intesa per il Paese; includes Sammarinese Union of Moderates or USDM; dissolved after 2012 election, Socialist Party or PS [Alessandro BEVITORI], Union for the Republic or UPR [Marco PODESCHI) ++ Active Citizenship (includes Civic 10 [Mateo CIACCI], United Left or SU [Gastone PASOLINI])"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "NA"
@ -369,7 +380,7 @@
}
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"text": "the US does not have an embassy in San Marino; the ambassador to Italy is accredited to San Marino"
"text": "the US does not have an embassy in San Marino; the US Ambassador to Italy is accredited to San Marino"
},
"Flag description": {
"text": "two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the main colors derive from the shield of the coat of arms, which features three white towers on three peaks on a blue field; the towers represent three castles built on San Marino's highest feature, Mount Titano: Guaita, Cesta, and Montale; the coat of arms is flanked by a wreath, below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty); the white and blue colors are also said to stand for peace and liberty respectively"
@ -391,24 +402,39 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "San Marino's economy relies heavily on tourism, the banking industry and the manufacture and export of ceramics, clothing, fabrics, furniture, paints, spirits, tiles, and wine. The manufacturing and financial sectors account for more than half of San Marino's GDP. The per capita level of output and standard of living are comparable to those of the most prosperous regions of Italy. The economy benefits from foreign investment due to its relatively low corporate taxes and low taxes on interest earnings. The income tax rate is also very low, about one-third the average EU level. San Marino does not issue public debt securities; when necessary, it finances deficits by drawing down central bank deposits. San Marino's economy has been contracting since 2008, largely due to weakened demand from Italy - which accounts for nearly 90% of its export market - and financial sector consolidation. Difficulties in the banking sector, the recent global economic downturn, and the sizable decline in tax revenues have contributed to negative real GDP growth. The government has adopted measures to counter the economic downturn, including subsidized credit to businesses and is seeking to shift its growth model away from a reliance on bank and tax secrecy. San Marino continues to work towards harmonizing its fiscal laws with EU and international standards. In September 2009, the OECD removed San Marino from its list of tax havens that have yet to fully adopt global tax standards, and in 2010 San Marino signed Tax Information Exchange Agreements with most major countries. In 2013 San Marino's Government signed a Double Taxation Agreement with Italy, but a referendum on EU membership failed to reach the quorum needed to bring it to a vote."
"text": "San Marino's economy relies heavily on tourism, banking, and the manufacture and export of ceramics, clothing, fabrics, furniture, paints, spirits, tiles, and wine. The manufacturing and financial sectors account for more than half of San Marino's GDP. The per capita level of output and standard of living are comparable to those of the most prosperous regions of Italy. ++ ++ San Marino's economy has been contracting since 2008, largely due to weakened demand from Italy - which accounts for nearly 90% of its export market - and financial sector consolidation. Difficulties in the banking sector, the recent global economic downturn, and the sizable decline in tax revenues have contributed to negative real GDP growth. The government has adopted measures to counter the downturn, including subsidized credit to businesses and is seeking to shift its growth model away from a reliance on bank and tax secrecy. San Marino does not issue public debt securities; when necessary, it finances deficits by drawing down central bank deposits. ++ ++ The economy benefits from foreign investment due to its relatively low corporate taxes and low taxes on interest earnings. The income tax rate is also very low, about one-third the average EU level. San Marino continues to work towards harmonizing its fiscal laws with EU and international standards. In September 2009, the OECD removed San Marino from its list of tax havens that have yet to fully adopt global tax standards, and in 2010 San Marino signed Tax Information Exchange Agreements with most major countries. In 2013, the San Marino Government signed a Double Taxation Agreement with Italy, but a referendum on EU membership failed to reach the quorum needed to bring it to a vote."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$1.914 billion (2014 est.) ++ $1.933 billion (2013 est.) ++ $2.024 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$1.977 billion (2015 est.) ++ $1.967 billion (2014 est.) ++ $1.987 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$1.786 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.558 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "-1% (2014 est.) ++ -4.5% (2013 est.) ++ -7.5% (2012 est.)"
"text": "0.5% (2015 est.) ++ -1% (2014 est.) ++ -3% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$60,900 (2014 est.) ++ $61,500 (2013 est.) ++ $64,400 (2012 est.)"
"text": "$63,800 (2015 est.) ++ $63,500 (2014 est.) ++ $64,100 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "NA%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "NA%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "NA%"
},
"investments in inventories": {
"text": "NA%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "176.6%"
},
@ -469,11 +495,11 @@
"text": "$667.7 million"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$719.5 million (2011 est.)"
"text": "$713.1 million (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "37.4% of GDP (2011 est.)"
"text": "42.6% of GDP (2011 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-2.9% of GDP (2011 est.)"
@ -485,7 +511,7 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "1.1% (2014 est.) ++ 1.3% (2013 est.)"
"text": "0.1% (2015 est.) ++ 1.1% (2014 est.)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "5.92% (31 December 2011 est.) ++ 5.38% (31 December 2010 est.)"
@ -521,30 +547,37 @@
"text": "Italy 81.8% (2012 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$308.6 million (2012 est.) ++ $341.9 million (2011 est.)"
"text": "$392 million (2014 est.) ++ $539.3 million (2013 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.7489 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.) ++ 0.755 (2010 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.7752 2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
}
},
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "18,600"
"text": "16,550"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "57 (2014 est.)"
"text": "50 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "37,600"
"text": "37,000"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "115 (2014 est.)"
"text": "111 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -552,21 +585,15 @@
"text": "automatic telephone system completely integrated into Italian system"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity 170 telephones per 100 persons"
"text": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity over 160 telephones per 100 persons"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 378; connected to Italian international network (2011)"
"text": "country code - 378; connected to Italian international network (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state-owned public broadcaster operates 1 TV station and 3 radio stations; receives radio and TV broadcasts from Italy (2012)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 0, FM 2, shortwave 0 (2008)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "1 (San Marino residents also receive broadcasts from Italy) (1997)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".sm"
},
@ -575,11 +602,14 @@
"text": "17,200"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "52.6% (2014 est.)"
"text": "52.6% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "T7 (2016)"
},
"Roadways": {
"total": {
"text": "292 km"
@ -589,34 +619,13 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "no regular military forces; voluntary Military Corps (Corpi Militari) performs ceremonial duties and limited police support functions (2010)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription; government has the authority to call up all San Marino citizens from 16-60 years of age to service in the military (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "6,892 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "5,565"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "6,067 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "186"
},
"female": {
"text": "166 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "defense is the responsibility of Italy"
}

318
europe/sp.json
View file

@ -29,10 +29,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "almost five times the size of Kentucky; slightly more than twice the size of Oregon",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "almost five times the size of Kentucky; slightly more than twice the size of Oregon"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -65,12 +62,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees Mountains in north"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "660 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Pico de Teide (Tenerife) on Canary Islands 3,718 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m ++ highest point: Pico de Teide (Tenerife) on Canary Islands 3,718 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -88,18 +85,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "34,700 sq km (2011)"
"text": "38,000 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "111.5 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "32.46 cu km/yr (18%/22%/61%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "698.7 cu m/yr (2008)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "with the notable exception of Madrid, Sevilla, and Zaragoza, the largest urban agglomerations are found along the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts; numerous smaller cities are spread throughout the interior reflecting Spain's agrarian heritage; dense settlement is found around the capital of Madrid, as well as the port city of Barcelona"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "periodic droughts, occasional flooding",
@ -123,6 +112,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "48,563,476 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Spaniard(s)"
@ -135,35 +127,29 @@
"text": "composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types"
},
"Languages": {
"text": "Castilian Spanish (official) 74%, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, and Basque 2%",
"text": "Castilian Spanish (official nationwide) 74%, Catalan (official in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and the Valencian Community (where it is known as Valencian)) 17%, Galician (official in Galicia) 7%, Basque (official in the Basque Country and in the Basque-speaking area of Navarre) 2%, Aranese (official in the northwest corner of Catalonia (Vall d'Aran) along with Catalan; <5,000 speakers)",
"note": {
"text": "Catalan is official in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and the Valencian Community (where it is known as Valencian); in the northwest corner of Catalonia (Vall d'Aran), Aranese is official along with Catalan; Galician is official in Galicia; Basque is official in the Basque Country and in the Basque-speaking area of Navarre; Aragonese, Aranese Asturian, Basque, Calo, Catalan, Galician, and Valencian are recognized as regional languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages"
"text": "Aragonese, Aranese Asturian, Basque, Calo, Catalan, Galician, and Valencian are recognized as regional languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages"
}
},
"Religions": {
"text": "Roman Catholic 94%, other 6%"
},
"Population": {
"text": "48,146,134 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "15.45% (male 3,827,552/female 3,610,910)"
"text": "15.43% (male 3,854,687/female 3,638,288)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "9.56% (male 2,379,676/female 2,223,159)"
"text": "9.56% (male 2,400,188/female 2,243,311)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "45.57% (male 11,180,532/female 10,762,002)"
"text": "45.24% (male 11,200,786/female 10,771,652)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "11.67% (male 2,738,802/female 2,877,648)"
"text": "11.91% (male 2,820,933/female 2,963,050)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "17.75% (male 3,642,559/female 4,903,294) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "17.85% (male 3,700,832/female 4,969,749) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -182,26 +168,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "42 years"
"text": "42.3 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "40.8 years"
"text": "41.2 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "43.2 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "43.6 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "0.89% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.84% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "9.64 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "9.4 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "9.04 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "9.1 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "8.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "with the notable exception of Madrid, Sevilla, and Zaragoza, the largest urban agglomerations are found along the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts; numerous smaller cities are spread throughout the interior reflecting Spain's agrarian heritage; dense settlement is found around the capital of Madrid, as well as the port city of Barcelona"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -234,9 +223,12 @@
"text": "0.74 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.98 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.98 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "29.8 (2010 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "5 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
@ -245,31 +237,31 @@
"text": "3.3 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "3.63 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "3.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "2.96 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "81.57 years"
"text": "81.7 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "78.57 years"
"text": "78.7 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "84.77 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "84.9 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.49 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.49 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "65.7% (2006)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "8.9% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "9% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "4.95 physicians/1,000 population (2013)"
@ -294,19 +286,19 @@
}
},
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "0.42% (2013 est.)"
"text": "0.39% (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
"text": "150,400 (2013 est.)"
"text": "148,900 (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
"text": "800 (2013 est.)"
"text": "1,200 (2015 est.)"
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "26.5% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "4.3% of GDP (2013)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -324,13 +316,13 @@
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
"text": "17 years"
"text": "18 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "17 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "18 years (2012)"
"text": "18 years (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
@ -338,10 +330,10 @@
"text": "53.2%"
},
"male": {
"text": "54.4%"
"text": "53.4%"
},
"female": {
"text": "51.8% (2012 est.)"
"text": "52.9% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -358,10 +350,13 @@
},
"local short form": {
"text": "Espana"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "derivation of the name \"Espana\" is uncertain, but may come from the Phoenician term \"span,\" related to the word \"spy,\" meaning \"to forge metals,\" so, \"i-spn-ya\" would mean \"place where metals are forged\"; the ancient Phoenicians long exploited the Iberian Peninsula for its mineral wealth"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "parliamentary monarchy"
"text": "parliamentary constitutional monarchy"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -381,7 +376,7 @@
}
},
"Administrative divisions": {
"text": "17 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular - comunidad autonoma) and 2 autonomous cities* (ciudades autonomas, singular - ciudad autonoma); Andalucia; Aragon; Asturias; Canarias (Canary Islands); Cantabria; Castilla-La Mancha; Castilla-Leon; Cataluna (Castilian), Catalunya (Catalan), Catalonha (Aranese) [Catalonia]; Ceuta*; Comunidad Valenciana (Castilian), Comunitat Valenciana (Valencian) [Valencian Community]; Extremadura; Galicia; Illes Baleares (Balearic Islands); La Rioja; Madrid; Melilla*; Murcia; Navarra (Castilian), Nafarroa (Basque) [Navarre]; Pais Vasco (Castilian), Euskadi (Basque) [Basque Country]",
"text": "17 semi-autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular - comunidad autonoma) and 2 autonomous cities* (ciudades autonomas, singular - ciudad autonoma); Andalucia; Aragon; Asturias; Canarias (Canary Islands); Cantabria; Castilla-La Mancha; Castilla-Leon; Cataluna (Castilian), Catalunya (Catalan), Catalonha (Aranese) [Catalonia]; Ceuta*; Comunidad Valenciana (Castilian), Comunitat Valenciana (Valencian) [Valencian Community]; Extremadura; Galicia; Illes Baleares (Balearic Islands); La Rioja; Madrid; Melilla*; Murcia; Navarra (Castilian), Nafarroa (Basque) [Navarre]; Pais Vasco (Castilian), Euskadi (Basque) [Basque Country]",
"note": {
"text": "the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla plus three small islands of Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, administered directly by the Spanish central government, are all along the coast of Morocco and are collectively referred to as Places of Sovereignty (Plazas de Soberania)"
}
@ -393,7 +388,7 @@
"text": "National Day, 12 October (1492); year when Columbus first set foot in the Americas"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1812; latest approved by the General Courts 31 October 1978, passed by referendum 6 December 1978, signed by the king 27 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978; amended 1992, 2011 (2015)"
"text": "previous 1812; latest approved by the General Courts 31 October 1978, passed by referendum 6 December 1978, signed by the king 27 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978; amended 1992, 2007, 2011 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system with regional variations"
@ -402,14 +397,17 @@
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": ""
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Spain"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "only with select Latin American countries"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": ""
"text": "10 years for persons with no ties to Spain"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
@ -417,19 +415,19 @@
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "King FELIPE VI (since 19 June 2014); Heir Apparent Princess LEONOR daughter of the monarch, born 31 October 2005"
"text": "King FELIPE VI (since 19 June 2014); Heir Apparent Princess LEONOR, Princess of Asturias, daughter of the monarch, born 31 October 2005"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "President of the Government or Prime Minister Mariano RAJOY (since 20 December 2011); Vice President (and Minister of the President's Office) Soraya SAENZ DE SANTAMARIA (since 22 December 2011)"
"text": "President of the Government or Acting Prime Minister Mariano RAJOY (since 20 December 2011); Vice President (and Minister of the President's Office) Soraya SAENZ DE SANTAMARIA (since 22 December 2011)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers designated by the president"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually proposed as president by the monarch and indirectly elected by the National Assembly; election last held on 20 November 2011 (next to be held in November 2015); vice president and Council of Ministers appointed by the president"
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the monarch usually proposes the leader of the party or coalition with the largest majority of seats as president, who is then indirectly elected by the Congress of Deputies; election last held on 20 December 2015; vice president and Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - because no party received a majority of the votes in both houses, and because the leaders of the parties with the most votes were unable to form a coalition to form a majority, new elections were held on 26 June 2016"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Mariano RAJOY (PP) elected President of the Government; percent of National Assembly vote - 44.6%"
"text": "percent of National Assembly vote - NA"
},
"note": {
"text": "there is also a Council of State that is the supreme consultative organ of the government, but its recommendations are non-binding"
@ -437,31 +435,31 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "bicameral General Courts or Las Cortes Generales consists of the Senate or Senado (257 seats as of 2013; 208 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 49 appointed by the regional legislatures; members serve 4-year terms) and the Congress of Deputies or Congreso de los Diputados (350 seats; 348 members directly elected in 50 multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 2 directly elected from the North African Ceuta and Melilla enclaves by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
"text": "bicameral General Courts or Las Cortes Generales consists of the Senate or Senado (266 seats as of 2013; 208 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 58 appointed by the regional legislatures; members serve 4-year terms) and the Congress of Deputies or Congreso de los Diputados (350 seats; 348 members directly elected in 50 multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 2 directly elected from the North African Ceuta and Melilla enclaves by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms or until the government is dissolved)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "Senate - last held on 20 November 2011 (next to be held by end of 2015); Congress of Deputies - last held on 20 November 2011 (next to be held by end of 2015)"
"text": "Senate - last held on 26 June 2016 (next to be held 26 June 2016); Congress of Deputies - last held on 20 December 2015 (next to be held no later than 26 June 2020); note - the four main parties were unable to form a government so a second election was held six months later"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PP 166, PSOE 66, CiU 13, ECP 10, EAJ/PNV 5, Amaiur 3, CC 2, FAC 1, members appointed by regional legislatures 49; Congress of Deputies - percent of vote by party - PP 44.6%, PSOE 28.8%, CiU 4.2%, IU 6.9%, Amaiur 1.4%, UPyD 4.7%, EAJ/PNV 1.3%, ERC 1.1%, BNG 8.2%, CC 0.6%, Compris-Q 0.5%, FAC 0.1%, GBai 0.1%; seats by party - PP 186, PSOE 110, CiU 16, IU 11, Amaiur 7, UPyD 5, EAJ/PNV 5, other 10"
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PP 151, PSOE 63, Podemos 23, ERC 12, EAJ/PNV 6, CDC 4, other 7; Congress of Deputies - percent of vote by party - PP 33.0%, PSOE 22.7%, Podemos 21.1%, C's 13.0%, ERC-CatSi 2.6%, CDC 2.0%, EAJ/PNV 1.2%, other 4.4%; seats by party - PP 137, PSOE 85, Podemos 71, C's 32, ERC-CatSi 9, CDC 8, EAJ/PNV 5, other 3"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
"highest court(s)": {
"text": "Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo (consists of the court president and organized into the Civil Room with a president and 9 magistrates, the Penal Room with a president and 14 magistrates, the Administrative Room with a president and 32 magistrates, the Social Room with a president and 12 magistrates, and the Military Room with a president and 7 magistrates); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional de Espana (consists of 12 judges)"
