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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "A Central Asian country of incredible natural beauty and proud nomadic traditions, most of Kyrgyzstan was formally annexed to Russia in 1876. The Kyrgyz staged a major revolt against the Tsarist Empire in 1916 in which almost one-sixth of the Kyrgyz population was killed. Kyrgyzstan became a Soviet republic in 1936 and achieved independence in 1991 when the USSR dissolved. Nationwide demonstrations in the spring of 2005 resulted in the ouster of President Askar AKAEV, who had run the country since 1990. Former prime minister Kurmanbek BAKIEV overwhelmingly won the presidential election in the summer of 2005. Over the next few years, he manipulated the parliament to accrue new powers for the presidency. In July 2009, after months of harassment against his opponents and media critics, BAKIEV won reelection in a presidential campaign that the international community deemed flawed. In April 2010, violent protests in Bishkek led to the collapse of the BAKIEV regime and his eventual flight to Minsk, Belarus. His successor, Roza OTUNBAEVA, served as transitional president until Almazbek ATAMBAEV was inaugurated in December 2011, marking the first peaceful transfer of presidential power in independent Kyrgyzstan's history. Continuing concerns include: the trajectory of democratization, endemic corruption, poor interethnic relations, and terrorism."
"text": "A Central Asian country of incredible natural beauty and proud nomadic traditions, most of the territory of present-day Kyrgyzstan was formally annexed to the Russian Empire in 1876. The Kyrgyz staged a major revolt against the Tsarist Empire in 1916 in which almost one-sixth of the Kyrgyz population was killed. Kyrgyzstan became a Soviet republic in 1936 and achieved independence in 1991 when the USSR dissolved. Nationwide demonstrations in the spring of 2005 resulted in the ouster of President Askar AKAEV, who had run the country since 1990. Former Prime Minister Kurmanbek BAKIEV overwhelmingly won the presidential election in the summer of 2005. Over the next few years, he manipulated the parliament to accrue new powers for the presidency. In July 2009, after months of harassment against his opponents and media critics, BAKIEV won reelection in a presidential campaign that the international community deemed flawed. In April 2010, violent protests in Bishkek led to the collapse of the BAKIEV regime and his eventual flight to Minsk, Belarus. His successor, Roza OTUNBAEVA, served as transitional president until Almazbek ATAMBAEV was inaugurated in December 2011, marking the first peaceful transfer of presidential power in independent Kyrgyzstan's history. Continuing concerns include: the trajectory of democratization, endemic corruption, poor interethnic relations, border security vulnerabilities, and potential terrorist threats."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -48,12 +48,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "peaks of the Tien Shan mountain range and associated valleys and basins encompass the entire country"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Kara-Daryya (Karadar'ya) 132 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "2,988 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Jengish Chokusu (Pik Pobedy) 7,439 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Kara-Daryya (Karadar'ya) 132 m ++ highest point: Jengish Chokusu (Pik Pobedy) 7,439 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -71,18 +71,7 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "10,210 sq km (2005)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "23.62 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "8.01 cu km/yr (3%/4%/93%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "1,558 cu m/yr (2006)"
}
"text": "10,233 sq km (2012)"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "NA"
@ -103,6 +92,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "5,727,553 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Kyrgyzstani(s)"
@ -120,27 +112,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Muslim 75%, Russian Orthodox 20%, other 5%"
},
"Population": {
"text": "5,664,939 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "29.92% (male 867,668/female 827,235)"
"text": "30.12% (male 883,875/female 841,362)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "18.18% (male 523,347/female 506,453)"
"text": "17.47% (male 508,656/female 492,046)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "39.55% (male 1,096,430/female 1,144,265)"
"text": "39.68% (male 1,112,777/female 1,159,967)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "7.34% (male 180,874/female 234,733)"
"text": "7.59% (male 189,684/female 245,202)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "5.01% (male 108,776/female 175,158) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "5.13% (male 112,494/female 181,490) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -159,26 +145,26 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "26 years"
"text": "26.2 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "25 years"
"text": "25.2 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "27 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "27.3 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "1.11% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.09% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "22.98 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "22.6 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "6.65 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "6.6 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-5.22 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "-5.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -211,42 +197,45 @@
"text": "0.62 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.96 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.96 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "23.3 (2013 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "76 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "27.73 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "26.8 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "31.94 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "30.9 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "23.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "22.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "70.36 years"
"text": "70.7 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "66.19 years"
"text": "66.5 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "74.8 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "75.1 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "2.66 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.64 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "36.3% (2012)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "6.7% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "6.5% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "1.97 physicians/1,000 population (2013)"
@ -271,13 +260,13 @@
}
},
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "0.26% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.22% (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
"text": "9,300 (2014 est.)"
"text": "8,100 (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
"text": "400 (2014 est.)"
"text": "200 (2015 est.)"
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "13.3% (2014)"
@ -286,7 +275,7 @@
"text": "2.8% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "6.8% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "6.8% of GDP (2013)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -307,10 +296,10 @@
"text": "13 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "12 years"
"text": "13 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "13 years (2011)"
"text": "13 years (2014)"
}
},
"Child labor - children ages 5-14": {
@ -321,18 +310,18 @@
"text": "40.3%"
},
"note": {
"text": "data represents children ages 5-17 (2007 est.)"
"text": "data represent children ages 5-17 (2007 est.)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "14.6%"
"text": "13.4%"
},
"male": {
"text": "13.6%"
"text": "12%"
},
"female": {
"text": "16.2% (2006 est.)"
"text": "15.8% (2013 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -352,10 +341,13 @@
},
"former": {
"text": "Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "a combination of the Turkic words \"kyrg\" (forty) and \"-yz\" (tribes) with the Persian suffix \"-stan\" (country) creating the meaning \"Land of the forty tribes\"; the name refers to the forty clans united by the legendary Kyrgyz hero, MANAS"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "republic"
"text": "parliamentary republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -381,7 +373,7 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 31 August (1991)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1993; latest adopted 27 June 2010, effective 2 July 2010 (2015); note - the current constitution does not allow for any change until 2020"
"text": "previous 1993; latest adopted 27 June 2010, effective 2 July 2010; note - the current constitution prohibits any change until 2020 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system which includes features of French civil law and Russian Federation laws"
@ -389,6 +381,20 @@
"International law organization participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"Citizenship": {
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Kyrgyzstan"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes, but only if a mutual treaty on dual citizenship is in force"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": "5 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
@ -397,16 +403,16 @@
"text": "President Almazbek ATAMBAEV (since 1 December 2011)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Temir SARIYEV (since 1 May 2015); First Deputy Prime Minister Tayyrbek SARPASHEV (since 2 April 2014); Deputy Prime Ministers Valeriy DIL (since 2 April 2014), Abdyrakhman MAMATALIEV (since 2 April 2014), Damira NIYAZALIEVA (since 26 December 2014)"
"text": "Prime Minister Sooronbay JEENBEKOV (since 13 April 2016)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, appointed by the president; defense and security ministers appointed by the president"
"text": "Cabinet of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, appointed by the president; defense and security committee chairs appointed by the president"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single 6-year term; election last held on 30 October 2011 (next to be held in 2017); prime minister nominated by the majority party or majority coalition in the Supreme Council, appointed by the president"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Almazbek ATAMBAEV elected president; percent of vote - Almazbek ATAMBAEV (SDPK) 63.2%, Adakhan MADUMAROV (All Kyrgyzstan) 14.7%, Kamchybek TASHIEV (Homeland) 14.3%, other 7.8%; Temir SARIYEV elected prime minister; Supreme Council vote - 97 to 2"
"text": "Almazbek ATAMBAEV elected president; percent of vote - Almazbek ATAMBAEV (SDPK) 63.2%, Adakhan MADUMAROV (All Kyrgyzstan) 14.7%, Kamchybek TASHIEV (Homeland) 14.3%, other 7.8%; Sooronbay JEENBEKOV elected prime minister; Supreme Council vote - 115 to 0"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -417,7 +423,7 @@
"text": "last held on 4 October 2015 (next to be held in 2020)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Supreme Council - percent of vote by party - SDPK 27.4%, Respublika-Ata-Zhurt 20.1%, Kyrgyzstan Party 12.9%, Onuguu-Progress 9.3%, Bir Bol 8.5%, Ata-Meken 7.8%, other 14%; seats by party - SDPK 38, Respublika-Ata-Zhurt 28, Kyrgyzstan Party 18, Onuguu-Progress 13, Bir Bol 12, Ata-Meken 11"
"text": "Supreme Council - percent of vote by party - SDPK 27.4%, Respublika-Ata-Jurt 20.1%, Kyrgyzstan Party 12.9%, Onuguu-Progress 9.3%, Bir Bol 8.5%, Ata-Meken 7.8%, other 14%; seats by party - SDPK 38, Respublika-Ata-Jurt 28, Kyrgyzstan Party 18, Onuguu-Progress 13, Bir Bol 12, Ata-Meken 11"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -432,13 +438,13 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Ar-Namys (Dignity) Party [Felix KULOV] ++ Ata-Jurt (Homeland) [Kamchybek TASHIEV] ++ Ata-Meken (Fatherland) [Omurbek TEKEBAEV] ++ Respublika [Omurbek BABANOV] ++ Social-Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan or SDPK [Almazbek ATAMBAEV]"
"text": "Ata-Jurt-Respublika (Homeland-Republic) [Omurbek BABANOV, Kamchybek TASHIEV] ++ Ata-Meken (Fatherland) [Omurbek TEKEBAEV] ++ Bir Bol (Stay United) [Altynbek SULAIMANOV] ++ Kyrgyzstan Party [Kanatbek ISAEV, Kanybek IMANALIEV] ++ Onuguu-Progress [Bakyt TOROBAEV] ++ Social-Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan or SDPK [Almazbek ATAMBAEV]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Adilet (Justice) Legal Clinic [Cholpon JAKUPOVA] ++ Citizens Against Corruption [Tolekan ISMAILOVA] ++ Coalition for Democracy and Civil Society [Dinara OSHURAKHUNOVA] ++ Kylym Shamy (Torch of the Century) [Aziza ABDIRASULOVA] ++ Precedent Partnership Group [Nurbek TOKTAKUNOV] ++ Societal Analysis Public Association [Rita KARASARTOVA] ++ Union of True Muslims [Nurlan MOTUEV]"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "ADB, CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EITI (compliant country), FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
"text": "ADB, CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAEU, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EITI (compliant country), FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
@ -459,7 +465,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Richard MILES"
"text": "Ambassador Sheila GWALTNEY (14 October 2015)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "171 Prospect Mira, Bishkek 720016"
@ -494,71 +500,71 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Kyrgyzstan is a poor, mountainous country with an economy dominated by agriculture and minerals extraction. Cotton, tobacco, wool, and meat are the main agricultural products, although only tobacco and cotton are exported in any quantity. Other exports include gold, mercury, uranium, natural gas, and — in some years — electricity. Bishkek remains embroiled in a legal battle with Canadian investors in the Kumtor gold mine, the nation’s largest. Kyrgyzstan has sought foreign investment to develop hydroelectric potential as a source of export revenue. The economy also depends heavily on remittances from Kyrgyzstani migrant workers, primarily in Russia. Following independence, Kyrgyzstan rapidly carried out market reforms, such as improving the regulatory system and instituting land reform. Kyrgyzstan was the first Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) country to be accepted into the World Trade Organization. The government has sold much of its ownership shares in enterprises. Drops in production had been severe after the breakup of the Soviet Union in December 1991, but by mid-1995, production began to recover and exports began to increase. The overthrow of President BAKIEV in April 2010 and subsequent ethnic clashes left hundreds dead and damaged infrastructure. Under President ATAMBAEV, Kyrgyzstan has developed a plan for economic development in coordination with international donors. In December 2014 Kyrgyzstan agreed to join the Eurasian Economic Union in early 2015. The keys to future growth include progress in fighting corruption, improving administrative transparency, restructuring domestic industry, and attracting foreign aid and investment."
"text": "Kyrgyzstan is a poor, mountainous country with an economy dominated by minerals extraction, agriculture, and reliance on remittances from citizens working abroad. Cotton, wool, and meat are the main agricultural products, although only cotton is exported in any quantity. Other exports include gold, mercury, uranium, natural gas, and - in some years - electricity. The country has sought to attract foreign investment to expand its export base, including construction of hydroelectric dams, but a difficult investment climate and an ongoing legal battle with Canadian investors in the nation’s largest gold mine deter potential investors. Remittances from Kyrgyz migrant workers in Russia and Kazakhstan are equivalent to about a quarter of Kyrgyzstan’s GDP. ++ ++ Following independence, Kyrgyzstan rapidly carried out market reforms, such as improving the regulatory system and instituting land reform. Kyrgyzstan was the first Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) country to be accepted into the World Trade Organization. The government has privatized much of its ownership shares in public enterprises. Despite these reforms, the country suffered a severe drop in production in the early 1990s and has again faced slow growth in recent years as the global financial crisis and declining oil prices have damaged economies across Central Asia. ++ ++ Kyrgyz leaders hope the country’s August 2015 accession to the Eurasian Economic Union will bolster trade and investment, but slowing economies in Russia and China, low commodity prices, and currency fluctuations continue to hamper economic growth. The keys to future growth include progress in fighting corruption, improving administrative transparency, restructuring domestic industry, and attracting foreign aid and investment."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$19.23 billion (2014 est.) ++ $18.56 billion (2013 est.) ++ $16.79 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$20.29 billion (2015 est.) ++ $19.61 billion (2014 est.) ++ $18.85 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$7.402 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$6.65 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "3.6% (2014 est.) ++ 10.5% (2013 est.) ++ -0.9% (2012 est.)"
"text": "3.5% (2015 est.) ++ 4% (2014 est.) ++ 10.9% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$3,300 (2014 est.) ++ $3,100 (2013 est.) ++ $2,800 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$3,400 (2015 est.) ++ $3,300 (2014 est.) ++ $3,300 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "10.2% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 11.1% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 10.6% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "19.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 9.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 25.2% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "99.2%"
"text": "81.3%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "17.2%"
"text": "17.9%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "32.1%"
"text": "30.2%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "2.7%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "36.9%"
"text": "36.3%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-88.1% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-68.4% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "18.3%"
"text": "17.7%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "27.4%"
"text": "26%"
},
"services": {
"text": "54.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "56.3% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
"text": "tobacco, cotton, potatoes, vegetables, grapes, fruits and berries; sheep, goats, cattle, wool"
"text": "cotton, potatoes, vegetables, grapes, fruits and berries; sheep, goats, cattle, wool"
},
"Industries": {
"text": "small machinery, textiles, food processing, cement, shoes, sawn logs, refrigerators, furniture, electric motors, gold, rare earth metals"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "-1.6% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.9% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.615 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "2.732 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -572,7 +578,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "8% (2013 est.) ++ 8.4% (2012 est.)"
"text": "8% (2013 est.) ++ 8.1% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "33.7% (2011 est.)"
@ -590,80 +596,85 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$2.225 billion"
"text": "$1.987 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$2.26 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$2.085 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "30.1% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "29.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-0.5% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-1.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "7.5% (2014 est.) ++ 6.6% (2013 est.)"
"text": "6.5% (2015 est.) ++ 7.5% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "13.73% (22 December 2011) ++ 2.5% (31 December 2010)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "16.87% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 20.93% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "24.25% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 22.36% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$1.061 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.474 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$928.2 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.062 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$1.399 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.847 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.333 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.399 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$1.074 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $963.7 million (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$831.4 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.074 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$165 million (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $165 million (31 December 2011) ++ $79 million (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$165 million (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $165 million (31 December 2011 est.) ++ $79 million (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$1.245 billion (2014 est.) ++ -$1.101 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$692 million (2015 est.) ++ -$1.33 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$1.892 billion (2014 est.) ++ $2.048 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.61 billion (2015 est.) ++ $1.794 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "gold, cotton, wool, garments, meat, tobacco; mercury, uranium, electricity; machinery; shoes"
"text": "gold, cotton, wool, garments, meat; mercury, uranium, electricity; machinery; shoes"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Uzbekistan 29.3%, Kazakhstan 28.5%, UAE 6.6%, Russia 5.9%, Afghanistan 5.8%, Turkey 5.3% (2014)"
"text": "Switzerland 26%, Uzbekistan 22.6%, Kazakhstan 20.8%, UAE 4.9%, Turkey 4.5%, Afghanistan 4.5%, Russia 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$5.29 billion (2014 est.) ++ $5.614 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$3.648 billion (2015 est.) ++ $5.204 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "oil and gas, machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "China 54.4%, Russia 18.1%, Kazakhstan 7.8%, Turkey 4.4% (2014)"
"text": "China 56.4%, Russia 17.1%, Kazakhstan 9.9% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$1.957 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.238 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.778 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.957 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$7.101 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $6.804 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$7.37 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $7.257 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$3.537 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $3.451 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$4.347 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $3.667 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$444 million (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $299.2 million (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$331.4 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $418.3 million (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "soms (KGS) per US dollar - ++ 53.654 (2014 est.) ++ 53.654 (2013 est.) ++ 47.01 (2012 est.) ++ 46.144 (2011 est.) ++ 45.964 (2010 est.)"
