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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "The Sudanese Republic and Senegal became independent of France in 1960 as the Mali Federation. When Senegal withdrew after only a few months, what formerly made up the Sudanese Republic was renamed Mali. Rule by dictatorship was brought to a close in 1991 by a military coup that ushered in a period of democratic rule. President Alpha KONARE won Mali's first two democratic presidential elections in 1992 and 1997. In keeping with Mali's two-term constitutional limit, he stepped down in 2002 and was succeeded by Amadou Toumani TOURE, who was elected to a second term in a 2007 election that was widely judged to be free and fair. Malian returnees from Libya in 2011 exacerbated tensions in northern Mali, and Tuareg ethnic militias rebelled in January 2012. Low- and mid-level soldiers, frustrated with the poor handling of the rebellion, overthrew TOURE on 22 March. Intensive mediation efforts led by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) returned power to a civilian administration in April with the appointment of Interim President Dioncounda TRAORE. The post-coup chaos led to rebels expelling the Malian military from the country's three northern regions and allowed Islamic militants to set up strongholds. Hundreds of thousands of northern Malians fled the violence to southern Mali and neighboring countries, exacerbating regional food shortages in host communities. An international military intervention to retake the three northern regions began in January 2013 and within a month most of the north had been retaken. In a democratic presidential election conducted in July and August of 2013, Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA was elected president."
"text": "The Sudanese Republic and Senegal became independent of France in 1960 as the Mali Federation. When Senegal withdrew after only a few months, what formerly made up the Sudanese Republic was renamed Mali. Rule by dictatorship was brought to a close in 1991 by a military coup that ushered in a period of democratic rule. President Alpha KONARE won Mali's first two democratic presidential elections in 1992 and 1997. In keeping with Mali's two-term constitutional limit, he stepped down in 2002 and was succeeded by Amadou Toumani TOURE, who was elected to a second term in a 2007 election that was widely judged to be free and fair. Malian returnees from Libya in 2011 exacerbated tensions in northern Mali, and Tuareg ethnic militias rebelled in January 2012. Low- and mid-level soldiers, frustrated with the poor handling of the rebellion, overthrew TOURE on 22 March. Intensive mediation efforts led by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) returned power to a civilian administration in April with the appointment of Interim President Dioncounda TRAORE. The post-coup chaos led to rebels expelling the Malian military from the country's three northern regions and allowed Islamic militants to set up strongholds. Hundreds of thousands of northern Malians fled the violence to southern Mali and neighboring countries, exacerbating regional food shortages in host communities. An international military intervention to retake the three northern regions began in January 2013 and within a month most of the north had been retaken. In a democratic presidential election conducted in July and August of 2013, Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA was elected president. The Malian Government and northern armed groups signed an internationally-mediated peace accord in June 2015."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -48,12 +48,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south, rugged hills in northeast"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Senegal River 23 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "343 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Hombori Tondo 1,155 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Senegal River 23 m ++ highest point: Hombori Tondo 1,155 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -74,18 +74,7 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "2,358 sq km (2003)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "100 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "6.55 cu km/yr (9%/1%/90%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "545.4 cu m/yr (2000)"
}
"text": "3,780 sq km (2012)"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons; recurring droughts; occasional Niger River flooding"
@ -106,6 +95,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "17,467,108 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Malian(s)"
@ -115,38 +107,35 @@
}
},
"Ethnic groups": {
"text": "Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%, Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%"
"text": "Bambara 34.1%, Fulani (Peul) 14.7%, Sarakole 10.8%, Senufo 10.5%, Dogon 8.9%, Malinke 8.7%, Bobo 2.9%, Songhai 1.6%, Tuareg 0.9%, other Malian 6.1%, from member of Economic Community of West African States 0.3%, other 0.4% (2012-13 est.)"
},
"Languages": {
"text": "French (official), Bambara 46.3%, Peul/foulfoulbe 9.4%, Dogon 7.2%, Maraka/soninke 6.4%, Malinke 5.6%, Sonrhai/djerma 5.6%, Minianka 4.3%, Tamacheq 3.5%, Senoufo 2.6%, unspecified 0.6%, other 8.5%",
"text": "French (official), Bambara 46.3%, Peul/Foulfoulbe 9.4%, Dogon 7.2%, Maraka/Soninke 6.4%, Malinke 5.6%, Sonrhai/Djerma 5.6%, Minianka 4.3%, Tamacheq 3.5%, Senoufo 2.6%, Bobo 2.1%, unspecified 0.7%, other 6.3%",
"note": {
"text": "Mali has 13 national languages in addition to its official language"
"text": "Mali has 13 national languages in addition to its official language (2009 est.)"
}
},
"Religions": {
"text": "Muslim 94.8%, Christian 2.4%, Animist 2%, none 0.5%, unspecified 0.3% (2009 Census)"
"text": "Muslim 94.8%, Christian 2.4%, Animist 2%, none 0.5%, unspecified 0.3% (2009 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "16,955,536 (July 2015 est.)"
"Demographic profile": {
"text": "Mali’s total population is expected to double by 2035; its capital Bamako is one of the fastest-growing cities in Africa. A young age structure, a declining mortality rate, and a sustained high total fertility rate of 6 children per woman – the third highest in the world – ensure continued rapid population growth for the foreseeable future. Significant outmigration only marginally tempers this growth. Despite decreases, Mali’s infant, child, and maternal mortality rates remain among the highest in sub-Saharan Africa because of limited access to and adoption of family planning, early childbearing, short birth intervals, the prevalence of female genital cutting, infrequent use of skilled birth attendants, and a lack of emergency obstetrical and neonatal care. Mali’s high total fertility rate has been virtually unchanged for decades, as a result of the ongoing preference for large families, early childbearing, the lack of female education and empowerment, poverty, and extremely low contraceptive use. Slowing Mali’s population growth by lowering its birth rate will be essential for poverty reduction, improving food security, and developing human capital and the economy. Mali has a long history of seasonal migration and emigration driven by poverty, conflict, demographic pressure, unemployment, food insecurity, and droughts. Many Malians from rural areas migrate during the dry period to nearby villages and towns to do odd jobs or to adjoining countries to work in agriculture or mining. Pastoralists and nomads move seasonally to southern Mali or nearby coastal states. Others migrate long term to Mali’s urban areas, Cote d’Ivoire, other neighboring countries, and in smaller numbers to France, Mali’s former colonial ruler. Since the early 1990s, Mali’s role has grown as a transit country for regional migration flows and illegal migration to Europe. Human smugglers and traffickers exploit the same regional routes used for moving contraband drugs, arms, and cigarettes. Between early 2012 and 2013, renewed fighting in northern Mali between government forces and Tuareg secessionists and their Islamist allies, a French-led international military intervention, as well as chronic food shortages, caused the displacement of hundreds of thousands of Malians. Most of those displaced domestically sought shelter in urban areas of southern Mali, except for pastoralist and nomadic groups, who abandoned their traditional routes, gave away or sold their livestock, and dispersed into the deserts of northern Mali or crossed into neighboring countries. Almost all Malians who took refuge abroad (mostly Tuareg and Maure pastoralists) stayed in the region, largely in Mauritania, Niger, and Burkina Faso."
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "47.44% (male 4,038,801/female 4,005,256)"
"text": "47.27% (male 4,145,290/female 4,110,642)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "19.09% (male 1,543,751/female 1,693,410)"
"text": "19.19% (male 1,601,474/female 1,751,161)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "26.75% (male 2,106,889/female 2,428,643)"
"text": "26.82% (male 2,173,415/female 2,511,844)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "3.75% (male 317,513/female 317,957)"
"text": "3.76% (male 327,923/female 329,296)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "2.97% (male 251,693/female 251,623) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "2.95% (male 257,519/female 258,544) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -165,26 +154,26 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "16.1 years"
"text": "16.2 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "15.5 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "16.8 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "16.8 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "2.98% (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.96% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "44.99 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "44.4 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "12.89 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "12.6 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-2.26 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "-2.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -217,7 +206,13 @@
"text": "1 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
"text": "18.8",
"note": {
"text": "median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2012/13 est.)"
}
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
@ -225,34 +220,34 @@
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "102.23 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "100 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "108.88 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "106.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "95.37 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "93.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "55.34 years"
"text": "55.8 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "53.48 years"
"text": "53.9 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "57.25 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "57.7 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "6.06 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "5.95 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "10.3% (2012/13)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "7.1% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "6.9% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "0.08 physicians/1,000 population (2010)"
@ -277,13 +272,13 @@
}
},
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "1.42% (2014 est.)"
"text": "1.25% (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
"text": "133,400 (2014 est.)"
"text": "124,200 (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
"text": "5,300 (2014 est.)"
"text": "6,500 (2015 est.)"
},
"Major infectious diseases": {
"degree of risk": {
@ -302,7 +297,7 @@
"text": "meningococcal meningitis"
},
"animal contact disease": {
"text": "rabies (2013)"
"text": "rabies (2016)"
}
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
@ -312,7 +307,7 @@
"text": "27.9% (2006)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.8% of GDP (2011)"
"text": "4.3% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Literacy": {
"definition": {
@ -346,6 +341,17 @@
"percentage": {
"text": "36% (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "11.1%"
},
"male": {
"text": "NA"
},
"female": {
"text": "NA (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
"Government": {
@ -364,10 +370,13 @@
},
"former": {
"text": "French Sudan and Sudanese Republic"
},
"note": {
"text": "name derives from the West African Mali Empire of the 13th to 16th centuries A.D."
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "republic"
"text": "semi-presidential republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -381,7 +390,7 @@
}
},
"Administrative divisions": {
"text": "8 regions (regions, singular - region), 1 district*; District de Bamako*, Gao, Kayes, Kidal, Koulikoro, Mopti, Segou, Sikasso, Tombouctou (Timbuktu)"
"text": "8 regions (regions, singular - region), 1 district*; District de Bamako*, Gao, Kayes, Kidal, Koulikoro, Mopti, Segou, Sikasso, Tombouctou (Timbuktu); note - two new regions, Menaka and Taoudenni, were reportedly created in early 2016, but these have not yet been vetted by the US Board on Geographic Names"
},
"Independence": {
"text": "22 September 1960 (from France)"
@ -390,7 +399,7 @@
"text": "Independence Day, 22 September (1960)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "several previous; latest drafted August 1991, approved by referendum 12 January 1992, effective 25 February 1992; amended 1999, suspended briefly in 2012 (2015)"
"text": "several previous; latest drafted August 1991, approved by referendum 12 January 1992, effective 25 February 1992; amended 1999, suspended briefly in 2012 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "civil law system based on the French civil law model and influenced by customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court"
@ -398,6 +407,20 @@
"International law organization participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship": {
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Mali"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "yes"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": "5 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
@ -415,7 +438,7 @@
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 28 July 2013 with a runoff on 11 August 2013 (election delayed from April 2012 due to a coup in March 2012); prime minister appointed by the president"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA elected president in runoff; percent of vote - Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA (RPM) 77.6%, Soumaila CISSE (URD) 22.4%"
"text": "Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA elected president in runoff; percent of vote - Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA (RPM) 77.6%, Soumaila CISSE (URD) 22.4%"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -426,7 +449,7 @@
"text": "last held in two rounds on 24 November and 15 December 2013 (next to be held in 2018); note - the scheduled July 2012 election was canceled due to a coup d'etat and the Tuareg Rebellion"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - FDR coalition 69 (RPM 66, PARENA 3), ADP coalition 31 (ADEMA-PASG 16, URD 17, CNID 4), FARE 6, CODEM 5, SADI 5, ASMA-CFP 3, PDES 3, MPR 3, independent 4, other 12; note - 13 seats were from voters abroad"
"text": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - FDR coalition 69 (RPM 66, PARENA 3), ADP coalition 37 (ADEMA-PASG 16, URD 17, CNID 4), FARE 6, CODEM 5, SADI 5, ASMA-CFP 3, PDES 3, MPR 3, independent 4, other 12; note - 13 seats were from voters abroad"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -437,7 +460,7 @@
"text": "Supreme Court members appointed by the Ministry of Justice to serve 5-year terms; Constitutional Court members selected - 3 each by the president, the National Assembly, and the Supreme Council of the Magistracy; members serve single renewable 7-year terms"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "High Court of Justice (jurisdiction limited to cases of high treason or criminal offenses by the president or ministers while in office)"
"text": "subordinate courts: Court of Appeal; High Court of Justice (jurisdiction limited to cases of high treason or criminal offenses by the president or ministers while in office); magistrate courts; first instance courts; labor dispute courts; special court of state security"
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
@ -467,7 +490,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Paul A. FOLMSBE (since 2015)"
"text": "Ambassador Paul A. FOLMSBEE (since 2015)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "located just off the Roi Bin Fahad Aziz Bridge just west of the Bamako central district"
@ -505,58 +528,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Among the 25 poorest countries in the world, Mali is a landlocked country that depends on gold mining and agricultural exports for revenue. The country's fiscal status fluctuates with gold and agricultural commodity prices and the harvest; cotton and gold exports make up around 80% of export earnings. Economic activity is largely confined to the riverine area irrigated by the Niger River and about 65% of its land area is desert or semidesert. About 10% of the population is nomadic and about 80% of the labor force is engaged in farming and fishing. Mali remains dependent on foreign aid. Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities. Mali is developing its iron ore extraction industry to diversify foreign exchange earnings away from gold, but the pace will largely depend on global price trends. The government is subsidizing the production of cereals to decrease the country’s dependence on imported foodstuffs and to reduce its vulnerability to food price shocks. The main threat to Mali’s economy is a return to physical insecurity. Other long term threats to the economy include high population growth, corruption, a weak infrastructure, and low levels of human capital. The administration’s purchase of a presidential jet for $40 million and inflated defense contracts damaged its credibility and led the IMF to temporarily suspend aid in 2014."
"text": "Among the 25 poorest countries in the world, Mali is a landlocked country that depends on gold mining and agricultural exports for revenue. The country's fiscal status fluctuates with gold and agricultural commodity prices and the harvest; cotton and gold exports make up around 80% of export earnings. Mali remains dependent on foreign aid. ++ ++ Economic activity is largely confined to the riverine area irrigated by the Niger River and about 65% of its land area is desert or semidesert. About 10% of the population is nomadic and about 80% of the labor force is engaged in farming and fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities. The government subsidizes the production of cereals to decrease the country’s dependence on imported foodstuffs and to reduce its vulnerability to food price shocks. ++ ++ Mali is developing its iron ore extraction industry to diversify foreign exchange earnings away from gold, but the pace will largely depend on global price trends. Mali’s economic performance has improved since 2013 although physical insecurity, high population growth, corruption, weak infrastructure, and low levels of human capital remain hindrances to sustained growth."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$27.5 billion (2014 est.) ++ $25.65 billion (2013 est.) ++ $25.22 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$35.7 billion (2015 est.) ++ $33.69 billion (2014 est.) ++ $31.47 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$12.09 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$13.11 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "7.2% (2014 est.) ++ 1.7% (2013 est.) ++ 0% (2012 est.)"
"text": "6% (2015 est.) ++ 7% (2014 est.) ++ 2.3% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$1,700 (2014 est.) ++ $1,600 (2013 est.) ++ $1,600 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$2,200 (2015 est.) ++ $2,100 (2014 est.) ++ $2,100 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "17.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 15.1% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 15.7% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "20.8% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 19.7% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 22.6% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "78%"
"text": "73.5%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "16.9%"
"text": "16.2%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "14.9%"
"text": "16.7%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "-0.1%"
"text": "0.7%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "25.1%"
"text": "21.8%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-34.8% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-28.9% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "38.3%"
"text": "41%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "23.2%"
"text": "19.3%"
},
"services": {
"text": "38.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "39.8% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -566,10 +589,10 @@
"text": "food processing; construction; phosphate and gold mining"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "5.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.7% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "5.475 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "6.096 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -580,7 +603,7 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "30% (2004 est.) ++ 8.2% (2013 est.)"
"text": "30% (2015 est.) ++ 8.1% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "36.1% (2005 est.)"
@ -598,80 +621,94 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$2.759 billion"
"text": "$2.505 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$3.305 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$2.744 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "22.8% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "19.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-4.5% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-1.8% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "33.8% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 30.1% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "25.9% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 27.1% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "0.9% (2014 est.) ++ -0.6% (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.4% (2015 est.) ++ 0.9% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "16% (31 December 2010) ++ 4.25% (31 December 2009)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "9.3% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 9.3% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "9.3% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 9.3% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$2.612 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.772 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$2.573 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.611 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$3.984 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $3.817 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$2.541 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.37 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$2.822 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.541 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$881 million (2014 est.) ++ -$382 million (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$668 million (2015 est.) ++ -$676 million (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$2.253 billion (2014 est.) ++ $2.873 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$2.513 billion (2015 est.) ++ $2.779 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "cotton, gold, livestock"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "China 18.8%, India 14.4%, Indonesia 11.1%, Bangladesh 9.6%, Thailand 8.3%, Australia 4.3% (2014)"
"text": "Switzerland 48.5%, China 9.4%, India 9.1%, Bangladesh 8%, Thailand 4.5%, Indonesia 4.4% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$3.14 billion (2014 est.) ++ $3.122 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$2.744 billion (2015 est.) ++ $3.288 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "petroleum, machinery and equipment, construction materials, foodstuffs, textiles"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "France 11.7%, Senegal 10.6%, Cote d'Ivoire 9%, China 7.7% (2014)"
"text": "Cote dIvoire 9.9%, France 9.5%, Senegal 7.7%, China 7% (2015)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$3.633 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $3.423 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$3.334 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $3.416 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$2.624 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.224 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$2.48 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.368 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$61.2 million (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $52.28 million (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$49.48 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $40 million (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - ++ 494.42 (2014 est.) ++ 494.42 (2013 est.) ++ 510.53 (2012 est.) ++ 471.87 (2011 est.) ++ 495.28 (2010 est.)"
"text": "Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - ++ 591.45 (2015 est.) ++ 494.42 (2014 est.) ++ 494.42 (2013 est.) ++ 510.53 (2012 est.) ++ 471.87 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"population without electricity": {
"text": "11,400,000"
},
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "26%"
},
"electrification - urban areas": {
"text": "53%"
},
"electrification - rural areas": {
"text": "9% (2013)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "949 million kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -745,53 +782,58 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "160,000"
"text": "169,006"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "1 (2014 est.)"
"text": "1 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "23.5 million"
"text": "22.699 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "143 (2014 est.)"
"text": "134 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "domestic system unreliable but improving; increasing use of local radio loops to extend network coverage to remote areas"
"text": "domestic system improving; increasing use of local radio loops to extend network coverage to remote areas"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "fixed-line subscribership remains less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership has increased sharply to about 70 per 100 persons"
"text": "fixed-line subscribership remains less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership has increased sharply to over 130 per 100 persons"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 223; satellite communications center and fiber-optic links to neighboring countries; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean) (2010)"
"text": "country code - 223; satellite communications center and fiber-optic links to neighboring countries; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean) (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "national public TV broadcaster; 2 privately owned companies provide subscription services to foreign multi-channel TV packages; national public radio broadcaster supplemented by a large number of privately owned and community broadcast stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2007)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 1, FM 230 (27 regional and government stations, and 203 private stations), shortwave 1 (2001)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "2 (plus repeaters) (2007)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".ml"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "12.4 million"
"text": "1.753 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "75.2% (2014 est.)"
"text": "10.3% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "1"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "2 (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "TZ, TT (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "25 (2013)"
},
@ -823,7 +865,7 @@
"text": "9"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 5 (2013)"
"text": "5 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -857,37 +899,13 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "Malian Armed Forces: Army (Armee de Terre), Republic of Mali Air Force (Force Aerienne de la Republique du Mali, FARM), National Guard (Garde National du Mali) (2013)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for selective compulsory and voluntary military service; 2-year conscript service obligation (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "2,848,412"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "2,981,106 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,825,779"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,968,563 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "158,031"
},
"female": {
"text": "159,733 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "1.44% of GDP (2012) ++ 1.51% of GDP (2011) ++ 1.44% of GDP (2010)"
}
@ -898,18 +916,18 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "12,898 (Mauritania) (2014)"
"text": "13,539 (Mauritania) (2015)"
},
"IDPs": {
"text": "61,920 (Tuareg rebellion since 2012) (2015)"
"text": "36,690 (Tuareg rebellion since 2012) (2016)"
}
},
"Trafficking in persons": {
"current situation": {
"text": "Mali is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; women and girls are forced into domestic servitude, agricultural labor, and support roles in gold mines, as well as subjected to sex trafficking; Malian boys are found in conditions of forced labor in agricultural settings, gold mines, and the informal commercial sector, as well as forced begging within Mali and neighboring countries; Malians and other Africans who travel through Mali to Mauritania, Algeria, or Libya in hopes of reaching Europe are particularly at risk of becoming victims of human trafficking; men and boys, primarily of Songhai ethnicity, are subjected to the longstanding practice of debt bondage in the salt mines of Taoudenni in northern Mali; some members of Mali's black Tamachek community are subjected to traditional slavery-related practices, and this involuntary servitude reportedly has extended to their children; there has been a decrease in the recruitment of Malian children as combatants, cooks, porters, guards, spies, and sex slaves by non-governmental armed groups in northern Mali"
"text": "Mali is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; internal trafficking is more prevalent than transnational trafficking, but foreign women and girls are forced into domestic servitude, agricultural labor, and support roles in gold mines, as well as subjected to sex trafficking; Malian boys are forced to work in agricultural settings, gold mines, the informal commercial sector and to beg within Mali and neighboring countries; Malians and other Africans who travel through Mali to Mauritania, Algeria, or Libya in hopes of reaching Europe are particularly at risk of becoming victims of human trafficking; men and boys, primarily of Songhai ethnicity, are subjected to debt bondage in the salt mines of Taoudenni in northern Mali; some members of Mali's Tamachek community are subjected to hereditary slavery-related practices; Malian women and girls are victims of sex trafficking in Gabon, Libya, Lebanon, and Tunisia; the recruitment of child soldiers by armed groups in northern Mali decreased"
},
"tier rating": {
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List - Mali does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; although the government enacted a comprehensive anti-trafficking law in 2012, it did not demonstrate evidence of overall increasing efforts to address human trafficking over the previous year; the government failed to prosecute or convict any trafficking offenders because the law had not yet been distributed to judges and a significant lack of awareness of the law within the judiciary remained; authorities did not provide any direct services to victims and did not make any tangible prevention efforts; NGOs provided care to victims without government funding; no awareness-raising campaigns or anti-trafficking training were carried out (2014)"
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List - Mali does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; in 2014, Mali was granted a waiver from an otherwise required downgrade to Tier 3 because its government has a written plan that, if implemented would constitute making significant efforts to bring itself into compliance with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; officials failed to distribute the 2012 anti-trafficking law to judicial and law enforcement personnel, perpetuating a lack of understanding and awareness of the legislation; anti-trafficking law enforcement efforts decreased in 2014, with only one case investigated and no prosecutions or convictions; fewer victims were identified, and the government did not support the privately funded NGOs and international organizations it relied upon to provide victims with services; the government did not conduct any awareness-raising campaigns, workshops, or training sessions (2015)"
}
}
}