"text": "Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo (consists of the court president and organized into the Civil Room with a president and 9 judges, the Penal Room with a president and 14 judges, the Administrative Room with a president and 32 judges, the Social Room with a president and 12 judges, and the Military Room with a president and 7 judges); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional de Espana (consists of 12 judges)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the monarch from candidates proposed by the General Council of the Judicial Power, a 20-member governing board chaired by the monarch and includes presidential appointees, and lawyers and jurists confirmed by the National Assembly; judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the General Assembly, executive branch, and the General Council of the Judiciary, and appointed by the monarch for 9-year terms"
"text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the monarch from candidates proposed by the General Council of the Judiciary Power, a 20-member governing board chaired by the monarch that includes presidential appointees, and lawyers and jurists confirmed by the National Assembly; judges can serve until age 70; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the National Assembly, executive branch, and the General Council of the Judiciary, and appointed by the monarch for 9-year terms"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "National Court; High Courts of Justice (in each of the autonomous communities); provincial courts; courts of first instance"
"text": "National High Court; High Courts of Justice (in each of the autonomous communities); provincial courts; courts of first instance"
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Amaiur [collective leadership] (a separatist political coalition that advocates Basque independence from Spain) ++ Basque Nationalist Party or PNV or EAJ [Anoni ORTUZAR] ++ Canarian Coalition or CC [Claudina MORALES Rodriquez] (a coalition of five parties) ++ Ciutadans [Albert Rivera] (an anti-separatist Catalan party) ++ Convergence and Union or CiU [Artur MAS i Gavarro] (a coalition of the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia or CDC [Artur MAS i Gavarro] and the Democratic Union of Catalonia or UDC [Josep Antoni DURAN i LLEIDA]) ++ Entesa Catalonia de Progress [Carles BONET i Reves] (a Senate coalition grouping four Catalan parties - PSC, ERC, ICV, EUA) ++ Galician Nationalist Bloc or BNG [Xavier VENCE] ++ Initiative for Catalonia Greens or ICV [Joan HERRERA i Torres and Dolors CAMATS] ++ Popular Party or PP [Mariano RAJOY Brey] ++ Republican Left of Catalonia or ERC [Oriol JUNQUERAS i Vies] ++ Spanish Socialist Workers Party or PSOE [Pedro SANCHEZ] ++ Union of People of Navarra or UPN [Yolanda BARCINA Angulo] ++ Union, Progress and Democracy or UPyD [Rosa DIEZ Gonzalez] ++ United Left or IU [Cayo LARA Moya] (a coalition of parties including the Communist Party of Spain or PCE and other small parties) ++ Yes to the Future or Geroa Bai [Uxue BARKOS] (a coalition of four Navarran parties)"
"text": "Amaiur [Xabier ERREKONDO] (a separatist political coalition that advocates Basque independence from Spain) ++ Asturias Forum or FAC [Cristina COTO] ++ Basque Country Unite (Euskal Herria Bildu) or EH Bildu [Pello URIZAR] (coalition of 4 Basque pro-independence parties) ++ Basque Nationalist Party or PNV or EAJ [Andoni ORTUZAR] ++ Canarian Coalition or CC [Claudina MORALES Rodriguez] (coalition of five parties) ++ Canarian Nationalist Party or PNC [Juan Manuel GARCIA Ramos] ++ Catalan Agreement of Progress (Entesa Catalonia de Progress) or ECP [Carles BONET i Reves] (Senate coalition of Catalan parties - PSC, ERC, ICV, EUA) ++ Change or Cambio-Aldaketa ++ Ciudadamos Party or C's [Albert RIVERA] ++ Democracy and Freedom or DiL [Francesc HOMS Molist] (2015 merger of Cemocratic Convergence of Catalonia or CDC, Democrats of Catalonia, Reagrupament) ++ Democratic Union of Catalonia or UDC [Josep Antoni DURAN i LLEIDA] ++ Galician Nationalist Bloc or BNG [Xavier VENCE] ++ Gomera Socialist Group or ASG ++ Initiative for Catalonia Greens or ICV [Joan HERRERA i Torres and Dolors CAMATS] ++ Podemos [Pablo IGLESIAS Turrion] ++ Popular Party or PP [Mariano RAJOY Brey] ++ Republican Left of Catalonia or ERC [Oriol JUNQUERAS i Vies] ++ Spanish Socialist Workers Party or PSOE [interim leader Javier FERNANDEZ] ++ Union of People of Navarra or UPN [Yolanda BARCINA Angulo] ++ Union, Progress and Democracy or UPyD [Rosa DIEZ Gonzalez] ++ United Left or IU [Alberto GARZON] (a coalition of parties including the Communist Party of Spain or PCE and other small parties; ran as Popular Unity or UP in 2015 election) ++ Yes to the Future or Geroa Bai [Uxue BARKOS] (a coalition of four Navarran parties)"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Association for Victims of Terrorism or AVT (grassroots organization devoted primarily to supporting victims of the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) terrorist organization) ++ Catholic Church ++ 15-M or 15 May protest movement, also known as the Indignados, Spanish for the \"indignant ones\" (a loose association of grassroots organizations that advocate for greater accountability and transparency in Spanish politics, increased social justice and job creation) ++ Socialist General Union of Workers or UGT (includes the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union or USO) ++ Trade Union Confederation of Workers' Commissions or CC.OO. ++ Spanish Confederation of Employers' Organizations or CEOE",
"text": "Association for Victims of Terrorism or AVT (grassroots organization devoted primarily to supporting victims of the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) terrorist organization) ++ Catholic Church ++ Socialist General Union of Workers or UGT (includes the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union or USO) ++ Trade Union Confederation of Workers' Commissions or CC.OO. ++ Spanish Confederation of Employers' Organizations or CEOE",
"other": {
"text": "business and landowning interests; free labor unions (authorized in April 1977); university students"
}
@ -483,7 +481,10 @@
"text": "[1] (202) 833-5670"
},
"consulate(s) general": {
"text": "Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico)"
"text": "Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico)"
},
"consulate(s)": {
"text": "Kansas City (MO)"
}
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
@ -529,47 +530,47 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "After experiencing a prolonged recession in the wake of the global financial crisis that began in 2008, in 2014 Spain marked the first full year of positive economic growth in seven years, largely due to increased private consumption. At the onset of the global financial crisis Spain's GDP contracted by 3.7% in 2009, ending a 16-year growth trend, and continued contracting through most of 2013. In 2013 the government successfully shored up struggling banks - exposed to the collapse of Spain's depressed real estate and construction sectors - and in January 2014 completed an EU-funded restructuring and recapitalization program. ++ ++ Until 2014, credit contraction in the private sector, fiscal austerity, and high unemployment weighed on domestic consumption and investment. The unemployment rate rose from a low of about 8% in 2007 to more than 26% in 2013, but labor reforms prompted a modest reduction to 23.7% in 2014. High unemployment strained Spain's public finances, as spending on social benefits increased while tax revenues fell. Spain’s budget deficit peaked at 11.4% of GDP in 2010, but Spain gradually reduced the deficit to just under 7% of GDP in 2013-14, slightly above the 6.5% target negotiated between Spain and the EU. Public debt has increased substantially – from 60.1% of GDP in 2010 to more than 97% in 2014. ++ ++ Exports were resilient throughout the economic downturn and helped to bring Spain's current account into surplus in 2013 for the first time since 1986, where it remained in 2014. Rising labor productivity and an internal devaluation resulting from moderating labor costs and lower inflation have helped to improve foreign investor interest in the economy and positive FDI flows have been restored. ++ ++ The government's efforts to implement labor, pension, health, tax, and education reforms - aimed at supporting investor sentiment - have become overshadowed by political activity in 2015 in anticipation of the national parliamentary elections in November. Spain’s 2015 budget, published in September 2014, rolls back some recently imposed taxes in advance of the elections and leaves untouched the country’s value-added tax (VAT) regime, which continues to generate significantly lower revenue than the EU average. Spain’s borrowing costs are dramatically lower since their peak in mid-2012, and despite the recent uptic in economic activity, inflation has dropped sharply, from 1.5% in 2013 to nearly flat in 2014."
"text": "After experiencing a prolonged recession in the wake of the global financial crisis that began in 2008, in 2014 Spain marked the first full year of positive economic growth in seven years, largely due to increased private consumption. At the onset of the financial crisis, Spain's GDP contracted by 3.7% in 2009, ending a 16-year growth trend, and continued contracting through most of 2013. In 2013, the government successfully shored up struggling banks - exposed to the collapse of Spain's depressed real estate and construction sectors - and in January 2014 completed an EU-funded restructuring and recapitalization program. ++ ++ Until 2014, credit contraction in the private sector, fiscal austerity, and high unemployment weighed on domestic consumption and investment. The unemployment rate rose from a low of about 8% in 2007 to more than 26% in 2013, but labor reforms prompted a modest reduction to 22% in 2015. High unemployment strained Spain's public finances, as spending on social benefits increased while tax revenues fell. Spain’s budget deficit peaked at 11.4% of GDP in 2010, but Spain gradually reduced the deficit to just under 7% of GDP in 2013-14, and 4.7% of GDP in 2015. Public debt has increased substantially – from 60.1% of GDP in 2010 to nearly 101% in 2015. ++ ++ Exports were resilient throughout the economic downturn and helped to bring Spain's current account into surplus in 2013 for the first time since 1986, where it remained in 2014-15. Rising labor productivity and an internal devaluation resulting from moderating labor costs and lower inflation have helped to improve foreign investor interest in the economy and positive FDI flows have been restored. ++ ++ The government's efforts to implement labor, pension, healthcare, tax, and education reforms - aimed at supporting investor sentiment - have become overshadowed by political activity in 2015 in anticipation of the national parliamentary elections in December. The European Commission criticized Spain’s 2016 budget for its easing of austerity measures and its alleged overly optimistic growth and deficit projections. Spain’s borrowing costs are dramatically lower since their peak in mid-2012, and despite the recent uptick in economic activity, inflation has dropped sharply, from 1.5% in 2013 to a negative 0.6% in 2015."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$1.572 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $1.551 trillion (2013 est.) ++ $1.57 trillion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$1.618 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $1.568 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $1.547 trillion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$1.407 trillion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.2 trillion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1.4% (2014 est.) ++ -1.2% (2013 est.) ++ -2.1% (2012 est.)"
"text": "3.2% (2015 est.) ++ 1.4% (2014 est.) ++ -1.7% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$33,800 (2014 est.) ++ $33,400 (2013 est.) ++ $33,800 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$34,900 (2015 est.) ++ $33,800 (2014 est.) ++ $33,200 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "20.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 20.4% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 19.9% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "22.1% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 20.8% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 20.7% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "59%"
"text": "57.6%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "19.2%"
"text": "19.3%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "18.9%"
"text": "20.4%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.6%"
"text": "0.3%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "32%"
"text": "33.1%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-29.7% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-30.7% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -577,10 +578,10 @@
"text": "2.5%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "23.1%"
"text": "22.6%"
},
"services": {
"text": "74.4% (2014 est.)"
"text": "74.9% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -590,24 +591,24 @@
"text": "textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools, tourism, clay and refractory products, footwear, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "0.7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "3.9% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "22.95 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "22.92 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "2.9%"
"text": "4.2%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "15%"
"text": "24%"
},
"services": {
"text": "58.4% (2014 est.)"
"text": "71.7% (2009)"
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "24.5% (2014 est.) ++ 26.1% (2013 est.)"
"text": "22.1% (2015 est.) ++ 24.5% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "21.1% (2012 est.)"
@ -621,30 +622,30 @@
}
},
"Distribution of family income - Gini index": {
"text": "34 (2011) ++ 32 (2005)"
"text": "35.9 (2012) ++ 32 (2005)"
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$531.7 billion"
"text": "$458.8 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$613.2 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$519.8 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "37.8% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "38.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-5.8% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-5.1% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "97.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 92.1% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "99.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 99.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "-0.2% (2014 est.) ++ 1.4% (2013 est.)"
"text": "-0.5% (2015 est.) ++ -0.1% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.05% (10 September 2014) ++ 0.25% (13 November 2013)",
@ -653,61 +654,66 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "9.44% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 9.34% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "2.74% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 3.5% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$858.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $868.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)",
"text": "$745 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $716.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders"
}
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$1.369 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.504 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.257 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.369 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$2.662 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $3.163 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$2.279 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.662 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$995.1 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $1.031 trillion (31 December 2011) ++ $1.172 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$787.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $992.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.117 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$11.2 billion (2014 est.) ++ $20.03 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$16.7 billion (2015 est.) ++ $13.6 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$317.1 billion (2014 est.) ++ $310.7 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$277.9 billion (2015 est.) ++ $317.1 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery, motor vehicles; foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, medicines, other consumer goods"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "France 16.2%, Germany 10.7%, Portugal 7.6%, Italy 7.3%, UK 7.1% (2014)"
"text": "France 15.7%, Germany 11%, Italy 7.4%, UK 7.4%, Portugal 7.1%, US 4.5% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$345.6 billion (2014 est.) ++ $327.6 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$302.6 billion (2015 est.) ++ $347 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, semi-finished goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, measuring and medical control instruments"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 13.4%, France 11.9%, Italy 6.2%, China 6.1%, Netherlands 4.8%, UK 4.4% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 14.4%, France 11.7%, China 7.1%, Italy 6.5%, Netherlands 5%, UK 4.9% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$50.35 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $46.31 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$53.97 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $50.35 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$50.35 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $46.31 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$2.064 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.238 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$721.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $802.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$758.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $736.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$674 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $719.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$720.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $673.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.7489 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.) ++ 0.755 (2010 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.7752 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "280 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -781,53 +787,64 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "19.09 million"
"text": "19,180,192"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "40 (2014 est.)"
"text": "40 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "50.8 million"
"text": "50.926 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "106 (2014 est.)"
"text": "106 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "well-developed, modern facilities; fixed-line teledensity exceeds 40 per 100 persons"
"text": "well-developed, modern facilities"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity exceeds 150 telephones per 100 persons"
"text": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity exceeds 145 telephones per 100 persons"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 34; submarine cables provide connectivity to Europe, Middle East, Asia, and US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to adjacent countries (2011)"
"text": "country code - 34; submarine cables provide connectivity to Europe, Middle East, Asia, and US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to adjacent countries (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "a mixture of both publicly operated and privately owned TV and radio stations; overall, hundreds of TV channels are available including national, regional, local, public, and international channels; satellite and cable TV systems available; multiple national radio networks, a large number of regional radio networks, and a larger number of local radio stations; overall, hundreds of radio stations (2008)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 18, FM 250, shortwave 2 (2008)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "379 (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".es"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "35.5 million"
"text": "37.886 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "74.4% (2014 est.)"
"text": "78.7% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "20"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "414"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "60,809,228"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "1,040,913,279 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "EC (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "150 (2013)"
},
@ -862,7 +879,7 @@
"text": "13"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 36 (2013)"
"text": "36 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -922,37 +939,13 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Spanish Armed Forces: Army (Ejercito de Tierra), Spanish Navy (Armada Espanola, AE; includes Marine Corps), Spanish Air Force (Ejercito del Aire Espanola, EdA) (2013)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-26 years of age for voluntary military service by a Spanish citizen or legal immigrant, 2-3 year obligation; women allowed to serve in all SAF branches, including combat units; no conscription, but Spanish Government retains right to mobilize citizens 19-25 years of age in a national emergency; mandatory retirement of non-NCO enlisted personnel at age 45 or 58, depending on service length (2013)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "11,759,557"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "11,204,688 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "9,603,939"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "9,116,928 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "217,244"
},
"female": {
"text": "205,278 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "0.86% of GDP (2012) ++ 0.95% of GDP (2011) ++ 0.86% of GDP (2010)"
}
@ -963,7 +956,10 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"stateless persons": {
"text": "270 (2014)"
"text": "440 (2015)"
},
"note": {
"text": "14,661 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (2015 - October 2016)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

68
europe/sv.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "First discovered by the Norwegians in the 12th century, the islands served as an international whaling base during the 17th and 18th centuries. Norway's sovereignty was recognized in 1920; five years later it officially took over the territory. In the 20th century coal mining started and today a Norwegian and a Russian company are still functioning. Travel between the settlements is accomplished with snowmobiles, aircraft, and boats."
"text": "The archipelago may have been first discovered by Norse explorers in the 12th century; the islands served as an international whaling base during the 17th and 18th centuries. Norway's sovereignty was internationally recognized by treaty in 1920, and five years later it officially took over the territory. In the 20th century coal mining started and today a Norwegian and a Russian company are still functioning. Travel between the settlements is accomplished with snowmobiles, aircraft, and boats."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -51,12 +51,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "rugged mountains; much of the upland areas are ice covered; west coast clear of ice about half the year; fjords along west and north coasts"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Arctic Ocean 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "NA"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Newtontoppen 1,717 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Arctic Ocean 0 m ++ highest point: Newtontoppen 1,717 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -73,8 +73,8 @@
"text": "100% (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "NA"
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "the small population is primarily concentrated on the island of Spitsbergen in a handful of settlements on the south side of the Isfjorden, with Longyearbyen being the largest"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "ice floes often block the entrance to Bellsund (a transit point for coal export) on the west coast and occasionally make parts of the northeastern coast inaccessible to maritime traffic"
@ -87,18 +87,21 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "1,872 (July 2014 est.)"
},
"Ethnic groups": {
"text": "Norwegian 55.4%, Russian and Ukrainian 44.3%, other 0.3% (1998)"
},
"Languages": {
"text": "Norwegian, Russian"
},
"Population": {
"text": "1,872 (July 2014 est.)"
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "-0.03% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "the small population is primarily concentrated on the island of Spitsbergen in a handful of settlements on the south side of the Isfjorden, with Longyearbyen being the largest"
},
"Sex ratio": {
"text": "NA"
},
@ -135,13 +138,16 @@
},
"conventional short form": {
"text": "Svalbard (sometimes referred to as Spitsbergen, the largest island in the archipelago)"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "12th century Norse accounts speak of the discovery of a \"Svalbard\" - literally \"cold shores\" - but they may have referred to Jan Mayen island or eastern Greenland; the archipelago was traditionally known as Spitsbergen, but Norway renamed it Svalbard in the 1920s when it assumed sovereignty of the islands"
}
},
"Dependency status": {
"text": "territory of Norway; administered by the Polar Department of the Ministry of Justice, through a governor (sysselmann) residing in Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen; by treaty (9 February 1920) sovereignty was awarded to Norway"
},
"Government type": {
"text": "NA"
"text": ""
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -161,24 +167,44 @@
"text": "none (territory of Norway)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "the laws of Norway where applicable apply only the laws of Norway made explicitly applicable to Svalbard have effect there; the Svalbard Act and the Svalbard Environmental Protection Act, and certain regulations, apply only to Svalbard; the Spitsbergen Treaty and the Svalbard Treaty grants certain rights to citizens and corporations of signatory nations"
"text": "the laws of Norway where applicable apply; only the laws of Norway made explicitly applicable to Svalbard have effect there; the Svalbard Act and the Svalbard Environmental Protection Act, and certain regulations, apply only to Svalbard; the Spitsbergen Treaty and the Svalbard Treaty grants certain rights to citizens and corporations of signatory nations"
},
"Citizenship": {
"text": "see Norway"
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "King HARALD V of Norway (since 17 January 1991)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Governor Odd Olsen INGERO (since September 2009); Assistant Governor Lars Erik ALHEIM"
"text": "Governor Kjerstin ASKHOLT (since 1 October 2015); Assistant Governor Lars Erik ALHEIM"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "none; the monarchy is hereditary; governor and assistant governor responsible to the Polar Department of the Ministry of Justice"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "unicameral Longyearbyen Community Council (15 seats; members elected by direct vote to serve four-year-terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 6 October 2015 (next to be held October 2019)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "seats by party - Conservatives 5, Green Party 2, Labor Party 5, Liberals 3"
},
"note": {
"text": "the Council's main responsibilities are infrastructure and utilities, including power, land-use and community planning, education, and child welfare; however, healthcare services are provided by the state"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
"highest court(s)": {
"text": "none; note - Svalbard is subordinate to Norway's Nord-Troms District Court and Halogaland Court of Appeal, both located in Tromso"
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Svalbard Conservative Party; Svalbard Green Party [ Espen Klungseth ROTEVATN]; Svalbard Labor Party [ Chjristin KRISTOFFERSEN]; Svalbard Liberal Party"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "NA"
},
@ -196,7 +222,7 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Coal mining, tourism, and international research are Svalbard's major revenue sources. Coal mining is the dominant economic activity and a treaty of 9 February 1920 gave the 41 signatories equal rights to exploit mineral deposits, subject to Norwegian regulation. Although US, UK, Dutch, and Swedish coal companies have mined in the past, the only companies still engaging in this are Norwegian and Russian. The settlements on Svalbard were established as company towns, and at their height in the 1950s, the Norwegian state-owned coal company supported around 1,000 jobs. Today, around 300 people work in the mining industry. Since the 1990s the tourism and hospitality industry has grown rapidly and Svalbard now receives 60,000 visitors annually. Goods such as alcohol, tobacco, and vehicles, normally highly taxed on mainland Norway, are considerably cheaper in Svalbard in an effort by the Norwegian government to entice more people to live on the Arctic archipelago. By law, the Norway collects only enough taxes to pay for the needs of the local government; none of tax proceeds go to Norway."
"text": "Tourism and international research are Svalbard's major revenue sources. Coal mining has historically been the dominant economic activity, and a treaty of 9 February 1920 gave the 41 signatories equal rights to exploit mineral deposits, subject to Norwegian regulation. Although US, UK, Dutch, and Swedish coal companies have mined in the past, the only companies still engaging in this are Norwegian and Russian. Low coal prices have forced the Norwegian coal company, Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani, to close one of its two mines and to considerably reduce the activity of the other. Since the 1990s, the tourism and hospitality industry has grown rapidly, and Svalbard now receives 60,000 visitors annually. ++ ++ The settlements on Svalbard were established as company towns, and at their height in the 1950s, the Norwegian state-owned coal company supported around 1,000 jobs. Today, around 300 people work in the mining industry. ++ ++ Goods such as alcohol, tobacco, and vehicles, normally highly taxed on mainland Norway, are considerably cheaper in Svalbard in an effort by the Norwegian government to entice more people to live on the Arctic archipelago. By law, Norway collects only enough taxes to pay for the needs of the local government; none of tax proceeds go to the central government."
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "NA%"
@ -225,7 +251,7 @@
"text": "$NA"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Norwegian kroner (NOK) per US dollar - ++ 6.3021 (2014) ++ 5.876 (2013) ++ 5.82 (2012) ++ 5.6065 (2011) ++ 6.0442 (2010)"
"text": "Norwegian kroner (NOK) per US dollar - ++ 8.0646 (2015) ++ 5.876 (2013) ++ 5.876 (2013) ++ 5.82 (2012) ++ 5.6065 (2011)"
}
},
"Energy": {
@ -275,12 +301,6 @@
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) began direct TV transmission to Svalbard via satellite in 1984; Longyearbyen households have access to 3 NRK radio and 2 TV stations (2008)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 1, FM 1 (plus 2 repeaters), shortwave 0 (1998)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".sj"
}
@ -302,7 +322,7 @@
"text": "3"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 3 (2013)"
"text": "3 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -314,7 +334,7 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "no regular military forces"
},

276
europe/sw.json
View file

@ -56,12 +56,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "reclaimed bay of Lake Hammarsjon, near Kristianstad -2.4 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "320 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Kebnekaise 2,111 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: reclaimed bay of Lake Hammarsjon, near Kristianstad -2.4 m ++ highest point: Kebnekaise 2,111 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -79,18 +79,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "1,597 sq km (2007)"
"text": "1,640 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "174 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "2.62 cu km/yr (37%/59%/4%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "285.6 cu m/yr (2007)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "most Swedes live in the south where there the climate is more mild and there is better connectivity to mainland Europe; population clusters are found all along the Baltic coast in the east; the interior areas of the north remain sparsely populated"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "ice floes in the surrounding waters, especially in the Gulf of Bothnia, can interfere with maritime traffic"
@ -111,6 +103,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "9,880,604 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Swede(s)"
@ -128,27 +123,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Lutheran 87%, other (includes Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Baptist, Muslim, Jewish, and Buddhist) 13%"
},
"Population": {
"text": "9,801,616 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "17.12% (male 863,125/female 814,803)"
"text": "17.28% (male 878,463/female 829,266)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "11.97% (male 603,615/female 569,289)"
"text": "11.63% (male 591,495/female 557,229)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "39.3% (male 1,957,869/female 1,894,064)"
"text": "39.38% (male 1,976,752/female 1,914,623)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "11.63% (male 571,318/female 568,293)"
"text": "11.58% (male 574,175/female 570,424)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "19.99% (male 900,070/female 1,059,170) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "20.12% (male 915,861/female 1,072,316) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -173,20 +162,23 @@
"text": "40.2 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "42.2 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "42.2 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "0.8% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.81% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "11.99 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "12 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "9.4 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "9.4 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "5.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "5.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "most Swedes live in the south where there the climate is more mild and there is better connectivity to mainland Europe; population clusters are found all along the Baltic coast in the east; the interior areas of the north remain sparsely populated"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -219,9 +211,12 @@
"text": "0.85 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "1 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "1 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "28.9 (2010 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "4 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
@ -230,28 +225,28 @@
"text": "2.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "2.87 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "2.9 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "2.31 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "81.98 years"
"text": "82.1 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "80.09 years"
"text": "80.2 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "83.99 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "84.1 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.88 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.88 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "9.7% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "11.9% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "3.93 physicians/1,000 population (2011)"
@ -288,28 +283,28 @@
"text": "22% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "6.8% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "7.7% of GDP (2013)"
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
"text": "16 years"
"text": "18 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "15 years"
"text": "17 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "17 years (2012)"
"text": "20 years (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "23.7%"
"text": "22.9%"
},
"male": {
"text": "25%"
"text": "24.2%"
},
"female": {
"text": "22.3% (2012 est.)"
"text": "21.5% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -326,10 +321,13 @@
},
"local short form": {
"text": "Sverige"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "name ultimately derives from the North Germanic Svear tribe, which inhabited central Sweden and is first mentioned in the first centuries A.D."
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "constitutional monarchy"
"text": "parliamentary constitutional monarchy"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -349,13 +347,13 @@
"text": "21 counties (lan, singular and plural); Blekinge, Dalarna, Gavleborg, Gotland, Halland, Jamtland, Jonkoping, Kalmar, Kronoberg, Norrbotten, Orebro, Ostergotland, Skane, Sodermanland, Stockholm, Uppsala, Varmland, Vasterbotten, Vasternorrland, Vastmanland, Vastra Gotaland"
},
"Independence": {
"text": "6 June 1523 (Gustav VASA elected king)"
"text": "6 June 1523 (Gustav VASA elected king of Sweden marking the abolishment of the Kalmar Union between Denmark, Norway, and Sweden)"
},
"National holiday": {
"text": "National Day, 6 June (1983); note - from 1916 to 1982 this date was celebrated as Swedish Flag Day"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 1 January 1975; amended several times, last in 2012 (2015)"
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 1 January 1975; amended several times, last in 2014 (Riksdag Act) (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system influenced by Roman-Germanic law and customary law"
@ -364,14 +362,17 @@
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": ""
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "the father must be a citizen of Sweden; in the case of a child born out of wedlock, the mother must be a citizen of Sweden and the father unknown"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes"
"text": "no, unless the other citizenship was acquired involuntarily"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": ""
"text": "5 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
@ -382,7 +383,7 @@
"text": "King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 19 September 1973); Heir Apparent Princess VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree, daughter of the monarch (born 14 July 1977)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Stefan LOFVEN (since 3 October 2014); Deputy Prime Minister Asa ROMSON (since 3 October 2014)"
"text": "Prime Minister Stefan LOFVEN (since 3 October 2014); Deputy Prime Minister Isabella LOVIN (since 25 May 2016)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet appointed by the prime minister"
@ -404,7 +405,7 @@
},
"Judicial branch": {
"highest court(s)": {
"text": "Supreme Court of Sweden (consists of 16 justices including the court chairman; Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 18 justices including the court president)"
"text": "Supreme Court of Sweden (consists of 16 justices including the court chairman); Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 18 justices including the court president)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "Supreme Court and Supreme Administrative Court justices nominated by the Board of Judges, a 9-member nominating body consisting of high-level judges, prosecutors, and members of Parliament; justices appointed by the Government; following a probationary period, justices' appointments are permanent"
@ -414,10 +415,10 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Center Party (Centerpartiet) or C [Annie LOOF] ++ Christian Democrats (Kristdemokraterna) or KD [Goran HAGGLUND] ++ Green Party (Miljopartiet de Grona) or MP [spokespersons Asa ROMSON and Gustav FRIDOLIN] ++ Left Party (Vansterpartiet) (formerly Communist Party) or V [Jonas SJOSTEDT] ++ Liberal People's Party (Folkpartiet) or FP [Jan BJORKLUND] ++ Moderate Party (Moderaterna) or M [Anna KINBERG BATRA] ++ Social Democratic Party (Socialdemokraterna) or SAP [Stefan LOFVEN] ++ Sweden Democrats (Sverigedemokraterna) or SD [Jimmie AKESSON]"
"text": "Center Party (Centerpartiet) or C [Annie LOOF] ++ Christian Democrats (Kristdemokraterna) or KD [Ebba Busch THOR] ++ Green Party (Miljopartiet de Grona) or MP [Asa ROMSON and Gustav FRIDOLIN] ++ Left Party (Vansterpartiet) (formerly Communist Party) or V [Jonas SJOSTEDT] ++ Liberal Party (Liberalerna) or L [Jan BJORKLUND] ++ Moderate Party (Moderaterna) or M [Anna KINBERG BATRA] ++ Swedish Social Democratic Party (Socialdemokraterna) or SAP [Stefan LOFVEN] ++ Sweden Democrats (Sverigedemokraterna) or SD [Jimmie AKESSON]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Swedish Confederation of Professional Associations or SACO ++ Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees or TCO ++ Swedish Trade Union Confederation (Landsorganisationen) or LO [Wanja LUNDBY-WEDIN]",
"text": "Swedish Confederation of Professional Associations or SACO [Goran ARRIUS] ++ Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees or TCO [Eva NORDMARK] ++ Swedish Trade Union Confederation (Landsorganisationen) or LO [Karl-Petter THORWALDSSON]",
"other": {
"text": "environmental groups; media"
}
@ -437,11 +438,14 @@
},
"FAX": {
"text": "[1] (202) 467-2699"
},
"consulate(s) general": {
"text": "New York"
}
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Mark Francis BRZEZINSKI (since 14 November 2011)"
"text": "Ambassador Azita RAJI (since 15 March 2016)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "Dag Hammarskjolds Vag 31, SE-11589 Stockholm"
@ -476,47 +480,47 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Aided by peace and neutrality for the whole of the 20th century, Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living under a mixed system of high-tech capitalism and extensive welfare benefits. Sweden remains outside the Eurozone because of concerns over its impact on the country’s economy, welfare system, and sovereignty. Timber, hydropower, and iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy heavily oriented toward foreign trade. Privately owned firms account for vast majority of industrial output. Agriculture accounts for less than 1% of GDP. Economic growth slowed in 2013, as a result of continued economic weakness in the EU - Sweden’s main export market; however, Sweden’s economy experienced modest growth in 2014, with an adjusted real GDP growth that averaged 2.1%. Sweden’s economy is expected to grow modestly in 2015, although the country continues to struggle with deflationary pressure."
"text": "Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living with its combination of free-market capitalism and extensive welfare benefits. Sweden remains outside the euro zone largely out of concern that joining the European Economic and Monetary Union would diminish the country’s sovereignty over its welfare system. Timber, hydropower, and iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy heavily oriented toward foreign trade. ++ ++ Economic growth slowed in 2013, as a result of continued economic weakness in Sweden’s European trading partners; Sweden’s economy experienced modest growth in 2014-15, with real GDP growth above 2%, but continues to struggle with deflationary pressure."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$450.5 billion (2014 est.) ++ $440.5 billion (2013 est.) ++ $434.9 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$474.8 billion (2015 est.) ++ $455.7 billion (2014 est.) ++ $445.6 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$570.6 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$493 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "2.3% (2014 est.) ++ 1.3% (2013 est.) ++ -0.3% (2012 est.)"
"text": "4.2% (2015 est.) ++ 2.3% (2014 est.) ++ 1.2% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$46,200 (2014 est.) ++ $45,200 (2013 est.) ++ $44,600 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$48,200 (2015 est.) ++ $46,800 (2014 est.) ++ $46,200 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "29.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 28.8% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 29.2% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "29.8% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 28.4% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 27.8% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "46.3%"
"text": "45.2%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "26.3%"
"text": "26%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "23.5%"
"text": "24.2%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.3%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "44.5%"
"text": "45.1%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-40.8% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-40.9% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -524,10 +528,10 @@
"text": "1.8%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "33.3%"
"text": "33.8%"
},
"services": {
"text": "64.9% (2014 est.)"
"text": "64.4% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -537,10 +541,10 @@
"text": "iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and telephone parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods, motor vehicles"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "2.4% (2014 est.)"
"text": "4.8% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "5.182 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "5.224 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -554,7 +558,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "7.9% (2014 est.) ++ 8% (2013 est.)"
"text": "7.4% (2015 est.) ++ 7.9% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "14% (2011 est.)"
@ -572,20 +576,20 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$291 billion"
"text": "$248.5 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$301.7 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$248.5 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "51% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "50.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-1.9% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "0% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "43.8% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 38.8% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "43.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 44.7% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
}
@ -594,7 +598,7 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.2% (2014 est.) ++ 0.4% (2013 est.)"
"text": "0.7% (2015 est.) ++ 0.2% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0% (31 December 2014) ++ 1% (31 December 2013)",
@ -603,58 +607,63 @@
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "2.53% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 3.23% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "1.96% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 2.53% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$258.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $287.1 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$271 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $258.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$336.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $371.6 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$326.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $322.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$788.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $875.4 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$749.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $788.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$560.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $470.1 billion (31 December 2011) ++ $581.2 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$560.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $470.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.) ++ $581.2 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$35.39 billion (2014 est.) ++ $38.79 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$25.86 billion (2015 est.) ++ $26.51 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$178.8 billion (2014 est.) ++ $181.1 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$151.1 billion (2015 est.) ++ $179.6 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery 35%, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp and wood, iron and steel products, chemicals (2012 est.)"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Norway 10.4%, Germany 10.4%, UK 7.4%, Finland 7.3%, Denmark 7.2%, US 6%, Netherlands 5.3%, Belgium 4.6%, France 4.6% (2014)"
"text": "Norway 10.3%, Germany 10.3%, US 7.7%, UK 7.2%, Denmark 6.8%, Finland 6.7%, Netherlands 5.2%, Belgium 4.4%, France 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$161.4 billion (2014 est.) ++ $160.1 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$137.3 billion (2015 est.) ++ $160.6 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, motor vehicles, iron and steel; foodstuffs, clothing"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 17.4%, Netherlands 7.7%, Norway 7.6%, Denmark 7.4%, UK 6.2%, China 5.3%, Russia 5.2%, Finland 5.1%, France 4.4% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 17.9%, Netherlands 8.1%, Norway 7.8%, Denmark 7.7%, China 6%, UK 5.5%, Finland 4.6%, France 4.3%, Belgium 4.3% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$62.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $65.38 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$58.11 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $62.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$62.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $65.38 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.01 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.107 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$429 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $523 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$380.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $418.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$487.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $553.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$445 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $481.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Swedish kronor (SEK) per US dollar - ++ 6.8612 (2014 est.) ++ 6.8612 (2013 est.) ++ 6.77 (2012 est.) ++ 6.4918 (2011 est.) ++ 7.2075 (2010 est.)"
"text": "Swedish kronor (SEK) per US dollar - ++ 8.4335 (2015 est.) ++ 6.8612 (2014 est.) ++ 6.8612 (2013 est.) ++ 6.77 (2012 est.) ++ 6.4918 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "161 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -728,18 +737,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "3.82 million"
"text": "3,554,665"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "39 (2014 est.)"
"text": "36 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "12.3 million"
"text": "12.639 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "127 (2014 est.)"
"text": "129 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -750,31 +759,42 @@
"text": "coaxial and multiconductor cables carry most of the voice traffic; parallel microwave radio relay systems carry some additional telephone channels"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 46; submarine cables provide links to other Nordic countries and Europe; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Sweden shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Norway) (2011)"
"text": "country code - 46; submarine cables provide links to other Nordic countries and Europe; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Sweden shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Norway) (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "publicly owned TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial networks plus regional stations; multiple privately owned TV broadcasters operating nationally, regionally, and locally; about 50 local TV stations; widespread access to pan-Nordic and international broadcasters through multi-channel cable and satellite TV; publicly owned radio broadcaster operates 3 national stations and a network of 25 regional channels; roughly 100 privately owned local radio stations with some consolidating into near national networks; an estimated 900 community and neighborhood radio stations broadcast intermittently (2008)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 1, FM 124, shortwave 0 (2008)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "252 (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".se"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "8.7 million"
"text": "8.881 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "89.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "90.6% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "8"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "219"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "11,623,930"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "0 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "SE (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "231 (2013)"
},
@ -806,7 +826,7 @@
"text": "5"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 77 (2013)"
"text": "77 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -866,39 +886,15 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Swedish Armed Forces (Forsvarsmakten): Army (Armen), Royal Swedish Navy (Marinen), Swedish Air Force (Svenska Flygvapnet) (2010)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-47 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; Swedish citizenship required; service obligation: 7.5 months (Army), 7-15 months (Navy), 8-12 months (Air Force); the Swedish Parliament has abolished compulsory military service, with exclusively voluntary recruitment as of July 2010; conscription remains an option in emergencies; after completing initial service, soldiers have a reserve commitment until age 47 (2013)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "2,065,691"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,996,764 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,709,055"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,650,432 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "54,960"
},
"female": {
"text": "52,275 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.18% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.17% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.18% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "1.1% of GDP (2015) ++ 1.1% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.1% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.18% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.17% of GDP (2011)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
@ -907,10 +903,10 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "34,285 (Syria); 24,184 (Iraq); 21,189 (Somalia); 14,107 (Eritrea); 12,090 (Afghanistan) (2014)"
"text": "52,707 (Syria); 23,886 (Iraq); 21,501 (Somalia); 20,203 (Eritrea); 13,064 (Afghanistan) (2015)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "27,167 (2014); note - the majority of stateless people come from the Middle East and Somalia"
"text": "31,062 (2015); note - the majority of stateless people are from the Middle East and Somalia"
}
}
}

293
europe/sz.json
View file

@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -51,12 +48,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "mostly mountains (Alps in south, Jura in northwest) with a central plateau of rolling hills, plains, and large lakes"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Lake Maggiore 195 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "1,350 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Dufourspitze 4,634 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Lake Maggiore 195 m ++ highest point: Dufourspitze 4,634 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -74,18 +71,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "550 sq km (2007)"
"text": "630 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "53.5 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "2.61 cu km/yr (39%/58%/3%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "360.3 cu m/yr (2010)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "population distribution corresponds to elevation with the northern and western areas far more heavily populated; the higher Alps of the south limit settlement"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "avalanches, landslides; flash floods"
@ -106,6 +95,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "8,179,294 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Swiss (singular and plural)"
@ -118,35 +110,29 @@
"text": "German 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other 6%"
},
"Languages": {
"text": "German (official) 64.9%, French (official) 22.6%, Italian (official) 8.3%, Serbo-Croatian 2.5%, Albanian 2.6%, Portuguese 3.4%, Spanish 2.2%, English 4.6%, Romansch (official) 0.5%, other 5.1%",
"text": "German (official) 63.5%, French (official) 22.5%, Italian (official) 8.1%, English 4.4%, Portuguese 3.4%, Albanian 3.1%, Serbo-Croatian 2.5%, Spanish 2.2%, Romansch (official) 0.5%, other 6.6%",
"note": {
"text": "German, French, Italian, and Romansch are all national and official languages; totals more than 100% because some respondents indicated more than one main principal language (2012 est.)"
"text": "German, French, Italian, and Romansch are all national and official languages; totals more than 100% because some respondents indicated more than one main language (2013 est.)"
}
},
"Religions": {
"text": "Roman Catholic 38.2%, Protestant 26.9%, Muslim 4.9%, other Christian 5.7%, other 1.6%, none 21.4%, unspecified 1.3% (2012 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "8,121,830 (July 2015 est.)"
"text": "Roman Catholic 38.2%, Protestant 26.9%, other Christian 5.6%, Muslim 5%, other 1.6%, none 21.4%, unspecified 1.3% (2013 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "15.09% (male 630,944/female 594,465)"
"text": "15.1% (male 635,840/female 599,255)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "11.29% (male 468,036/female 449,309)"
"text": "11.11% (male 463,953/female 444,500)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "43.67% (male 1,780,039/female 1,766,820)"
"text": "43.46% (male 1,783,071/female 1,771,590)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "12.18% (male 494,285/female 495,107)"
"text": "12.37% (male 506,010/female 506,103)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "17.76% (male 631,204/female 811,621) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "17.96% (male 645,225/female 823,747) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -165,26 +151,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "42.1 years"
"text": "42.2 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "41.1 years"
"text": "41.3 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "43.1 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "43.2 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "0.71% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.7% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "10.5 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "10.5 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "8.13 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "8.2 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "4.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "4.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "population distribution corresponds to elevation with the northern and western areas far more heavily populated; the higher Alps of the south limit settlement"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -217,39 +206,42 @@
"text": "0.78 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.97 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.97 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "30.4 (2012 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "5 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "3.67 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "3.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "4.03 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "4 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "3.29 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "82.5 years"
"text": "82.6 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "80.22 years"
"text": "80.3 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "84.92 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "85 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.55 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.55 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "11.5% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "11.7% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "4.05 physicians/1,000 population (2012)"
@ -286,7 +278,7 @@
"text": "21% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5.3% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "5.1% of GDP (2012)"
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
@ -296,18 +288,18 @@
"text": "16 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "16 years (2012)"
"text": "16 years (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "8.4%"
"text": "8.6%"
},
"male": {
"text": "8.8%"
"text": "8.6%"
},
"female": {
"text": "8.1% (2012 est.)"
"text": "8.5% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -324,10 +316,13 @@
},
"local short form": {
"text": "Schweiz (German); Suisse (French); Svizzera (Italian); Svizra (Romansh)"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "name derives from the canton of Schwyz, one of the founding cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy that formed in the 14th century"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "formally a confederation but similar in structure to a federal republic"
"text": "federal republic (formally a confederation)"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -356,7 +351,7 @@
"text": "Founding of the Swiss Confederation in 1291; note - since 1 August 1891 celebrated as Swiss National Day"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1848, 1874; latest adopted by referendum 18 April 1999, effective 1 January 2000; amended many times, last in 2014 (2015)"
"text": "previous 1848, 1874; latest adopted by referendum 18 April 1999, effective 1 January 2000; amended many times, last in 2016 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts, except for federal decrees of a general obligatory character"
@ -365,14 +360,17 @@
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": ""
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Switzerland"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": ""
"text": "12 years including at least 3 of the last 5 years prior to application"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
@ -380,19 +378,19 @@
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "President of the Swiss Confederation Simonetta SOMMARUGA (since 1 January 2015); Vice President Johann N. SCHNEIDER-AMMANN (since 1 January 2015; note - the Federal Council, which is comprised of 7 federal councillors, constitutes the federal government of Switzerland; council members rotate in a 1-year term as federal president (chief of state and head of government)"
"text": "President of the Swiss Confederation Johann N. SCHNEIDER-AMMANN (since 1 January 2016); Vice President Doris LEUTARD (since 1 January 2016; note - the Federal Council, which is comprised of 7 federal councillors, constitutes the federal government of Switzerland; council members rotate in a 1-year term as federal president (chief of state and head of government)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "President of the Swiss Confederation Simonetta SOMMARUGA (since 1 January 2015); Vice President Johann N. SCHNEIDER-AMMANN (since 1 January 2015)"
"text": "President of the Swiss Confederation Johann N. SCHNEIDER-AMMANN (since 1 January 2016); Vice President Doris LEUTARD (since 1 January 2016)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Federal Council or Bundesrat (in German), Conseil Federal (in French), Consiglio Federale (in Italian) indirectly elected usually from among its members by the Federal Assembly for a 4-year term"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president and vice president indirectly elected by the Federal Assembly from among members of the Federal Council for a 1-year, non-consecutive term; election last held on 3 December 2014 (next to be held in early December 2015)"
"text": "president and vice president indirectly elected by the Federal Assembly from among members of the Federal Council for a 1-year, non-consecutive term; election last held on 9 December 2015 (next to be held in early December 2016)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Simonetta SOMMARUGA elected president; Federal Assembly vote - 181 of 236; Johann N. SCHNEIDER-AMMANN elected vice president"
"text": "Johann N. SCHNEIDER-AMMANN elected president; Federal Assembly vote - 196 of 208; Doris LEUTHARD elected vice president"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -400,10 +398,10 @@
"text": "bicameral Federal Assembly or Bundesversammlung - in German, Assemblee Federale - in French, Assemblea Federale - in Italian consists of the Council of States or Staenderat - in German, Conseil des Etats - in French, Consiglio degli Stati - in Italian (46 seats; members in multi-seat constituencies representing cantons and single-seat constituencies representing half cantons directly elected by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms) and the National Council or Nationalrat - in German, Conseil National - in French, Consiglio Nazionale - in Italian (200 seats; 195 members in cantons directly elected by proportional representation vote and 5 in half cantons directly elected by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "Council of States - last held in most cantons on 18 October 2015 (each canton determines when the next election will be held); National Council - last held on 18 October 2015 (next to be held on October 2019)"
"text": "Council of States - last held in most cantons on 18 October 2015 (each canton determines when the next election will be held); National Council - last held on 18 October 2015 (next to be held in October 2019)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Council of States - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party (as of 18 October 2015) - FDP 10, CVP 8, SP 7, SVP 6, other 2; National Council - percent of vote by party - SVP 29.4%, SPS 18.8%, FDP 16.4%, CVP 11.6%, Green Party 7.1%, GLP 4.6%, BDP 4.1%, other 8.0%; seats by party - SVP 65, SPS 43, FDP 33, CVP 27, Green Party 11, GLP 7, BDP 7, other 7"
"text": "Council of States - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party (as of 18 October 2015) - Christian Democratic People's Party 13, FDP.The Liberals 13, SDP 12, Swiss People's Party 6, other 2; National Council - percent of vote by party - SVP 29.4%, SPS 18.8%, FDP 16.4%, CVP 11.6%, Green Party 7.1%, GLP 4.6%, BDP 4.1%, other 8.0%; seats by party - SVP 65, SPS 43, FDP 33, CVP 27, Green Party 11, GLP 7, BDP 7, other 7"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -418,7 +416,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Christian Democratic People's Party (Christlichdemokratische Volkspartei der Schweiz or CVP, Parti Democrate-Chretien Suisse or PDC, Partito Popolare Democratico Svizzero or PPD, Partida Cristiandemocratica dalla Svizra or PCD) [Christophe DARBELLAY] ++ Conservative Democratic Party (Buergerlich-Demokratische Partei Schweiz or BDP, Parti Bourgeois Democratique Suisse or PBD, Partito Borghese Democratico Svizzero or PBD, Partido burgais democratica Svizera or PBD) [Martin LANDOLT] ++ Free Democratic Party or FDP.The Liberals (FDP.Die Liberalen, PLR.Les Liberaux-Radicaux, PLR.I Liberali, Ils Liberals) [Philipp MUELLER] ++ Green Liberal Party (Grunliberale or GLP, Parti vert liberale or PVL, Partito Verde-Liberale or PVL, Partida Verde Liberale or PVL) [Martin BAEUMLE] ++ Green Party (Gruene Partei der Schweiz or Gruene, Parti Ecologiste Suisse or Les Verts, Partito Ecologista Svizzero or I Verdi, Partida Ecologica Svizra or La Verda) [Adele THORENS and Regula RYTZ] ++ Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz or SPS, Parti Socialiste Suisse or PSS, Partito Socialista Svizzero or PSS, Partida Socialdemocratica de la Svizra or PSS) [Christian LEVRAT] ++ Swiss People's Party (Schweizerische Volkspartei or SVP, Union Democratique du Centre or UDC, Unione Democratica di Centro or UDC, Uniun Democratica dal Center or UDC) [Toni BRUNNER] ++ other minor parties"
"text": "Christian Democratic People's Party (Christlichdemokratische Volkspartei der Schweiz or CVP, Parti Democrate-Chretien Suisse or PDC, Partito Popolare Democratico Svizzero or PPD, Partida Cristiandemocratica dalla Svizra or PCD) [Christophe DARBELLAY] ++ Conservative Democratic Party (Buergerlich-Demokratische Partei Schweiz or BDP, Parti Bourgeois Democratique Suisse or PBD, Partito Borghese Democratico Svizzero or PBD, Partido burgais democratica Svizera or PBD) [Martin LANDOLT] ++ Free Democratic Party or FDP.The Liberals (FDP.Die Liberalen, PLR.Les Liberaux-Radicaux, PLR.I Liberali, Ils Liberals) [Philipp MUELLER] ++ Green Liberal Party (Grunliberale or GLP, Parti vert liberale or PVL, Partito Verde-Liberale or PVL, Partida Verde Liberale or PVL) [Martin BAEUMLE] ++ Green Party (Gruene Partei der Schweiz or Gruene, Parti Ecologiste Suisse or Les Verts, Partito Ecologista Svizzero or I Verdi, Partida Ecologica Svizra or La Verda) [Adele THORENS GOUMAZ and Regula RYTZ] ++ Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz or SPS, Parti Socialiste Suisse or PSS, Partito Socialista Svizzero or PSS, Partida Socialdemocratica de la Svizra or PSS) [Christian LEVRAT] ++ Swiss People's Party (Schweizerische Volkspartei or SVP, Union Democratique du Centre or UDC, Unione Democratica di Centro or UDC, Uniun Democratica dal Center or UDC) [Toni BRUNNER] ++ other minor parties"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "NA"
@ -441,9 +439,6 @@
},
"consulate(s) general": {
"text": "Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco"
},
"consulate(s)": {
"text": "Boston"
}
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
@ -481,58 +476,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Switzerland is a peaceful, prosperous, and modern market economy with low unemployment, a highly skilled labor force, and a per capita GDP among the highest in the world. Switzerland's economy benefits from a highly developed service sector, led by financial services, and a manufacturing industry that specializes in high-technology, knowledge-based production. Its economic and political stability, transparent legal system, exceptional infrastructure, efficient capital markets, and low corporate tax rates also make Switzerland one of the world's most competitive economies. ++ ++ The Swiss have brought their economic practices largely into conformity with the EU's to enhance their international competitiveness, but some trade protectionism remains, particularly for its small agricultural sector. The fate of the Swiss economy is tightly linked to that of its neighbors in the euro zone, which purchases half of Swiss exports. The global financial crisis of 2008 and resulting economic downturn in 2009 stalled demand for Swiss exports and put Switzerland into a recession. During this period, the Swiss National Bank (SNB) implemented a zero-interest rate policy to boost the economy, as well as to prevent appreciation of the franc, and Switzerland's economy began to recover in 2010. ++ ++ The sovereign debt crises unfolding in neighboring euro-zone countries, however, coupled with ongoing economic instability in Russia and other eastern European economies continue to pose a significant risk to the Swiss economy, driving up demand for the Swiss franc by investors seeking a safe-haven currency. In January 2015, the SNB abandoned the Swiss franc’s peg to the Euro, roiling global currency markets and making active SNB intervention a necessary hallmark of present-day Swiss monetary policy. The independent SNB has upheld its zero interest rate policy and conducted major market interventions to prevent further appreciation of the Swiss franc, but parliamentarians have urged it to do more to weaken the currency. The franc's strength has made Swiss exports less competitive and weakened the country's growth outlook; GDP growth fell below 2% per year from 2011-14. ++ ++ In recent years, Switzerland has responded to increasing pressure from neighboring countries and trading partners to reform its banking secrecy laws, by agreeing to conform to OECD regulations on administrative assistance in tax matters, including tax evasion. The Swiss government has also renegotiated its double taxation agreements with numerous countries, including the US, to incorporate OECD standards, and is openly considering the possibility of imposing taxes on bank deposits held by foreigners."
"text": "Switzerland, a country that espouses neutrality, is a prosperous and modern market economy with low unemployment, a highly skilled labor force, and a per capita GDP among the highest in the world. Switzerland's economy benefits from a highly developed service sector, led by financial services, and a manufacturing industry that specializes in high-technology, knowledge-based production. Its economic and political stability, transparent legal system, exceptional infrastructure, efficient capital markets, and low corporate tax rates also make Switzerland one of the world's most competitive economies. ++ ++ The Swiss have brought their economic practices largely into conformity with the EU's to enhance their international competitiveness, but some trade protectionism remains, particularly for its small agricultural sector. The fate of the Swiss economy is tightly linked to that of its neighbors in the euro zone, which purchases half of Swiss exports. The global financial crisis of 2008 and resulting economic downturn in 2009 stalled demand for Swiss exports and put Switzerland into a recession. During this period, the Swiss National Bank (SNB) implemented a zero-interest rate policy to boost the economy, as well as to prevent appreciation of the franc, and Switzerland's economy began to recover in 2010. ++ ++ The sovereign debt crises unfolding in neighboring euro-zone countries, however, coupled with ongoing economic instability in Russia and other eastern European economies continue to pose a significant risk to the Swiss economy, driving up demand for the Swiss franc by investors seeking a safe-haven currency. In January 2015, the SNB abandoned the Swiss franc’s peg to the euro, roiling global currency markets and making active SNB intervention a necessary hallmark of present-day Swiss monetary policy. The independent SNB has upheld its zero interest rate policy and conducted major market interventions to prevent further appreciation of the Swiss franc, but parliamentarians have urged it to do more to weaken the currency. The franc's strength has made Swiss exports less competitive and weakened the country's growth outlook; GDP growth fell below 2% per year from 2011-15. ++ ++ In recent years, Switzerland has responded to increasing pressure from neighboring countries and trading partners to reform its banking secrecy laws, by agreeing to conform to OECD regulations on administrative assistance in tax matters, including tax evasion. The Swiss government has also renegotiated its double taxation agreements with numerous countries, including the US, to incorporate OECD standards, and is openly considering the possibility of imposing taxes on bank deposits held by foreigners."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$473.3 billion (2014 est.) ++ $464.6 billion (2013 est.) ++ $456.4 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$483.1 billion (2015 est.) ++ $479.2 billion (2014 est.) ++ $470.3 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$703.9 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$664 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "1.9% (2014 est.) ++ 1.8% (2013 est.) ++ 1.1% (2012 est.)"
"text": "0.8% (2015 est.) ++ 1.9% (2014 est.) ++ 1.8% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$58,100 (2014 est.) ++ $57,100 (2013 est.) ++ $56,100 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$58,600 (2015 est.) ++ $58,900 (2014 est.) ++ $58,500 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "31% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 33.7% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 34.4% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "33.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 32.2% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 33.7% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "54.2%"
"text": "54.5%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "11%"
"text": "11.3%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "23.7%"
"text": "23.8%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-0.3%"
"text": "-2%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "64.4%"
"text": "63.6%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-53% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-51.2% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "0.8%"
"text": "0.7%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "26.3%"
"text": "25.7%"
},
"services": {
"text": "73% (2014 est.)"
"text": "73.6% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -542,10 +537,10 @@
"text": "machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments, tourism, banking, insurance"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "1.9% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "5.055 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "5.105 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -559,7 +554,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "3.2% (2014 est.) ++ 3.2% (2013 est.)"
"text": "3.2% (2015 est.) ++ 3% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "7.6% (2011 est.)"
@ -577,23 +572,23 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$231.1 billion"
"text": "$230.9 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$229.3 billion"
"text": "$229.8 billion"
},
"note": {
"text": "includes federal, cantonal, and municipal budgets (2014 est.)"
"text": "includes federal, cantonal, and municipal budgets (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "32.8% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "34.7% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "0.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "34.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 33.7% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "34.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 34.7% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "general government gross debt; gross debt consists of all liabilities that require payment or payments of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the creditor at a date or dates in the future; includes debt liabilities in the form of Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), currency and deposits, debt securities, loans, insurance, pensions and standardized guarantee schemes, and other accounts payable; all liabilities in the GFSM 2001 system are debt, except for equity and investment fund shares and financial derivatives and employee stock options"
}
@ -602,31 +597,31 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0% (2014 est.) ++ -0.2% (2013 est.)"
"text": "-1.1% (2015 est.) ++ 0% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.5% (31 December 2010) ++ 0.75% (31 December 2009)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "2.69% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 2.69% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "2.68% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 2.69% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$514.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $570.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$508.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $514.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$1.347 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.301 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$1.138 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.237 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.142 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.138 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$1.079 trillion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $932.2 billion (31 December 2011) ++ $1.229 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$1.519 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.495 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.541 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$51.2 billion (2014 est.) ++ $76.36 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$75.82 billion (2015 est.) ++ $61.9 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$327.6 billion (2014 est.) ++ $373.5 billion (2013 est.)",
"text": "$303.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $327.7 billion (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "trade data exclude trade with Switzerland"
}
@ -635,34 +630,39 @@
"text": "machinery, chemicals, metals, watches, agricultural products"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 18.3%, US 13%, France 7.3%, Italy 6.6%, UK 5%, China 4.1% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 14.2%, US 10.6%, Hong Kong 8.7%, India 7.3%, China 6.9%, France 6.1%, Italy 5.4%, UK 4.8% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$272.6 billion (2014 est.) ++ $319.8 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$247.7 billion (2015 est.) ++ $273.8 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery, chemicals, vehicles, metals; agricultural products, textiles"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 28%, Italy 9.7%, France 8.1%, US 6.6%, China 6.5%, Austria 4.7% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 20.7%, UK 12.8%, US 8.1%, Italy 7.8%, France 6.7%, China 5.1% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$545.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $535.9 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$602.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $545.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$545.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $535.9 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.533 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.601 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$1.107 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.034 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.262 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.157 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$1.464 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.465 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.498 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.426 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Swiss francs (CHF) per US dollar - ++ 0.9152 (2014 est.) ++ 0.9152 (2013 est.) ++ 0.94 (2012 est.) ++ 0.8876 (2011 est.) ++ 1.0429 (2010 est.)"
"text": "Swiss francs (CHF) per US dollar - ++ 0.9627 (2015 est.) ++ 0.9152 (2014 est.) ++ 0.9152 (2013 est.) ++ 0.94 (2012 est.) ++ 0.8876 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "64.81 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -736,18 +736,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "4.37 million"
"text": "4.14 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "54 (2014 est.)"
"text": "51 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "11.5 million"
"text": "11.7 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "142 (2014 est.)"
"text": "144 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -755,34 +755,45 @@
"text": "highly developed telecommunications infrastructure with excellent domestic and international services"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "ranked among leading countries for fixed-line teledensity and infrastructure; mobile-cellular subscribership roughly 125 per 100 persons; extensive cable and microwave radio relay networks"
"text": "ranked among leading countries for fixed-line teledensity and infrastructure; mobile-cellular subscribership roughly 145 per 100 persons; extensive cable and microwave radio relay networks"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 41; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean) (2011)"
"text": "country code - 41; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean) (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "the publicly owned radio and TV broadcaster, Swiss Broadcasting Corporation (SRG/SSR), operates 7 national TV networks, 3 broadcasting in German, 2 in Italian, and 2 in French; private commercial TV stations broadcast regionally and locally; TV broadcasts from stations in Germany, Italy, and France are widely available via multi-channel cable and satellite TV services; SRG/SSR operates 18 radio stations that, along with private broadcasters, provide national to local coverage (2009)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 3, FM 106 (plus many low-power stations), shortwave 3 (2008)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "106 (2007)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".ch"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "7.1 million"
"text": "7.145 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "88.0% (2014 est.)"
"text": "88% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "12"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "163"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "26,843,991"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "1,322,379,468 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "HB (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "63 (2013)"
},
@ -811,7 +822,7 @@
"text": "23"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 23 (2013)"
"text": "23 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -859,37 +870,13 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Swiss Armed Forces: Land Forces, Swiss Air Force (Schweizer Luftwaffe) (2013)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "19-26 years of age for male compulsory military service; 18 years of age for voluntary male and female military service; every Swiss male has to serve at least 260 days in the armed forces; conscripts receive 18 weeks of mandatory training, followed by seven 3-week intermittent recalls for training during the next 10 years (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,828,043"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,786,552 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,493,509"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,459,450 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "46,562"
},
"female": {
"text": "42,585 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "0.64% of GDP (2014) ++ 0.69% of GDP (2013) ++ 0.76% of GDP (2012) ++ 0.75% of GDP (2011) ++ 0.76% of GDP (2010)"
}
@ -900,10 +887,10 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "16,091 (Eritrea); 5,161 (Syria) (2014)"
"text": "21,000 (Eritrea); 8,695 (Syria) (2015)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "76 (2014)"
"text": "69 (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

313
europe/uk.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "The United Kingdom has historically played a leading role in developing parliamentary democracy and in advancing literature and science. At its zenith in the 19th century, the British Empire stretched over one-fourth of the earth's surface. The first half of the 20th century saw the UK's strength seriously depleted in two world wars and the Irish Republic's withdrawal from the union. The second half witnessed the dismantling of the Empire and the UK rebuilding itself into a modern and prosperous European nation. As one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council and a founding member of NATO and the Commonwealth, the UK pursues a global approach to foreign policy. The UK is also an active member of the EU, although it chose to remain outside the Economic and Monetary Union. The Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, and the Northern Ireland Assembly were established in 1999. The latter was suspended until May 2007 due to wrangling over the peace process, but devolution was fully completed in March 2010."
"text": "The United Kingdom has historically played a leading role in developing parliamentary democracy and in advancing literature and science. At its zenith in the 19th century, the British Empire stretched over one-fourth of the earth's surface. The first half of the 20th century saw the UK's strength seriously depleted in two world wars and the Irish Republic's withdrawal from the union. The second half witnessed the dismantling of the Empire and the UK rebuilding itself into a modern and prosperous European nation. As one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council and a founding member of NATO and the Commonwealth, the UK pursues a global approach to foreign policy. The Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, and the Northern Ireland Assembly were established in 1999. The latter was suspended until May 2007 due to wrangling over the peace process, but devolution was fully completed in March 2010. ++ The UK was an active member of the EU from 1973 to 2016, although it chose to remain outside the Economic and Monetary Union. However, frustrated by a remote bureaucracy in Brussels and massive migration into the country, UK citizens on 23 June 2016 narrowly voted to leave the EU. The so-called “Brexit” will take years to carry out but could be the signal for referenda in other EU countries where skepticism of EU membership benefits is strong."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -29,10 +29,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "twice the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Oregon",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "twice the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Oregon"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -62,12 +59,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains in east and southeast"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "The Fens -4 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "162 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Ben Nevis 1,343 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: The Fens -4 m ++ highest point: Ben Nevis 1,343 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -85,18 +82,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "2,280 sq km (2005)"
"text": "950 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "147 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "13.03 cu km/yr (58%/33%/9%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "213.2 cu m/yr (2008)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "the core of the population lies in and around London, with significant clusters found in central Britain around Manchester and Liverpool, in the Scotish lowlands between Endinburgh and Glasgow, southern Wales in and around Cardiff, and far eastern Northern Ireland centered on Belfast"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "winter windstorms; floods"
@ -113,10 +102,13 @@
}
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "lies near vital North Atlantic sea lanes; only 35 km from France and linked by tunnel under the English Channel; because of heavily indented coastline, no location is more than 125 km from tidal waters"
"text": "lies near vital North Atlantic sea lanes; only 35 km from France and linked by tunnel under the English Channel (the Channel Tunnel or Chunnel); because of heavily indented coastline, no location is more than 125 km from tidal waters"
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "64,430,428 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Briton(s), British (collective plural)"
@ -137,27 +129,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Christian (includes Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Methodist) 59.5%, Muslim 4.4%, Hindu 1.3%, other 2%, unspecified 7.2%, none 25.7% (2011 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "64,088,222 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "17.37% (male 5,706,871/female 5,424,654)"
"text": "17.44% (male 5,761,311/female 5,476,649)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "12.41% (male 4,060,480/female 3,891,262)"
"text": "12.15% (male 3,997,150/female 3,830,268)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "40.91% (male 13,344,087/female 12,873,234)"
"text": "40.74% (male 13,367,242/female 12,883,674)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "11.58% (male 3,675,565/female 3,746,483)"
"text": "11.77% (male 3,760,020/female 3,820,525)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "17.73% (male 5,086,919/female 6,278,667) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "17.9% (male 5,170,542/female 6,363,047) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -176,26 +162,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "40.4 years"
"text": "40.5 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "39.2 years"
"text": "39.3 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "41.6 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "41.7 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "0.54% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.53% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "12.17 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "12.1 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "9.35 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "9.4 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "2.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "the core of the population lies in and around London, with significant clusters found in central Britain around Manchester and Liverpool, in the Scotish lowlands between Endinburgh and Glasgow, southern Wales in and around Cardiff, and far eastern Northern Ireland centered on Belfast"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -228,7 +217,13 @@
"text": "0.81 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.99 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.99 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "28.1",
"note": {
"text": "data represent England and Wales only (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
@ -236,28 +231,28 @@
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "4.38 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "4.3 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "4.8 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "4.7 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "3.95 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "80.54 years"
"text": "80.7 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "78.37 years"
"text": "78.5 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "82.83 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "83 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.89 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.89 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "84%",
@ -266,7 +261,7 @@
}
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "9.1% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "9.1% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "2.81 physicians/1,000 population (2013)"
@ -303,45 +298,48 @@
"text": "29.8% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "6% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "6.7% of GDP (2013)"
},
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
"total": {
"text": "16 years"
"text": "18 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "16 years"
"text": "17 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "17 years (2012)"
"text": "18 years (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "21%"
"text": "16.9%"
},
"male": {
"text": "23.8%"
"text": "18.9%"
},
"female": {
"text": "17.9% (2012 est.)"
"text": "14.8% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
"Government": {
"Country name": {
"conventional long form": {
"text": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; note - Great Britain includes England, Scotland, and Wales"
"text": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; note - the island of Great Britain includes England, Scotland, and Wales"
},
"conventional short form": {
"text": "United Kingdom"
},
"abbreviation": {
"text": "UK"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "self-descriptive country name; the designation \"Great Britain,\" in the sense of \"Larger Britain,\" dates back to medieval times and was used to distinguish the island from \"Little Britain,\" or Brittany in modern France; the name Ireland derives from the Gaelic \"Eriu,\" the matron goddess of Ireland (goddess of the land)"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "constitutional monarchy and Commonwealth realm"
"text": "parliamentary constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -408,7 +406,7 @@
"text": "the UK does not celebrate one particular national holiday"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice; note - recent additions include the Human Rights Act of 1998, the Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010, the Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011, the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, and the House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015 (2015)"
"text": "unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice; note - recent additions include the Human Rights Act of 1998, the Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010, the Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011, the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, and the House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "common law system; has nonbinding judicial review of Acts of Parliament under the Human Rights Act of 1998"
@ -417,14 +415,17 @@
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": ""
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of the United Kingdom"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": ""
"text": "5 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
@ -435,18 +436,18 @@
"text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES (son of the queen, born 14 November 1948)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister David CAMERON (since 11 May 2010)"
"text": "Prime Minister Theresa MAY (since 13 July 2016)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the prime minister"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually becomes the prime minister; David Cameron (Conservative) assumed office 11 May 2010"
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually becomes the prime minister; Theresea MAY (Conservative) assumed office 13 July 2016"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of the House of Lords (760 seats - membership not fixed (there are 816 lords eligible for taking part in the work of the House of Lords consisting of 698 life peers, 86 hereditary peers, and 26 clergy - as of October 2015; members appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister and non-party political members recommended by the House of Lords Appointments Commission) and the House of Commons (650 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by first-past-the-post vote to serve 5-year terms unless the House is dissolved earlier)"
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of the House of Lords (760 seats - membership not fixed (there are 815 lords eligible for taking part in the work of the House of Lords consisting of 701 life peers, 88 hereditary peers, and 26 clergy - as of October 2015; members appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister and non-party political members recommended by the House of Lords Appointments Commission) and the House of Commons (650 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by first-past-the-post vote to serve 5-year terms unless the House is dissolved earlier)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "House of Lords - no elections (note - in 1999, as provided by the House of Lords Act, elections were held in the House of Lords to determine the 92 hereditary peers who would remain there; elections are held only as vacancies in the hereditary peerage arise); House of Commons - last held on 8 May 2015 (next to be held by May 2020)"
@ -460,14 +461,14 @@
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of 12 justices including the court president and deputy president); note - the Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 and implemented in October 2009, replacing the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords as the highest court in the United Kingdom"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "judge candidates selected by an independent committee of several judicial commissions, followed by their recommendations to the prime minister, and appointed by Her Majesty The Queen; justices appointed during period of good behavior"
"text": "judge candidates selected by an independent committee of several judicial commissions, followed by their recommendations to the prime minister, and appointed by Her Majesty The Queen; justices appointed for life"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "England and Wales - Court of Appeal (civil and criminal divisions); High Court; Crown Court; County Courts; Magistrates' Courts; Scotland - Court of Sessions; Sheriff Courts; High Court of Justiciary; tribunals; Northern Ireland - Court of Appeal in Northern Ireland; High Court; county courts; magistrates' courts; specialized tribunals"
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Alliance Party (Northerm Ireland) [David FORD] ++ Conservative Party [David CAMERON] ++ Democratic Unionist Party or DUP (Northern Ireland) [Peter ROBINSON] ++ Green Party of England and Wales or Greens [Natalie BENNETT] ++ Labor Party [Jeremy CORBYN] ++ Liberal Democrats (Lib Dems) [Tim FARRON] ++ Party of Wales (Plaid Cymru) [Leanne WOOD] ++ Respect Party [George GALLOWAY] ++ Scottish National Party or SNP [Nicola STURGEON] ++ Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland) [Gerry ADAMS] ++ Social Democratic and Labor Party or SDLP (Northern Ireland) [Alasdair MCDONNELL] ++ Ulster Unionist Party (Northern Ireland) [Mike NESBITT] ++ UK Independence Party or UKIP [Nigel FARAGE]"
"text": "Alliance Party (Northerm Ireland) [David FORD] ++ Conservative and Unionist Party [Theresea MAY] ++ Democratic Unionist Party or DUP (Northern Ireland) [Peter ROBINSON; note - expected to be replaced by Arlene FOSTER around 11 January 2016] ++ Green Party of England and Wales or Greens [Caroline LUCAS and Jonathan BARTLEY] ++ Labor Party [Jeremy CORBYN] ++ Liberal Democrats (Lib Dems) [Tim FARRON] ++ Party of Wales (Plaid Cymru) [Leanne WOOD] ++ Scottish National Party or SNP [Nicola STURGEON] ++ Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland) [Gerry ADAMS] ++ Social Democratic and Labor Party or SDLP (Northern Ireland) [Colum EASTWOOD] ++ Ulster Unionist Party (Northern Ireland) [Mike NESBITT] ++ UK Independence Party or UKIP [Nigel FARAGE]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament ++ Confederation of British Industry ++ National Farmers' Union ++ Trades Union Congress"
@ -477,7 +478,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Peter John WESTMACOTT (since 17 January 2012)"
"text": "Ambassador Sir Nigel Kim DARROCH (since 28 January 2016)"
},
"chancery": {
"text": "3100 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008"
@ -492,7 +493,7 @@
"text": "Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Denver, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco"
},
"consulate(s)": {
"text": "Orlando (FL)"
"text": "Orlando (FL), San Juan (PR)"
}
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
@ -529,64 +530,64 @@
"text": "unknown"
},
"note": {
"text": "in use since 1745; by tradition, the song serves as both the national and royal anthem of the United Kingdom; it is known as either \"God Save the Queen\" or \"God Save the King,\" depending on the gender of the reigning monarch; it also serves as the royal anthem of many Commonwealth nations"
"text": "in use since 1745; by tradition, the song serves as both the national and royal anthem of the UK; it is known as either \"God Save the Queen\" or \"God Save the King,\" depending on the gender of the reigning monarch; it also serves as the royal anthem of many Commonwealth nations"
}
}
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "The UK, a leading trading power and financial center, is the third largest economy in Europe after Germany and France. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with less than 2% of the labor force. The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil resources, but its oil and natural gas reserves are declining and the UK has been a net importer of energy since 2005. Services, particularly banking, insurance, and business services, are key drivers of British GDP growth. Manufacturing, meanwhile, has declined in importance but still accounts for about 10% of economic output. ++ ++ In 2008, the global financial crisis hit the economy particularly hard, due to the importance of its financial sector. Falling home prices, high consumer debt, and the global economic slowdown compounded Britain's economic problems, pushing the economy into recession in the latter half of 2008 and prompting the then BROWN (Labour) government to implement a number of measures to stimulate the economy and stabilize the financial markets. Facing burgeoning public deficits and debt levels, in 2010 the CAMERON-led coalition government (between Conservatives and Liberal Democrats) initiated an austerity program, which aimed to lower London's budget deficit from about 11% of GDP in 2010 to nearly 1% by 2015. The CAMERON government raised the value added tax from 17.5% to 20% in 2011. It has pledged to reduce the corporation tax rate to 20% by 2015. However, the deficit still remains one of the highest in the G7, standing at 6.0% in 2014. ++ ++ In 2012, weak consumer spending and subdued business investment weighed on the economy, however, in 2013 GDP grew 1.7% and in 2014, 2.6%, accelerating unexpectedly because of greater consumer spending and a recovering housing market. ++ ++ The Bank of England (BoE) implemented an asset purchase program of <20>375 billion (approximately $586 billion) as of December 2014. During times of economic crisis, the BoE coordinates interest rate moves with the European Central Bank, but Britain remains outside the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)."
"text": "The UK, a leading trading power and financial center, is the third largest economy in Europe after Germany and France. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with less than 2% of the labor force. The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil resources, but its oil and natural gas reserves are declining; the UK has been a net importer of energy since 2005. Services, particularly banking, insurance, and business services, are key drivers of British GDP growth. Manufacturing, meanwhile, has declined in importance but still accounts for about 10% of economic output. ++ ++ In 2008, the global financial crisis hit the economy particularly hard, due to the importance of its financial sector. Falling home prices, high consumer debt, and the global economic slowdown compounded Britain's economic problems, pushing the economy into recession in the latter half of 2008 and prompting the then BROWN (Labour) government to implement a number of measures to stimulate the economy and stabilize the financial markets. Facing burgeoning public deficits and debt levels, in 2010 the CAMERON-led coalition government (between Conservatives and Liberal Democrats) initiated an austerity program, which has continued under the new Conservative majority government. However, the deficit still remains one of the highest in the G7, standing at 5.1% of GDP as of mid-2015. London intends to eliminate its deficit by 2020, primarily through additional cuts to public spending and welfare benefits. It has also pledged to lower its corporation tax from 20% to 18% by 2020. ++ ++ In 2012, weak consumer spending and subdued business investment weighed on the economy, however, GDP grew 1.7% in 2013 and 2.8% in 2014, accelerating because of greater consumer spending and a recovering housing market. As of late 2015, the Bank of England is examining when to begin raising interest rates from historically low levels while being cautious not to damage economic growth. While the UK is one of the fastest growing economies in the G7, economists are concerned about the potential negative impact if the UK votes to leave the EU. The UK has an extensive trade relationship with other EU members through its access to the single market and economic observers have warned an exit could jeopardize its position as the central location for European financial services."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$2.569 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $2.495 trillion (2013 est.) ++ $2.454 trillion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$2.702 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $2.643 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $2.564 trillion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$2.95 trillion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$2.858 trillion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "3% (2014 est.) ++ 1.7% (2013 est.) ++ 0.7% (2012 est.)"
"text": "2.2% (2015 est.) ++ 3.1% (2014 est.) ++ 1.9% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$39,800 (2014 est.) ++ $38,700 (2013 est.) ++ $38,000 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$41,500 (2015 est.) ++ $40,900 (2014 est.) ++ $40,000 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "11.9% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 12.5% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 12.6% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "11.9% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 12.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 12% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "64.7%"
"text": "65%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "19.7%"
"text": "19.3%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "16.9%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.7%"
"text": "0.8%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "28.4%"
"text": "27.3%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-30.3% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-29.4% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "0.6%"
"text": "0.7%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "19.9%"
"text": "19.4%"
},
"services": {
"text": "79.5% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "80% ++ (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -596,10 +597,10 @@
"text": "machine tools, electric power equipment, automation equipment, railroad equipment, shipbuilding, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, electronics and communications equipment, metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper and paper products, food processing, textiles, clothing, other consumer goods"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "1.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "2% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "32.76 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "33.06 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -613,7 +614,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "6.2% (2014 est.) ++ 7.6% (2013 est.)"
"text": "5.4% (2015 est.) ++ 6.2% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "15% (2013 est.)"
@ -631,20 +632,20 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$936.2 billion"
"text": "$1.107 trillion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$1.106 trillion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.232 trillion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "31.7% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "38.8% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-5.7% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-4.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "88.1% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 86.2% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "89% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 87.9% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
}
@ -653,64 +654,69 @@
"text": "6 April - 5 April"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "1.5% (2014 est.) ++ 2.6% (2013 est.)"
"text": "0.1% (2015 est.) ++ 1.5% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "0.5% (31 December 2014) ++ 0.5% (31 December 2013)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "4.45% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 4.37% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "4.51% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 4.45% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$106.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $108.6 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$106.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $106.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$3.567 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $3.491 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$3.366 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $3.696 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$3.195 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $3.366 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$3.019 trillion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $2.903 trillion (31 December 2011) ++ $3.107 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$3.019 trillion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $2.903 trillion (31 December 2011 est.) ++ $3.107 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$173.9 billion (2014 est.) ++ -$119.8 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$153.3 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$140 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$480.8 billion (2014 est.) ++ $479.7 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$436.2 billion (2015 est.) ++ $483.4 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals; food, beverages, tobacco"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 10.8%, US 10.4%, Netherlands 8.1%, Switzerland 7.2%, France 6.5%, Ireland 6.4%, Belgium 4.5% (2014)"
"text": "US 14.6%, Germany 10.1%, Switzerland 7%, China 6%, France 5.9%, Netherlands 5.8%, Ireland 5.5% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$802.1 billion (2014 est.) ++ $824.4 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$627.7 billion (2015 est.) ++ $685.8 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "manufactured goods, machinery, fuels; foodstuffs"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Germany 14.9%, China 9%, Netherlands 7.8%, US 6.5%, France 6.1%, Belgium 5.2%, Italy 4.1% (2014)"
"text": "Germany 14.8%, China 9.8%, US 9.2%, Netherlands 7.5%, France 5.8%, Belgium 5% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$107.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $104.4 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$129.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $107.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$107.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $104.4 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$9.219 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $9.411 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$1.411 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.363 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$2.04 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.915 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$1.711 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.788 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.959 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.146 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "British pounds (GBP) per US dollar - ++ 0.607 (2014 est.) ++ 0.607 (2013 est.) ++ 0.63 (2012 est.) ++ 0.624 (2011 est.) ++ 0.6472 (2010 est.)"
"text": "British pounds (GBP) per US dollar - ++ 0.6542 (2015 est.) ++ 0.607 (2014 est.) ++ 0.6391 (2013 est.) ++ 0.6324 (2012 est.) ++ 0.624 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "335 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -724,19 +730,19 @@
"text": "20.5 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
"text": "76.44 million kW (31 December 2014 est.)"
"text": "84.99 million kW (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
"text": "70.7% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "71.1% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
"text": "9.8% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "11.7% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
"text": "1.8% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "5.1% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
"text": "14.7% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "12.2% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - production": {
"text": "787,200 bbl/day (2014 est.)"
@ -784,18 +790,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "33.24 million"
"text": "33.613 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "52 (2014 est.)"
"text": "52 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "78.5 million"
"text": "80.284 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "123 (2014 est.)"
"text": "125 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -806,31 +812,42 @@
"text": "equal mix of buried cables, microwave radio relay, and fiber-optic systems"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 44; numerous submarine cables provide links throughout Europe, Asia, Australia, the Middle East, and US; satellite earth stations - 10 Intelsat (7 Atlantic Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region), and 1 Eutelsat; at least 8 large international switching centers (2011)"
"text": "country code - 44; numerous submarine cables provide links throughout Europe, Asia, Australia, the Middle East, and US; satellite earth stations - 10 Intelsat (7 Atlantic Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region), and 1 Eutelsat; at least 8 large international switching centers (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "public service broadcaster, British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world; BBC operates multiple TV networks with regional and local TV service; a mixed system of public and commercial TV broadcasters along with satellite and cable systems provide access to hundreds of TV stations throughout the world; BBC operates multiple national, regional, and local radio networks with multiple transmission sites; a large number of commercial radio stations, as well as satellite radio services are available (2008)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 206, FM 696, shortwave 3 (2008)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "940 (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".uk"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "57.3 million"
"text": "58.961 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "89.9% (2014 est.)"
"text": "92% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "28"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "1,242"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "131,449,680"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "5,466,504,676 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "G (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "460 (2013)"
},
@ -865,7 +882,7 @@
"text": "26"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 160 (2013)"
"text": "160 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -876,13 +893,13 @@
},
"Railways": {
"total": {
"text": "30,858.5 km"
"text": "16,837 km"
},
"broad gauge": {
"text": "303 km 1.600-m gauge (in Northern Ireland)"
},
"standard gauge": {
"text": "30,555.5 km 1.435-m gauge (5,357 km electrified) (2014)"
"text": "16,534 km 1.435-m gauge (5,357 km electrified) (2015)"
}
},
"Roadways": {
@ -925,51 +942,27 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Army, Royal Navy (includes Royal Marines), Royal Air Force (2013)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "16-33 years of age (officers 17-28) for voluntary military service (with parental consent under 18); no conscription; women serve in military services, but are excluded from ground combat positions and some naval postings; must be citizen of the UK, Commonwealth, or Republic of Ireland; reservists serve a minimum of 3 years, to age 45 or 55; 17 years 6 months of age for voluntary military service by Nepalese citizens in the Brigade of Gurkhas; 16-34 years of age for voluntary military service by Papua New Guinean citizens (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "14,856,917"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "14,307,316 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "12,255,452"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "11,779,679 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "383,989"
},
"female": {
"text": "365,491 (2010 est.)"
}
"text": "16-33 years of age (officers 17-28) for voluntary military service (with parental consent under 18); no conscription; women serve in military services including some ground combat roles; the UK’s Defense Ministry is expected to further ease existing women's restrictions by the end of 2016; must be citizen of the UK, Commonwealth, or Republic of Ireland; reservists serve a minimum of 3 years, to age 45 or 55; 17 years 6 months of age for voluntary military service by Nepalese citizens in the Brigade of Gurkhas; 16-34 years of age for voluntary military service by Papua New Guinean citizens (2016)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "2.49% of GDP (2012) ++ 2.48% of GDP (2011) ++ 2.49% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "2.07% of GDP (2015) ++ 2.2% of GDP (2014) ++ 2.3% of GDP (2013) ++ 2.49% of GDP (2012) ++ 2.48% of GDP (2011)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "in 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by referendum to reject any \"shared sovereignty\" arrangement between the UK and Spain; the Government of Gibraltar insisted on equal participation in talks between the two countries; Spain disapproved of UK plans to grant Gibraltar greater autonomy; Mauritius and Seychelles claim the Chagos Archipelago (British Indian Ocean Territory); in 2001, the former inhabitants of the archipelago, evicted 1967 - 1973, were granted U.K. citizenship and the right of return, followed by Orders in Council in 2004 that banned rehabitation, a High Court ruling reversed the ban, a Court of Appeal refusal to hear the case, and a Law Lords' decision in 2008 denied the right of return; in addition, the United Kingdom created the world's largest marine protection area around the Chagos islands prohibiting the extraction of any natural resources therein; UK rejects sovereignty talks requested by Argentina, which still claims the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; territorial claim in Antarctica (British Antarctic Territory) overlaps Argentine claim and partially overlaps Chilean claim; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm"
"text": "in 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by referendum to reject any \"shared sovereignty\" arrangement between the UK and Spain; the Government of Gibraltar insisted on equal participation in talks between the two countries; Spain disapproved of UK plans to grant Gibraltar greater autonomy; Mauritius and Seychelles claim the Chagos Archipelago (British Indian Ocean Territory); in 2001, the former inhabitants of the archipelago, evicted 1967 - 1973, were granted UK citizenship and the right of return, followed by Orders in Council in 2004 that banned rehabitation, a High Court ruling reversed the ban, a Court of Appeal refusal to hear the case, and a Law Lords' decision in 2008 denied the right of return; in addition, the UK created the world's largest marine protection area around the Chagos islands prohibiting the extraction of any natural resources therein; UK rejects sovereignty talks requested by Argentina, which still claims the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; territorial claim in Antarctica (British Antarctic Territory) overlaps Argentine claim and partially overlaps Chilean claim; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "11,583 (Eritrea); 11,510 (Iran); 9,467 (Zimbabwe); 9,039 (Afghanistan); 8,509 (Somalia); 5,669 (Pakistan) (2014)"
"text": "12,383 (Eritrea); 12,667 (Iran); 9,045 (Zimbabwe); 9,354 (Afghanistan); 6,977 (Somalia); 6,319 (Pakistan); 5,279 (Sri Lanka); 6,076 (Sudan); 6,496 (Syria) (2015)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "16 (2014)"
"text": "41 (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

337
europe/up.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Ukraine was the center of the first eastern Slavic state, Kyivan Rus, which during the 10th and 11th centuries was the largest and most powerful state in Europe. Weakened by internecine quarrels and Mongol invasions, Kyivan Rus was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and eventually into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The cultural and religious legacy of Kyivan Rus laid the foundation for Ukrainian nationalism through subsequent centuries. A new Ukrainian state, the Cossack Hetmanate, was established during the mid-17th century after an uprising against the Poles. Despite continuous Muscovite pressure, the Hetmanate managed to remain autonomous for well over 100 years. During the latter part of the 18th century, most Ukrainian ethnographic territory was absorbed by the Russian Empire. Following the collapse of czarist Russia in 1917, Ukraine achieved a short-lived period of independence (1917-20), but was reconquered and endured a brutal Soviet rule that engineered two forced famines (1921-22 and 1932-33) in which over 8 million died. In World War II, German and Soviet armies were responsible for 7 to 8 million more deaths. Although Ukraine achieved final independence in 1991 with the dissolution of the USSR, democracy and prosperity remained elusive as the legacy of state control and endemic corruption stalled efforts at economic reform, privatization, and civil liberties. ++ A peaceful mass protest referred to as the \"Orange Revolution\" in the closing months of 2004 forced the authorities to overturn a rigged presidential election and to allow a new internationally monitored vote that swept into power a reformist slate under Viktor YUSHCHENKO. Subsequent internal squabbles in the YUSHCHENKO camp allowed his rival Viktor YANUKOVYCH to stage a comeback in parliamentary (Rada) elections, become prime minister in August 2006, and be elected president in February 2010. In October 2012, Ukraine held Rada elections, widely criticized by Western observers as flawed due to use of government resources to favor ruling party candidates, interference with media access, and harassment of opposition candidates. President YANUKOVYCH's backtracking on a trade and cooperation agreement with the EU in November 2013 - in favor of closer economic ties with Russia - and subsequent use of force against civil society activists in favor of the agreement led to a three-month protest occupation of Kyiv's central square. The government's use of violence to break up the protest camp in February 2014 led to all out pitched battles, scores of deaths, international condemnation, and the president's abrupt departure to Russia. New elections in the spring allowed pro-West president Petro POROSHENKO to assume office on 7 June 2014. ++ Shortly after YANUKOVYCH's departure in March 2014, Russian President PUTIN ordered the invasion of Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula claiming the action was to protect ethnic Russians living there. Two weeks later, a \"referendum\" was held regarding the integration of Crimea into the Russian Federation. The \"referendum\" was condemned as illegitimate by the Ukrainian Government, the EU, the US, and the UN General Assembly. Although Russia illegally annexed Crimea after the \"referendum,\" the Ukrainian Government asserts that Crimea remains part of Ukraine. Russia also continues to supply separatists in two of Ukraine's eastern provinces with manpower, funding, and materiel resulting in an armed conflict with the Ukrainian Government."
"text": "Ukraine was the center of the first eastern Slavic state, Kyivan Rus, which during the 10th and 11th centuries was the largest and most powerful state in Europe. Weakened by internecine quarrels and Mongol invasions, Kyivan Rus was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and eventually into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The cultural and religious legacy of Kyivan Rus laid the foundation for Ukrainian nationalism through subsequent centuries. A new Ukrainian state, the Cossack Hetmanate, was established during the mid-17th century after an uprising against the Poles. Despite continuous Muscovite pressure, the Hetmanate managed to remain autonomous for well over 100 years. During the latter part of the 18th century, most Ukrainian ethnographic territory was absorbed by the Russian Empire. Following the collapse of czarist Russia in 1917, Ukraine achieved a short-lived period of independence (1917-20), but was reconquered and endured a brutal Soviet rule that engineered two forced famines (1921-22 and 1932-33) in which over 8 million died. In World War II, German and Soviet armies were responsible for 7 to 8 million more deaths. Although Ukraine achieved final independence in 1991 with the dissolution of the USSR, democracy and prosperity remained elusive as the legacy of state control and endemic corruption stalled efforts at economic reform, privatization, and civil liberties. ++ A peaceful mass protest referred to as the \"Orange Revolution\" in the closing months of 2004 forced the authorities to overturn a rigged presidential election and to allow a new internationally monitored vote that swept into power a reformist slate under Viktor YUSHCHENKO. Subsequent internal squabbles in the YUSHCHENKO camp allowed his rival Viktor YANUKOVYCH to stage a comeback in parliamentary (Rada) elections, become prime minister in August 2006, and be elected president in February 2010. In October 2012, Ukraine held Rada elections, widely criticized by Western observers as flawed due to use of government resources to favor ruling party candidates, interference with media access, and harassment of opposition candidates. President YANUKOVYCH's backtracking on a trade and cooperation agreement with the EU in November 2013 - in favor of closer economic ties with Russia - and subsequent use of force against civil society activists in favor of the agreement led to a three-month protest occupation of Kyiv's central square. The government's use of violence to break up the protest camp in February 2014 led to all out pitched battles, scores of deaths, international condemnation, and the president's abrupt departure to Russia. New elections in the spring allowed pro-West president Petro POROSHENKO to assume office on 7 June 2014. ++ Shortly after YANUKOVYCH's departure in late February 2014, Russian President PUTIN ordered the invasion of Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula claiming the action was to protect ethnic Russians living there. Two weeks later, a \"referendum\" was held regarding the integration of Crimea into the Russian Federation. The \"referendum\" was condemned as illegitimate by the Ukrainian Government, the EU, the US, and the UN General Assembly (UNGA). Although Russia illegally annexed Crimea after the \"referendum,\" the Ukrainian Government, backed by UNGA resolution 68/262, asserts that Crimea remains part of Ukraine and fully under Ukrainian sovereignty. Russia also continues to supply separatists in two of Ukraine's eastern provinces with manpower, funding, and materiel resulting in an armed conflict with the Ukrainian Government. Representatives from Ukraine, Russia, and the unrecognized separatist republics signed a ceasefire agreement in September 2014. However, this ceasefire failed to stop the fighting. In a renewed attempt to alleviate ongoing clashes, leaders of Ukraine, Russia, France, and Germany negotiated a follow-on peace deal in February 2015 known as the Minsk Agreements. Representatives from Ukraine, Russia, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe also meet regularly to facilitate implementation of the peace deal. Scattered fighting between Ukrainian and Russian-backed separatist forces is still ongoing in eastern Ukraine."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "almost four times the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than Texas",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "almost four times the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than Texas"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -59,12 +56,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "mostly fertile plains (steppes) and plateaus, with mountains found only in the west (the Carpathians) or in the extreme south of the Crimean Peninsula"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Black Sea 0 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "175 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Hora Hoverla 2,061 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Black Sea 0 m ++ highest point: Hora Hoverla 2,061 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -82,18 +79,10 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "21,750 sq km (2010)"
"text": "21,670 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "139.6 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "19.24 cu km/yr (24%/69%/7%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "415.7 cu m/yr (2010)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "densest settlement in the eastern (Donbas) and western regions; noteable concentrations in and around major urban areas of Kyiv, Kharkiv, Donets'k, Dnipropetrovs'k, and Odesa"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "NA"
@ -110,10 +99,13 @@
}
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second-largest country in Europe"
"text": "strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second-largest country in Europe after Russia"
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "44,209,733 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Ukrainian(s)"
@ -137,27 +129,21 @@
"text": "Ukraine's population is overwhelmingly Christian; the vast majority - up to two-thirds - identify themselves as Orthodox, but many do not specify a particular branch; the UOC-KP and the UOC-MP each represent less than a quarter of the country's population, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church accounts for 8-10%, and the UAOC accounts for 1-2%; Muslim and Jewish adherents each compose less than 1% of the total population (2013 est.)"
}
},
"Population": {
"text": "44,429,471 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "15.22% (male 3,480,870/female 3,281,363)"
"text": "15.51% (male 3,528,821/female 3,326,405)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "10.85% (male 2,470,594/female 2,349,313)"
"text": "10.3% (male 2,334,454/female 2,218,718)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "44.63% (male 9,703,407/female 10,126,348)"
"text": "44.47% (male 9,639,404/female 10,020,385)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "13.5% (male 2,563,195/female 3,435,022)"
"text": "13.68% (male 2,587,898/female 3,458,016)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "15.8% (male 2,343,097/female 4,676,262) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "16.05% (male 2,375,904/female 4,719,728) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -176,26 +162,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "40.1 years"
"text": "40.4 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "37 years"
"text": "37.2 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "43.3 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "43.5 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "-0.6% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-0.39% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "10.72 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "10.5 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "14.46 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "14.4 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-2.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "densest settlement in the eastern (Donbas) and western regions; noteable concentrations in and around major urban areas of Kyiv, Kharkiv, Donets'k, Dnipropetrovs'k, and Odesa"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -228,42 +217,45 @@
"text": "0.5 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.86 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.86 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "25 (2013 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "24 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "8.12 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "8 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "9.03 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "8.9 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "7.16 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "7 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "71.57 years"
"text": "71.8 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "66.81 years"
"text": "67.1 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "76.63 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "76.9 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.53 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.54 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "65.4% (2012)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "7.8% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "7.1% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "3.54 physicians/1,000 population (2013)"
@ -288,19 +280,19 @@
}
},
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "0.83% (2013 est.)"
"text": "0.86% (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
"text": "210,700 (2013 est.)"
"text": "219,000 (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
"text": "13,400 (2013 est.)"
"text": "7,900 (2015 est.)"
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "21.7% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "6.7% of GDP (2012)"
"text": "6.7% of GDP (2013)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -324,7 +316,7 @@
"text": "15 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "15 years (2013)"
"text": "16 years (2014)"
}
},
"Child labor - children ages 5-14": {
@ -337,13 +329,13 @@
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "17.3%"
"text": "23.1%"
},
"male": {
"text": "18.1%"
"text": "23.7%"
},
"female": {
"text": "16.1% (2012 est.)"
"text": "22.4% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -364,12 +356,12 @@
"former": {
"text": "Ukrainian National Republic, Ukrainian State, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic"
},
"note": {
"text": "name derives from the Old East Slavic word \"ukraina\" meaning borderland or march (militarized border region)"
"etymology": {
"text": "name derives from the Old East Slavic word \"ukraina\" meaning \"borderland or march (militarized border region)\""
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "republic"
"text": "semi-presidential republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -389,9 +381,9 @@
}
},
"Administrative divisions": {
"text": "24 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast'), 1 autonomous republic* (avtonomna respublika), and 2 municipalities (mista, singular - misto) with oblast status**; Cherkasy, Chernihiv, Chernivtsi, Crimea or Avtonomna Respublika Krym* (Simferopol'), Dnipropetrovs'k, Donets'k, Ivano-Frankivs'k, Kharkiv, Kherson, Khmel'nyts'kyy, Kirovohrad, Kyiv**, Kyiv, Luhans'k, L'viv, Mykolayiv, Odesa, Poltava, Rivne, Sevastopol'**, Sumy, Ternopil', Vinnytsya, Volyn' (Luts'k), Zakarpattya (Uzhhorod), Zaporizhzhya, Zhytomyr",
"text": "24 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast'), 1 autonomous republic* (avtonomna respublika), and 2 municipalities (mista, singular - misto) with oblast status**; Cherkasy, Chernihiv, Chernivtsi, Crimea or Avtonomna Respublika Krym* (Simferopol'), Dnipropetrovs'k (Dnipro), Donets'k, Ivano-Frankivs'k, Kharkiv, Kherson, Khmel'nyts'kyy, Kirovohrad (Kropyvnyts'kyy), Kyiv**, Kyiv, Luhans'k, L'viv, Mykolayiv, Odesa, Poltava, Rivne, Sevastopol'**, Sumy, Ternopil', Vinnytsya, Volyn' (Luts'k), Zakarpattya (Uzhhorod), Zaporizhzhya, Zhytomyr",
"note 1": {
"text": "administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)"
"text": "administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses); plans include the eventual renaming of Dnipropetrovsk and Kirovohrad oblasts, but because these names are mentioned in the Constitution of Ukraine, the change will require a constitutional amendment"
},
"note 2": {
"text": "the United States does not recognize Russia's annexation of Ukraine's Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the municipality of Sevastopol, nor their redesignation as the Republic of Crimea and the Federal City of Sevastopol"
@ -404,7 +396,7 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 24 August (1991); note - 22 January 1918, the day Ukraine first declared its independence (from Soviet Russia) and the day the short-lived Western and Greater (Eastern) Ukrainian republics united (1919), is now celebrated as Unity Day"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted and ratified 28 June 1996; amended 2004, 2010, 2015 (2015)"
"text": "several previous; latest adopted and ratified 28 June 1996; amended 2004, 2010, 2015 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts"
@ -412,6 +404,20 @@
"International law organization participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"Citizenship": {
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Ukraine"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": "5 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
@ -420,16 +426,16 @@
"text": "President Petro POROSHENKO (since 7 June 2014)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Arseniy YATSENYUK (since 27 February 2014)"
"text": "Prime Minister Volodymyr HROISMAN (since 14 April 2016); Deputy Prime Minister Vyacheslav KYRYLENKO (since 2 December 2014)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet of Ministers nominated by the president, approved by the Verkhovna Rada"
"text": "Cabinet of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, approved by the Verkhovna Rada"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 25 May 2014 (next to be held in 2019); prime minister nominated by the president, confirmed by the Verkhovna Rada"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Petro POROSHENKO elected president; percent of vote - Petro POROSHENKO (independent) 54.5%, Yuliya TYMOSHENKO (Fatherland) 12.9%, Oleh LYASHKO (Radical Party) 8.4%, other 24.2%"
"text": "Petro POROSHENKO elected president; percent of vote - Petro POROSHENKO (independent) 54.5%, Yuliya TYMOSHENKO (Fatherland) 12.9%, Oleh LYASHKO (Radical Party) 8.4%, other 24.2%; Volodymyr HROISMAN elected prime minister; Verkhovna Rada vote 257-50"
},
"note": {
"text": "there is also a National Security and Defense Council or NSDC originally created in 1992 as the National Security Council; the NSDC staff is tasked with developing national security policy on domestic and international matters and advising the president; a presidential administration helps draft presidential edicts and provides policy support to the president"
@ -437,13 +443,13 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "unicameral Supreme Council or Verkhovna Rada (450 seats; 225 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 225 directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms); note - because of the Russian annexation of Crimea and the partial occupation of two eastern provinces, 28 of the 450 seats remain unfilled"
"text": "unicameral Supreme Council or Verkhovna Rada (450 seats; 225 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 225 directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms); note - because of the Russian annexation of Crimea and the partial occupation of two eastern provinces, 27 of the 450 seats remain unfilled"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 26 October 2014 (next to be held fall of 2019)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party - NF 22.1%, BPP 21.8%, Samopomich 11.0%, OB 9.4%, Radical 7.4%, Batkivshchyna 5.7%, Svoboda 4.7%, CPU 3.9%, other 13.9%; seats by party - BPP 132, NF 82, Samopomich 33, OB 29, Radical 22, Batkivshchyna 19, Svoboda 6, other 4, independent 96, vacant 27; note - voting not held in Crimea and parts of two Russian-occupied eastern oblasts leaving 27 seats vacant; seats as of 1 July 2015 - BPP 144, NF 81, OB 43, Samopomich 31, ER 22, Radical 21, Batkivshchyna 19, VN 19, independent 42, vacant 28"
"text": "percent of vote by party - NF 22.1%, BPP 21.8%, Samopomich 11.0%, OB 9.4%, Radical 7.4%, Batkivshchyna 5.7%, Svoboda 4.7%, CPU 3.9%, other 13.9%; seats by party - BPP 132, NF 82, Samopomich 33, OB 29, Radical 22, Batkivshchyna 19, Svoboda 6, other 4, independent 96, vacant 27; note - voting not held in Crimea and parts of two Russian-occupied eastern oblasts leaving 27 seats vacant; seats as of December 2015 - BPP 139, NF 81, OB 43, Samopomich 26, Vidrozhennya 23, Radical 21, Batkivshchyna 19, VN 20, independent 50, vacant 28"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -458,17 +464,17 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Batkivshchyna (\"Fatherland\") [Yuliya TYMOSHENKO] ++ Communist Party of Ukraine or CPU [Petro SYMONENKO] ++ Opposition Bloc or OB [Yuriy BOIKO] ++ People's Front or NF [Arseniy YATSENIUK] ++ People's Will or VN (parliamentary group) ++ Petro Poroshenko Bloc or BPP [Vitali KLITSCHKO] (formed from the merger of Solidarity and UDAR) ++ Radical Party [Oleh LYASHKO] ++ Revival or ER [Vitaliy KHOMUTYNNIK] (parliamentary group) ++ Samopomich (\"Self Reliance\") [Andriy SADOVYI] ++ Svoboda (\"Freedom\") [Oleh TYAHNYBOK]"
"text": "Batkivshchyna (\"Fatherland\") [Yuliya TYMOSHENKO] ++ Bloc of Petro Poroshenko – Solidarnist or BPP [Vitali KLYCHKO] (formed from the merger of Solidarnist and UDAR) ++ Narodnyy Front (\"People's Front\") or NF [Arseniy YATSENIUK] ++ Opposition Bloc or OB [Yuriy BOYKO] ++ Radical Party [Oleh LYASHKO] ++ Samopomich (\"Self Reliance\") [Andriy SADOVYY] ++ Svoboda (\"Freedom\") [Oleh TYAHNYBOK] ++ Ukrainian Association of Patriots or UKROP [Hennadiy KORBAN] ++ Vidrozhennya (\"Revival\") [Vitaliy KHOMUTYNNIK] (parliamentary group) ++ Volya Naroda (“People's Will”) or VN (parliamentary group)"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Committee of Voters of Ukraine [Oleksandr CHERNENKO] ++ OPORA [Olha AIVAZOVSKA]"
"text": "Centre UA [Oleh RYBACHUK] ++ Committee of Voters of Ukraine [Oleksandr CHERNENKO] ++ OPORA [Olha AIVAZOVSKA]"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "Australia Group, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CICA (observer), CIS (participating member, has not signed the 1993 CIS charter), EAEC (observer), EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Valerii CHALYI (since 3 August 2015)"
"text": "Ambassador Valeriy CHALYY (since 3 August 2015)"
},
"chancery": {
"text": "3350 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007"
@ -485,7 +491,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Geoffrey R. PYATT (since 7 August 2013)"
"text": "Ambassador Marie YOVANOVITCH (since 29 August 2016)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "4 Igor Sikorsky Street, 04112 Kyiv"
@ -520,58 +526,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was the most important economic component of the former Soviet Union, producing about four times the output of the next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil generated more than one-fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics. Likewise, its diversified heavy industry supplied the unique equipment (for example, large diameter pipes) and raw materials to industrial and mining sites (vertical drilling apparatus) in other regions of the former USSR. ++ ++ Shortly after independence in August 1991, the Ukrainian Government liberalized most prices and erected a legal framework for privatization, but widespread resistance to reform within the government and the legislature soon stalled reform efforts and led to some backtracking. Output by 1999 had fallen to less than 40% of the 1991 level. Outside institutions - particularly the IMF –encouraged Ukraine to quicken the pace and scope of reforms to foster economic growth. Ukrainian Government officials eliminated most tax and customs privileges in a March 2005 budget law, bringing more economic activity out of Ukraine's large shadow economy, but more improvements are needed, including fighting corruption, developing capital markets, and improving the legislative framework. From 2000 until mid-2008, Ukraine's economy was buoyant despite political turmoil between the prime minister and president. ++ ++ Ukraine's dependence on Russia for energy supplies and the lack of significant structural reform have made the Ukrainian economy vulnerable to external shocks. Ukraine depends on imports to meet about three-fourths of its annual oil and natural gas requirements and 100% of its nuclear fuel needs. In January 2009, after a two-week dispute that saw gas supplies cutoff to Europe, Ukraine agreed to 10-year gas supply and transit contracts with Russia that brought gas prices to \"world\" levels. The strict terms of the contracts further hobbled Ukraine's cash-strapped state gas company, Naftohaz. The economy contracted nearly 15% in 2009, among the worst economic performances in the world. In April 2010, Ukraine negotiated a price discount on Russian gas imports in exchange for extending Russia's lease on its naval base in Crimea. ++ ++ Movement toward an Association Agreement with the European Union, which would commit Ukraine to economic and financial reforms in exchange for preferential access to EU markets, was curtailed by a November 2013 decision of President YANUKOVYCH. In response, on 17 December 2013 then President YANUKOVYCH and President PUTIN concluded a financial assistance package containing $15 billion in loans and lower gas prices. However, the end of the YANUKOVYCH government in February 2014 caused Russia to halt further funding. With the formation of an interim government in late February 2014, the international community began efforts to stabilize the Ukrainian economy, including a 27 March 2014 IMF assistance package of $14-18 billion. Russia’s seizure of the Crimean Peninsula created uncertainty as to the annual rate of growth of the Ukrainian economy in 2014."
"text": "After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was the most important economic component of the former Soviet Union, producing about four times the output of the next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil generated more than one-fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics. Likewise, its diversified heavy industry supplied unique equipment, such as, large diameter pipes and vertical drilling apparatus, and raw materials to industrial and mining sites in other regions of the former USSR. ++ ++ Shortly after independence in August 1991, the Ukrainian Government liberalized most prices and erected a legal framework for privatization, but widespread resistance to reform within the government and the legislature soon stalled reform efforts and led to some backtracking. Output by 1999 had fallen to less than 40% of the 1991 level. Outside institutions - particularly the IMF –encouraged Ukraine to quicken the pace and scope of reforms to foster economic growth. Ukrainian Government officials eliminated most tax and customs privileges in a March 2005 budget law, bringing more economic activity out of Ukraine's large shadow economy. But more improvements are needed, including fighting corruption, developing capital markets, and improving the legislative framework. From 2000 until mid-2008, Ukraine's economy was buoyant despite political turmoil between the prime minister and president. ++ ++ Ukraine's dependence on Russia for energy supplies and the lack of significant structural reform have made the Ukrainian economy vulnerable to external shocks. Ukraine depends on imports to meet about three-fourths of its annual oil and natural gas requirements and 100% of its nuclear fuel needs. In January 2009, after a two-week dispute that saw gas supplies cut off to Europe, Ukraine agreed to 10-year gas supply and transit contracts with Russia that brought gas prices to \"world\" levels. The strict terms of the contracts further hobbled Ukraine's cash-strapped state gas company, Naftohaz. The economy contracted nearly 15% in 2009, among the worst economic performances in the world. In April 2010, Ukraine negotiated a price discount on Russian gas imports in exchange for extending Russia's lease on its naval base in Crimea. ++ ++ Ukraine’s oligarch-dominated economy grew slowly from 2010 to 2014. After former President YANUKOVYCH fled the country during the Revolution of Dignity, the international community began efforts to stabilize the Ukrainian economy, including a March 2014 IMF assistance package of $14-18 billion. Ukraine has made significant progress on reforms designed to make the country a prosperous, democratic, and transparent country. ++ ++ Russia’s occupation of Crimea in March 2014 and on-going aggression in eastern Ukraine have hurt economic growth. With the loss of a major portion of Ukraine’s heavy industry in Donbas and ongoing violence, Ukraine’s economy contracted by 6.8% in 2014 and by an estimated 10.5% in 2015. Ukraine and Russia have engaged in a trade war with sharply reduced trade between the countries by the end of 2015. The EU-Ukraine Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area finally started up on 1 January 2016, and is expected to help Ukraine integrate its economy with Europe by opening up markets and harmonizing regulations."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$371.8 billion (2014 est.) ++ $399.1 billion (2013 est.) ++ $399.2 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$340.2 billion (2015 est.) ++ $377.4 billion (2014 est.) ++ $403.9 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$130.7 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$90.52 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "-6.8% (2014 est.) ++ 0% (2013 est.) ++ 0.2% (2012 est.)"
"text": "-9.9% (2015 est.) ++ -6.6% (2014 est.) ++ 0% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$8,700 (2014 est.) ++ $9,300 (2013 est.) ++ $9,300 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$8,000 (2015 est.) ++ $8,800 (2014 est.) ++ $8,900 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "10.1% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 9.3% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 13.6% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "15% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 9.5% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 9.3% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "71.4%"
"text": "67.6%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "18.6%"
"text": "19%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "14%"
"text": "13.3%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.1%"
"text": "2%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "49.2%"
"text": "52.8%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-53.2% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-54.8% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "11.8%"
"text": "14.1%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "25.5%"
"text": "26.4%"
},
"services": {
"text": "63% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "60% ++ (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -581,26 +587,26 @@
"text": "coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food processing"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "-13% (2014 est.)"
"text": "-13.4% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "19.92 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "18.1 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "5.6%"
"text": "5.8%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "26%"
"text": "26.5%"
},
"services": {
"text": "68.4% ++ (2012)"
"text": "67.8% ++ (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "9.3% (2014 est.) ++ 7.3% (2013 est.)",
"text": "9.1% (2015 est.) ++ 9.3% (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "officially registered; large number of unregistered or underemployed workers"
"text": "officially registered workers; large number of unregistered or underemployed workers"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
@ -615,27 +621,27 @@
}
},
"Distribution of family income - Gini index": {
"text": "28.2 (2009) ++ 29 (1999)"
"text": "24.6 (2013) ++ 28.2 (2009)"
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$38.36 billion"
"text": "$29.85 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$44 billion"
"text": "$31.12 billion"
},
"note": {
"text": "this is the planned, consolidated budget (2014 est.)"
"text": "this is the planned, consolidated budget (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "29.4% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "33% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-4.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-1.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "70.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 39.9% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "79.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 69.4% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "the total public debt of $64.5 billion consists of: domestic public debt ($23.8 billion); external public debt ($26.1 billion); and sovereign guarantees ($14.6 billion)"
}
@ -644,64 +650,72 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "12.1% (2014 est.) ++ -0.3% (2013 est.)"
"text": "48.7% (2015 est.) ++ 12.1% (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "Excluding the temporarily occupied territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the city of Sevastopol and part of the anti-terrorist operation zone"
}
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "7.5% (31 January 2012) ++ 11.97% (31 December 2010)"
"text": "22% (23 December 2015) ++ 7.5% (31 January 2012)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "17.72% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 16.65% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "21.82% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 17.72% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$27.62 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $48.02 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$19.68 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $27.62 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$78.02 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $113.4 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$95.93 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $150.9 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$62.77 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $95.93 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$20.71 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $25.56 billion (31 December 2011) ++ $39.46 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$20.71 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $25.56 billion (31 December 2011 est.) ++ $39.46 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$6.187 billion (2014 est.) ++ -$16.48 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$251 million (2015 est.) ++ -$5.113 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$50.77 billion (2014 est.) ++ $59.19 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$35.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $50.76 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "ferrous and nonferrous metals, fuel and petroleum products, chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, foodstuffs"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Russia 18.2%, Turkey 6.6%, Egypt 5.3%, China 5%, Poland 4.9%, Italy 4.6% (2014)"
"text": "Russia 12.7%, Turkey 7.3%, China 6.3%, Egypt 5.5%, Italy 5.2%, Poland 5.2% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$58.2 billion (2014 est.) ++ $81.16 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$38.94 billion (2015 est.) ++ $58.24 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "energy, machinery and equipment, chemicals"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Russia 23.3%, China 10%, Germany 9.9%, Belarus 7.3%, Poland 5.6% (2014)"
"text": "Russia 20%, Germany 10.4%, China 10.1%, Belarus 6.5%, Poland 6.2%, Hungary 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$7.53 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $20.42 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$13.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $7.53 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$125.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $147.7 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$119.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $130.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$57.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $57.06 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$60.95 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $57.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$7.145 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $6.597 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$7.183 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $7.145 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "hryvnia (UAH) per US dollar - ++ 11.8867 (2014 est.) ++ 11.8867 (2013 est.) ++ 7.99 (2012 est.) ++ 7.9676 (2011 est.) ++ 7.9356 (2010 est.)"
"text": "hryvnia (UAH) per US dollar - ++ 21.8447 (2015 est.) ++ 11.8867 (2014 est.) ++ 11.8867 (2013 est.) ++ 7.99 (2012 est.) ++ 7.9676 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "187.1 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -754,16 +768,16 @@
"text": "175,100 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - production": {
"text": "21.1 billion cu m (2013 est.)"
"text": "19.9 billion cu m (2015)"
},
"Natural gas - consumption": {
"text": "47 billion cu m (2013 est.)"
"text": "33.8 billion cu m (2015 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2013 est.)"
"text": "0 cu m (2015 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - imports": {
"text": "25.9 billion cu m (2013 est.)"
"text": "16.4 billion cu m (2015 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - proved reserves": {
"text": "1.104 trillion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)"
@ -775,18 +789,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "10.46 million"
"text": "9,113,061"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "23 (2014 est.)"
"text": "21 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "61.2 million"
"text": "60.72 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "136 (2014 est.)"
"text": "137 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -794,34 +808,45 @@
"text": "Ukraine's telecommunication development plan emphasizes improving domestic trunk lines, international connections, and the mobile-cellular system"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "at independence in December 1991, Ukraine inherited a telephone system that was antiquated, inefficient, and in disrepair; more than 3.5 million applications for telephones could not be satisfied; telephone density is rising and the domestic trunk system is being improved; about one-third of Ukraine's networks are digital, and a majority of regional centers now have digital switching stations; improvements in local networks and local exchanges continue to lag; the mobile-cellular telephone system's expansion has slowed, largely due to saturation of the market which has reached 125 mobile phones per 100 people"
"text": "the country's former sole telephone provider, Ukrtelekom, was successfully privatized 2011 and independent foreign-invested private companies now provide substantial telecommunications services; the mobile-cellular telephone system's expansion has slowed, largely due to saturation of the market that is now over 135 mobile phones per 100 persons"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 380; 2 new domestic trunk lines are a part of the fiber-optic Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) system and 3 Ukrainian links have been installed in the fiber-optic Trans-European Lines (TEL) project that connects 18 countries; additional international service is provided by the Italy-Turkey-Ukraine-Russia (ITUR) fiber-optic submarine cable and by an unknown number of earth stations in the Intelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik satellite systems (2010)"
"text": "country code - 380; 2 new domestic trunk lines are a part of the fiber-optic Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) system and 3 Ukrainian links have been installed in the fiber-optic Trans-European Lines (TEL) project that connects 18 countries; additional international service is provided by the Italy-Turkey-Ukraine-Russia (ITUR) fiber-optic submarine cable and by an unknown number of earth stations in the Intelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik satellite systems (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state-controlled nationwide TV broadcast channel (UT1) and a number of privately owned TV networks provide basic TV coverage; multi-channel cable and satellite TV services are available; Russian television broadcasts have a small audience nationwide, but larger audiences in the eastern and southern regions; the radio broadcast market, a mix of independent and state-owned networks, is comprised of some 300 stations (2007)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "524 (station frequency types NA) (2006)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "647 (2006)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".ua"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "16.8 million"
"text": "21.886 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "37.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "49.3% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "17"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "92"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "4,613,224"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "37,721,565 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "UR (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "187 (2013)"
},
@ -856,7 +881,7 @@
"text": "5"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 69 (2013)"
"text": "69 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -907,39 +932,15 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air Forces (2013)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-25 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation is 12 months for Army and Air Force, 18 months for Navy (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "10,984,394"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "11.26 million (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "6,893,551"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "8,792,504 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "246,397"
},
"female": {
"text": "234,916 (2010 est.)"
}
"text": "20-27 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation is 18 months (2015)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "2.77% of GDP (2012) ++ 2.4% of GDP (2011) ++ 2.77% of GDP (2010)"
"text": "3.8% of GDP (2016) ++ 2.7% of GDP (2015) ++ 1.77% of GDP (2014) ++ 0.97% of GDP (2013)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
@ -948,10 +949,10 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"IDPs": {
"text": "1,505,600 (Russian-sponsored separatist violence in Crimea and eastern Ukraine) (2015)"
"text": "800,000 (Russian-sponsored separatist violence in Crimea and eastern Ukraine) (2015); note - revised figure reflects updates to UN's IDP verification and registration processes"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "35,335 (2014); note - citizens of the former USSR who were permanently resident in Ukraine were granted citizenship upon Ukraine's independence in 1991, but some missed this window of opportunity; people arriving after 1991, Crimean Tatars, ethnic Koreans, people with expired Soviet passports, and people with no documents have difficulty acquiring Ukrainian citizenship; following the fall of the Soviet Union in 1989, thousands of Crimean Tatars and their descendants deported from Ukraine under the STALIN regime returned to their homeland, some being stateless and others holding the citizenship of Uzbekistan or other former Soviet republics; a 1998 bilateral agreement between Ukraine and Uzbekistan simplified the process of renouncing Uzbek citizenship and obtaining Ukrainian citizenship"
"text": "35,228 (2015); note - citizens of the former USSR who were permanently resident in Ukraine were granted citizenship upon Ukraine's independence in 1991, but some missed this window of opportunity; people arriving after 1991, Crimean Tatars, ethnic Koreans, people with expired Soviet passports, and people with no documents have difficulty acquiring Ukrainian citizenship; following the fall of the Soviet Union in 1989, thousands of Crimean Tatars and their descendants deported from Ukraine under the STALIN regime returned to their homeland, some being stateless and others holding the citizenship of Uzbekistan or other former Soviet republics; a 1998 bilateral agreement between Ukraine and Uzbekistan simplified the process of renouncing Uzbek citizenship and obtaining Ukrainian citizenship"
}
},
"Trafficking in persons": {
@ -959,7 +960,7 @@
"text": "Ukraine is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; Ukrainian victims are sex trafficked within Ukraine as well as in Russia, Poland, Iraq, Spain, Turkey, Cyprus, Greece, Seychelles, Portugal, the Czech Republic, Israel, Italy, South Korea, Moldova, China, the United Arab Emirates, Montenegro, UK, Kazakhstan, Tunisia, and other countries; small numbers of foreigners from Moldova, Russia, Vietnam, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Cameroon, and Azerbaijan were victims of labor trafficking in Ukraine; Ukrainian recruiters most often target Ukrainians from rural areas with limited job prospects using fraud, coercion, and debt bondage"
},
"tier rating": {
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List – Ukraine does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the former Yanukovych government adopted standards of social services for victims, re-established its anti-trafficking unit, and increased the unit’s number of officers; the number of human trafficking cases investigated and prosecuted continued to decline in 2013, but significantly fewer victims were identified and referred to care; the government continued to rely on international donors to fund protective services and to provide inadequate funding to NGOs for assisting trafficking victims (2014)"
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List – Ukraine does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government’s focus on its security situation constrained its anti-trafficking capabilities; law enforcement efforts to pursue trafficking cases weakened in 2014, continuing a multi-year decline, and no investigations, prosecutions, or convictions of government officials were made, despite reports of official complicity in the sex and labor trafficking of children living in state-run institutions; fewer victims were identified and referred to NGOs, which continued to provide and to fund the majority of victims’ services (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

73
europe/vt.json
View file

@ -48,12 +48,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "urban; low hill"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Saint Peter's Square 19 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "NA"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Vatican Gardens (Vatican Hill) 77 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Saint Peter's Square 19 m ++ highest point: Vatican Gardens (Vatican Hill) 77 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -70,9 +70,6 @@
"text": "100% (urban area) (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "0 sq km (2011)"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "NA"
},
@ -92,6 +89,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "1,000 (2015 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "none"
@ -109,9 +109,6 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Roman Catholic"
},
"Population": {
"text": "842 (July 2014 est.)"
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "0% (2014 est.)"
},
@ -152,10 +149,13 @@
},
"local short form": {
"text": "Santa Sede (Citta del Vaticano)"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "\"holy\" comes from the Greek word \"hera\" meaning \"sacred\"; \"see\" comes from the Latin word \"sedes\" meaning \"seat,\" and refers to the episcopal chair; the term \"Vatican\" derives from the hill Mons Vaticanus on which the Vatican is located and which comes from the Latin \"vaticinari\" (to prophecy), referring to the fortune tellers and soothsayers who frequented the area in Roman times"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "ecclesiastical"
"text": "ecclesiastical elective monarchy; self described as an \"absolute monarchy\""
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -175,13 +175,13 @@
"text": "none"
},
"Independence": {
"text": "11 February 1929 (from Italy); note - the three treaties signed with Italy on 11 February 1929 acknowledged, among other things, the full sovereignty of the Holy See and established its territorial extent; however, the origin of the Papal States, which over centuries varied considerably in extent, may be traced back to 754"
"text": "11 February 1929; note - the three treaties signed with Italy on 11 February 1929 acknowledged, among other things, the full sovereignty of the Holy See and established its territorial extent; however, the origin of the Papal States, which over centuries varied considerably in extent, may be traced back to 754"
},
"National holiday": {
"text": "Election Day of Pope FRANCIS, 13 March (2013)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1929, 1963; latest adopted 26 November 2000, effective 22 February 2001 (Fundamental Law of Vatican City State); note - in October 2013, Pope Francis instituted a 9-member Council of Cardinal Advisors to reform the administrative apparatus of the Holy See (Roman Curia) to include writing a new constitution (2015)"
"text": "previous 1929, 1963; latest adopted 26 November 2000, effective 22 February 2001 (Fundamental Law of Vatican City State); note - in October 2013, Pope Francis instituted a 9-member Council of Cardinal Advisors to reform the administrative apparatus of the Holy See (Roman Curia) to include writing a new constitution (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "religious legal system based on canon (religious) law"
@ -189,6 +189,23 @@
"International law organization participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"Citizenship": {
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent": {
"text": "no"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": "not applicable"
},
"note": {
"text": "in the Holy See, citizenship is acquired by law, ex iure, or by adminstrative decision; in the first instance citizenship is a function of holding office within the Holy See as in the case of cardinals resident in Vatican City or diplomats of the Holy See; in the second instance, citizenship may be requested in a limited set of circumstances for those who reside within Vatican City under papal authorization, as a function of their office or service, or as the spouses and children of current citizens; citizenship is lost once an individual no longer permanently resides in Vatican City, normally reverting to the citizenship previously held"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "election of the pope is limited to cardinals less than 80 years old"
},
@ -197,16 +214,16 @@
"text": "Pope FRANCIS (since 13 March 2013)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Secretary of State Archbishop Pietro PAROLIN (since 15 October 2013); note - previous Secretary of State Cardinal Tarcisio BERTONE will remain as Camerlengo (fiscal administrator), a position he has held since 4 April 2007"
"text": "Secretary of State Cardinal Pietro PAROLIN (since 15 October 2013)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Pontifical Commission for the State of Vatican City appointed by the pope"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "pope elected for life or until voluntary resignation by the College of Cardinals; election last held on 13 March 2013 (next to be held after the death or resignation of the current pope); Secretary of State appointed by the pope"
"text": "pope elected by the College of Cardinals, usually for life or until voluntary resignation; election last held on 13 March 2013 (next to be held after the death or resignation of the current pope); Secretary of State appointed by the pope"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Jorge Mario BERGOGLIO, formerly Archbishop of Buenos Aires, elected Pope FRANCIS"
"text": "Jorge Mario BERGOGLIO, former Archbishop of Buenos Aires, elected Pope FRANCIS"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -219,7 +236,7 @@
"text": "Supreme Court or Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura (consists of the cardinal prefect, who serves as ex-officio president of the court, and 2 other cardinals of the Prefect Signatura); note - judicial duties were established by the Motu Proprio, papal directive, of Pope PIUS XII on 1 May 1946; most Vatican City criminal matters are handled by the Republic of Italy courts"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "cardinal prefect appointed by the Pope; the other 2 cardinals of the court appointed by the cardinal prefect on a yearly basis"
"text": "cardinal prefect appointed by the pope; the other 2 cardinals of the court appointed by the cardinal prefect on a yearly basis"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "Appellate Court of Vatican City; Tribunal of Vatican City"
@ -236,7 +253,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Apostolic Nuncio Carlo Maria VIGANO (since 16 November 2011)"
"text": "Apostolic Nuncio Archbishop Christophe PIERRE (since 27 June 2016)"
},
"chancery": {
"text": "3339 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008"
@ -253,7 +270,7 @@
"text": "Ambassador Kenneth Francis HACKETT (since 21 October 2013)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "Villa Domiziana, Via delle Terme Deciane 26, 00153 Rome"
"text": "American Embassy to the Holy See, Via Sallustiana, 49, 00187 Rome, Italy"
},
"mailing address": {
"text": "Unit 5660, Box 66, DPO AE 09624-0066"
@ -285,7 +302,7 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "The Holy See is supported financially by a variety of sources, including investments, real estate income, and donations from Catholic individuals, dioceses, and institutions; these help fund the Roman Curia (Vatican bureaucracy), diplomatic missions, and media outlets. Moreover, an annual collection taken up in dioceses and from direct donations go to a non-budgetary fund, known as Peter's Pence, which is used directly by the Pope for charity, disaster relief, and aid to churches in developing nations. Donations increased between 2010 and 2011. The separate Vatican City State budget includes the Vatican museums and post office and is supported financially by the sale of stamps, coins, medals, and tourist mementos; by fees for admission to museums; and by publication sales. Its revenues increased between 2010 and 2011 because of expanded opening hours and a growing number of visitors. However, the Holy See has not escaped the financial difficulties engulfing other European countries; in 2012 it started a spending review to determine where to cut costs to reverse its 2011 budget deficit of $20 million. The Holy See generated a modest surplus in 2012 before recording a $32 million deficit in 2013, driven primarily by the decreasing value of gold. Most public expenditures go to wages and other personnel costs; the incomes and living standards of lay workers are comparable to those of counterparts who work in the city of Rome. In February 2014, Pope FRANCIS created the Secretariat of the Economy to oversee financial and administrative operations of the Holy See, part of a broader campaign to reform the Holy See’s finances."
"text": "The Holy See is supported financially by a variety of sources, including investments, real estate income, and donations from Catholic individuals, dioceses, and institutions; these help fund the Roman Curia (Vatican bureaucracy), diplomatic missions, and media outlets. Moreover, an annual collection taken up in dioceses and from direct donations go to a non-budgetary fund, known as Peter's Pence, which is used directly by the pope for charity, disaster relief, and aid to churches in developing nations. Donations increased between 2010 and 2011. ++ ++ The separate Vatican City State budget includes the Vatican museums and post office and is supported financially by the sale of stamps, coins, medals, and tourist mementos; by fees for admission to museums; and by publication sales. Its revenues increased between 2010 and 2011 because of expanded opening hours and a growing number of visitors. However, the Holy See has not escaped the financial difficulties engulfing other European countries; in 2012, it started a spending review to determine where to cut costs to reverse its 2011 budget deficit of $20 million. The Holy See generated a modest surplus in 2012 before recording a $32 million deficit in 2013, driven primarily by the decreasing value of gold. Most public expenditures go to wages and other personnel costs; the incomes and living standards of lay workers are comparable to those of counterparts who work in the city of Rome. In February 2014, Pope FRANCIS created the Secretariat of the Economy to oversee financial and administrative operations of the Holy See, part of a broader campaign to reform the Holy See’s finances."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$NA"
@ -322,7 +339,7 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.7489 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.) ++ 0.755 (2010 est.)"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.7525 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.) ++ 0.7185 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Communications": {
@ -331,26 +348,20 @@
"text": "automatic digital exchange"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "connected via fiber optic cable to Telecom Italia network"
"text": "connected via fiber-optic cable to Telecom Italia network"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 39; uses Italian system (2012)"
"text": "country code - 39; uses Italian system (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "the Vatican Television Center (CTV) transmits live broadcasts of the Pope's Sunday and Wednesday audiences, as well as the Pope's public celebrations; CTV also produces documentaries; Vatican Radio is the Holy See's official broadcasting service broadcasting via shortwave, AM and FM frequencies, and via satellite and Internet connections (2008)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 5, FM 3, shortwave 5 (2008)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "1 (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".va"
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Pontifical Swiss Guard Corps (Corpo della Guardia Svizzera Pontificia) (2013)"
},