"text": "soms (KGS) per US dollar - ++ 64.462 (2015 est.) ++ 53.654 (2014 est.) ++ 53.654 (2013 est.) ++ 47.01 (2012 est.) ++ 46.144 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "14.97 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -737,18 +748,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "440,000"
"text": "408,037"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "8 (2014 est.)"
"text": "7 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "7.6 million"
"text": "7.579 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "135 (2014 est.)"
"text": "134 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -756,34 +767,45 @@
"text": "telecommunications infrastructure is being upgraded; loans from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) are being used to install a digital network, digital radio-relay stations, and fiber-optic links"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "fixed-line penetration remains low and concentrated in urban areas; multiple mobile-cellular service providers with growing coverage; mobile-cellular subscribership was about 115 per 100 persons in 2011"
"text": "fixed-line penetration remains low and concentrated in urban areas; multiple mobile-cellular service providers with growing coverage; mobile-cellular subscribership up to about 130 per 100 persons in 2015"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 996; connections with other CIS countries by landline or microwave radio relay and with other countries by leased connections with Moscow international gateway switch and by satellite; satellite earth stations - 2 (1 Intersputnik, 1 Intelsat); connected internationally by the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line (2011)"
"text": "country code - 996; connections with other CIS countries by landline or microwave radio relay and with other countries by leased connections with Moscow international gateway switch and by satellite; satellite earth stations - 2 (1 Intersputnik, 1 Intelsat); connected internationally by the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state-run TV broadcaster operates 2 nationwide networks and 6 regional stations; roughly 20 private TV stations operating with most rebroadcasting other channels; state-run radio broadcaster operates 2 networks; about 20 private radio stations (2007)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 3 (plus 10 repeater stations), FM 23, shortwave 2 (2009)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "8 (2 countrywide and 6 regional stations; state-owned); note - there are about 20 private TV stations, most of which rebroadcast other channels (2007)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".kg"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "1.4 million"
"text": "1.713 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "24.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "30.2% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "3"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "10"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "625,294"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "69,290 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "EX (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "28 (2013)"
},
@ -815,7 +837,7 @@
"text": "1"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 8 (2013)"
"text": "8 (2013)"
}
},
"Pipelines": {
@ -843,39 +865,15 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Ground Forces, Air Force (includes Air Defense Forces) (2013)"
"text": "State Committee on Defense Affairs (GKDO): Ground Forces, Air Force (includes Air Defense Forces) (2015)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary male military service in the Armed Forces or Interior Ministry; 1-year service obligation, with optional fee-based 3-year service in the callup mobilization reserve; women may volunteer at age 19; 16-17 years of age for military cadets, who cannot take part in military operations (2013)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,456,881"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,470,317 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,119,224"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,257,263 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "56,606"
},
"female": {
"text": "54,056 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "NA% (2012) ++ 3.74% of GDP (2011) ++ NA% (2010)"
"text": "NA% (2012) ++ 3.74% of GDP (2011)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
@ -884,7 +882,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"stateless persons": {
"text": "12,133 (2014); note - most stateless people were born in Kyrgyzstan, have lived there many years, or are married to a Kyrgyz citizen; in 2009, Kyrgyzstan adopted a national action plan to speed up the exchange of old Soviet passports for Kyrgyz ones; stateless people are unable to register marriages and births, to travel within the country or abroad, to own property, or to receive social benefits"
"text": "9,118 (2015); note - most stateless people were born in Kyrgyzstan, have lived there many years, or married Kyrgyz citizens; in 2009, Kyrgyzstan adopted a national action plan to speed up the exchange of old Soviet passports for Kyrgyz ones; stateless people are unable to register marriages and births, to travel within the country or abroad, to own property, or to receive social benefits"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

290
central-asia/kz.json
View file

@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "slightly less than four times the size of Texas",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "slightly less than four times the size of Texas"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -51,12 +48,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "vast flat steppe extending from the Volga in the west to the Altai Mountains in the east and from the plains of western Siberia in the north to oases and deserts of Central Asia in the south"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Vpadina Kaundy -132 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "387 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Khan Tangiri Shyngy (Pik Khan-Tengri) 6,995 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Vpadina Kaundy -132 m ++ highest point: Khan Tangiri Shyngy (Pik Khan-Tengri) 6,995 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -74,18 +71,7 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "20,660 sq km (2010)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "107.5 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "21.14 cu km/yr (4%/30%/66%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "1,304 cu m/yr (2010)"
}
"text": "20,660 sq km (2012)"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "earthquakes in the south; mudslides around Almaty"
@ -106,6 +92,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "18,360,353 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Kazakhstani(s)"
@ -118,32 +107,26 @@
"text": "Kazakh (Qazaq) 63.1%, Russian 23.7%, Uzbek 2.9%, Ukrainian 2.1%, Uighur 1.4%, Tatar 1.3%, German 1.1%, other 4.4% (2009 est.)"
},
"Languages": {
"text": "Kazakh (official, Qazaq) 64.4%, Russian (official, used in everyday business, designated the \"language of interethnic communication\") 95% (2001 est.)"
"text": "Kazakh (official, Qazaq) 74% (understand spoken language), Russian (official, used in everyday business, designated the \"language of interethnic communication\") 94.4% (understand spoken language) (2009 est.)"
},
"Religions": {
"text": "Muslim 70.2%, Christian 26.2% (mainly Russian Orthodox), other 0.2%, atheist 2.8%, unspecified 0.5% (2009 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "18,157,122 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "25.41% (male 2,294,513/female 2,319,233)"
"text": "25.68% (male 2,336,444/female 2,378,769)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "15.33% (male 1,417,344/female 1,366,655)"
"text": "14.66% (male 1,371,133/female 1,319,938)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "42.59% (male 3,768,418/female 3,965,188)"
"text": "42.5% (male 3,808,164/female 3,994,781)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "9.49% (male 753,011/female 970,569)"
"text": "9.77% (male 784,035/female 1,008,935)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "7.17% (male 448,857/female 853,334) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "7.4% (male 470,485/female 887,669) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -162,26 +145,26 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "30 years"
"text": "30.3 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "28.7 years"
"text": "29 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "31.3 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "31.6 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "1.14% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.09% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "19.15 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "18.7 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "8.21 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "8.2 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "0.41 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -199,7 +182,7 @@
"text": "0.94 male(s)/female"
},
"0-14 years": {
"text": "0.99 male(s)/female"
"text": "0.98 male(s)/female"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
@ -214,42 +197,45 @@
"text": "0.53 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.92 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.92 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "25 (2013 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "12 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "20.92 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "20.3 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "23.63 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "22.9 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "18.39 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "17.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "70.55 years"
"text": "70.8 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "65.3 years"
"text": "65.6 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "75.46 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "75.7 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "2.31 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.28 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "51% (2010/11)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "4.3% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "4.4% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "3.62 physicians/1,000 population (2013)"
@ -274,13 +260,13 @@
}
},
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "0.19% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.21% (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
"text": "20,300 (2014 est.)"
"text": "23,100 (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
"text": "500 (2014 est.)"
"text": "500 (2015 est.)"
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "23.5% (2014)"
@ -313,7 +299,7 @@
"text": "15 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "15 years (2012)"
"text": "15 years (2015)"
}
},
"Child labor - children ages 5-14": {
@ -329,10 +315,10 @@
"text": "3.9%"
},
"male": {
"text": "2.9%"
"text": "3.6%"
},
"female": {
"text": "5.1% (2012 est.)"
"text": "4.3% (2013 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -352,10 +338,13 @@
},
"former": {
"text": "Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "the name \"Kazakh\" derives from the Turkic word \"kaz\" meaning \"to wander,\" recalling the Kazakh's nomadic lifestyle; the Persian suffix \"-stan\" means \"place of\" or \"country,\" so the word Kazakhstan literally means \"Land of the wanderers\""
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "republic; authoritarian presidential rule, with little power outside the executive branch"
"text": "presidential republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -372,7 +361,7 @@
}
},
"Administrative divisions": {
"text": "14 provinces (oblystar, singular - oblys) and 3 cities* (qalalar, singular - qala); Almaty, Almaty*, Aqmola (Astana), Aqtobe, Astana*, Atyrau, Batys Qazaqstan [West Kazakhstan] (Oral), Bayqongyr [Baykonur]*, Mangghystau (Aqtau), Ongtustik Qazaqstan [South Kazakhstan] (Shymkent), Pavlodar, Qaraghandy, Qostanay, Qyzylorda, Shyghys Qazaqstan [East Kazakhstan] (Oskemen), Soltustik Qazaqstan [North Kazakhstan] (Petropavlovsk), Zhambyl (Taraz)",
"text": "14 provinces (oblystar, singular - oblys) and 3 cities* (qalalar, singular - qala); Almaty (Taldyqorghan), Almaty*, Aqmola (Kokshetau), Aqtobe, Astana*, Atyrau, Batys Qazaqstan [West Kazakhstan] (Oral), Bayqongyr [Baykonur]*, Mangghystau (Aqtau), Ongtustik Qazaqstan [South Kazakhstan] (Shymkent), Pavlodar, Qaraghandy, Qostanay, Qyzylorda, Shyghys Qazaqstan [East Kazakhstan] (Oskemen), Soltustik Qazaqstan [North Kazakhstan] (Petropavl), Zhambyl (Taraz)",
"note": {
"text": "administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses); in 1995, the Governments of Kazakhstan and Russia entered into an agreement whereby Russia would lease for a period of 20 years an area of 6,000 sq km enclosing the Baykonur space launch facilities and the city of Bayqongyr (Baykonur, formerly Leninsk); in 2004, a new agreement extended the lease to 2050"
}
@ -384,7 +373,7 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 16 December (1991)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1937, 1978 (preindependence); latest adopted 28 January 1993, approved by referendum 30 August 1995, effective 5 September 1995; amended several times, last in 2011 (2015)"
"text": "previous 1937, 1978 (preindependence); latest adopted 28 January 1993, approved by referendum 30 August 1995, effective 5 September 1995; amended several times, last in 2011 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system influenced by Roman-Germanic law and by the theory and practice of the Russian Federation"
@ -393,14 +382,17 @@
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": ""
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Kazakhstan"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": ""
"text": "5 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
@ -411,7 +403,7 @@
"text": "President Nursultan Abishuly NAZARBAYEV (chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 22 February 1990, elected president 1 December 1991)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Karim MASIMOV (since 2 April 2014); First Deputy Prime Minister Bakytzhan SAGINTAYEV (since 16 January 2013); Deputy Prime Minister Berdibek SAPARBAYEV (since November 2014)"
"text": "Prime Minister Bakytzhan SAGINTAYEV (since 9 September 2016); Deputy Prime Minister Dariga NAZARBAYEVA (since 11 September 2015)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president"
@ -425,13 +417,13 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": ".bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (47 seats; 32 members indirectly elected by majority two-round vote by the oblast-level assemblies and 15 members appointed by the president; members serve 6-year terms, with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years) and the Mazhilis (107 seats; 98 members directly elected in a single national constituency by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms and 9 indirectly elected by the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan, a 350-member, presidentially appointed advisory body designed to represent the country's ethnic minorities)"
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (47 seats; 32 members indirectly elected by majority two-round vote by the oblast-level assemblies and 15 members appointed by the president; members serve 6-year terms, with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years) and the Mazhilis (107 seats; 98 members directly elected in a single national constituency by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms and 9 indirectly elected by the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan, a 350-member, presidentially appointed advisory body designed to represent the country's ethnic minorities)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "Senate - last held on 1 October 2014 (next to be held in 2017); Mazhilis - last held on 15 January 2012 (next to be held by November 2016)"
"text": "Senate - last held on 1 October 2014 (next to be held in 2017); Mazhilis - last held on 20 March 2016 (next to be held by 2021)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Nur Otan 16; Mazhilis - percent of vote by party - Nur Otan 81%, Ak Zhol 7.5%, Communist People's Party 7.2%, other 4.3%; seats by party - Nur Otan 83, Ak Zhol 8, Communist People's Party 7"
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Nur Otan 16; Mazhilis - percent of vote by party - Nur Otan 82.2%, Ak Zhol 7.2%, Communist People's Party 7.1%, other 3.5%; seats by party - Nur Otan 84, Ak Zhol 7, Communist People's Party 7"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -439,20 +431,20 @@
"text": "Supreme Court of the Republic (consists of 44 members); Constitutional Council (consists of 7 members)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "Supreme Court judges proposed by the president of the republic on recommendation of the Supreme Judicial Council, and confirmed by the Senate; judge tenure NA; Constitutional Council - the president of the republic, the Senate chairperson, the Majilis chairperson each appoints 1 member for a 3-year term and each appoints 1 member for a 6-year term; chairperson of the Constitutional Council appointed by the president of the republic for a 6-year term"
"text": "Supreme Court judges proposed by the president of the republic on recommendation of the Supreme Judicial Council and confirmed by the Senate; judges normally serve until age 65 but can be extended to age 70; Constitutional Council - the president of the republic, the Senate chairperson, and the Majilis chairperson each appoints 1 member for a 3-year term and each appoints 1 member for a 6-year term; chairperson of the Constitutional Council appointed by the president of the republic for a 6-year term"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "regional and local courts"
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Ak Zhol (Bright Path) Party or Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol [Azat PERUASHEV] ++ Alga [Vladimir KOZLOV] (unregistered and banned as extremist in November 2012) ++ Auyl (Village) [Gani KALIYEV] ++ Azat (Freedom) Party [Bolat ABILOV] (formerly True Ak Zhol Party) ++ Birlik (Unity) [Seril SULTANGALI] (Birlik is an April 2013 merger of Adilet (Justice; formerly Democratic Party of Kazakhstan) and Rukhaniyat (Spirituality)) ++ NSDP [Zharmakhan TUYAKBAY] ++ Communist Party of Kazakhstan or KPK [Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN] (suspended by court decision) ++ Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan [Vladislav KOSAREV] ++ National Social Democratic Party or NSDP [Zharmakhan TUYAKBAY] ++ Nur Otan (Radiant Fatherland) Democratic People's Party [Nursultan NAZARBAYEV] (the Agrarian, Asar, and Civic parties merged with Otan) ++ Patriots' Party [Gani KASYMOV]"
"text": "Ak Zhol (Bright Path) Party or Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol [Azat PERUASHEV] ++ Auyl National Patriotic Party [Ali BEKTAYEV] (Auyl is a September 2015 merger of the Patriots’ Party and the Auyl Social Democratic Party) ++ Birlik (Unity) [Seril SULTANGALI] (Birlik is an April 2013 merger of Adilet (Justice; formerly Democratic Party of Kazakhstan) and Rukhaniyat (Spirituality)) ++ Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan [Vladislav KOSAREV] ++ National Social Democratic Party or NSDP [Zharmakhan TUYAKBAY] ++ Nur Otan (Radiant Fatherland) Democratic People's Party [Nursultan NAZARBAYEV] (the Agrarian, Asar, and Civic parties merged with Otan)"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "Adil-Soz [Tamara KALEYEVA] ++ Almaty Helsinki Committee [Ninel FOKINA] ++ Confederation of Free Trade Unions [Sergei BELKIN] ++ For Fair Elections [Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, Sabit ZHUSUPOV, Sergey DUVANOV, Ibrash NUSUPBAYEV] ++ Kazakhstan International Bureau on Human Rights [Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, Chairman of Bureau's Council, Roza AKYLBEKOVA, director] ++ Khalyk Maidany (Peoples' Front) - an informal union between the unregistered Alga Party, the unregistered Communist Party of Kazakhstan, and several opposition-oriented civil society groups, banned in November 2012 [no formal leader] ++ Pan-National Social Democratic Party of Kazakhstan [Zharmakhan TUYAKBAY] ++ Pensioners Movement or Pokoleniye [Irina SAVOSTINA, chairwoman] ++ Republican Network of International Monitors [Daniyar LIVAZOV] ++ Transparency International [Sergey ZLOTNIKOV]"
"text": "Adil-Soz [Tamara KALEYEVA] ++ Confederation of Free Trade Unions [Larissa KHARKOVA] ++ Foundation for Support of Civil Initiatives [Nurul RAKHIMBEK] ++ International Legal Initiative [Aina SHORMANBAYEVA] ++ Kazakhstan International Bureau on Human Rights [Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, Chairman of Bureau's Council, Roza AKYLBEKOVA, director] ++ Legal Media Centre (sometimes known as the North Kazakhstan Legal Media Centre) [Diana OKREMOVA] ++ Public Foundation for Parliamentary Development [Zauresh BATTALOVA] ++ Republican Network of International Monitors [Daniyar LIVAZOV] ++ Transparency International [Sergey ZLOTNIKOV]"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "ADB, CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EITI (compliant country), FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer), ZC"
"text": "ADB, CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAEU, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EITI (compliant country), FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer), ZC"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
@ -511,58 +503,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Kazakhstan, geographically the largest of the former Soviet republics, excluding Russia, possesses substantial fossil fuel reserves and other minerals and metals, such as uranium, copper, and zinc. It also has a large agricultural sector featuring livestock and grain. In 2002 Kazakhstan became the first country in the former Soviet Union to receive an investment-grade credit rating. Extractive industries have been and will continue to be the engine of Kazakhstan's growth, although the country is seriously pursuing diversification strategies. Kazakhstan is landlocked, with restricted access to the high seas. Although its Caspian Sea ports, pipelines, and rail lines carrying oil have been upgraded, civil aviation and roadways continue to need attention. Supply and distribution of electricity can be erratic because of regional dependencies, but the country is moving forward with plans to improve reliability of electricity and gas supply to its population. The government realizes that its economy suffers from an overreliance on oil and extractive industries. Kazakhstan has embarked on an ambitious diversification program, aimed at developing targeted sectors like transport, pharmaceuticals, telecommunications, petrochemicals and food processing. In 2010 Kazakhstan joined the Belarus-Kazakhstan-Russia Customs Union in an effort to boost foreign investment and improve trade relationships. The Customs Union evolved into the Eurasian Economic Union in January 2015. During 2014, Kazakhstan’s economy was hampered by Russia’s slowing economy, the weakening ruble, falling oil prices, and problems at its Kashagan oil field. Kazakhstan devalued its currency, the tenge, by 19% in February and in November the government announced a stimulus package to cope with the economic challenges."
"text": "Kazakhstan, geographically the largest of the former Soviet republics, excluding Russia, possesses substantial fossil fuel reserves and other minerals and metals, such as uranium, copper, and zinc. It also has a large agricultural sector featuring livestock and grain. The government realizes that its economy suffers from an overreliance on oil and extractive industries and has embarked on an ambitious diversification program, aimed at developing targeted sectors like transport, pharmaceuticals, telecommunications, petrochemicals and food processing. ++ ++ Kazakhstan's vast hydrocarbon and mineral reserves form the backbone of its economy. Kazakhstan is landlocked and depends on Russia to export its oil to Europe. In 2010, Kazakhstan joined Russia and Belarus to establish a Customs Union in an effort to boost foreign investment and improve trade. The Customs Union evolved into a Single Economic Space in 2012 and the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) in January 2015. ++ ++ The economic downturn of its EEU partner, Russia, and the decline in global commodity prices have contributed to an economic slowdown in Kazakhstan, which is experiencing its slowest economic growth since the financial crises of 2008-09. Kazakhstan devalued its currency, the tenge, by 19% in February 2014, and in November 2014, the government announced a stimulus package to cope with its economic challenges. In spring 2015, Kazakhstan embarked on an ambitious reform agenda to modernize its economy and improve its institutions. In the face of further decline in the ruble, oil prices, and the regional economic slowdown, Kazakhstan announced in August 2015 that it would cancel its currency band in favor of a floating exchange rate that sparked further devaluation of the tenge. In 2015, Kazakhstan's president signed into law a new Entrepreneurial Code and a new Labor Code, both aimed at improving the business environment. Despite some positive institutional and legislative changes, investors remain concerned about corruption, bureaucracy, and arbitrary law enforcement, especially at the regional and municipal levels."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$420 billion (2014 est.) ++ $402.7 billion (2013 est.) ++ $379.9 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$458.2 billion (2015 est.) ++ $453 billion (2014 est.) ++ $434.3 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$216 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$184.4 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "4.3% (2014 est.) ++ 6% (2013 est.) ++ 5% (2012 est.)"
"text": "1.2% (2015 est.) ++ 4.3% (2014 est.) ++ 6% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$24,100 (2014 est.) ++ $23,100 (2013 est.) ++ $21,800 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$25,900 (2015 est.) ++ $26,000 (2014 est.) ++ $25,300 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "26.6% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 24.3% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 25.3% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "27.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 27.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 24.2% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "48.5%"
"text": "54.3%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "11.3%"
"text": "12.3%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "20.8%"
"text": "24%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "5.6%"
"text": "5.3%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "40.9%"
"text": "30.1%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-27% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-26.2% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "4.7%"
"text": "5%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "36%"
"text": "32.5%"
},
"services": {
"text": "59.3% (2014 est.)"
"text": "62.5% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -572,10 +564,10 @@
"text": "oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, uranium, iron and steel; tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors, construction materials"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "1.8% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.1% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "9.102 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "8.989 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -585,11 +577,11 @@
"text": "11.9%"
},
"services": {
"text": "62.3% (2012)"
"text": "62.3% (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "5% (2014 est.) ++ 5.2% (2013 est.)"
"text": "5% (2015 est.) ++ 5% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "5.3% (2011 est.)"
@ -607,83 +599,88 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$40.86 billion"
"text": "$34.43 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$43.48 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$37.1 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "18.9% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "19.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-1.2% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-1.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "15.5% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 13.3% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "24.1% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 14.8% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "6.7% (2014 est.) ++ 5.8% (2013 est.)"
"text": "6.5% (2015 est.) ++ 6.7% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "5.5% (31 December 2012) ++ 7.5% (31 December 2011)"
"text": "16% (31 December 2015) ++ 5.5% (31 December 2014)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "7.24% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 6.3% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "9.56% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 7.24% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$16.35 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $22.9 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$8.933 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $16.35 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$52.89 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $56.49 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$78.46 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $89.74 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$50.83 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $78.46 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$23.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $43.3 billion (31 December 2011) ++ $60.74 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$34.89 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $22.97 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $26.23 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$4.643 billion (2014 est.) ++ $927 million (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$4.436 billion (2015 est.) ++ $5.994 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$80.28 billion (2014 est.) ++ $85.6 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$46.29 billion (2015 est.) ++ $80.24 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "oil and oil products, natural gas, ferrous metals, chemicals, machinery, grain, wool, meat, coal"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "China 15.9%, Russia 12.1%, Germany 9.5%, France 8.5%, Italy 5.3%, Greece 5.3%, Romania 5% (2014)"
"text": "China 15.1%, Russia 12.3%, France 9.2%, Germany 7.9%, Italy 6.7%, Greece 4.1% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$43.58 billion (2014 est.) ++ $50.8 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$33.65 billion (2015 est.) ++ $43.55 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, metal products, foodstuffs"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Russia 32.2%, China 29%, Germany 5% (2014)"
"text": "Russia 32.9%, China 25.9%, Germany 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$28.92 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $24.68 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$28.07 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $29.21 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$155.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $148.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$153.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $157.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$136.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $129.6 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$139.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $132.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$31.46 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $29.12 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$33.77 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $30.56 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "tenge (KZT) per US dollar - ++ 179.19 (2014 est.) ++ 179.19 (2013 est.) ++ 149.11 (2012 est.) ++ 146.62 (2011 est.) ++ 147.36 (2010 est.)"
"text": "tenge (KZT) per US dollar - ++ 221.73 (2015 est.) ++ 179.19 (2014 est.) ++ 179.19 (2013 est.) ++ 149.11 (2012 est.) ++ 146.62 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "90.53 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -757,18 +754,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "4.34 million"
"text": "4,143,100"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "24 (2014 est.)"
"text": "23 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "28 million"
"text": "31.39 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "156 (2014 est.)"
"text": "173 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -776,34 +773,45 @@
"text": "inherited an outdated telecommunications network from the Soviet era requiring modernization"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "intercity by landline and microwave radio relay; number of fixed-line connections is gradually increasing and fixed-line teledensity now roughly 25 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular usage has increased rapidly and the subscriber base now exceeds 140 per 100 persons"
"text": "intercity by landline and microwave radio relay; number of fixed-line connections is inadequate; mobile-cellular usage has increased rapidly and the subscriber base now exceeds 170 per 100 persons"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 7; international traffic with other former Soviet republics and China carried by landline and microwave radio relay and with other countries by satellite and by the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (2008)"
"text": "country code - 7; international traffic with other former Soviet republics and China carried by landline and microwave radio relay and with other countries by satellite and by the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state owns nearly all radio and TV transmission facilities and operates national TV and radio networks; nearly all nationwide TV networks are wholly or partly owned by the government; some former state-owned media outlets have been privatized; households with satellite dishes have access to foreign media; a small number of commercial radio stations operate along with state-run radio stations; recent legislation requires all media outlets to register with the government and all TV providers to broadcast in digital format by 2018 (2015)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 60, FM 18, shortwave 9 (2008)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "12 (plus 9 repeaters) (1998)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".kz"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "10.6 million"
"text": "13.23 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "59.3% (2014 est.)"
"text": "72.9% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "10"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "71"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "5,081,631"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "37,669,008 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "UP (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "96 (2013)"
},
@ -844,7 +852,7 @@
"text": "5"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 13 (2013)"
"text": "13 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -895,37 +903,13 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Kazakhstan Armed Forces: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Mobile Forces, Air Defense Forces (2013)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation is 2 years, but Kazakhstan may be transitioning to a contract force; 19 is the legal minimum age for voluntary service; military cadets in intermediate (ages 15-17) and higher (ages 17-21) education institutes are classified as military service personnel (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "4,163,629"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "4,179,051 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "2,909,999"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "3,528,169 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "125,322"
},
"female": {
"text": "119,541 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.21% of GDP (2012) ++ 0.97% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.21% of GDP (2010)"
}
@ -936,7 +920,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"stateless persons": {
"text": "7,038 (2014)"
"text": "7,909 (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

363
central-asia/rs.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy, was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the following decades until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics. Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized semi-authoritarian state in which the leadership seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals by President PUTIN, foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence - particularly in the former Soviet Union - and continued economic growth. Russia has severely disabled a Chechen rebel movement, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus."
"text": "Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics. ++ Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "approximately 1.8 times the size of the US",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "approximately 1.8 times the size of the US"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -62,12 +59,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Caspian Sea -28 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "600 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Gora El'brus 5,633 m (highest point in Europe)"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m ++ highest point: Gora El'brus 5,633 m (highest point in Europe)"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -88,23 +85,15 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "43,460 sq km (2008)"
"text": "43,000 sq km (2012)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "4,508 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "66.2 cu km/yr (20%/60%/20%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "454.9 cu m/yr (2001)"
}
"Population - distribution": {
"text": "population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country extending from the Baltic Sea, south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable pockets are isolated and generally found in the south"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of European Russia",
"volcanism": {
"text": "significant volcanic activity on the Kamchatka Peninsula and Kuril Islands; the peninsula alone is home to some 29 historically active volcanoes, with dozens more in the Kuril Islands; Kliuchevskoi (elev. 4,835 m), which erupted in 2007 and 2010, is Kamchatka's most active volcano; Avachinsky and Koryaksky volcanoes, which pose a threat to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Bezymianny, Chikurachki, Ebeko, Gorely, Grozny, Karymsky, Ketoi, Kronotsky, Ksudach, Medvezhia, Mutnovsky, Sarychev Peak, Shiveluch, Tiatia, Tolbachik, and Zheltovsky"
"text": "significant volcanic activity on the Kamchatka Peninsula and Kuril Islands; the peninsula alone is home to some 29 historically active volcanoes, with dozens more in the Kuril Islands; Kliuchevskoi (elev. 4,835 m), which erupted in 2007 and 2010, is Kamchatka's most active volcano; Avachinsky and Koryaksky volcanoes, which pose a threat to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Bezymianny, Chikurachki, Ebeko, Gorely, Grozny, Karymsky, Ketoi, Kronotsky, Ksudach, Medvezhia, Mutnovsky, Sarychev Peak, Shiveluch, Tiatia, Tolbachik, and Zheltovsky"
}
},
"Environment - current issues": {
@ -123,6 +112,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "142,355,415 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Russian(s)"
@ -134,42 +126,36 @@
"Ethnic groups": {
"text": "Russian 77.7%, Tatar 3.7%, Ukrainian 1.4%, Bashkir 1.1%, Chuvash 1%, Chechen 1%, other 10.2%, unspecified 3.9%",
"note": {
"text": "more than 190 ethnic groups are represented in Russia's 2010 census (2010 est.)"
"text": "nearly 200 national and/or ethnic groups are represented in Russia's 2010 census (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Languages": {
"text": "Russian (official) 96.3%, Dolgang 5.3%, German 1.5%, Chechen 1%, Tatar 3%, other 10.3%",
"text": "Russian (official) 85.7%, Tatar 3.2%, Chechen 1%, other 10.1%",
"note": {
"text": "shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census (2010 est.)"
"text": "data represent native language spoken (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Religions": {
"text": "Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of Soviet rule"
"text": "estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of Soviet rule; Russia officially recognizes Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism as traditional religions"
}
},
"Population": {
"text": "142,423,773 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "16.68% (male 12,204,992/female 11,556,764)"
"text": "16.94% (male 12,385,281/female 11,726,473)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "10.15% (male 7,393,188/female 7,064,060)"
"text": "9.71% (male 7,071,489/female 6,754,928)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "45.54% (male 31,779,688/female 33,086,346)"
"text": "45.16% (male 31,528,258/female 32,753,350)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "14.01% (male 8,545,371/female 11,409,076)"
"text": "14.27% (male 8,727,233/female 11,591,221)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "13.61% (male 5,978,578/female 13,405,710) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "13.92% (male 6,152,252/female 13,664,930) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -188,26 +174,29 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "39.1 years"
"text": "39.3 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "36.2 years"
"text": "36.4 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "42.1 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "42.3 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "-0.04% (2015 est.)"
"text": "-0.06% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "11.6 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "11.3 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "13.69 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "13.6 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "1.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country extending from the Baltic Sea, south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable pockets are isolated and generally found in the south"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -240,36 +229,39 @@
"text": "0.45 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.86 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.86 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "24.6 (2009 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "25 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "6.97 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "6.9 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "7.81 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "7.7 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "6.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "6 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "70.47 years"
"text": "70.8 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "64.7 years"
"text": "65 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "76.57 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "76.8 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.61 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.61 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "68%",
@ -278,7 +270,7 @@
}
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "6.5% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "7.1% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "4.31 physicians/1,000 population (2006)"
@ -319,17 +311,14 @@
"text": "bacterial diarrhea"
},
"vectorborne diseases": {
"text": "tickborne encephalitis"
},
"note": {
"text": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)"
"text": "tickborne encephalitis (2016)"
}
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "26.2% (2014)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.1% of GDP (2008)"
"text": "4.2% of GDP (2012)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -350,21 +339,21 @@
"text": "15 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "14 years"
"text": "15 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "15 years (2012)"
"text": "15 years (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "14.8%"
"text": "13.7%"
},
"male": {
"text": "14.5%"
"text": "13.3%"
},
"female": {
"text": "15.1% (2012 est.)"
"text": "14.1% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -384,10 +373,13 @@
},
"former": {
"text": "Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "Russian lands were generally referred to as Muscovy until PETER I officially declared the Russian Empire in 1721; the new name sought to invoke the patrimony of the medieval eastern European Rus state centered on Kyiv in present-day Ukraine; the Rus were a Varangian (eastern Viking) elite that imposed their rule and eventually their name on their Slavic subjects"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "federation"
"text": "semi-presidential federation"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -400,7 +392,7 @@
"text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
},
"note": {
"text": "Russia has 11 time zones, which includes two that were added in 2014"
"text": "Russia has 11 time zones, the largest number of contiguous time zones of any country in the world; in 2014, two time zones were added and DST was dropped"
}
},
"Administrative divisions": {
@ -415,7 +407,7 @@
"text": "Chukotka (Anadyr'), Khanty-Mansi-Yugra (Khanty-Mansiysk), Nenets (Nar'yan-Mar), Yamalo-Nenets (Salekhard)"
},
"krays": {
"text": "Altay (Barnaul), Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Perm', Primorskiy [Maritime] (Vladivostok), Stavropol', Zabaykal'sk (Chita)"
"text": "Altay (Barnaul), Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Perm', Primorskiy [Maritime] (Vladivostok), Stavropol', Zabaykal'sk [Transbaikal] (Chita)"
},
"federal cities": {
"text": "Moscow [Moskva], Saint Petersburg [Sankt-Peterburg]"
@ -437,7 +429,7 @@
"text": "Russia Day, 12 June (1990)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous (during Russian Empire and Soviet eras); latest drafted 12 July 1993, adopted by referendum 12 December 1993, effective 25 December 1993; amended 2008, 2014 (2015)"
"text": "several previous (during Russian Empire and Soviet eras); latest drafted 12 July 1993, adopted by referendum 12 December 1993, effective 25 December 1993; amended 2008, 2014 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts"
@ -445,6 +437,20 @@
"International law organization participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"Citizenship": {
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Russia"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": "3-5 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
@ -473,10 +479,10 @@
"text": "bicameral Federal Assembly or Federalnoye Sobraniye consists of the Federation Council or Sovet Federatsii (166 seats; 2 members in each of the 83 federal administrative units - oblasts, krays, republics, autonomous okrugs and oblasts, and the federal cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg - appointed by the top executive and legislative officials; members serve 4-year terms) and the State Duma or Gosudarstvennaya Duma (450 seats; as of February 2014, the electoral system reverted to a mixed electoral system for the 2016 election in which one-half of the members are directly elected by simple majority vote and one-half directly elected by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "State Duma - last held on 4 December 2011 (next to be held in December 2016)"
"text": "State Duma - last held on 18 September 2016 (next to be held in fall 2021)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "State Duma - United Russia 49.3%, CPRF 19.2%, A Just Russia 13.2%, LDPR 11.7%, other 6.6%; seats by party - United Russia 238, CPRF 92, A Just Russia 64, LDPR 56"
"text": "State Duma - United Russia 54.2%, CPRF 13.3%, LDPR 13.1%, A Just Russia 6.2%, Rodina 1.5%, CPI 0.2%, other 11.5%; seats by party - United Russia 343, CPRF 42, LDPR 39, A Just Russia 23, Rodina 1, CPI 1, independent 1"
},
"note": {
"text": "the State Duma now includes 2 representatives each from the Republic of Crimea and Federal City of Sevastopol, two annexed Ukrainian regions that the US does not recognize as part of Russia"
@ -494,9 +500,9 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "A Just Russia [Sergey MIRONOV] ++ Communist Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF [Gennadiy ZYUGANOV] ++ Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR [Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY] ++ United Russia [Dmitriy MEDVEDEV]",
"text": "A Just Russia [Sergey MIRONOV] ++ Civic Platform or CPI [Rifat SHAYKHUTDINOV] ++ Communist Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF [Gennadiy ZYUGANOV] ++ Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR [Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY] ++ Rodina [Aleksei ZHURAVLYOV] ++ United Russia [Dmitriy MEDVEDEV]",
"note": {
"text": "78 political parties are registered with Russia's Ministry of Justice (as of October 2015), but only four parties maintain representation in Russia's national legislature"
"text": "78 political parties are registered with Russia's Ministry of Justice (as of October 2015), but only six parties maintain representation in Russia's national legislature, and two of these only have one deputy apiece"
}
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
@ -506,7 +512,7 @@
}
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BRICS, BSEC, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-20, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNSC (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
"text": "APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BRICS, BSEC, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAEU, EAPC, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-20, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNSC (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
@ -522,10 +528,7 @@
"text": "[1] (202) 298-5735"
},
"consulate(s) general": {
"text": "Houston, San Francisco"
},
"consulate(s)": {
"text": "New York, Seattle"
"text": "Houston, New York, San Francisco, Seattle"
}
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
@ -571,58 +574,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Russia has undergone significant changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, moving from a globally-isolated, centrally-planned economy towards a more market-based and globally-integrated economy, but stalling as a partially reformed, statist economy with a high concentration of wealth in officials' hands. Economic reforms in the 1990s privatized most industry, with notable exceptions in the energy and defense-related sectors. The protection of property rights is still weak and the private sector remains subject to heavy state interference. Russia is one of the world's leading producers of oil and natural gas, and is also a top exporter of metals such as steel and primary aluminum. Russia's manufacturing sector is generally uncompetitive on world markets and is geared toward domestic consumption. Russia's reliance on commodity exports makes it vulnerable to boom and bust cycles that follow the volatile swings in global prices. The economy, which had averaged 7% growth during 1998-2008 as oil prices rose rapidly, was one of the hardest hit by the 2008-09 global economic crisis as oil prices plummeted and the foreign credits that Russian banks and firms relied on dried up. In 2014, economic growth declined further when Russia forcibly violated Ukraine’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, and interfered in Ukraine’s internal affairs. In the second half of 2014, the Russian ruble lost about half of its value, contributing to increased capital outflows that reached $151.5 billion for the year; the ruble remains volatile. Declining oil prices, lack of economic reforms, and the imposition of foreign sanctions have contributed to the downturn and created wide expectations the economy will continue to slump. In April 2015, the Russian Ministry of Economic Development predicted that the Russia’s economy will contract by 3% in 2015, and average only 2.5% growth through 2030."
"text": "Russia has undergone significant changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, moving from a centrally planned economy towards a more market-based system. Both economic growth and reform have stalled in recent years, however, and Russia remains a predominantly statist economy with a high concentration of wealth in officials' hands. Economic reforms in the 1990s privatized most industry, with notable exceptions in the energy, transportation, banking, and defense-related sectors. The protection of property rights is still weak, and the state continues to interfere in the free operation of the private sector. ++ ++ Russia is one of the world's leading producers of oil and natural gas, and is also a top exporter of metals such as steel and primary aluminum. Russia's reliance on commodity exports makes it vulnerable to boom and bust cycles that follow the volatile swings in global prices. ++ ++ The economy, which had averaged 7% growth during 1998-2008 as oil prices rose rapidly, has seen diminishing growth rates since then due to the exhaustion of Russia’s commodity-based growth model. ++ ++ A combination of falling oil prices, international sanctions, and structural limitations pushed Russia into a deep recession in 2015, with the GDP falling by close to 4%. Most economists expect this downturn will continue through 2016. Government support for import substitution has increased recently in an effort to diversify the economy away from extractive industries. Although the Russian Ministry of Economic Development is forecasting a modest growth of 0.7% for 2016 as a whole, the Central Bank of Russia (CBR) is more pessimistic and expects the recovery to begin later in the year and a decline of 0.5% to 1.0% for the full year. Russia is heavily dependent on the movement of world commodity prices and the CBR estimates that if oil prices remain below $40 per barrel beyond 2016, the resulting shock would cause GDP to fall by up to 5%."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$3.577 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $3.556 trillion (2013 est.) ++ $3.51 trillion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$3.725 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $3.869 trillion (2014 est.) ++ $3.842 trillion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$1.861 trillion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$1.326 trillion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "0.6% (2014 est.) ++ 1.3% (2013 est.) ++ 3.4% (2012 est.)"
"text": "-3.7% (2015 est.) ++ 0.7% (2014 est.) ++ 1.3% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$24,400 (2014 est.) ++ $24,300 (2013 est.) ++ $24,000 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$26,000 (2015 est.) ++ $27,000 (2014 est.) ++ $26,800 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "23.1% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 23.3% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 27.2% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "23.8% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 23.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 22.2% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "53.7%"
"text": "54.1%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "19.5%"
"text": "19.1%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "20.6%"
"text": "21.7%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-1.1%"
"text": "-3.4%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "30.2%"
"text": "29.8%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-22.9% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-21.2% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "4.2%"
"text": "4.6%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "35.8%"
"text": "32.6%"
},
"services": {
"text": "60% (2014 est.)"
"text": "62.1% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -632,27 +635,27 @@
"text": "complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries (including radar, missile production, advanced electronic components), shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "0.6% (2014 est.)"
"text": "-3.6% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "75.43 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "76.58 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "9.7%"
"text": "9.4%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "27.8%"
"text": "27.6%"
},
"services": {
"text": "62.5% (2012)"
"text": "63% (2014)"
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "5.2% (2014 est.) ++ 5.5% (2013 est.)"
"text": "5.6% (2015 est.) ++ 5.2% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "11% (2013 est.)"
"text": "11.2% (2014 est.)"
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
"lowest 10%": {
@ -663,107 +666,112 @@
}
},
"Distribution of family income - Gini index": {
"text": "42 (2012) ++ 41.7 (2011)"
"text": "42 (2014) ++ 41.7 (2011)"
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$377.7 billion"
"text": "$224.2 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$386.4 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$256.3 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "20.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "16.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-0.5% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-2.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "13.4% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 9.7% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "9.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 9.5% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
"text": "data cover general government debt, and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "7.8% (2014 est.) ++ 6.8% (2013 est.)"
"text": "15.5% (2015 est.) ++ 7.8% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "17% (2014 est.) ++ 8% (31 December 2011)",
"text": "11% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 17% (31 December 2014)",
"note": {
"text": "this is the so-called refinancing rate, but in Russia banks do not get refinancing at this rate; this is a reference rate used primarily for fiscal purposes"
}
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "11.14% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 9.47% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "15.73% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 11.14% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$158.6 billion (1 December 2014 est.) ++ $320.9 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$151.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $201.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$926.8 billion (31 October 2014 est.) ++ $1.087 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$664.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $984.9 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$603.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $664.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$874.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.) ++ $796.4 billion (31 December 2011) ++ $1.005 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)"
"text": "$393.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $385.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $770.7 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$59.46 billion (2014 est.) ++ $34.14 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$69 billion (2015 est.) ++ $57.51 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$497.8 billion (2014 est.) ++ $523.3 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$341.5 billion (2015 est.) ++ $497.8 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, metals, wood and wood products, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military manufactures"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Netherlands 13.7%, China 7.5%, Germany 7.5%, Italy 7.2%, Turkey 5% (2014)"
"text": "Netherlands 11.9%, China 8.3%, Germany 7.4%, Italy 6.5%, Turkey 5.6%, Belarus 4.4%, Japan 4.2% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$308 billion (2014 est.) ++ $341.3 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$193 billion (2015 est.) ++ $308 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery, vehicles, pharmaceutical products, plastic, semi-finished metal products, meat, fruits and nuts, optical and medical instruments, iron, steel"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "China 17.8%, Germany 11.5%, US 6.6%, Italy 4.5%, Belarus 4.1% (2014)"
"text": "China 19.2%, Germany 11.2%, US 6.4%, Belarus 4.8%, Italy 4.6% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$385.5 billion (31 December, 2014 est.) ++ $509.6 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$368.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $385.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$598.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $726.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$520.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $600.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$353.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $565.7 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$342.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $365.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$388.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $479.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$336.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $384.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Russian rubles (RUB) per US dollar - ++ 38.378 (19 December 2014 est.) ++ 38.378 (2013 est.) ++ 30.84 (2012 est.) ++ 29.382 (2011 est.) ++ 30.368 (2010 est.)"
"text": "Russian rubles (RUB) per US dollar - ++ 60.938 (2015 est.) ++ 38.378 (2014 est.) ++ 38.378 (2013 est.) ++ 30.84 (2012 est.) ++ 29.382 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "1.054 trillion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.064 trillion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - consumption": {
"text": "1.037 trillion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.065 trillion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - exports": {
"text": "18.38 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "8.12 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - imports": {
"text": "4.704 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "8.87 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
"Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
"text": "234.4 million kW (2012 est.)"
"text": "242.2 million kW (2013 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
"text": "68.8% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
@ -778,28 +786,28 @@
"text": "0.4% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - production": {
"text": "10.11 million bbl/day (2014 est.)"
"text": "10.84 million bbl/day (2014 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - exports": {
"text": "4.625 million bbl/day (2013 est.)"
"text": "4.594 million bbl/day (2014 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - imports": {
"text": "17,610 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
"text": "29,650 bbl/day (2014 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - proved reserves": {
"text": "80 billion bbl (1 January 2015 est.)"
"text": "103.2 billion bbl (1 January 2015 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - production": {
"text": "5.517 million bbl/day (2012 est.)"
"text": "6.053 million bbl/day (2014 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - consumption": {
"text": "3.493 million bbl/day (2013 est.)"
"text": "2.8 million bbl/day (2014 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - exports": {
"text": "2.968 million bbl/day (2013 est.)"
"text": "3.3 million bbl/day (2014 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - imports": {
"text": "28,040 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
"text": "44,600 bbl/day (2014 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - production": {
"text": "578.7 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
@ -814,7 +822,7 @@
"text": "24.2 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - proved reserves": {
"text": "47.8 trillion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)"
"text": "32.6 trillion cu m (1 January 2015 est.)"
},
"Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": {
"text": "1.782 billion Mt (2012 est.)"
@ -823,18 +831,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "39.43 million"
"text": "36,524,978"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "28 (2014 est.)"
"text": "26 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "221 million"
"text": "227.288 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "155 (2014 est.)"
"text": "160 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -845,31 +853,42 @@
"text": "cross-country digital trunk lines run from Saint Petersburg to Khabarovsk, and from Moscow to Novorossiysk; the telephone systems in 60 regional capitals have modern digital infrastructures; cellular services, both analog and digital, are available in many areas; in rural areas, telephone services are still outdated, inadequate, and low-density"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 7; connected internationally by undersea fiber optic cables; satellite earth stations provide access to Intelsat, Intersputnik, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Orbita systems (2011)"
"text": "country code - 7; connected internationally by undersea fiber -optic cables; satellite earth stations provide access to Intelsat, Intersputnik, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Orbita systems (2011)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "6 national TV stations with the federal government owning 1 and holding a controlling interest in a second; state-owned Gazprom maintains a controlling interest in a third national channel; government-affiliated Bank Rossiya owns controlling interest in a fourth and fifth, while the sixth national channel is owned by the Moscow city administration; roughly 3,300 national, regional, and local TV stations with over two-thirds completely or partially controlled by the federal or local governments; satellite TV services are available; 2 state-run national radio networks with a third majority-owned by Gazprom; roughly 2,400 public and commercial radio stations (2007)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 323, FM about 1,500, shortwave 62 (2004)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "7,306 (1998)"
"text": "13 national TV stations with the federal government owning 1 and holding a controlling interest in a second; state-owned Gazprom maintains a controlling interest in 2 of the national channels; government-affiliated Bank Rossiya owns controlling interest in a fourth and fifth, while a sixth national channel is owned by the Moscow city administration; the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian military, respectively, own 2 additional national channels; roughly 3,300 national, regional, and local TV stations with over two-thirds completely or partially controlled by the federal or local governments; satellite TV services are available; 2 state-run national radio networks with a third majority-owned by Gazprom; roughly 2,400 public and commercial radio stations (2016)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".ru; note - Russia also has responsibility for a legacy domain \".su\" that was allocated to the Soviet Union and is being phased out"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "84.4 million"
"text": "104.553 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "59.3% (2014 est.)"
"text": "73.4% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "32"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "661"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "76,846,126"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "4,761,047,070 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "RA (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "1,218 (2013)"
},
@ -910,7 +929,7 @@
"text": "81"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 457 (2013)"
"text": "457 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -979,38 +998,14 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Ground Troops (Sukhoputnyye Voyskia, SV), Navy (Voyenno-Morskoy Flot, VMF), Air Forces (Voyenno-Vozdushniye Sily, VVS); Airborne Troops (Vozdushno-Desantnyye Voyska, VDV), Missile Troops of Strategic Purpose (Raketnyye Voyska Strategicheskogo Naznacheniya, RVSN) referred to commonly as Strategic Rocket Forces, and Aerospace Defense Troops (Voyska Vozdushno-Kosmicheskoy Oborony or Voyska VKO) are independent \"combat arms,\" not subordinate to any of the three branches; Russian Ground Troops include the following combat arms: motorized-rifle troops, tank troops, missile and artillery troops, air defense of the Ground Troops (2014)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; males are registered for the draft at 17 years of age; 1-year service obligation (conscripts can only be sent to combat zones after 6 months of training); reserve obligation for non-officers to age 50; enrollment in military schools from the age of 16, cadets classified as members of the armed forces",
"note": {
"text": "the chief of the General Staff Mobilization Directorate announced in May 2013 that for health reasons, only 65% of draftees called up during the spring 2013 draft campaign were fit for military service, and over 12% of these were sent for an additional medical examination (by way of comparison, 69.9% in 2012 and 57.7% in 2011 were deemed fit for military service); approximately 50% of draft-age Russian males receive some type of legal deferment each draft cycle (2014)"
}
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "34,765,736"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "35,410,779 (2013 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "22,597,728"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "23,017,006 (2013 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "696,768"
},
"female": {
"text": "664,847 (2013 est.)"
"text": "the chief of the General Staff Mobilization Directorate announced in March 2015 that for health reasons, only 76% of draftees called up during the spring 2015 draft campaign were fit for military service (2015)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
@ -1019,25 +1014,25 @@
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "Russia remains concerned about the smuggling of poppy derivatives from Afghanistan through Central Asian countries; China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with the 2004 Agreement, ending their centuries-long border disputes; the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the \"Northern Territories\" and in Russia as the \"Southern Kurils,\" occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia's military support and subsequent recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia independence in 2008 continue to sour relations with Georgia; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the sea; Norway and Russia signed a comprehensive maritime boundary agreement in 2010; various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia (Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union following World War II but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; Russia and Estonia signed a technical border agreement in May 2005, but Russia recalled its signature in June 2005 after the Estonian parliament added to its domestic ratification act a historical preamble referencing the Soviet occupation and Estonia's pre-war borders under the 1920 Treaty of Tartu; Russia contends that the preamble allows Estonia to make territorial claims on Russia in the future, while Estonian officials deny that the preamble has any legal impact on the treaty text; Russia demands better treatment of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia and Latvia; Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as an EU member state with an EU external border, where strict Schengen border rules apply; preparations for the demarcation delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine have commenced; the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov is suspended due to the occupation of Crimea by Russia; Kazakhstan and Russia boundary delimitation was ratified on November 2005 and field demarcation should commence in 2007; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Bering Sea Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US; Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental shelf (CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission"
"text": "Russia remains concerned about the smuggling of poppy derivatives from Afghanistan through Central Asian countries; China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with the 2004 Agreement, ending their centuries-long border disputes; the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the \"Northern Territories\" and in Russia as the \"Southern Kurils,\" occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia's military support and subsequent recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia independence in 2008 continue to sour relations with Georgia; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the sea; Norway and Russia signed a comprehensive maritime boundary agreement in 2010; various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia (Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union following World War II but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; Russia and Estonia signed a technical border agreement in May 2005, but Russia recalled its signature in June 2005 after the Estonian parliament added to its domestic ratification act a historical preamble referencing the Soviet occupation and Estonia's pre-war borders under the 1920 Treaty of Tartu; Russia contends that the preamble allows Estonia to make territorial claims on Russia in the future, while Estonian officials deny that the preamble has any legal impact on the treaty text; Russia demands better treatment of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia and Latvia ++ Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as an EU member state with an EU external border, where strict Schengen border rules apply; preparations for the demarcation delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine have commenced; the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov is suspended due to the occupation of Crimea by Russia; Kazakhstan and Russia boundary delimitation was ratified on November 2005 and field demarcation should commence in 2007; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Bering Sea Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US; Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "383,323 asylum seekers and 911,549 applicants for other forms of legal stay (Ukraine) (2015)"
"text": "311,407 (Ukraine) (2015)"
},
"IDPs": {
"text": "at least 25,378 (armed conflict, human rights violations, generalized violence in North Caucasus, particularly Chechnya and North Ossetia) (2014)"
"text": "27,000 (armed conflict, human rights violations, generalized violence in North Caucasus, particularly Chechnya and North Ossetia) (2015)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "113,474 (2014); note - Russia's stateless population consists of Roma, Meskhetian Turks, and ex-Soviet citizens from the former republics; between 2003 and 2010 more than 600,000 stateless people were naturalized; most Meskhetian Turks, followers of Islam with origins in Georgia, fled or were evacuated from Uzbekistan after a 1989 pogrom and have lived in Russia for more than the required five-year residency period; they continue to be denied registration for citizenship and basic rights by local Krasnodar Krai authorities on the grounds that they are temporary illegal migrants"
"text": "101,813 (2015); note - Russia's stateless population consists of Roma, Meskhetian Turks, and ex-Soviet citizens from the former republics; between 2003 and 2010 more than 600,000 stateless people were naturalized; most Meskhetian Turks, followers of Islam with origins in Georgia, fled or were evacuated from Uzbekistan after a 1989 pogrom and have lived in Russia for more than the required five-year residency period; they continue to be denied registration for citizenship and basic rights by local Krasnodar Krai authorities on the grounds that they are temporary illegal migrants"
}
},
"Trafficking in persons": {
"current situation": {
"text": "Russia is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children who are subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking, although labor trafficking is the predominant problem; workers from Russia and other countries in Europe, Central Asia, and Asia, including Vietnam and North Korea, are subjected to conditions of forced labor in Russia’s construction, manufacturing, agriculture, grocery store, maritime, and domestic services industries, as well as forced begging, waste sorting, and street sweeping; North Koreans contracted under bilateral government arrangements to work in the timber industry in the Russian Far East reportedly are subjected to forced labor; Russian women and children were reported to be victims of sex trafficking in Russia, Northeast Asia, Europe, Central Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, while women from European, Southeast Asian, African, and Central Asian countries were reportedly forced into prostitution in Russia"
"text": "Russia is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children who are subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; with millions of foreign workers, forced labor is Russia’s predominant human trafficking problem and sometimes involves organized crime syndicates; workers from Russia, other European countries, Central Asia, and East and Southeast Asia, including North Korea and Vietnam, are subjected to forced labor in the construction, manufacturing, agricultural, textile, grocery store, maritime, and domestic service industries, as well as in forced begging, waste sorting, and street sweeping; women and children from Europe, Southeast Asia, Africa, and Central Asia are subject to sex trafficking in Russia; Russian women and children are victims of sex trafficking domestically and in Northeast Asia, Europe, Central Asia, Africa, the US, and the Middle East"
},
"tier rating": {
"text": "Tier 3 - Russia does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making a significant effort to do so; prosecutions of trafficking offenders remains low in comparison to the scope of Russia’s trafficking problem; in 2013, the government did not develop or deploy a formal system for the identification of trafficking victims or their referral to protective services, although some victims were reportedly cared for through ad hoc efforts; victims were routinely detained and deported; the government has not investigated allegations of slave-like conditions of North Korean workers in Russia; the Russian Security Council has not made a decision on an anti-trafficking national action plan (2014)"
"text": "Tier 3 - Russia does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making a significant effort to do so; prosecutions of trafficking offenders remained low in comparison to the scope of Russia’s trafficking problem; the government did not develop or employ a formal system for identifying trafficking victims or referring them to protective services, although authorities reportedly assisted a limited number of victims on an ad hoc basis; foreign victims, the largest group in Russia, were not entitled to state-provided rehabilitative services and were routinely detained and deported; the government has not reported investigating reports of slave-like conditions among North Korean workers in Russia; authorities have made no effort to reduce the demand for forced labor or to develop public awareness of forced labor or sex trafficking (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

273
central-asia/ti.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "The Tajik people came under Russian rule in the 1860s and 1870s, but Russia's hold on Central Asia weakened following the Revolution of 1917. Bands of indigenous guerrillas (called \"basmachi\") fiercely contested Bolshevik control of the area, which was not fully reestablished until 1925. Tajikistan was first created as an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan in 1924, but the USSR designated Tajikistan a separate republic in 1929 and transferred to it much of present-day Sughd province. Ethnic Uzbeks form a substantial minority in Tajikistan. Tajikistan became independent in 1991 following the breakup of the Soviet Union, and experienced a civil war between regional factions from 1992 to 1997. Tajikistan endured several domestic security incidents during 2010-12, including armed conflict between government forces and local strongmen in the Rasht Valley and between government forces and criminal groups in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast. The country remains the poorest in the former Soviet sphere. Tajikistan became a member of the World Trade Organization in March 2013. However, its economy continues to face major challenges, including dependence on remittances from Tajikistanis working in Russia, pervasive corruption, and the major role narcotrafficking plays in the country's informal economy."
"text": "The Tajik people came under Russian rule in the 1860s and 1870s, but Russia's hold on Central Asia weakened following the Revolution of 1917. Bands of indigenous guerrillas (called \"basmachi\") fiercely contested Bolshevik control of the area, which was not fully reestablished until 1925. Tajikistan was first created as an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan in 1924, but the USSR designated Tajikistan a separate republic in 1929 and transferred to it much of present-day Sughd province. Ethnic Uzbeks form a substantial minority in Tajikistan, and ethnic Tajiks an even larger minority in Uzbekistan. Tajikistan became independent in 1991 following the breakup of the Soviet Union, and experienced a civil war between regional factions from 1992 to 1997. Tajikistan has endured several domestic security incidents since 2010, including armed conflict between government forces and local strongmen in the Rasht Valley and between government forces and criminal groups in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast. The most recent incidents were a series of attacks on security personnel in September 2015 led by a former high-ranking official in the Ministry of Defense. The country remains the poorest in the former Soviet sphere. Tajikistan became a member of the World Trade Organization in March 2013. However, its economy continues to face major challenges, including dependence on remittances from Tajikistanis working in Russia, pervasive corruption, and the major role narcotrafficking plays in the country's informal economy."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -46,14 +46,14 @@
"text": "mid-latitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains"
},
"Terrain": {
"text": "Pamir and Alay Mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana Valley in north, Kofarnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest"
"text": "mountainous region dominated by the Trans-Alay Range in the north and the Pamirs in the southeast; western Fergana Valley in north, Kofarnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Syr Darya (Sirdaryo) 300 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "3,186 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Qullai Ismoili Somoni 7,495 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Syr Darya (Sirdaryo) 300 m ++ highest point: Qullai Ismoili Somoni 7,495 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -71,18 +71,7 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "7,421 sq km (2009)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "21.91 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "11.49 cu km/yr (6%/4%/91%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "1,740 cu m/yr (2006)"
}
"text": "7,420 sq km (2012)"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "earthquakes; floods"
@ -99,10 +88,13 @@
}
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "landlocked; mountainous region dominated by the Trans-Alay Range in the north and the Pamirs in the southeast; highest point, Qullai Ismoili Somoni (formerly Communism Peak), was the tallest mountain in the former USSR"
"text": "landlocked; highest point, Qullai Ismoili Somoni (formerly Communism Peak), was the tallest mountain in the former USSR"
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "8,330,946 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Tajikistani(s)"
@ -123,27 +115,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Sunni Muslim 85%, Shia Muslim 5%, other 10% (2003 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "8,191,958 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "32.75% (male 1,365,565/female 1,317,285)"
"text": "32.56% (male 1,380,959/female 1,331,790)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "19.7% (male 818,661/female 795,125)"
"text": "19.04% (male 804,625/female 781,469)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "39.26% (male 1,590,051/female 1,626,091)"
"text": "39.79% (male 1,640,657/female 1,674,198)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "5.1% (male 191,688/female 226,134)"
"text": "5.37% (male 205,541/female 241,770)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "3.19% (male 109,084/female 152,274) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "3.24% (male 112,279/female 157,658) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -162,26 +148,26 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "23.9 years"
"text": "24.2 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "23.4 years"
"text": "23.6 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "24.4 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "24.8 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "1.71% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.66% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "24.38 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "23.8 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "6.18 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "6.1 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-1.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "-1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -214,7 +200,13 @@
"text": "0.72 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.99 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.99 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "22.8",
"note": {
"text": "median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
@ -222,34 +214,34 @@
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "33.93 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "32.8 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "38.23 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "37.1 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "29.42 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "28.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "67.39 years"
"text": "67.7 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "64.28 years"
"text": "64.6 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "70.66 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "71 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "2.71 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.67 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "27.9% (2012)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "6.8% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "6.9% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "1.92 physicians/1,000 population (2013)"
@ -274,13 +266,13 @@
}
},
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "0.35% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.31% (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
"text": "16,400 (2014 est.)"
"text": "16,200 (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
"text": "700 (2014 est.)"
"text": "800 (2015 est.)"
},
"Major infectious diseases": {
"degree of risk": {
@ -290,7 +282,7 @@
"text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever"
},
"vectorborne diseases": {
"text": "malaria (2013)"
"text": "malaria (2016)"
}
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
@ -324,7 +316,7 @@
"text": "12 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "10 years (2012)"
"text": "11 years (2013)"
}
},
"Child labor - children ages 5-14": {
@ -363,10 +355,13 @@
},
"former": {
"text": "Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "the Persian suffix \"-stan\" means \"place of\" or \"country,\" so the word Tajikistan literally means \"Land of the Tajik [People]\""
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "republic"
"text": "presidential republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -392,7 +387,7 @@
"text": "Independence Day (or National Day), 9 September (1991)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 6 November 1994; amended 1999, 2003, 2014 (2015)"
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 6 November 1994; amended 1999, 2003, 2014 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system"
@ -400,6 +395,20 @@
"International law organization participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Tajikistan"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": "5 years or 3 years of continuous residence prior to application"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
@ -443,10 +452,10 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Agrarian Party of Tajikistan or APT [Amir QARAQULOV] ++ Communist Party of Tajikistan or CPT [Shodi SHABDOLOV] ++ Democratic Party of Tajikistan or DPT [Saidjafar ISMONOV] ++ Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan or IRPT [Muhiddin KABIRI] ++ Party of Economic Reform of Tajikistan or PERT [Olimjon BOBOEV] ++ People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT [Emomali RAHMON] ++ Social Democratic Party of Tajikistan or SDPT [Rahmatullo ZOIROV] ++ Socialist Party of Tajikistan or SPT [Abduhalim GHAFOROV]"
"text": "Agrarian Party of Tajikistan or APT [Rustam LATIFZODA] ++ Communist Party of Tajikistan or CPT [Shodi SHABDOLOV] ++ Democratic Party of Tajikistan or DPT [Saidjafar ISMONOV] ++ Party of Economic Reform of Tajikistan or PERT [Olimjon BOBOEV] ++ People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT [Emomali RAHMON] ++ Social Democratic Party of Tajikistan or SDPT [Rahmatullo ZOIROV] ++ Socialist Party of Tajikistan or SPT [Abduhalim GHAFOROV]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
"text": "influential religious leader Akbar TURAJONZODA ++ New Tajikistan party [Zayd SAIDOV] (unregistered) ++ Guruhi-24 (Group-24) [Umarali QUVVATOV] (unregistered opposition group) ++ presidential candidate of Union of Reformist Forces of Tajikistan Oynihol BOBONAZAROVA (unregistered) ++ Vatandor (Patriot) Movement [Dodojon ATOVULLOEV] ++ Youth Party of Tajikistan [Izzat AMON] (unregistered)"
"text": "New Tajikistan Party [Zayd SAIDOV] (unregistered) ++ Presidential Candidate of Union of Reformist Forces of Tajikistan Oynihol BOBONAZAROVA (unregistered) ++ Vatandor (Patriot) Movement [Dodojon ATOVULLOEV] ++ Youth for the Revival of Tajikistan [Maqsud IBROHIMOV] ++ Youth Party of Tajikistan [Izzat AMON] (unregistered) ++ Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan or IRPT [Muhiddin KABIRI] (banned)"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "ADB, CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-77, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
@ -467,7 +476,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Susan M. ELLIOTT (since 25 July 2012)"
"text": "Ambassador Elisabeth MILLARD (since 11 March 2016)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "109-A Ismoili Somoni Avenue, Dushanbe 734019"
@ -493,7 +502,7 @@
"text": "\"Surudi milli\" (National Anthem)"
},
"lyrics/music": {
"text": "Gulnazar KELDI/Suleiman YUDAKOV"
"text": "Gulnazar KELDI/Sulaimon YUDAKOV"
},
"note": {
"text": "adopted 1991; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan kept the music of the anthem from its time as a Soviet republic but adopted new lyrics"
@ -502,58 +511,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Tajikistan's economic situation remains fragile due to the uneven implementation of structural reforms, corruption, weak governance, seasonal power shortages, and its large external debt burden. Tajikistan has one of the lowest per capita GDPs among the 15 former Soviet republics. The 1992-97 civil war severely damaged an already weak economic infrastructure and caused a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production. Because of a lack of employment opportunities in Tajikistan, more than one million Tajik citizens work abroad - roughly 90% in Russia - supporting families back home through remittances that amount to nearly 50% of GDP. Less than 7% of the land area is arable and cotton is the most important crop. Tajikistan imports approximately 60% of its food, mostly by rail. Mineral resources include silver, gold, uranium, and tungsten. Industry consists mainly of small obsolete factories in food processing and light industry, substantial hydropower facilities, and a large aluminum plant - currently operating well below its capacity. Some experts estimate the value of narcotics transiting Tajikistan is equivalent to 30-50% of GDP. Tajikistan has sought to develop its substantial hydroelectricity potential through partnership with Russian and Iranian investors. The government is pinning its drive for energy independence on completion of the Roghun dam, which will take at least 8 to 11 years to construct, according to a World Bank feasibility study that was published in July 2014. If built according to plan, Roghun would be the tallest dam in the world and would significantly expand Tajikistan’s electricity output. However, Uzbekistan opposes the project, which has damaged relations between the two countries. Uzbekistan closed one of the rail lines into Tajikistan in late 2011, hampering the transit of goods to and from the southern part of the country. As a result, food and fuel prices in Tajikistan have increased to the highest levels since 2002. "
"text": "Tajikistan is a poor, mountainous country with an economy dominated by minerals extraction, metals processing, agriculture, and reliance on remittances from citizens working abroad. The 1992-97 civil war severely damaged an already weak economic infrastructure and caused a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production, and today, Tajikistan has one of the lowest per capita GDPs among the 15 former Soviet republics. Less than 7% of the land area is arable and cotton is the most important crop. Tajikistan imports approximately 60% of its food. Mineral resources include silver, gold, uranium, antimony, and tungsten. Industry consists mainly of small obsolete factories in food processing and light industry, substantial hydropower facilities, and a large aluminum plant - currently operating well below its capacity. ++ ++ Because of a lack of employment opportunities in Tajikistan, more than one million Tajik citizens work abroad - roughly 90% in Russia - supporting families back home through remittances that have been equivalent to nearly 50% of GDP. Some experts estimate the value of narcotics transiting Tajikistan is equivalent to 30-50% of GDP. ++ ++ Since the end of the devastating, five-year civil war, the country has pursued half-hearted reforms and privatizations, but the poor business climate remains a hurdle to attracting investment. Tajikistan has sought to develop its substantial hydroelectricity potential through partnership with Russian and Iranian investors, and is pursuing completion of the Roghun dam - which, if built according to plan, would be the tallest dam in the world. However, the project will take at least 8 to 11 years to construct and faces financing shortfalls and opposition from downstream Uzbekistan. ++ ++ Recent slowdowns in the Russian and Chinese economies, low commodity prices, and currency fluctuations are hampering economic growth in Tajikistan. By some estimates, the dollar value of remittances from Russia to Tajikistan dropped by more than 65% in 2015. The government faces challenges financing the public debt, which is equivalent to 35% of GDP, and the National Bank of Tajikistan has aggressively spent down reserves to bolster the weakening somoni, leaving little space for fiscal or monetary measures to counter any additional economic shocks."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$22.4 billion (2014 est.) ++ $21 billion (2013 est.) ++ $19.55 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$24.03 billion (2015 est.) ++ $22.67 billion (2014 est.) ++ $21.25 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$9.242 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$7.816 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "6.7% (2014 est.) ++ 7.4% (2013 est.) ++ 7.5% (2012 est.)"
"text": "6% (2015 est.) ++ 6.7% (2014 est.) ++ 7.4% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$2,700 (2014 est.) ++ $2,500 (2013 est.) ++ $2,400 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$2,800 (2015 est.) ++ $2,700 (2014 est.) ++ $2,600 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "5.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 12.2% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 15.4% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "12.7% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 13% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 12.2% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "117.4%"
"text": "112.8%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "12.1%"
"text": "12.9%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "14%"
"text": "13.4%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-0.8%"
"text": "3.5%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "15.3%"
"text": "17.1%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-58% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-59.7% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "25.2%"
"text": "29.5%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "17.3%"
"text": "21.2%"
},
"services": {
"text": "57.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "49.3% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -563,7 +572,7 @@
"text": "aluminum, cement, vegetable oil"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "-15% (2014 est.)"
"text": "4% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.209 million (2013 est.)"
@ -601,17 +610,17 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$2.706 billion"
"text": "$2.606 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$2.682 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$2.543 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "29.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "33.3% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "0.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.8% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "6.5% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ NA%"
@ -620,52 +629,49 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "6.1% (2014 est.) ++ 5% (2013 est.)"
"text": "5.8% (2015 est.) ++ 6.1% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "4.8% (31 December 2013) ++ 6.5% (31 December 2012)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "21.62% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 23.27% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "25.84% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 24.53% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$1.42 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.329 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$773 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $920.3 million (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$2.085 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.778 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$1.338 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.362 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$NA ++ $NA ++ $NA"
"text": "$1.401 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.628 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$853 million (2014 est.) ++ -$244 million (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$470 million (2015 est.) ++ -$258 million (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$526.8 million (2014 est.) ++ $574.1 million (2013 est.)"
"text": "$572 million (2015 est.) ++ $526.8 million (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "aluminum, electricity, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Turkey 23.2%, Iran 13%, Afghanistan 10.7%, Kazakhstan 10.5%, Italy 8.5%, Bangladesh 7.4%, China 6.9%, Russia 5.4% (2014)"
"text": "Turkey 19.7%, Kazakhstan 17.6%, Switzerland 13.7%, Iran 8.7%, Afghanistan 7.5%, Russia 5.1%, China 4.9%, Italy 4.8% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$4.509 billion (2014 est.) ++ $4.536 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$2.825 billion (2015 est.) ++ $3.528 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "petroleum products, aluminum oxide, machinery and equipment, foodstuffs"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "China 46.6%, Russia 16.8%, Kazakhstan 10.5%, Turkey 5.2% (2014)"
"text": "China 42.3%, Russia 17.9%, Kazakhstan 13.1%, Iran 4.7% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$502.8 million (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $660.8 million (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$494.3 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $510.8 million (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$3.612 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $3.538 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$3.938 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $4.047 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$2.272 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
@ -674,10 +680,15 @@
"text": "$NA ++ $16.3 billion (31 December 2009 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Tajikistani somoni (TJS) per US dollar - ++ 4.9348 (2014 est.) ++ 4.9348 (2013 est.) ++ 4.76 (2012 est.) ++ 4.6103 (2011 est.) ++ 4.379 (2010 est.)"
"text": "Tajikistani somoni (TJS) per US dollar - ++ 6.1631 (2015 est.) ++ 4.9376 (2014 est.) ++ 4.9348 (2013 est.) ++ 4.76 (2012 est.) ++ 4.6103 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "17.09 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
},
@ -715,7 +726,7 @@
"text": "0 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - proved reserves": {
"text": "12 million bbl (1 January 2015 est.)"
"text": "12 million bbl (29 February 2016 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - production": {
"text": "400 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
@ -751,18 +762,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "440,000"
"text": "457,000"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "5 (2014 est.)"
"text": "6 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "8 million"
"text": "8.489 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "99 (2014 est.)"
"text": "104 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -773,31 +784,42 @@
"text": "fixed line availability has not changed significantly since 1998, while mobile cellular subscribership, aided by competition among multiple operators, has expanded rapidly; coverage now extends to all major cities and towns"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 992; linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; Dushanbe linked by Intelsat to international gateway switch in Ankara (Turkey); satellite earth stations - 3 (2 Intelsat and 1 Orbita) (2011)"
"text": "country code - 992; linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; Dushanbe linked by Intelsat to international gateway switch in Ankara (Turkey); satellite earth stations - 3 (2 Intelsat and 1 Orbita); established a single gateway for Internet traffic in December 2015, which is expected to limit the connectivity of nonstate-owned telecom, Internet, and mobile companies (2016)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state-run TV broadcaster transmits nationally on 4 stations and regionally on 4 stations; 11 independent TV stations broadcast locally and regionally; some households are able to receive Russian and other foreign stations via cable and satellite; state-run radio broadcaster operates Radio Tajikistan, Voice of Dushanbe, and several regional stations; a small number of independent radio stations (2010)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "16 (number of licensed stations with only about 10 broadcasting) (2009)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "24 (number of licensed stations with only about 15 active) (2009)"
"text": "state-run TV broadcasters transmit nationally on 9 TV and 10 radio stations, and regionally on 4 stations; 31 independent TV and 20 radio stations broadcast locally and regionally; many households are able to receive Russian and other foreign stations via cable and satellite (2016)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".tj"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "1.3 million"
"text": "1.555 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "16.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "19% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "2"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "10"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "802,470"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "105,376 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "EY (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "24 (2013)"
},
@ -832,7 +854,7 @@
"text": "1"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 5 (2013)"
"text": "5 (2013)"
}
},
"Pipelines": {
@ -855,36 +877,15 @@
"text": "200 km (along Vakhsh River) (2011)"
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Mobile Forces (2013)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; 2-year conscript service obligation; males required to undergo compulsory military training between ages 16 and 55; males can enroll in military schools from at least age 15 (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "2,012,790"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "2,020,618 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,490,267"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,675,083 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "76,430"
},
"female": {
"text": "74,038 (2010 est.)"
}
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.1% of GDP (2014) ++ 1% of GDP (2008)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
@ -893,7 +894,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"stateless persons": {
"text": "1,364 (2014)"
"text": "19,469 (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

262
central-asia/tx.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Present-day Turkmenistan covers territory that has been at the crossroads of civilizations for centuries. The area was ruled in antiquity by various Persian empires, and was conquered by Alexander the Great, Muslim armies, the Mongols, Turkic warriors, and eventually the Russians. In medieval times, Merv (located in present-day Mary province) was one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road. Annexed by Russia in the late 1800s, Turkmenistan later figured prominently in the anti-Bolshevik movement in Central Asia. In 1924, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic; it achieved independence upon the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. Extensive hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves, which have yet to be fully exploited, have begun to transform the country. The Government of Turkmenistan is moving to expand its extraction and delivery projects and has attempted to diversify its gas export routes beyond Russia's pipeline network. In 2010, new gas export pipelines that carry Turkmen gas to China and to northern Iran began operating, effectively ending the Russian monopoly on Turkmen gas exports. Subsequently, decreased Russian purchases, as well as limited purchases by Iran, have made China the dominant buyer of Turkmen gas. President for Life Saparmurat NYYAZOW died in December 2006, and Turkmenistan held its first multi-candidate presidential election in February 2007. Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW, a deputy cabinet chairman under NYYAZOW, emerged as the country's new president; he was reelected in February 2012 with 97% of the vote, in an election described as \"a democratic sham.\""
"text": "Present-day Turkmenistan covers territory that has been at the crossroads of civilizations for centuries. The area was ruled in antiquity by various Persian empires, and was conquered by Alexander the Great, Muslim armies, the Mongols, Turkic warriors, and eventually the Russians. In medieval times, Merv (located in present-day Mary province) was one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road. Annexed by Russia in the late 1800s, Turkmenistan later figured prominently in the anti-Bolshevik movement in Central Asia. In 1924, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic; it achieved independence upon the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. Extensive hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves, which have yet to be fully exploited, have begun to transform the country. The Government of Turkmenistan is moving to expand its extraction and delivery projects and has attempted to diversify its gas export routes beyond Russia's pipeline network. In 2010, new gas export pipelines that carry Turkmen gas to China and to northern Iran began operating, effectively ending the Russian monopoly on Turkmen gas exports. Subsequently, decreased Russian purchases, as well as limited purchases by Iran, have made China the dominant buyer of Turkmen gas. President for Life Saparmurat NYYAZOW died in December 2006, and Turkmenistan held its first multi-candidate presidential election in February 2007. Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW, a deputy cabinet chairman under NYYAZOW, emerged as the country's new president; he was reelected in February 2012 with 97% of the vote, in an election widely regarded as \"a democratic sham.\""
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -48,15 +48,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in the south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in west"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Vpadina Akchanaya -81 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "230 m"
},
"note": {
"text": "Sarygamysh Koli is a lake in northern Turkmenistan with a water level that fluctuates above and below the elevation of Vpadina Akchanaya (the lake has dropped as low as -110 m)"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Gora Ayribaba 3,139 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Vpadina Akchanaya -81 m (Sarygamysh Koli is a lake in northern Turkmenistan with a water level that fluctuates above and below the elevation of Vpadina Akchanaya, the lake has dropped as low as -110 m) ++ highest point: Gora Ayribaba 3,139 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -74,18 +71,7 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "19,910 sq km (2006)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "24.77 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "27.95 cu km/yr (3%/3%/94%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "5,752 cu m/yr (2004)"
}
"text": "19,950 sq km (2012)"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "NA"
@ -106,6 +92,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "5,291,317 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Turkmen(s)"
@ -123,27 +112,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Muslim 89%, Eastern Orthodox 9%, unknown 2%"
},
"Population": {
"text": "5,231,422 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "26.14% (male 692,800/female 674,638)"
"text": "25.95% (male 695,752/female 677,166)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "19.66% (male 517,312/female 510,945)"
"text": "19.04% (male 506,856/female 500,647)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "42.57% (male 1,104,066/female 1,122,896)"
"text": "42.86% (male 1,125,058/female 1,142,870)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "7.25% (male 178,925/female 200,502)"
"text": "7.59% (male 189,464/female 212,330)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "4.38% (male 99,878/female 129,460) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "4.56% (male 105,140/female 136,034) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -162,26 +145,26 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "27.1 years"
"text": "27.5 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "26.6 years"
"text": "27 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "27.5 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "28 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "1.14% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.13% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "19.4 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "19.3 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "6.13 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "6.1 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-1.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "-1.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -214,42 +197,45 @@
"text": "0.77 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.98 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.98 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "24.6 (2006 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "42 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "36.82 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "35.5 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "44.13 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "42.7 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "29.14 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "28.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "69.78 years"
"text": "70.1 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "66.77 years"
"text": "67.1 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "72.93 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "73.3 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "2.09 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.08 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "48% (2006)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "2% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "2.1% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Hospital bed density": {
"text": "4 beds/1,000 population (2012)"
@ -282,6 +268,9 @@
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "18.8% (2014)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "9.2% (2006)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "3% of GDP (2012)"
},
@ -327,10 +316,13 @@
},
"former": {
"text": "Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "the suffix \"-stan\" means \"place of\" or \"country,\" so Turkmenistan literally means the \"Land of the Turkmen [people]\""
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "defines itself as a secular democracy and a presidential republic; in actuality displays authoritarian presidential rule with power concentrated within the presidential administration"
"text": "presidential republic; highly authoritarian"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -356,7 +348,7 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 27 October (1991)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "adopted 18 May 1992; amended several times, last in 2008; note - in mid-2014 the president established the Constitutional Commission on constitutional reforms (2015)"
"text": "adopted 18 May 1992; amended several times, last in 2008; note - in mid-2014, the president established the Constitutional Commission to initiate a process for developing constitutional reforms (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system with Islamic law influences"
@ -364,6 +356,20 @@
"International law organization participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"Citizenship": {
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Turkmenistan"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": "7 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
@ -378,7 +384,7 @@
"text": "Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 12 February 2012 (next to be held in February 2017)"
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 12 February 2012 (next to be held in February 2017); note - while the next presidential election would normally be held in February 2017, that may change as a result of the ongoing constitutional reforms, which are expected to extend the presidential term to 7 years"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW reelected president; percent of vote - Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW 97.1%, Annageldi YAZMYRADOW 1.1%, other candidates 1.8%"
@ -397,19 +403,19 @@
},
"Judicial branch": {
"highest court(s)": {
"text": "Supreme Court of Turkmenistan (consists of the court president and 21 associate judges)"
"text": "Supreme Court of Turkmenistan (consists of the court president and 21 associate judges and organized into civil, criminal, and military chambers)"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "judges appointed by the president; judge tenure NA"
"text": "judges appointed by the president for 5-year terms"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "provincial, district, and city courts; High Commercial Court; military courts"
"text": "High Commercial Court; appellate courts; provincial, district, and city courts; military courts"
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT [Kasymguly BABAYEW] ++ Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs or PIE [Orazmammet MAMMEDOW]",
"text": "Agrarian Party of Turkmenistan or APT [Rezhep BAZAROV] (government created in September 2014, like the PIE, but not represented in parliament) ++ Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT [Kasymguly BABAYEW] ++ Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs or PIE [Orazmammet MAMMEDOW]",
"note": {
"text": "a law authorizing the registration of political parties went into effect in January 2012; unofficial, small opposition movements exist abroad; the three most prominent opposition groups-in-exile are the National Democratic Movement of Turkmenistan (NDMT), the Republican Party of Turkmenistan, and the Watan (Fatherland) Party"
"text": "a law authorizing the registration of political parties went into effect in January 2012; unofficial, small opposition movements exist abroad"
}
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
@ -472,58 +478,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Turkmenistan is largely a desert country with intensive agriculture in irrigated oases and significant natural gas and some oil resources. The two largest crops are cotton, most of which is produced for export, and wheat, which is domestically consumed. Although agriculture accounts for roughly 14% of GDP, it continues to employ nearly half of the country's workforce. ++ ++ From 1998-2005, Turkmenistan suffered from the continued lack of adequate export routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external debt. At the same time, however, total exports rose by an average of roughly 15% per year from 2003-08, largely because of higher international oil and gas prices. Additional pipelines to China, that began operation in early 2010, and increased pipeline capacity to Iran, have expanded Turkmenistan's export routes for its gas. Two other export initiatives - a trans-Caspian pipeline that would carry gas to Europe and the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) gas pipeline - are not likely to be realized any time soon. ++ ++ Since his election in 2007, President BERDIMUHAMEDOV unified the country's dual currency exchange rate, ordered the redenomination of the manat, reduced state subsidies for gasoline, electricity, natural gas, and transportation services, and initiated development of a special tourism zone on the Caspian Sea. Although foreign investment is encouraged, and some improvements in macroeconomic policy have been made, numerous bureaucratic obstacles impede international business activity. ++ ++ Turkmenistan's authoritarian regime has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton export revenues to sustain its inefficient and highly corrupt economy. The government introduced a privatization plan in 2012. While some small- and medium-size enterprises have been privatized since 2013, the implementation of this initiative has been slow, and privatization goals remain limited. ++ ++ Overall prospects in the near future are discouraging because of endemic corruption, a poor educational system, government misuse of oil and gas revenues, and Ashgabat's reluctance to adopt market-oriented reforms. The majority of Turkmenistan's economic statistics are state secrets. The GDP numbers and other figures that the government makes public are subject to wide margins of error. Based on government-provided data, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) reported 10.3% GDP growth in 2014. In January 2015, Turkmenistan devalued its local currency, the manat, by 19%."
"text": "Turkmenistan is largely a desert country with intensive agriculture in irrigated oases and significant natural gas and oil resources. The two largest crops are cotton, most of which is produced for export, and wheat, which is domestically consumed. Although agriculture accounts for roughly 14% of GDP, it continues to employ nearly half of the country's workforce. Hydrocarbon exports (mainly natural gas) make up 31% of Turkmenistan’s GDP, with 60% of gas exports going to China and the remainder to Russia and Iran. Ashgabat has explored two initiatives to bring gas to new markets: a trans-Caspian pipeline that would carry gas to Europe and the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India gas pipeline. Both face major financing and security hurdles and are unlikely to be completed soon. ++ ++ Turkmenistan’s autocratic governments under presidents NIYAZOW (1991-2006) and BERDIMUHAMEDOW (since 2007) have made little progress improving the business climate, privatizing state-owned industries, and combatting corruption, limiting economic development outside the energy sector. High energy prices in the mid-2000s allowed the government to undertake extensive development and social spending, including providing heavy utility subsidies. ++ ++ Low energy prices since mid-2014 are hampering Turkmenistan’s economic growth and reducing government revenues. The government has cut subsidies in several areas, and wage arrears have increased. In January 2014, the Central Bank of Turkmenistan devalued the manat by 19%, and downward pressure on the currency continues. Turkmenistan continues to report GDP growth of nearly 10% per year and claims substantial foreign currency reserves, but non-transparent data limit international institutions’ ability to verify this information."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$82.4 billion (2014 est.) ++ $74.69 billion (2013 est.) ++ $67.78 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$88.78 billion (2015 est.) ++ $83.36 billion (2014 est.) ++ $75.59 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$47.93 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$35.86 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "10.3% (2014 est.) ++ 10.2% (2013 est.) ++ 11.1% (2012 est.)"
"text": "6.5% (2015 est.) ++ 10.3% (2014 est.) ++ 10.2% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$14,200 (2014 est.) ++ $12,900 (2013 est.) ++ $11,700 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$16,500 (2015 est.) ++ $15,700 (2014 est.) ++ $14,400 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "19.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 11.7% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 13% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "20.1% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 9.6% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ -22.1% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "50%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "12.9%"
"text": "11.5%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "20.7%"
"text": "23.2%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "43.7%"
"text": "37.7%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-27.3% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-22.4% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "13.2%"
"text": "13.1%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "49.3%"
"text": "48.4%"
},
"services": {
"text": "37.4% (2014 est.)"
"text": "38.5% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -533,7 +539,7 @@
"text": "natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "11% (2014 est.)"
"text": "2% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.305 million (2013 est.)"
@ -568,74 +574,79 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$7.047 billion"
"text": "$5.771 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$6.699 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$5.771 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "14.7% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "16.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "0.7% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "0% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "6% (2014 est.) ++ 6.8% (2013 est.)"
"text": "6.4% (2015 est.) ++ 6% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "5% (31 December 2014) ++ 5% (31 December 2013)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$1.255 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $979.3 million (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.326 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.255 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$5.67 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $4.284 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$12.23 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $5.632 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$13.09 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $9.965 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$28.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $13.09 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$2.781 billion (2014 est.) ++ -$2.983 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$3.695 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$3.475 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$20.84 billion (2014 est.) ++ $19.9 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$10.38 billion (2015 est.) ++ $12.39 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "gas, crude oil, petrochemicals, textiles, cotton fiber"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "China 69.7%, Turkey 4.6% (2014)"
"text": "China 68.6%, Turkey 4.9% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$15.92 billion (2014 est.) ++ $15.4 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$8.198 billion (2015 est.) ++ $10.17 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Turkey 25.1%, Russia 13%, China 10.7%, UAE 7%, US 5.1%, Ukraine 4.9% (2014)"
"text": "Turkey 24.9%, Russia 12.3%, China 10.9%, UAE 9.1%, Kazakhstan 5.1%, Germany 4.6%, Iran 4.4% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$26.65 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $25.87 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$13.62 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $20.43 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$522.3 million (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $501.8 million (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$454.7 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $441.2 million (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$3.061 billion (2013 est.) ++ $3.117 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Turkmen manat (TMM) per US dollar - ++ 2.85 (2014 est.) ++ 2.85 (2013 est.) ++ 2.85 (2012 est.) ++ 2.85 (2011 est.) ++ 2.85 (2010 est.)"
"text": "Turkmen manat (TMM) per US dollar - ++ 3.5 (2015 est.) ++ 2.85 (2014 est.) ++ 2.85 (2013 est.) ++ 2.85 (2012 est.) ++ 2.85 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "22.3 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
},
@ -709,53 +720,64 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "620,000"
"text": "648,000"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "12 (2014 est.)"
"text": "12 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "7.2 million"
"text": "7.842 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "139 (2014 est.)"
"text": "150 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "telecommunications network remains underdeveloped and progress toward improvement is slow; strict government control and censorship inhibits liberalization and modernization"
"text": "telecommunications network is gradually improving"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "Turkmentelekom, in cooperation with foreign partners, has installed high-speed fiber-optic lines and has upgraded most of the country's telephone exchanges and switching centers with new digital technology; combined fixed-line and mobile teledensity is about 80 per 100 persons; Russia's Mobile Telesystems, the only foreign mobile-cellular service provider in Turkmenistan, had its operating license suspended in December 2010 but was able to resume operations in September 2012; Turkmenistan's first telecommunication satellite was launched in 2015; it is expected to greatly improve connectivity in the country"
"text": "Turkmentelekom, in cooperation with foreign partners, has installed high-speed fiber-optic lines and has upgraded most of the country's telephone exchanges and switching centers with new digital technology; combined fixed-line and mobile teledensity is about 160 per 100 persons; Russia's Mobile Telesystems, the only foreign mobile-cellular service provider in Turkmenistan, had its operating license suspended in December 2010 but was able to resume operations in September 2012; Turkmenistan's first telecommunication satellite was launched in 2015 and is expected to greatly improve connectivity in the country"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 993; linked by fiber-optic cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; an exchange in Ashgabat switches international traffic through Turkey via Intelsat; satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 Intelsat (2012)"
"text": "country code - 993; linked by fiber-optic cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; an exchange in Ashgabat switches international traffic through Turkey via Intelsat; satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 Intelsat (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "broadcast media is government controlled and censored; 7 state-owned TV and 4 state-owned radio networks; satellite dishes and programming provide an alternative to the state-run media; officials sometimes limit access to satellite TV by removing satellite dishes (2007)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 12, FM 9, shortwave 2 (2008)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "4 (government-owned and programmed) (2008)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".tm"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "414,300"
"text": "785,000"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "8.0% (2014 est.)"
"text": "15% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "1"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "23"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "2,138,389"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "0 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "EZ (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "26 (2013)"
},
@ -784,7 +806,7 @@
"text": "1"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 4 (2013)"
"text": "4 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -829,36 +851,12 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Turkmen Armed Forces: Ground Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces (2013)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory male military service; 2-year conscript service obligation; 20 years of age for voluntary service; males may enroll in military schools from age 15 (2015)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,380,794"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,387,211 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,066,649"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,185,538 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "53,829"
},
"female": {
"text": "52,988 (2010 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
@ -867,15 +865,15 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"stateless persons": {
"text": "7,511 (2014)"
"text": "7,125 (2015)"
}
},
"Trafficking in persons": {
"current situation": {
"text": "Turkmenistan is a source country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; Turkmen in search of work in other countries are forced to work in textile sweatshops, construction, and domestic service, with women and rural inhabitants being the most vulnerable; some Turkmen women and girls are sex trafficked abroad; Turkey is the primary trafficking destination, followed by Russia, the United Arab Emirates, and, to a lesser extent, Iran, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Cyprus, the UK, Sweden, and the US; Turkmen also experience forced labor domestically in the informal construction industry; participation in the cotton harvest is still mandatory for some public sector employees"
"text": "Turkmenistan is a source country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; Turkmen who migrate abroad are forced to work in the textile, agriculture, construction, and domestic service industries, while women and girls may also be sex trafficked; in 2014, men surpassed women as victims; Turkey and Russia are primary trafficking destinations, followed by the Middle East, South and Central Asia, and other parts of Europe; Turkmen also experience forced labor domestically in the informal construction industry; participation in the cotton harvest is still mandatory for some public sector employees"
},
"tier rating": {
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List – Turkmenistan does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government has a written plan that, if implemented, would constitute a significant effort toward meeting the minimum standards for eliminating human trafficking; the denial of an internal trafficking problem by some government officials, corruption, and a lack of institutional capacity continued to impede the government’s response to trafficking in 2013; the government reported detailed anti-trafficking law enforcement data for the first time and is making an effort to support anti-trafficking training; the government did not offer services to trafficking victims in 2013 and did not fund NGOs providing care; authorities punished some victims for crimes committed as a result of being trafficked (2014)"
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List – Turkmenistan does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; in 2014, Turkmenistan was granted a waiver from an otherwise required downgrade to Tier 3 because its government has a written plan that, if implemented, would constitute making significant efforts to bring itself into compliance with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; the government made some progress in its law enforcement efforts in 2014, convicting more offenders than in 2013; authorities did not make adequate efforts to identify and protect victims and did not fund international organizations or NGOs that offered protective services; some victims were punished for crimes as a result of being trafficked (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

275
central-asia/uz.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Russia conquered the territory of present-day Uzbekistan in the late 19th century. Stiff resistance to the Red Army after the Bolshevik Revolution was eventually suppressed and a socialist republic established in 1924. During the Soviet era, intensive production of \"white gold\" (cotton) and grain led to overuse of agrochemicals and the depletion of water supplies, which have left the land degraded and the Aral Sea and certain rivers half dry. Independent since 1991, the country has lessened its dependence on the cotton monoculture by diversifying agricultural production while developing its mineral and petroleum export capacity and increasing its manufacturing base. However, long-serving septuagenarian President Islom KARIMOV, who rose through the ranks of the Soviet-era State Planning Committee (Gosplan), remains wedded to the concepts of a command economy, creating a challenging environment for foreign investment. Current concerns include post-KARIMOV succession, terrorism by Islamic militants, economic stagnation, and the curtailment of human rights and democratization."
"text": "Russia conquered the territory of present-day Uzbekistan in the late 19th century. Stiff resistance to the Red Army after the Bolshevik Revolution was eventually suppressed and a socialist republic established in 1924. During the Soviet era, intensive production of \"white gold\" (cotton) and grain led to overuse of agrochemicals and the depletion of water supplies, which have left the land degraded and the Aral Sea and certain rivers half dry. Independent since 1991, the country has gradually lessened its dependence on the cotton monoculture by diversifying agricultural production while developing its mineral and petroleum export capacity and increasing its manufacturing base. However, long-serving septuagenarian President Islom KARIMOV, who rose through the ranks of the Soviet-era State Planning Committee (Gosplan), remains wedded to the concepts of a command economy, creating a challenging environment for foreign investment. Current concerns include post-KARIMOV succession, economic stagnation, pervasive corruption, declining quality of social services, persistent inability to adequately meet the country's energy needs outside of Tashkent, the curtailment of human rights, and the lack of democratization."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "about four times the size of Virginia; slightly larger than California",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "about four times the size of Virginia; slightly larger than California"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -51,12 +48,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; broad, flat intensely irrigated river valleys along course of Amu Darya, Syr Darya (Sirdaryo), and Zarafshon; Fergana Valley in east surrounded by mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in west"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Sariqamish Kuli -12 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "NA"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Adelunga Toghi 4,301 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Sariqamish Kuli -12 m ++ highest point: Adelunga Toghi 4,301 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -74,18 +71,7 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "41,980 sq km (2005)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "48.87 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "56 cu km/yr (7%/3%/90%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "2,113 cu m/yr (2005)"
}
"text": "42,150 sq km (2012)"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "NA"
@ -106,6 +92,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "29,473,614 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Uzbekistani"
@ -126,27 +115,21 @@
"Religions": {
"text": "Muslim 88% (mostly Sunni), Eastern Orthodox 9%, other 3%"
},
"Population": {
"text": "29,199,942 (July 2015 est.)"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "24.56% (male 3,676,029/female 3,496,916)"
"text": "24.22% (male 3,658,960/female 3,480,659)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "19.92% (male 2,945,837/female 2,869,483)"
"text": "19.22% (male 2,874,982/female 2,790,128)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "43.46% (male 6,310,206/female 6,379,037)"
"text": "43.95% (male 6,444,288/female 6,510,741)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "7.17% (male 987,930/female 1,104,347)"
"text": "7.54% (male 1,049,876/female 1,171,369)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "4.9% (male 610,272/female 819,885) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "5.06% (male 637,408/female 855,203) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -165,26 +148,26 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "27.6 years"
"text": "28.1 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "27.1 years"
"text": "27.6 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "28.2 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "28.7 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "0.93% (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.93% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "17 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "16.9 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "5.3 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "5.3 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-2.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "-2.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -217,42 +200,45 @@
"text": "0.74 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.99 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.99 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "23.4 (2013 est.)"
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
"text": "36 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "19.2 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "18.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "22.78 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "22.1 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "15.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "14.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "73.55 years"
"text": "73.8 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "70.5 years"
"text": "70.7 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "76.78 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "77 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "1.79 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.78 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "64.9% (2006)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "6.1% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "5.8% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "2.53 physicians/1,000 population (2013)"
@ -277,13 +263,13 @@
}
},
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "0.15% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.15% (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
"text": "32,300 (2014 est.)"
"text": "32,700 (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
"text": "2,200 (2014 est.)"
"text": "2,600 (2015 est.)"
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "14.3% (2014)"
@ -316,7 +302,7 @@
"text": "12 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "11 years (2011)"
"text": "12 years (2011)"
}
}
},
@ -336,10 +322,13 @@
},
"former": {
"text": "Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic"
},
"etymology": {
"text": "a combination of the Turkic words \"uz\" (self) and \"bek\" (master) with the Persian suffix \"-stan\" (country) to give the meaning \"Land of the free\""
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "republic; authoritarian presidential rule with little power outside the executive branch"
"text": "presidential republic; highly authoritarian"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -365,7 +354,7 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 1 September (1991)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 8 December 1992; amended several times, last in 2014 (2015)"
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 8 December 1992; amended several times, last in 2014 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system"
@ -373,12 +362,26 @@
"International law organization participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"Citizenship": {
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Uzbekistan"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": "5 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "President Islom KARIMOV (since 24 March 1990, when elected president by the former Supreme Soviet; first elected president of independent Uzbekistan in 1991)"
"text": "Interim President Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV (since 8 September 2016); note - longtime President Islom KARIMOV died on 2 September 2016; new presidential elections must be held within three months of this date"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV (since 11 December 2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Rustam AZIMOV (since 2 January 2008)"
@ -387,7 +390,7 @@
"text": "Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president with approval of both chambers of the Supreme Assembly (Oliy Majlis)"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term; previously a 5-year term, extended by a 2002 constitutional amendment to 7 years, and reverted to 5 years in 2011); election last held on 29 March 2015 (next to be held in 2020); prime minister, ministers, and deputy ministers appointed by the president"
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term; previously a 5-year term, extended by a 2002 constitutional amendment to 7 years, and reverted to 5 years in 2011); election last held on 29 March 2015; prime minister nominated by majority party in legislature since 2011, but appointed along with the ministers and deputy ministers by the president"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Islom KARIMOV reelected president; percent of vote - Islom KARIMOV (LDPU) 90.4%, Akmal SAIDOV (Democratic Party of Uzbekistan) 3.1%, Khatamjan KETMANOV (NDP) 2.9%, Nariman UMAROV (Justice Social Democratic Party of Uzbekistan) 2.1%, other 1.5%"
@ -435,7 +438,7 @@
"text": "1746 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036"
},
"telephone": {
"text": "[1] (202) 283-6803"
"text": "[1] (202) 887-5300"
},
"FAX": {
"text": "[1] (202) 293-6804"
@ -446,7 +449,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Pamela SPRATLEN (since 21 January 2015)"
"text": "Ambassador Pamela L. SPRATLEN (since 21 January 2015)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "3 Moyqo'rq'on, 5th Block, Yunusobod District, Tashkent 100093"
@ -481,58 +484,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country; more than 60% of the population lives in densely populated rural communities. Export of natural gas, gold and cotton provides a significant share of foreign exchange earnings. Despite ongoing efforts to diversify crops, Uzbekistani agriculture remains largely centered around cotton; Uzbekistan is now the world's fifth largest cotton exporter and sixth largest producer. ++ The country is beginning to enforce a ban on the use of child labor in its cotton harvest and is trying to address international criticism for its previous use of this practice. Following independence in September 1991, the government sought to prop up its Soviet-style command economy with subsidies and tight controls on production and prices. A sharp increase in the inequality of income distribution has hurt the lower ranks of society since independence. While aware of the need to improve the investment climate, the government continues to intervene in the business sector and has not addressed the impediments to foreign investment in the country. In 2003, the government accepted Article VIII obligations under the IMF, providing for full currency convertibility. However, strict currency controls and tightening of borders have lessened the effects of convertibility and have also led to some shortages that have further stifled economic activity. The Central Bank often delays or restricts convertibility, especially for consumer goods. ++ Uzbekistan's growth has been driven primarily by state-led investments and a favorable export environment. In the past Uzbekistani authorities have accused US and other foreign companies operating in Uzbekistan of violating Uzbekistani laws and have frozen and even seized their assets. At the same time, the Uzbekistani Government has actively courted several major US and international corporations, offering financing and tax advantages. Diminishing foreign investment and difficulties transporting goods across borders further challenge Uzbekistan’s economy, though it recently has intensified economic ties to Beijing. Tashkent began exporting natural gas to China and Chinese investments in the country have substantially increased."
"text": "Uzbekistan is a landlocked country with more than 60% of the population living in densely populated rural communities. Since its independence in September 1991, the government maintained its Soviet-style command economy with subsidies and tight controls on production and prices. Despite ongoing efforts to diversify crops, Uzbekistani agriculture remains largely centered on cotton; Uzbekistan is the world's fifth largest cotton exporter and sixth largest producer. Uzbekistan's growth has been driven primarily by state-led investments, and export of natural gas, gold, and cotton provides a significant share of foreign exchange earnings. In 2015, Russia’s Gazprom announced it would reduce its natural gas imports from Uzbekistan but Tashkent continues to export natural gas to China and Chinese investments in the country have substantially increased. ++ ++ While aware of the need to improve the investment climate, the government continues to intervene in the business sector and has not addressed the impediments to foreign investment in the country. In the past, Uzbekistani authorities have accused US and other foreign companies operating in Uzbekistan of violating Uzbekistani laws and have frozen and seized their assets. At the same time, the Uzbekistani Government has actively courted several major US and international corporations, offering financing and tax advantages. ++ ++ In 2003, the government accepted Article VIII obligations under the IMF, providing for full currency convertibility. However, strict currency controls and tightening of borders have lessened the effects of convertibility and have also led to some shortages that have further stifled economic activity. Recently, lower global commodity prices and economic slowdown in neighboring Russia and China have been hurting Uzbekistan's trade and investment and worsening its problem of currency shortage."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$172.3 billion (2014 est.) ++ $159.4 billion (2013 est.) ++ $147.6 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$188.3 billion (2015 est.) ++ $174.4 billion (2014 est.) ++ $161.3 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$62.61 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$65.5 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "8.1% (2014 est.) ++ 8% (2013 est.) ++ 8.2% (2012 est.)"
"text": "8% (2015 est.) ++ 8.1% (2014 est.) ++ 8% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$5,600 (2014 est.) ++ $5,200 (2013 est.) ++ $4,800 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$6,100 (2015 est.) ++ $5,700 (2014 est.) ++ $5,300 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "32.5% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 33.7% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 32.7% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "31% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 31.6% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 33.7% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "59.5%"
"text": "56.4%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "16.6%"
"text": "16.5%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "24.6%"
"text": "24%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.1%"
"text": "3.5%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "31.3%"
"text": "28.7%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-32.1% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-29.1% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "18.8%"
"text": "19.2%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "33.7%"
"text": "33.6%"
},
"services": {
"text": "47.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "47.2% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -542,10 +545,10 @@
"text": "textiles, food processing, machine building, metallurgy, mining, hydrocarbon extraction, chemicals"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "4% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "17.28 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "17.54 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -559,9 +562,9 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "4.8% (2014 est.) ++ 4.9% (2013 est.)",
"text": "5% (2015 est.) ++ 4.9% (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "official data, another 20% are underemployed"
"text": "official data; another 20% are underemployed"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
@ -580,26 +583,26 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$18.29 billion"
"text": "$21.17 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$18.16 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$20.9 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "29.2% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "32.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "0.2% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "7.1% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 7.2% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "8.3% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 7.1% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "8.4% (2014 est.) ++ 11.2% (2013 est.)",
"text": "8.5% (2015 est.) ++ 9.1% (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "official data; based on independent analysis of consumer prices, inflation reached 22% in 2012"
}
@ -608,43 +611,43 @@
"text": "12.44% (31 December 2013 est.) ++ 11.2% (31 December 2012 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$7.606 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $6.154 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$7.162 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $7.272 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$15.59 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $13.57 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$16.56 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $15.59 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$13.09 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $12.07 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$11.78 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $12.32 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$NA (31 December 2012) ++ $715.3 million (31 December 2006)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "$1.062 billion (2014 est.) ++ $1.631 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$93 million (2015 est.) ++ $454 million (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$13.31 billion (2014 est.) ++ $12.83 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$11.35 billion (2015 est.) ++ $12.9 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "energy products, cotton, gold, mineral fertilizers, ferrous and nonferrous metals, textiles, foodstuffs, machinery, automobiles"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "China 26.8%, Russia 14.7%, Kazakhstan 14.6%, Turkey 13.1%, Bangladesh 10.2% (2014)"
"text": "Switzerland 25.8%, China 17.6%, Kazakhstan 14.2%, Turkey 9.9%, Russia 8.4%, Bangladesh 6.9% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$12.92 billion (2014 est.) ++ $11.75 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$11.81 billion (2015 est.) ++ $14.74 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, ferrous and nonferrous metals"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Russia 22.8%, China 19.6%, South Korea 14.9%, Kazakhstan 10.2%, Germany 4.8%, Turkey 4.4% (2014)"
"text": "China 20.8%, Russia 20.8%, South Korea 12%, Kazakhstan 10.8%, Turkey 4.6%, Germany 4.4% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$17.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $17 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$15 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $16.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$10.19 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $10.6 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$13.92 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $13.39 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$NA"
@ -653,10 +656,15 @@
"text": "$NA"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Uzbekistani soum (UZS) per US dollar - ++ 2,311.4 (2014 est.) ++ 2,311.4 (2013 est.) ++ 1,890.1 (2012 est.) ++ 1,715.8 (2011 est.) ++ 1,587.2 (2010 est.)"
"text": "Uzbekistani soum (UZS) per US dollar - ++ 2,569.6 (2015 est.) ++ 2,311.4 (2014 est.) ++ 2,311.4 (2013 est.) ++ 1,890.1 (2012 est.) ++ 1,715.8 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "100% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "49.91 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -730,18 +738,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "2.51 million"
"text": "2,507,711"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "9 (2014 est.)"
"text": "9 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "21.6 million"
"text": "21.783 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "75 (2014 est.)"
"text": "75 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -749,34 +757,45 @@
"text": "digital exchanges in large cities and in rural areas"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "the state-owned telecommunications company, Uzbektelecom, owner of the fixed-line telecommunications system, has used loans from the Japanese government and the China Development Bank to upgrade fixed-line services including conversion to digital exchanges; mobile-cellular services are provided by 3 private and 1 state-owned operator with a total subscriber base of 19 million as of January 2014"
"text": "the state-owned telecommunications company, Uzbektelecom, owner of the fixed-line telecommunications system, has used loans from the Japanese government and the China Development Bank to upgrade fixed-line services including conversion to digital exchanges; mobile-cellular services are provided by 3 private and 1 state-owned operator with a total subscriber base of 22 million as of mid 2015"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 998; linked by fiber-optic cable or microwave radio relay with CIS member states and to other countries by leased connection via the Moscow international gateway switch; the country also has a link to the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable; Uzbekistan has supported the national fiber optic backbone project of Afghanistan since 2008 (2009)"
"text": "country code - 998; linked by fiber-optic cable or microwave radio relay with CIS member states and to other countries by leased connection via the Moscow international gateway switch; the country also has a link to the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable; Uzbekistan has supported the national fiber- optic backbone project of Afghanistan since 2008 (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "government controls media; 14 state-owned broadcasters - 10 TV and 4 radio - provide service to virtually the entire country; about 20 privately owned TV stations, overseen by local officials, broadcast to local markets; privately owned TV stations are required to lease transmitters from the government-owned Republic TV and Radio Industry Corporation; in 2013, the government closed TV and radio broadcasters affiliated with the National Association of Electronic Mass Media of Uzbekistan, a government-sponsored NGO for private broadcast media"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 20, FM 24, shortwave 3 (2008)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "28 (includes 1 cable rebroadcaster in Tashkent and approximately 20 stations in regional capitals) (2006)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".uz"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "11.8 million"
"text": "12.498 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "40.6% (2014 est.)"
"text": "42.8% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "2"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "29"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "2,486,673"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "114,334,520 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "UK (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "53 (2013)"
},
@ -808,7 +827,7 @@
"text": "2"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 18 (2013)"
"text": "18 (2013)"
}
},
"Pipelines": {
@ -842,36 +861,12 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Uzbek Armed Forces: Army, Air and Air Defense Forces (2013)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for compulsory military service; 1-month or 1-year conscript service obligation for males; moving toward a professional military, but conscription in some form will continue; the military cannot accommodate everyone who wishes to enlist, and competition for entrance into the military is similar to the competition for admission to universities (2013)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "7,887,292"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "7,886,459 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "6,566,118"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "6,745,818 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "306,404"
},
"female": {
"text": "295,456 (2010 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
@ -880,15 +875,15 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"stateless persons": {
"text": "86,703 (2014)"
"text": "86,703 (2015)"
}
},
"Trafficking in persons": {
"current situation": {
"text": "Uzbekistan is a source country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; adults and children are victims of government-compelled forced labor during Uzbekistan’s annual cotton harvest, as well as for the construction and cleaning of parks; the government in 2013 for the first time cooperated with the ILO to monitor the cotton harvest for compliance with the Worst Forms of Child Labor Convention; the ILO recorded 53 violations but concluded that forced child labor was not used on a systematic basis during the 2013 cotton harvest; Uzbekistani women and children are sex trafficked domestically and in countries in Central Asia, the Middle East, Asia, and Europe; Uzbekistani men and women are subjected to forced labor in Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Russia, the UAE, Malaysia, and, to a lesser extent, Ukraine in domestic service, agriculture, construction, and the oil industry"
"text": "Uzbekistan is a source country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and women and children subjected to sex trafficking; government-compelled forced labor of adults remained endemic during the 2014 cotton harvest; despite a decree banning the use of persons under 18, children were mobilized to harvest cotton by local officials in some districts; in some regions, local officials forced teachers, students, private business employees, and others to work in construction, agriculture, and cleaning parks; Uzbekistani women and children are victims of sex trafficking domestically and in the Middle East, Eurasia, and Asia; Uzbekistani men and, to a lesser extent, women are subjected to forced labor in Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine in the construction, oil, agriculture, retail, and food sectors"
},
"tier rating": {
"text": "Tier 3 – Uzbekistan does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; the government in 2013 did not openly acknowledge forced labor in the cotton sector, which remained prevalent, but it took an encouraging step in allowing the ILO to monitor the cotton harvest for forced child labor; authorities continued to address transnational sex and labor trafficking, implementing anti-trafficking awareness campaigns; the government operated a shelter to help sex and labor trafficking victims and strengthened its ties with NGOs to repatriate victims and provide services, although no systematic procedures for assisting trafficking victims were in place; NGOs unaffiliated with the government faced additional scrutiny in 2013, hampering their efforts to protect victims (2014)"
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List – Uzbekistan does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; law enforcement efforts in 2014 were mixed; the government made efforts to combat sex and transnational labor trafficking, but government-compelled forced labor of adults in the cotton harvest went unaddressed, and the decree prohibiting forced child labor was not applied universally; official complicity in human trafficking in the cotton harvest remained prevalent; authorities made efforts to identify and protect sex and transnational labor victims, although a systematic process is still lacking; minimal efforts were made to assist victims of forced labor in the cotton harvest, as the government does not openly acknowledge the existence of this forced labor; the ILO did not have permission or funding to monitor the 2014 harvest, but the government authorized the UN's International Labour Organization to conduct a survey on recruitment practices and working conditions in agriculture, particularly the cotton sector, and to monitor the 2015-17 cotton harvests for child and forced labor in project areas (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {