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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Present-day Turkmenistan covers territory that has been at the crossroads of civilizations for centuries. The area was ruled in antiquity by various Persian empires, and was conquered by Alexander the Great, Muslim armies, the Mongols, Turkic warriors, and eventually the Russians. In medieval times, Merv (located in present-day Mary province) was one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road. Annexed by Russia in the late 1800s, Turkmenistan later figured prominently in the anti-Bolshevik movement in Central Asia. In 1924, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic; it achieved independence upon the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. Extensive hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves, which have yet to be fully exploited, have begun to transform the country. The Government of Turkmenistan is moving to expand its extraction and delivery projects and has attempted to diversify its gas export routes beyond Russia's pipeline network. In 2010, new gas export pipelines that carry Turkmen gas to China and to northern Iran began operating, effectively ending the Russian monopoly on Turkmen gas exports. Subsequently, decreased Russian purchases, as well as limited purchases by Iran, have made China the dominant buyer of Turkmen gas. President for Life Saparmurat NYYAZOW died in December 2006, and Turkmenistan held its first multi-candidate presidential election in February 2007. Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW, a deputy cabinet chairman under NYYAZOW, emerged as the country's new president; he was reelected in February 2012 with 97% of the vote, in an election described as \"a democratic sham.\""
"text": "Present-day Turkmenistan covers territory that has been at the crossroads of civilizations for centuries. The area was ruled in antiquity by various Persian empires, and was conquered by Alexander the Great, Muslim armies, the Mongols, Turkic warriors, and eventually the Russians. In medieval times, Merv (located in present-day Mary province) was one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road. Annexed by Russia in the late 1800s, Turkmenistan later figured prominently in the anti-Bolshevik movement in Central Asia. In 1924, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic; it achieved independence upon the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. Extensive hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves, which have yet to be fully exploited, have begun to transform the country. The Government of Turkmenistan is moving to expand its extraction and delivery projects and has attempted to diversify its gas export routes beyond Russia's pipeline network. In 2010, new gas export pipelines that carry Turkmen gas to China and to northern Iran began operating, effectively ending the Russian monopoly on Turkmen gas exports. Subsequently, decreased Russian purchases, as well as limited purchases by Iran, have made China the dominant buyer of Turkmen gas. President for Life Saparmurat NYYAZOW died in December 2006, and Turkmenistan held its first multi-candidate presidential election in February 2007. Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW, a deputy cabinet chairman under NYYAZOW, emerged as the country's new president; he was reelected in February 2012 with 97% of the vote, in an election widely regarded as \"a democratic sham.\""
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -48,15 +48,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in the south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in west"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Vpadina Akchanaya -81 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "230 m"
},
"note": {
"text": "Sarygamysh Koli is a lake in northern Turkmenistan with a water level that fluctuates above and below the elevation of Vpadina Akchanaya (the lake has dropped as low as -110 m)"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Gora Ayribaba 3,139 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Vpadina Akchanaya -81 m (Sarygamysh Koli is a lake in northern Turkmenistan with a water level that fluctuates above and below the elevation of Vpadina Akchanaya, the lake has dropped as low as -110 m) ++ highest point: Gora Ayribaba 3,139 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -74,18 +71,7 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "19,910 sq km (2006)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "24.77 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "27.95 cu km/yr (3%/3%/94%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "5,752 cu m/yr (2004)"
}
"text": "19,950 sq km (2012)"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "NA"
@ -106,6 +92,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "5,291,317 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Turkmen(s)"
@ -123,27 +112,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Muslim 89%, Eastern Orthodox 9%, unknown 2%"
},
"Population": {
"text": "5,231,422 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "26.14% (male 692,800/female 674,638)"
"text": "25.95% (male 695,752/female 677,166)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "19.66% (male 517,312/female 510,945)"
"text": "19.04% (male 506,856/female 500,647)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "42.57% (male 1,104,066/female 1,122,896)"
"text": "42.86% (male 1,125,058/female 1,142,870)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "7.25% (male 178,925/female 200,502)"
"text": "7.59% (male 189,464/female 212,330)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "4.38% (male 99,878/female 129,460) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "4.56% (male 105,140/female 136,034) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -162,26 +145,26 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "27.1 years"
"text": "27.5 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "26.6 years"
"text": "27 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "27.5 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "28 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "1.14% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.13% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "19.4 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "19.3 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "6.13 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "6.1 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-1.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "-1.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -214,42 +197,45 @@
"text": "0.77 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.98 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.98 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "24.6 (2006 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "42 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "36.82 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "35.5 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "44.13 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "42.7 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "29.14 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "28.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "69.78 years"
"text": "70.1 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "66.77 years"
"text": "67.1 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "72.93 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "73.3 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "2.09 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.08 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "48% (2006)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "2% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "2.1% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Hospital bed density": {
"text": "4 beds/1,000 population (2012)"
@ -282,6 +268,9 @@
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "18.8% (2014)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "9.2% (2006)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "3% of GDP (2012)"
},
@ -327,10 +316,13 @@
},
"former": {
"text": "Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "the suffix \"-stan\" means \"place of\" or \"country,\" so Turkmenistan literally means the \"Land of the Turkmen [people]\""
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "defines itself as a secular democracy and a presidential republic; in actuality displays authoritarian presidential rule with power concentrated within the presidential administration"
"text": "presidential republic; highly authoritarian"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -356,7 +348,7 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 27 October (1991)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "adopted 18 May 1992; amended several times, last in 2008; note - in mid-2014 the president established the Constitutional Commission on constitutional reforms (2015)"
"text": "adopted 18 May 1992; amended several times, last in 2008; note - in mid-2014, the president established the Constitutional Commission to initiate a process for developing constitutional reforms (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system with Islamic law influences"
@ -364,6 +356,20 @@
"International law organization participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"Citizenship": {
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Turkmenistan"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": "7 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
@ -378,7 +384,7 @@
"text": "Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 12 February 2012 (next to be held in February 2017)"
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 12 February 2012 (next to be held in February 2017); note - while the next presidential election would normally be held in February 2017, that may change as a result of the ongoing constitutional reforms, which are expected to extend the presidential term to 7 years"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW reelected president; percent of vote - Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW 97.1%, Annageldi YAZMYRADOW 1.1%, other candidates 1.8%"
@ -397,19 +403,19 @@
},
"Judicial branch": {
"highest court(s)": {
"text": "Supreme Court of Turkmenistan (consists of the court president and 21 associate judges)"
"text": "Supreme Court of Turkmenistan (consists of the court president and 21 associate judges and organized into civil, criminal, and military chambers)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "judges appointed by the president; judge tenure NA"
"text": "judges appointed by the president for 5-year terms"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "provincial, district, and city courts; High Commercial Court; military courts"
"text": "High Commercial Court; appellate courts; provincial, district, and city courts; military courts"
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT [Kasymguly BABAYEW] ++ Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs or PIE [Orazmammet MAMMEDOW]",
"text": "Agrarian Party of Turkmenistan or APT [Rezhep BAZAROV] (government created in September 2014, like the PIE, but not represented in parliament) ++ Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT [Kasymguly BABAYEW] ++ Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs or PIE [Orazmammet MAMMEDOW]",
"note": {
"text": "a law authorizing the registration of political parties went into effect in January 2012; unofficial, small opposition movements exist abroad; the three most prominent opposition groups-in-exile are the National Democratic Movement of Turkmenistan (NDMT), the Republican Party of Turkmenistan, and the Watan (Fatherland) Party"
"text": "a law authorizing the registration of political parties went into effect in January 2012; unofficial, small opposition movements exist abroad"
}
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
@ -472,58 +478,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Turkmenistan is largely a desert country with intensive agriculture in irrigated oases and significant natural gas and some oil resources. The two largest crops are cotton, most of which is produced for export, and wheat, which is domestically consumed. Although agriculture accounts for roughly 14% of GDP, it continues to employ nearly half of the country's workforce. ++ ++ From 1998-2005, Turkmenistan suffered from the continued lack of adequate export routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external debt. At the same time, however, total exports rose by an average of roughly 15% per year from 2003-08, largely because of higher international oil and gas prices. Additional pipelines to China, that began operation in early 2010, and increased pipeline capacity to Iran, have expanded Turkmenistan's export routes for its gas. Two other export initiatives - a trans-Caspian pipeline that would carry gas to Europe and the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) gas pipeline - are not likely to be realized any time soon. ++ ++ Since his election in 2007, President BERDIMUHAMEDOV unified the country's dual currency exchange rate, ordered the redenomination of the manat, reduced state subsidies for gasoline, electricity, natural gas, and transportation services, and initiated development of a special tourism zone on the Caspian Sea. Although foreign investment is encouraged, and some improvements in macroeconomic policy have been made, numerous bureaucratic obstacles impede international business activity. ++ ++ Turkmenistan's authoritarian regime has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton export revenues to sustain its inefficient and highly corrupt economy. The government introduced a privatization plan in 2012. While some small- and medium-size enterprises have been privatized since 2013, the implementation of this initiative has been slow, and privatization goals remain limited. ++ ++ Overall prospects in the near future are discouraging because of endemic corruption, a poor educational system, government misuse of oil and gas revenues, and Ashgabat's reluctance to adopt market-oriented reforms. The majority of Turkmenistan's economic statistics are state secrets. The GDP numbers and other figures that the government makes public are subject to wide margins of error. Based on government-provided data, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) reported 10.3% GDP growth in 2014. In January 2015, Turkmenistan devalued its local currency, the manat, by 19%."
"text": "Turkmenistan is largely a desert country with intensive agriculture in irrigated oases and significant natural gas and oil resources. The two largest crops are cotton, most of which is produced for export, and wheat, which is domestically consumed. Although agriculture accounts for roughly 14% of GDP, it continues to employ nearly half of the country's workforce. Hydrocarbon exports (mainly natural gas) make up 31% of Turkmenistan’s GDP, with 60% of gas exports going to China and the remainder to Russia and Iran. Ashgabat has explored two initiatives to bring gas to new markets: a trans-Caspian pipeline that would carry gas to Europe and the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India gas pipeline. Both face major financing and security hurdles and are unlikely to be completed soon. ++ ++ Turkmenistan’s autocratic governments under presidents NIYAZOW (1991-2006) and BERDIMUHAMEDOW (since 2007) have made little progress improving the business climate, privatizing state-owned industries, and combatting corruption, limiting economic development outside the energy sector. High energy prices in the mid-2000s allowed the government to undertake extensive development and social spending, including providing heavy utility subsidies. ++ ++ Low energy prices since mid-2014 are hampering Turkmenistan’s economic growth and reducing government revenues. The government has cut subsidies in several areas, and wage arrears have increased. In January 2014, the Central Bank of Turkmenistan devalued the manat by 19%, and downward pressure on the currency continues. Turkmenistan continues to report GDP growth of nearly 10% per year and claims substantial foreign currency reserves, but non-transparent data limit international institutions’ ability to verify this information."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$82.4 billion (2014 est.) ++ $74.69 billion (2013 est.) ++ $67.78 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$88.78 billion (2015 est.) ++ $83.36 billion (2014 est.) ++ $75.59 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$47.93 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$35.86 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "10.3% (2014 est.) ++ 10.2% (2013 est.) ++ 11.1% (2012 est.)"
"text": "6.5% (2015 est.) ++ 10.3% (2014 est.) ++ 10.2% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$14,200 (2014 est.) ++ $12,900 (2013 est.) ++ $11,700 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$16,500 (2015 est.) ++ $15,700 (2014 est.) ++ $14,400 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "19.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 11.7% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 13% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "20.1% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 9.6% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ -22.1% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "50%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "12.9%"
"text": "11.5%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "20.7%"
"text": "23.2%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "43.7%"
"text": "37.7%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-27.3% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-22.4% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "13.2%"
"text": "13.1%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "49.3%"
"text": "48.4%"
},
"services": {
"text": "37.4% (2014 est.)"
"text": "38.5% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -533,7 +539,7 @@
"text": "natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "11% (2014 est.)"
"text": "2% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.305 million (2013 est.)"
@ -568,74 +574,79 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$7.047 billion"
"text": "$5.771 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$6.699 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$5.771 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "14.7% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "16.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "0.7% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "0% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "6% (2014 est.) ++ 6.8% (2013 est.)"
"text": "6.4% (2015 est.) ++ 6% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "5% (31 December 2014) ++ 5% (31 December 2013)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$1.255 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $979.3 million (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.326 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.255 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$5.67 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $4.284 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$12.23 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $5.632 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$13.09 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $9.965 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$28.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $13.09 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$2.781 billion (2014 est.) ++ -$2.983 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$3.695 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$3.475 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$20.84 billion (2014 est.) ++ $19.9 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$10.38 billion (2015 est.) ++ $12.39 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "gas, crude oil, petrochemicals, textiles, cotton fiber"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "China 69.7%, Turkey 4.6% (2014)"
"text": "China 68.6%, Turkey 4.9% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$15.92 billion (2014 est.) ++ $15.4 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$8.198 billion (2015 est.) ++ $10.17 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Turkey 25.1%, Russia 13%, China 10.7%, UAE 7%, US 5.1%, Ukraine 4.9% (2014)"
"text": "Turkey 24.9%, Russia 12.3%, China 10.9%, UAE 9.1%, Kazakhstan 5.1%, Germany 4.6%, Iran 4.4% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$26.65 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $25.87 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$13.62 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $20.43 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$522.3 million (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $501.8 million (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$454.7 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $441.2 million (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$3.061 billion (2013 est.) ++ $3.117 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Turkmen manat (TMM) per US dollar - ++ 2.85 (2014 est.) ++ 2.85 (2013 est.) ++ 2.85 (2012 est.) ++ 2.85 (2011 est.) ++ 2.85 (2010 est.)"
"text": "Turkmen manat (TMM) per US dollar - ++ 3.5 (2015 est.) ++ 2.85 (2014 est.) ++ 2.85 (2013 est.) ++ 2.85 (2012 est.) ++ 2.85 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "22.3 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -709,53 +720,64 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "620,000"
"text": "648,000"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "12 (2014 est.)"
"text": "12 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "7.2 million"
"text": "7.842 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "139 (2014 est.)"
"text": "150 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "telecommunications network remains underdeveloped and progress toward improvement is slow; strict government control and censorship inhibits liberalization and modernization"
"text": "telecommunications network is gradually improving"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "Turkmentelekom, in cooperation with foreign partners, has installed high-speed fiber-optic lines and has upgraded most of the country's telephone exchanges and switching centers with new digital technology; combined fixed-line and mobile teledensity is about 80 per 100 persons; Russia's Mobile Telesystems, the only foreign mobile-cellular service provider in Turkmenistan, had its operating license suspended in December 2010 but was able to resume operations in September 2012; Turkmenistan's first telecommunication satellite was launched in 2015; it is expected to greatly improve connectivity in the country"
"text": "Turkmentelekom, in cooperation with foreign partners, has installed high-speed fiber-optic lines and has upgraded most of the country's telephone exchanges and switching centers with new digital technology; combined fixed-line and mobile teledensity is about 160 per 100 persons; Russia's Mobile Telesystems, the only foreign mobile-cellular service provider in Turkmenistan, had its operating license suspended in December 2010 but was able to resume operations in September 2012; Turkmenistan's first telecommunication satellite was launched in 2015 and is expected to greatly improve connectivity in the country"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 993; linked by fiber-optic cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; an exchange in Ashgabat switches international traffic through Turkey via Intelsat; satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 Intelsat (2012)"
"text": "country code - 993; linked by fiber-optic cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; an exchange in Ashgabat switches international traffic through Turkey via Intelsat; satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 Intelsat (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "broadcast media is government controlled and censored; 7 state-owned TV and 4 state-owned radio networks; satellite dishes and programming provide an alternative to the state-run media; officials sometimes limit access to satellite TV by removing satellite dishes (2007)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 12, FM 9, shortwave 2 (2008)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "4 (government-owned and programmed) (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".tm"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "414,300"
"text": "785,000"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "8.0% (2014 est.)"
"text": "15% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "1"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "23"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "2,138,389"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "0 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "EZ (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "26 (2013)"
},
@ -784,7 +806,7 @@
"text": "1"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 4 (2013)"
"text": "4 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -829,36 +851,12 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Turkmen Armed Forces: Ground Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces (2013)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory male military service; 2-year conscript service obligation; 20 years of age for voluntary service; males may enroll in military schools from age 15 (2015)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,380,794"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,387,211 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,066,649"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,185,538 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "53,829"
},
"female": {
"text": "52,988 (2010 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
@ -867,15 +865,15 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"stateless persons": {
"text": "7,511 (2014)"
"text": "7,125 (2015)"
}
},
"Trafficking in persons": {
"current situation": {
"text": "Turkmenistan is a source country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; Turkmen in search of work in other countries are forced to work in textile sweatshops, construction, and domestic service, with women and rural inhabitants being the most vulnerable; some Turkmen women and girls are sex trafficked abroad; Turkey is the primary trafficking destination, followed by Russia, the United Arab Emirates, and, to a lesser extent, Iran, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Cyprus, the UK, Sweden, and the US; Turkmen also experience forced labor domestically in the informal construction industry; participation in the cotton harvest is still mandatory for some public sector employees"
"text": "Turkmenistan is a source country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; Turkmen who migrate abroad are forced to work in the textile, agriculture, construction, and domestic service industries, while women and girls may also be sex trafficked; in 2014, men surpassed women as victims; Turkey and Russia are primary trafficking destinations, followed by the Middle East, South and Central Asia, and other parts of Europe; Turkmen also experience forced labor domestically in the informal construction industry; participation in the cotton harvest is still mandatory for some public sector employees"
},
"tier rating": {
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List – Turkmenistan does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government has a written plan that, if implemented, would constitute a significant effort toward meeting the minimum standards for eliminating human trafficking; the denial of an internal trafficking problem by some government officials, corruption, and a lack of institutional capacity continued to impede the government’s response to trafficking in 2013; the government reported detailed anti-trafficking law enforcement data for the first time and is making an effort to support anti-trafficking training; the government did not offer services to trafficking victims in 2013 and did not fund NGOs providing care; authorities punished some victims for crimes committed as a result of being trafficked (2014)"
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List – Turkmenistan does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; in 2014, Turkmenistan was granted a waiver from an otherwise required downgrade to Tier 3 because its government has a written plan that, if implemented, would constitute making significant efforts to bring itself into compliance with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; the government made some progress in its law enforcement efforts in 2014, convicting more offenders than in 2013; authorities did not make adequate efforts to identify and protect victims and did not fund international organizations or NGOs that offered protective services; some victims were punished for crimes as a result of being trafficked (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {