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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy, was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the following decades until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics. Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized semi-authoritarian state in which the leadership seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals by President PUTIN, foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence - particularly in the former Soviet Union - and continued economic growth. Russia has severely disabled a Chechen rebel movement, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus."
"text": "Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics. ++ Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "approximately 1.8 times the size of the US",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "approximately 1.8 times the size of the US"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -62,12 +59,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Caspian Sea -28 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "600 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Gora El'brus 5,633 m (highest point in Europe)"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m ++ highest point: Gora El'brus 5,633 m (highest point in Europe)"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -88,23 +85,15 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "43,460 sq km (2008)"
"text": "43,000 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "4,508 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "66.2 cu km/yr (20%/60%/20%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "454.9 cu m/yr (2001)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country extending from the Baltic Sea, south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable pockets are isolated and generally found in the south"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of European Russia",
"volcanism": {
"text": "significant volcanic activity on the Kamchatka Peninsula and Kuril Islands; the peninsula alone is home to some 29 historically active volcanoes, with dozens more in the Kuril Islands; Kliuchevskoi (elev. 4,835 m), which erupted in 2007 and 2010, is Kamchatka's most active volcano; Avachinsky and Koryaksky volcanoes, which pose a threat to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Bezymianny, Chikurachki, Ebeko, Gorely, Grozny, Karymsky, Ketoi, Kronotsky, Ksudach, Medvezhia, Mutnovsky, Sarychev Peak, Shiveluch, Tiatia, Tolbachik, and Zheltovsky"
"text": "significant volcanic activity on the Kamchatka Peninsula and Kuril Islands; the peninsula alone is home to some 29 historically active volcanoes, with dozens more in the Kuril Islands; Kliuchevskoi (elev. 4,835 m), which erupted in 2007 and 2010, is Kamchatka's most active volcano; Avachinsky and Koryaksky volcanoes, which pose a threat to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Bezymianny, Chikurachki, Ebeko, Gorely, Grozny, Karymsky, Ketoi, Kronotsky, Ksudach, Medvezhia, Mutnovsky, Sarychev Peak, Shiveluch, Tiatia, Tolbachik, and Zheltovsky"
}
},
"Environment - current issues": {
@ -123,6 +112,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "142,355,415 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Russian(s)"
@ -134,42 +126,36 @@
"Ethnic groups": {
"text": "Russian 77.7%, Tatar 3.7%, Ukrainian 1.4%, Bashkir 1.1%, Chuvash 1%, Chechen 1%, other 10.2%, unspecified 3.9%",
"note": {
"text": "more than 190 ethnic groups are represented in Russia's 2010 census (2010 est.)"
"text": "nearly 200 national and/or ethnic groups are represented in Russia's 2010 census (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Languages": {
"text": "Russian (official) 96.3%, Dolgang 5.3%, German 1.5%, Chechen 1%, Tatar 3%, other 10.3%",
"text": "Russian (official) 85.7%, Tatar 3.2%, Chechen 1%, other 10.1%",
"note": {
"text": "shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census (2010 est.)"
"text": "data represent native language spoken (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Religions": {
"text": "Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of Soviet rule"
"text": "estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of Soviet rule; Russia officially recognizes Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism as traditional religions"
}
},
"Population": {
"text": "142,423,773 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "16.68% (male 12,204,992/female 11,556,764)"
"text": "16.94% (male 12,385,281/female 11,726,473)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "10.15% (male 7,393,188/female 7,064,060)"
"text": "9.71% (male 7,071,489/female 6,754,928)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "45.54% (male 31,779,688/female 33,086,346)"
"text": "45.16% (male 31,528,258/female 32,753,350)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "14.01% (male 8,545,371/female 11,409,076)"
"text": "14.27% (male 8,727,233/female 11,591,221)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "13.61% (male 5,978,578/female 13,405,710) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "13.92% (male 6,152,252/female 13,664,930) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -188,26 +174,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "39.1 years"
"text": "39.3 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "36.2 years"
"text": "36.4 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "42.1 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "42.3 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "-0.04% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-0.06% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "11.6 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "11.3 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "13.69 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "13.6 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "1.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country extending from the Baltic Sea, south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable pockets are isolated and generally found in the south"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -240,36 +229,39 @@
"text": "0.45 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.86 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.86 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "24.6 (2009 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "25 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "6.97 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "6.9 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "7.81 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "7.7 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "6.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "6 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "70.47 years"
"text": "70.8 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "64.7 years"
"text": "65 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "76.57 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "76.8 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.61 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.61 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "68%",
@ -278,7 +270,7 @@
}
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "6.5% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "7.1% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "4.31 physicians/1,000 population (2006)"
@ -319,17 +311,14 @@
"text": "bacterial diarrhea"
},
"vectorborne diseases": {
"text": "tickborne encephalitis"
},
"note": {
"text": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)"
"text": "tickborne encephalitis (2016)"
}
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "26.2% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.1% of GDP (2008)"
"text": "4.2% of GDP (2012)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -350,21 +339,21 @@
"text": "15 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "14 years"
"text": "15 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "15 years (2012)"
"text": "15 years (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "14.8%"
"text": "13.7%"
},
"male": {
"text": "14.5%"
"text": "13.3%"
},
"female": {
"text": "15.1% (2012 est.)"
"text": "14.1% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -384,10 +373,13 @@
},
"former": {
"text": "Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "Russian lands were generally referred to as Muscovy until PETER I officially declared the Russian Empire in 1721; the new name sought to invoke the patrimony of the medieval eastern European Rus state centered on Kyiv in present-day Ukraine; the Rus were a Varangian (eastern Viking) elite that imposed their rule and eventually their name on their Slavic subjects"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "federation"
"text": "semi-presidential federation"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -400,7 +392,7 @@
"text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
},
"note": {
"text": "Russia has 11 time zones, which includes two that were added in 2014"
"text": "Russia has 11 time zones, the largest number of contiguous time zones of any country in the world; in 2014, two time zones were added and DST was dropped"
}
},
"Administrative divisions": {
@ -415,7 +407,7 @@
"text": "Chukotka (Anadyr'), Khanty-Mansi-Yugra (Khanty-Mansiysk), Nenets (Nar'yan-Mar), Yamalo-Nenets (Salekhard)"
},
"krays": {
"text": "Altay (Barnaul), Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Perm', Primorskiy [Maritime] (Vladivostok), Stavropol', Zabaykal'sk (Chita)"
"text": "Altay (Barnaul), Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Perm', Primorskiy [Maritime] (Vladivostok), Stavropol', Zabaykal'sk [Transbaikal] (Chita)"
},
"federal cities": {
"text": "Moscow [Moskva], Saint Petersburg [Sankt-Peterburg]"
@ -437,7 +429,7 @@
"text": "Russia Day, 12 June (1990)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous (during Russian Empire and Soviet eras); latest drafted 12 July 1993, adopted by referendum 12 December 1993, effective 25 December 1993; amended 2008, 2014 (2015)"
"text": "several previous (during Russian Empire and Soviet eras); latest drafted 12 July 1993, adopted by referendum 12 December 1993, effective 25 December 1993; amended 2008, 2014 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts"
@ -445,6 +437,20 @@
"International law organization participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"Citizenship": {
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Russia"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": "3-5 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
@ -473,10 +479,10 @@
"text": "bicameral Federal Assembly or Federalnoye Sobraniye consists of the Federation Council or Sovet Federatsii (166 seats; 2 members in each of the 83 federal administrative units - oblasts, krays, republics, autonomous okrugs and oblasts, and the federal cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg - appointed by the top executive and legislative officials; members serve 4-year terms) and the State Duma or Gosudarstvennaya Duma (450 seats; as of February 2014, the electoral system reverted to a mixed electoral system for the 2016 election in which one-half of the members are directly elected by simple majority vote and one-half directly elected by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "State Duma - last held on 4 December 2011 (next to be held in December 2016)"
"text": "State Duma - last held on 18 September 2016 (next to be held in fall 2021)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "State Duma - United Russia 49.3%, CPRF 19.2%, A Just Russia 13.2%, LDPR 11.7%, other 6.6%; seats by party - United Russia 238, CPRF 92, A Just Russia 64, LDPR 56"
"text": "State Duma - United Russia 54.2%, CPRF 13.3%, LDPR 13.1%, A Just Russia 6.2%, Rodina 1.5%, CPI 0.2%, other 11.5%; seats by party - United Russia 343, CPRF 42, LDPR 39, A Just Russia 23, Rodina 1, CPI 1, independent 1"
},
"note": {
"text": "the State Duma now includes 2 representatives each from the Republic of Crimea and Federal City of Sevastopol, two annexed Ukrainian regions that the US does not recognize as part of Russia"
@ -494,9 +500,9 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "A Just Russia [Sergey MIRONOV] ++ Communist Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF [Gennadiy ZYUGANOV] ++ Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR [Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY] ++ United Russia [Dmitriy MEDVEDEV]",
"text": "A Just Russia [Sergey MIRONOV] ++ Civic Platform or CPI [Rifat SHAYKHUTDINOV] ++ Communist Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF [Gennadiy ZYUGANOV] ++ Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR [Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY] ++ Rodina [Aleksei ZHURAVLYOV] ++ United Russia [Dmitriy MEDVEDEV]",
"note": {
"text": "78 political parties are registered with Russia's Ministry of Justice (as of October 2015), but only four parties maintain representation in Russia's national legislature"
"text": "78 political parties are registered with Russia's Ministry of Justice (as of October 2015), but only six parties maintain representation in Russia's national legislature, and two of these only have one deputy apiece"
}
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
@ -506,7 +512,7 @@
}
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BRICS, BSEC, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-20, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNSC (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
"text": "APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BRICS, BSEC, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAEU, EAPC, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-20, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNSC (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
@ -522,10 +528,7 @@
"text": "[1] (202) 298-5735"
},
"consulate(s) general": {
"text": "Houston, San Francisco"
},
"consulate(s)": {
"text": "New York, Seattle"
"text": "Houston, New York, San Francisco, Seattle"
}
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
@ -571,58 +574,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Russia has undergone significant changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, moving from a globally-isolated, centrally-planned economy towards a more market-based and globally-integrated economy, but stalling as a partially reformed, statist economy with a high concentration of wealth in officials' hands. Economic reforms in the 1990s privatized most industry, with notable exceptions in the energy and defense-related sectors. The protection of property rights is still weak and the private sector remains subject to heavy state interference. Russia is one of the world's leading producers of oil and natural gas, and is also a top exporter of metals such as steel and primary aluminum. Russia's manufacturing sector is generally uncompetitive on world markets and is geared toward domestic consumption. Russia's reliance on commodity exports makes it vulnerable to boom and bust cycles that follow the volatile swings in global prices. The economy, which had averaged 7% growth during 1998-2008 as oil prices rose rapidly, was one of the hardest hit by the 2008-09 global economic crisis as oil prices plummeted and the foreign credits that Russian banks and firms relied on dried up. In 2014, economic growth declined further when Russia forcibly violated Ukraine’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, and interfered in Ukraine’s internal affairs. In the second half of 2014, the Russian ruble lost about half of its value, contributing to increased capital outflows that reached $151.5 billion for the year; the ruble remains volatile. Declining oil prices, lack of economic reforms, and the imposition of foreign sanctions have contributed to the downturn and created wide expectations the economy will continue to slump. In April 2015, the Russian Ministry of Economic Development predicted that the Russia’s economy will contract by 3% in 2015, and average only 2.5% growth through 2030."
"text": "Russia has undergone significant changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, moving from a centrally planned economy towards a more market-based system. Both economic growth and reform have stalled in recent years, however, and Russia remains a predominantly statist economy with a high concentration of wealth in officials' hands. Economic reforms in the 1990s privatized most industry, with notable exceptions in the energy, transportation, banking, and defense-related sectors. The protection of property rights is still weak, and the state continues to interfere in the free operation of the private sector. ++ ++ Russia is one of the world's leading producers of oil and natural gas, and is also a top exporter of metals such as steel and primary aluminum. Russia's reliance on commodity exports makes it vulnerable to boom and bust cycles that follow the volatile swings in global prices. ++ ++ The economy, which had averaged 7% growth during 1998-2008 as oil prices rose rapidly, has seen diminishing growth rates since then due to the exhaustion of Russia’s commodity-based growth model. ++ ++ A combination of falling oil prices, international sanctions, and structural limitations pushed Russia into a deep recession in 2015, with the GDP falling by close to 4%. Most economists expect this downturn will continue through 2016. Government support for import substitution has increased recently in an effort to diversify the economy away from extractive industries. Although the Russian Ministry of Economic Development is forecasting a modest growth of 0.7% for 2016 as a whole, the Central Bank of Russia (CBR) is more pessimistic and expects the recovery to begin later in the year and a decline of 0.5% to 1.0% for the full year. Russia is heavily dependent on the movement of world commodity prices and the CBR estimates that if oil prices remain below $40 per barrel beyond 2016, the resulting shock would cause GDP to fall by up to 5%."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$3.577 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $3.556 trillion (2013 est.) ++ $3.51 trillion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$3.725 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $3.869 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $3.842 trillion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$1.861 trillion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.326 trillion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "0.6% (2014 est.) ++ 1.3% (2013 est.) ++ 3.4% (2012 est.)"
"text": "-3.7% (2015 est.) ++ 0.7% (2014 est.) ++ 1.3% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$24,400 (2014 est.) ++ $24,300 (2013 est.) ++ $24,000 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$26,000 (2015 est.) ++ $27,000 (2014 est.) ++ $26,800 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "23.1% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 23.3% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 27.2% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "23.8% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 23.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 22.2% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "53.7%"
"text": "54.1%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "19.5%"
"text": "19.1%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "20.6%"
"text": "21.7%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-1.1%"
"text": "-3.4%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "30.2%"
"text": "29.8%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-22.9% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-21.2% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "4.2%"
"text": "4.6%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "35.8%"
"text": "32.6%"
},
"services": {
"text": "60% (2014 est.)"
"text": "62.1% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -632,27 +635,27 @@
"text": "complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries (including radar, missile production, advanced electronic components), shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "0.6% (2014 est.)"
"text": "-3.6% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "75.43 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "76.58 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "9.7%"
"text": "9.4%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "27.8%"
"text": "27.6%"
},
"services": {
"text": "62.5% (2012)"
"text": "63% (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "5.2% (2014 est.) ++ 5.5% (2013 est.)"
"text": "5.6% (2015 est.) ++ 5.2% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "11% (2013 est.)"
"text": "11.2% (2014 est.)"
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
"lowest 10%": {
@ -663,107 +666,112 @@
}
},
"Distribution of family income - Gini index": {
"text": "42 (2012) ++ 41.7 (2011)"
"text": "42 (2014) ++ 41.7 (2011)"
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$377.7 billion"
"text": "$224.2 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$386.4 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$256.3 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "20.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "16.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-0.5% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-2.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "13.4% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 9.7% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "9.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 9.5% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
"text": "data cover general government debt, and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "7.8% (2014 est.) ++ 6.8% (2013 est.)"
"text": "15.5% (2015 est.) ++ 7.8% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "17% (2014 est.) ++ 8% (31 December 2011)",
"text": "11% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 17% (31 December 2014)",
"note": {
"text": "this is the so-called refinancing rate, but in Russia banks do not get refinancing at this rate; this is a reference rate used primarily for fiscal purposes"
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "11.14% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 9.47% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "15.73% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 11.14% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$158.6 billion (1 December 2014 est.) ++ $320.9 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$151.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $201.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$926.8 billion (31 October 2014 est.) ++ $1.087 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$664.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $984.9 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$603.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $664.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$874.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $796.4 billion (31 December 2011) ++ $1.005 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$393.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $385.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $770.7 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$59.46 billion (2014 est.) ++ $34.14 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$69 billion (2015 est.) ++ $57.51 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$497.8 billion (2014 est.) ++ $523.3 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$341.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $497.8 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, metals, wood and wood products, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military manufactures"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Netherlands 13.7%, China 7.5%, Germany 7.5%, Italy 7.2%, Turkey 5% (2014)"
"text": "Netherlands 11.9%, China 8.3%, Germany 7.4%, Italy 6.5%, Turkey 5.6%, Belarus 4.4%, Japan 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$308 billion (2014 est.) ++ $341.3 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$193 billion (2015 est.) ++ $308 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery, vehicles, pharmaceutical products, plastic, semi-finished metal products, meat, fruits and nuts, optical and medical instruments, iron, steel"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "China 17.8%, Germany 11.5%, US 6.6%, Italy 4.5%, Belarus 4.1% (2014)"
"text": "China 19.2%, Germany 11.2%, US 6.4%, Belarus 4.8%, Italy 4.6% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$385.5 billion (31 December, 2014 est.) ++ $509.6 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$368.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $385.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$598.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $726.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$520.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $600.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$353.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $565.7 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$342.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $365.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$388.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $479.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$336.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $384.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Russian rubles (RUB) per US dollar - ++ 38.378 (19 December 2014 est.) ++ 38.378 (2013 est.) ++ 30.84 (2012 est.) ++ 29.382 (2011 est.) ++ 30.368 (2010 est.)"
"text": "Russian rubles (RUB) per US dollar - ++ 60.938 (2015 est.) ++ 38.378 (2014 est.) ++ 38.378 (2013 est.) ++ 30.84 (2012 est.) ++ 29.382 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "1.054 trillion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.064 trillion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - consumption": {
"text": "1.037 trillion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.065 trillion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - exports": {
"text": "18.38 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "8.12 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - imports": {
"text": "4.704 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "8.87 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
"text": "234.4 million kW (2012 est.)"
"text": "242.2 million kW (2013 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
"text": "68.8% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
@ -778,28 +786,28 @@
"text": "0.4% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - production": {
"text": "10.11 million bbl/day (2014 est.)"
"text": "10.84 million bbl/day (2014 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - exports": {
"text": "4.625 million bbl/day (2013 est.)"
"text": "4.594 million bbl/day (2014 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - imports": {
"text": "17,610 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
"text": "29,650 bbl/day (2014 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - proved reserves": {
"text": "80 billion bbl (1 January 2015 est.)"
"text": "103.2 billion bbl (1 January 2015 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - production": {
"text": "5.517 million bbl/day (2012 est.)"
"text": "6.053 million bbl/day (2014 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - consumption": {
"text": "3.493 million bbl/day (2013 est.)"
"text": "2.8 million bbl/day (2014 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - exports": {
"text": "2.968 million bbl/day (2013 est.)"
"text": "3.3 million bbl/day (2014 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - imports": {
"text": "28,040 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
"text": "44,600 bbl/day (2014 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - production": {
"text": "578.7 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
@ -814,7 +822,7 @@
"text": "24.2 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - proved reserves": {
"text": "47.8 trillion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)"
"text": "32.6 trillion cu m (1 January 2015 est.)"
},
"Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": {
"text": "1.782 billion Mt (2012 est.)"
@ -823,18 +831,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "39.43 million"
"text": "36,524,978"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "28 (2014 est.)"
"text": "26 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "221 million"
"text": "227.288 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "155 (2014 est.)"
"text": "160 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -845,31 +853,42 @@
"text": "cross-country digital trunk lines run from Saint Petersburg to Khabarovsk, and from Moscow to Novorossiysk; the telephone systems in 60 regional capitals have modern digital infrastructures; cellular services, both analog and digital, are available in many areas; in rural areas, telephone services are still outdated, inadequate, and low-density"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 7; connected internationally by undersea fiber optic cables; satellite earth stations provide access to Intelsat, Intersputnik, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Orbita systems (2011)"
"text": "country code - 7; connected internationally by undersea fiber -optic cables; satellite earth stations provide access to Intelsat, Intersputnik, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Orbita systems (2011)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "6 national TV stations with the federal government owning 1 and holding a controlling interest in a second; state-owned Gazprom maintains a controlling interest in a third national channel; government-affiliated Bank Rossiya owns controlling interest in a fourth and fifth, while the sixth national channel is owned by the Moscow city administration; roughly 3,300 national, regional, and local TV stations with over two-thirds completely or partially controlled by the federal or local governments; satellite TV services are available; 2 state-run national radio networks with a third majority-owned by Gazprom; roughly 2,400 public and commercial radio stations (2007)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 323, FM about 1,500, shortwave 62 (2004)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "7,306 (1998)"
"text": "13 national TV stations with the federal government owning 1 and holding a controlling interest in a second; state-owned Gazprom maintains a controlling interest in 2 of the national channels; government-affiliated Bank Rossiya owns controlling interest in a fourth and fifth, while a sixth national channel is owned by the Moscow city administration; the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian military, respectively, own 2 additional national channels; roughly 3,300 national, regional, and local TV stations with over two-thirds completely or partially controlled by the federal or local governments; satellite TV services are available; 2 state-run national radio networks with a third majority-owned by Gazprom; roughly 2,400 public and commercial radio stations (2016)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".ru; note - Russia also has responsibility for a legacy domain \".su\" that was allocated to the Soviet Union and is being phased out"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "84.4 million"
"text": "104.553 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "59.3% (2014 est.)"
"text": "73.4% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "32"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "661"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "76,846,126"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "4,761,047,070 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "RA (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "1,218 (2013)"
},
@ -910,7 +929,7 @@
"text": "81"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 457 (2013)"
"text": "457 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -979,38 +998,14 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Ground Troops (Sukhoputnyye Voyskia, SV), Navy (Voyenno-Morskoy Flot, VMF), Air Forces (Voyenno-Vozdushniye Sily, VVS); Airborne Troops (Vozdushno-Desantnyye Voyska, VDV), Missile Troops of Strategic Purpose (Raketnyye Voyska Strategicheskogo Naznacheniya, RVSN) referred to commonly as Strategic Rocket Forces, and Aerospace Defense Troops (Voyska Vozdushno-Kosmicheskoy Oborony or Voyska VKO) are independent \"combat arms,\" not subordinate to any of the three branches; Russian Ground Troops include the following combat arms: motorized-rifle troops, tank troops, missile and artillery troops, air defense of the Ground Troops (2014)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; males are registered for the draft at 17 years of age; 1-year service obligation (conscripts can only be sent to combat zones after 6 months of training); reserve obligation for non-officers to age 50; enrollment in military schools from the age of 16, cadets classified as members of the armed forces",
"note": {
"text": "the chief of the General Staff Mobilization Directorate announced in May 2013 that for health reasons, only 65% of draftees called up during the spring 2013 draft campaign were fit for military service, and over 12% of these were sent for an additional medical examination (by way of comparison, 69.9% in 2012 and 57.7% in 2011 were deemed fit for military service); approximately 50% of draft-age Russian males receive some type of legal deferment each draft cycle (2014)"
}
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "34,765,736"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "35,410,779 (2013 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "22,597,728"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "23,017,006 (2013 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "696,768"
},
"female": {
"text": "664,847 (2013 est.)"
"text": "the chief of the General Staff Mobilization Directorate announced in March 2015 that for health reasons, only 76% of draftees called up during the spring 2015 draft campaign were fit for military service (2015)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
@ -1019,25 +1014,25 @@
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "Russia remains concerned about the smuggling of poppy derivatives from Afghanistan through Central Asian countries; China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with the 2004 Agreement, ending their centuries-long border disputes; the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the \"Northern Territories\" and in Russia as the \"Southern Kurils,\" occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia's military support and subsequent recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia independence in 2008 continue to sour relations with Georgia; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the sea; Norway and Russia signed a comprehensive maritime boundary agreement in 2010; various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia (Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union following World War II but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; Russia and Estonia signed a technical border agreement in May 2005, but Russia recalled its signature in June 2005 after the Estonian parliament added to its domestic ratification act a historical preamble referencing the Soviet occupation and Estonia's pre-war borders under the 1920 Treaty of Tartu; Russia contends that the preamble allows Estonia to make territorial claims on Russia in the future, while Estonian officials deny that the preamble has any legal impact on the treaty text; Russia demands better treatment of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia and Latvia; Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as an EU member state with an EU external border, where strict Schengen border rules apply; preparations for the demarcation delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine have commenced; the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov is suspended due to the occupation of Crimea by Russia; Kazakhstan and Russia boundary delimitation was ratified on November 2005 and field demarcation should commence in 2007; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Bering Sea Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US; Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental shelf (CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission"
"text": "Russia remains concerned about the smuggling of poppy derivatives from Afghanistan through Central Asian countries; China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with the 2004 Agreement, ending their centuries-long border disputes; the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the \"Northern Territories\" and in Russia as the \"Southern Kurils,\" occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia's military support and subsequent recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia independence in 2008 continue to sour relations with Georgia; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the sea; Norway and Russia signed a comprehensive maritime boundary agreement in 2010; various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia (Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union following World War II but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; Russia and Estonia signed a technical border agreement in May 2005, but Russia recalled its signature in June 2005 after the Estonian parliament added to its domestic ratification act a historical preamble referencing the Soviet occupation and Estonia's pre-war borders under the 1920 Treaty of Tartu; Russia contends that the preamble allows Estonia to make territorial claims on Russia in the future, while Estonian officials deny that the preamble has any legal impact on the treaty text; Russia demands better treatment of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia and Latvia ++ Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as an EU member state with an EU external border, where strict Schengen border rules apply; preparations for the demarcation delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine have commenced; the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov is suspended due to the occupation of Crimea by Russia; Kazakhstan and Russia boundary delimitation was ratified on November 2005 and field demarcation should commence in 2007; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Bering Sea Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US; Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "383,323 asylum seekers and 911,549 applicants for other forms of legal stay (Ukraine) (2015)"
"text": "311,407 (Ukraine) (2015)"
},
"IDPs": {
"text": "at least 25,378 (armed conflict, human rights violations, generalized violence in North Caucasus, particularly Chechnya and North Ossetia) (2014)"
"text": "27,000 (armed conflict, human rights violations, generalized violence in North Caucasus, particularly Chechnya and North Ossetia) (2015)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "113,474 (2014); note - Russia's stateless population consists of Roma, Meskhetian Turks, and ex-Soviet citizens from the former republics; between 2003 and 2010 more than 600,000 stateless people were naturalized; most Meskhetian Turks, followers of Islam with origins in Georgia, fled or were evacuated from Uzbekistan after a 1989 pogrom and have lived in Russia for more than the required five-year residency period; they continue to be denied registration for citizenship and basic rights by local Krasnodar Krai authorities on the grounds that they are temporary illegal migrants"
"text": "101,813 (2015); note - Russia's stateless population consists of Roma, Meskhetian Turks, and ex-Soviet citizens from the former republics; between 2003 and 2010 more than 600,000 stateless people were naturalized; most Meskhetian Turks, followers of Islam with origins in Georgia, fled or were evacuated from Uzbekistan after a 1989 pogrom and have lived in Russia for more than the required five-year residency period; they continue to be denied registration for citizenship and basic rights by local Krasnodar Krai authorities on the grounds that they are temporary illegal migrants"
}
},
"Trafficking in persons": {
"current situation": {
"text": "Russia is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children who are subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking, although labor trafficking is the predominant problem; workers from Russia and other countries in Europe, Central Asia, and Asia, including Vietnam and North Korea, are subjected to conditions of forced labor in Russia’s construction, manufacturing, agriculture, grocery store, maritime, and domestic services industries, as well as forced begging, waste sorting, and street sweeping; North Koreans contracted under bilateral government arrangements to work in the timber industry in the Russian Far East reportedly are subjected to forced labor; Russian women and children were reported to be victims of sex trafficking in Russia, Northeast Asia, Europe, Central Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, while women from European, Southeast Asian, African, and Central Asian countries were reportedly forced into prostitution in Russia"
"text": "Russia is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children who are subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; with millions of foreign workers, forced labor is Russia’s predominant human trafficking problem and sometimes involves organized crime syndicates; workers from Russia, other European countries, Central Asia, and East and Southeast Asia, including North Korea and Vietnam, are subjected to forced labor in the construction, manufacturing, agricultural, textile, grocery store, maritime, and domestic service industries, as well as in forced begging, waste sorting, and street sweeping; women and children from Europe, Southeast Asia, Africa, and Central Asia are subject to sex trafficking in Russia; Russian women and children are victims of sex trafficking domestically and in Northeast Asia, Europe, Central Asia, Africa, the US, and the Middle East"
},
"tier rating": {
"text": "Tier 3 - Russia does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making a significant effort to do so; prosecutions of trafficking offenders remains low in comparison to the scope of Russia’s trafficking problem; in 2013, the government did not develop or deploy a formal system for the identification of trafficking victims or their referral to protective services, although some victims were reportedly cared for through ad hoc efforts; victims were routinely detained and deported; the government has not investigated allegations of slave-like conditions of North Korean workers in Russia; the Russian Security Council has not made a decision on an anti-trafficking national action plan (2014)"
"text": "Tier 3 - Russia does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making a significant effort to do so; prosecutions of trafficking offenders remained low in comparison to the scope of Russia’s trafficking problem; the government did not develop or employ a formal system for identifying trafficking victims or referring them to protective services, although authorities reportedly assisted a limited number of victims on an ad hoc basis; foreign victims, the largest group in Russia, were not entitled to state-provided rehabilitative services and were routinely detained and deported; the government has not reported investigating reports of slave-like conditions among North Korean workers in Russia; authorities have made no effort to reduce the demand for forced labor or to develop public awareness of forced labor or sex trafficking (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {