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Gerald Bauer
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africa/ma.json
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africa/ma.json
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
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{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "Formerly an independent kingdom, Madagascar became a French colony in 1896 but regained independence in 1960. During 1992-93, free presidential and National Assembly elections were held ending 17 years of single-party rule. In 1997, in the second presidential race, Didier RATSIRAKA, the leader during the 1970s and 1980s, was returned to the presidency. The 2001 presidential election was contested between the followers of Didier RATSIRAKA and Marc RAVALOMANANA, nearly causing secession of half of the country. In April 2002, the High Constitutional Court announced RAVALOMANANA the winner. RAVALOMANANA achieved a second term following a landslide victory in the generally free and fair presidential election of 2006. In early 2009, protests over increasing restrictions on opposition press and activities resulted in RAVALOMANANA handing over power to the military, which then conferred the presidency on the mayor of Antananarivo, Andry RAJOELINA, in what amounted to a coup d'etat. Following a lengthy mediation process led by the Southern African Development Community, Madagascar held UN-supported presidential and parliamentary elections in 2013. Former de facto finance minister Hery RAJAONARIMAMPIANINA won a runoff election in December 2013 and was inaugurated in January 2014."
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"text": "Madagascar was one of the last major landmasses on earth to be colonized by humans. The earliest settlers from present-day Indonesia arrived between A.D. 350 and 550. The island attracted Arab and Persian traders as early as the 7th century, and migrants from Africa arrived around A.D. 1000. Madagascar was a pirate stronghold during the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and served as a slave trading center into the 19th century. From the 16th to the late 19th century, a native Merina Kingdom dominated much of Madagascar. The island was conquered by the French in 1896 who made it a colony; independence was regained in 1960. During 1992-93, free presidential and National Assembly elections were held ending 17 years of single-party rule. In 1997, in the second presidential race, Didier RATSIRAKA, the leader during the 1970s and 1980s, was returned to the presidency. The 2001 presidential election was contested between the followers of Didier RATSIRAKA and Marc RAVALOMANANA, nearly causing secession of half of the country. In April 2002, the High Constitutional Court announced RAVALOMANANA the winner. RAVALOMANANA won a second term in 2006 but, following protests in 2009, handed over power to the military, which then conferred the presidency on the mayor of Antananarivo, Andry RAJOELINA, in what amounted to a coup d'etat. Following a lengthy mediation process led by the Southern African Development Community, Madagascar held UN-supported presidential and parliamentary elections in 2013. Former de facto finance minister Hery RAJAONARIMAMPIANINA won a runoff election in December 2013 and was inaugurated in January 2014."
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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@ -54,12 +54,12 @@
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"Terrain": {
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"text": "narrow coastal plain, high plateau and mountains in center"
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},
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"Elevation extremes": {
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"lowest point": {
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"text": "Indian Ocean 0 m"
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"Elevation": {
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"mean elevation": {
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"text": "615 m"
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},
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"highest point": {
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"text": "Maromokotro 2,876 m"
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"elevation extremes": {
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"text": "lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m ++ highest point: Maromokotro 2,876 m"
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}
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},
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"Natural resources": {
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@ -77,18 +77,7 @@
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}
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},
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"Irrigated land": {
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"text": "10,860 sq km (2003)"
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},
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"Total renewable water resources": {
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"text": "337 cu km (2011)"
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},
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"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
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"total": {
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"text": "16.5 cu km/yr (2%/1%/97%)"
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},
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"per capita": {
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"text": "1,010 cu m/yr (2005)"
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}
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"text": "10,860 sq km (2012)"
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},
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"Natural hazards": {
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"text": "periodic cyclones; drought; and locust infestation",
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@ -112,6 +101,9 @@
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}
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},
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"People and Society": {
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"Population": {
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"text": "24,430,325 (July 2016 est.)"
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},
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"Nationality": {
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"noun": {
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"text": "Malagasy (singular and plural)"
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@ -127,29 +119,29 @@
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"text": "French (official), Malagasy (official), English"
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},
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"Religions": {
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"text": "indigenous beliefs 52%, Christian 41%, Muslim 7%"
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"text": "Christian, indigenous believer, Muslim",
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"note": {
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"text": "population largely practices Christianity or an indigenous religion; small share of population is Muslim"
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}
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},
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"Population": {
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"text": "23,812,681 (July 2015 est.)"
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"Demographic profile": {
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"text": "Madagascar’s youthful population – just over 60% are under the age of 25 – and high total fertility rate of more than 4 children per women ensures that the Malagasy population will continue its rapid growth trajectory for the foreseeable future. The population is predominantly rural and poor; chronic malnutrition is prevalent, and large families are the norm. Many young Malagasy girls are withdrawn from school, marry early (often pressured to do so by their parents), and soon begin having children. Early childbearing, coupled with Madagascar’s widespread poverty and lack of access to skilled health care providers during delivery, increases the risk of death and serious health problems for young mothers and their babies. Child marriage perpetuates gender inequality and is prevalent among the poor, the uneducated, and rural households – as of 2013, of Malagasy women aged 20 to 24, more than 40% were married and more than a third had given birth by the age of 18. Although the legal age for marriage is 18, parental consent is often given for earlier marriages or the law is flouted, especially in rural areas that make up nearly 65% of the country. Forms of arranged marriage whereby young girls are married to older men in exchange for oxen or money are traditional. If a union does not work out, a girl can be placed in another marriage, but the dowry paid to her family diminishes with each unsuccessful marriage. Madagascar’s population consists of 18 main ethnic groups, all of whom speak the same Malagasy language. Most Malagasy are multi-ethnic, however, reflecting the island’s diversity of settlers and historical contacts (see Background). Madagascar’s legacy of hierarchical societies practicing domestic slavery (most notably the Merina Kingdom of the 16th to the 19th century) is evident today in persistent class tension, with some ethnic groups maintaining a caste system. Slave descendants are vulnerable to unequal access to education and jobs, despite Madagascar’s constitutional guarantee of free compulsory primary education and its being party to several international conventions on human rights. Historical distinctions also remain between central highlanders and coastal people."
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},
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"Age structure": {
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"0-14 years": {
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"text": "40.45% (male 4,856,231/female 4,775,025)"
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"text": "40.17% (male 4,947,260/female 4,865,379)"
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},
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"15-24 years": {
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"text": "20.53% (male 2,450,164/female 2,439,035)"
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"text": "20.44% (male 2,503,395/female 2,489,482)"
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},
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"25-54 years": {
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"text": "31.56% (male 3,760,230/female 3,755,775)"
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"text": "31.83% (male 3,889,063/female 3,887,633)"
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},
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"55-64 years": {
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"text": "4.24% (male 488,315/female 521,690)"
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"text": "4.31% (male 511,336/female 540,868)"
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},
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"65 years and over": {
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"text": "3.22% (male 347,151/female 419,065) (2015 est.)"
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},
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"population pyramid": {
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"text": null
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"text": "3.26% (male 360,520/female 435,389) (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Dependency ratios": {
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@ -168,26 +160,26 @@
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},
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"Median age": {
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"total": {
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"text": "19.4 years"
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"text": "19.5 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "19.2 years"
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"text": "19.3 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "19.5 years (2015 est.)"
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"text": "19.7 years (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Population growth rate": {
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"text": "2.58% (2015 est.)"
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"text": "2.54% (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Birth rate": {
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"text": "32.61 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "32.1 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Death rate": {
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"text": "6.81 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "6.7 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Net migration rate": {
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"text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
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"text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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"urban population": {
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@ -214,13 +206,19 @@
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"text": "1 male(s)/female"
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},
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"55-64 years": {
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"text": "0.94 male(s)/female"
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"text": "0.95 male(s)/female"
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},
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"65 years and over": {
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"text": "0.83 male(s)/female"
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},
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"total population": {
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"text": "1 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
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"text": "1 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
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"text": "19.5",
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"note": {
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"text": "median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2008/09 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Maternal mortality rate": {
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@ -228,34 +226,34 @@
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},
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"Infant mortality rate": {
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"total": {
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"text": "43.67 deaths/1,000 live births"
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"text": "42.4 deaths/1,000 live births"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "47.59 deaths/1,000 live births"
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"text": "46.3 deaths/1,000 live births"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "39.63 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
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"text": "38.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Life expectancy at birth": {
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"total population": {
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"text": "65.55 years"
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"text": "65.9 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "64.09 years"
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"text": "64.4 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "67.05 years (2015 est.)"
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"text": "67.4 years (2016 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Total fertility rate": {
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"text": "4.2 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
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"text": "4.12 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
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"text": "39.9% (2008/09)"
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},
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"Health expenditures": {
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"text": "4.2% of GDP (2013)"
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"text": "3% of GDP (2014)"
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},
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"Physicians density": {
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"text": "0.16 physicians/1,000 population (2007)"
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@ -280,13 +278,13 @@
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}
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
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"text": "0.29% (2014 est.)"
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"text": "0.36% (2015 est.)"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
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"text": "39,100 (2014 est.)"
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"text": "47,900 (2015 est.)"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
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"text": "3,200 (2014 est.)"
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"text": "3,200 (2015 est.)"
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},
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"Major infectious diseases": {
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"degree of risk": {
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"text": "schistosomiasis"
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},
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"animal contact disease": {
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"text": "rabies (2013)"
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"text": "rabies (2016)"
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}
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},
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"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
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"text": "4.6% (2014)"
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},
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"Education expenditures": {
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"text": "2.7% of GDP (2012)"
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"text": "2.1% of GDP (2013)"
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},
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"Literacy": {
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"definition": {
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@ -344,18 +342,18 @@
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"text": "28%"
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},
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"note": {
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"text": "data represents children ages 5-17 (2007 est.)"
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"text": "data represent children ages 5-17 (2007 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
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"total": {
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"text": "2.3%"
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"text": "2.6%"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "1.7%"
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"text": "2.2%"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "2.8% (2005 est.)"
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"text": "3% (2012 est.)"
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}
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}
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},
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@ -375,10 +373,13 @@
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},
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"former": {
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"text": "Malagasy Republic"
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},
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"note": {
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"text": "the name \"Madageiscar\" was first used by the 13th-century Venetian explorer Marco POLO, as a corrupted transliteration of Mogadishu, the Somali port with which POLO confused the island"
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}
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},
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"Government type": {
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"text": "republic"
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"text": "semi-presidential republic"
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},
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"Capital": {
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"name": {
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"text": "Independence Day, 26 June (1960)"
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},
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"Constitution": {
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"text": "previous 1992; latest passed by referendum 17 November 2010, promulgated 11 December 2010 (2015)"
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"text": "previous 1992; latest passed by referendum 17 November 2010, promulgated 11 December 2010 (2016)"
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},
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"Legal system": {
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"text": "civil law system based on the old French civil code and customary law in matters of marriage, family, and obligation"
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"International law organization participation": {
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"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
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},
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"Citizenship": {
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"citizenship by birth": {
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"text": "no"
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},
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"citizenship by descent only": {
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"text": "the father must be a citizen of Madagascar; in the case of a child born out of wedlock, the mother must be a citizen"
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},
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"dual citizenship recognized": {
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"text": "no"
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},
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"residency requirement for naturalization": {
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"text": "unknown"
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}
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},
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"Suffrage": {
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"text": "18 years of age; universal"
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},
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"text": "President Hery Martial RAJAONARIMAMPIANINA Rakotoarimana (since 25 January 2014)"
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},
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"head of government": {
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"text": "Prime Minister Jean RAVELONARIVO (since 17 January 2015)"
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"text": "Prime Minister Olivier Mahafaly SOLONANDRASANA (since 13 April 2016); Prime Minister Jean RAVELONARIVO (since 17 January 2015) resigned 8 April 2016"
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},
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"cabinet": {
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"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister"
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},
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"FAX": {
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"text": "[1] (202) 265-3034"
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},
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"consulate(s) general": {
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"text": "New York"
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}
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},
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"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
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@ -485,13 +503,13 @@
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"text": "Lot 207A, Point Liberty, Andranoro, Antehiroka, 105 Antananarivo"
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},
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"mailing address": {
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"text": "B. P. 620, Antsahavola, Antananarivo"
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"text": "B.P. 620, Antsahavola, Antananarivo"
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},
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"telephone": {
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"text": "[261] (23) 480 00/01"
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"text": "[261] (23) 480 00"
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},
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"FAX": {
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"text": "[261] (23) 480 35"
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"text": "[261] 20 23 480 35 or [261] 33 44 328 17"
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}
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},
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"Flag description": {
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@ -514,58 +532,58 @@
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},
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"Economy": {
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"Economy - overview": {
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"text": "After discarding socialist economic policies in the mid-1990s, Madagascar followed a World Bank- and IMF-led policy of privatization and liberalization until the onset of a political crisis , which lasted from 2009-2013 . The free market strategy had previously placed the country on a slow and steady growth path from an extremely low starting point. Exports of apparel boomed after gaining duty-free access to the US in 2000; however, Madagascar's failure to comply with the requirements of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) led to the termination of the country's duty-free access in January 2010, a sharp fall in textile production, and a loss of more than 100,000 jobs; Madagascar regained AGOA access in January 2015 following the democratic election of a new President the previous year. Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, is a mainstay of the economy, accounting for more than one-fourth of GDP and employing roughly 80% of the population. Deforestation and erosion, aggravated by the use of firewood as the primary source of fuel, are serious concerns. Many investors remain wary of investing for fear of a return to political instability in the country and because of weaknesses in the business environment. Expansion in mining and agricultural sectors contributed to growth in 2014. International organizations and foreign donors resumed development aid to Madagascar after RAJAONARIMAMPIANINA appointed a new government in mid-2014, however full-scale assistance will require further policy reforms, particularly on addressing rampant corruption."
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"text": "Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, is a mainstay of the economy, accounting for more than one-fourth of GDP and employing roughly 80% of the population. Deforestation and erosion, aggravated by the use of firewood as the primary source of fuel, are serious concerns. ++ ++ After discarding socialist economic policies in the mid-1990s, Madagascar followed a World Bank- and IMF-led policy of privatization and liberalization until the onset of a political crisis, which lasted from 2009 to 2013. The free market strategy had placed the country on a slow and steady growth path from an extremely low starting point. Exports of apparel boomed after gaining duty-free access to the US in 2000; however, Madagascar's failure to comply with the requirements of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) led to the termination of the country's duty-free access in January 2010, a sharp fall in textile production, and a loss of more than 100,000 jobs. ++ ++ Madagascar regained AGOA access in January 2015 following the democratic election of a new president the previous year. In November 2015, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) approved a Rapid Credit Facility to Madagascar worth about $42.1 million to help the government meet its balance of payments needs. The IMF also approved a staff monitoring program to guide policy implementation and indicated that Madagascar must demonstrate the capability to sustain reforms to qualify for future requests for a credit facility."
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},
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"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
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"text": "$34.05 billion (2014 est.) ++ $32.96 billion (2013 est.) ++ $32.23 billion (2012 est.)",
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"text": "$35.54 billion (2015 est.) ++ $34.46 billion (2014 est.) ++ $33.35 billion (2013 est.)",
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"note": {
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"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
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"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
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}
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},
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"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
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"text": "$10.67 billion (2014 est.)"
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"text": "$9.744 billion (2015 est.)"
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},
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"GDP - real growth rate": {
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"text": "3.3% (2014 est.) ++ 2.3% (2013 est.) ++ 3% (2012 est.)"
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"text": "3.1% (2015 est.) ++ 3.3% (2014 est.) ++ 2.3% (2013 est.)"
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},
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"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
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"text": "$1,400 (2014 est.) ++ $1,400 (2013 est.) ++ $1,400 (2012 est.)",
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||||
"text": "$1,500 (2015 est.) ++ $1,500 (2014 est.) ++ $1,500 (2013 est.)",
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"note": {
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||||
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
|
||||
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Gross national saving": {
|
||||
"text": "15.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 10.3% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 10.8% of GDP (2012 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "11.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 15.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 10% of GDP (2013 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
|
||||
"household consumption": {
|
||||
"text": "83.9%"
|
||||
"text": "82.5%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"government consumption": {
|
||||
"text": "13.3%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"investment in fixed capital": {
|
||||
"text": "15.9%"
|
||||
"text": "15.8%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"investment in inventories": {
|
||||
"text": "0%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"exports of goods and services": {
|
||||
"text": "29.6%"
|
||||
"text": "31.5%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"imports of goods and services": {
|
||||
"text": "-42.7% ++ (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-43.1% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
|
||||
"agriculture": {
|
||||
"text": "26.5%"
|
||||
"text": "25.8%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"industry": {
|
||||
"text": "16.6%"
|
||||
"text": "16.1%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"services": {
|
||||
"text": "56.9% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "58.1% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Agriculture - products": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -575,16 +593,16 @@
|
|||
"text": "meat processing, seafood, soap, beer, leather, sugar, textiles, glassware, cement, automobile assembly plant, paper, petroleum, tourism, mining"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Industrial production growth rate": {
|
||||
"text": "6% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "4.1% (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Labor force": {
|
||||
"text": "12.15 million (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "12.57 million (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Unemployment rate": {
|
||||
"text": "NA% ++ 3.6% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "NA% (2015 est.) ++ 3.6% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population below poverty line": {
|
||||
"text": "50% (2004 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "75.3% (2010 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
|
||||
"lowest 10%": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -599,68 +617,68 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Budget": {
|
||||
"revenues": {
|
||||
"text": "$2.354 billion"
|
||||
"text": "$1.149 billion"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"expenditures": {
|
||||
"text": "$2.728 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$1.654 billion (2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Taxes and other revenues": {
|
||||
"text": "22.1% of GDP (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "11.8% of GDP (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
|
||||
"text": "-3.5% of GDP (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-5.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Fiscal year": {
|
||||
"text": "calendar year"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
|
||||
"text": "6.1% (2014 est.) ++ 5.8% (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "7.4% (2015 est.) ++ 6.1% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Central bank discount rate": {
|
||||
"text": "5% (31 December 2010)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
|
||||
"text": "60% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 58.98% (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "60% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 60% (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of narrow money": {
|
||||
"text": "$1.506 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.588 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$1.375 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.506 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of broad money": {
|
||||
"text": "$2.399 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.494 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$2.745 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.399 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of domestic credit": {
|
||||
"text": "$1.658 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $1.638 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$1.645 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.658 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
|
||||
"text": "$NA"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Current account balance": {
|
||||
"text": "-$26 million (2014 est.) ++ -$593 million (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "-$186 million (2015 est.) ++ -$34 million (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports": {
|
||||
"text": "$2.187 billion (2014 est.) ++ $1.922 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$2.238 billion (2015 est.) ++ $2.144 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports - commodities": {
|
||||
"text": "coffee, vanilla, shellfish, sugar, cotton cloth, clothing, chromite, petroleum products"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports - partners": {
|
||||
"text": "France 17.7%, US 8.8%, Belgium 6.8%, Netherlands 6.4%, South Africa 5.7%, Japan 5.4%, South Korea 5%, China 4.8%, Germany 4.5% (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "France 15.2%, US 12.7%, China 7.1%, South Africa 5.9%, Japan 5.5%, Netherlands 5.4%, Germany 5.1%, Belgium 5%, India 4.4% (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports": {
|
||||
"text": "$2.927 billion (2014 est.) ++ $2.773 billion (2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$2.683 billion (2015 est.) ++ $2.766 billion (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports - commodities": {
|
||||
"text": "capital goods, petroleum, consumer goods, food"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports - partners": {
|
||||
"text": "China 20.6%, France 10.6%, Algeria 6.3%, India 5.4%, Bahrain 5%, Mauritius 4.6%, South Africa 4.2%, Kuwait 4% (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "China 24.8%, France 10.3%, Bahrain 5.6%, India 5.5%, Kuwait 4.5%, Mauritius 4.5%, South Africa 4.3% (2015)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
|
||||
"text": "$773.8 million (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $776.1 million (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$832 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $773.8 million (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Debt - external": {
|
||||
"text": "$3.444 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.849 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$3.332 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.853 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
|
||||
"text": "$NA"
|
||||
|
|
@ -669,10 +687,24 @@
|
|||
"text": "$NA"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exchange rates": {
|
||||
"text": "Malagasy ariary (MGA) per US dollar - ++ 2,414.8 (2014 est.) ++ 2,414.8 (2013 est.) ++ 2,195 (2012 est.) ++ 2,025.1 (2011 est.) ++ 2,090 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "Malagasy ariary (MGA) per US dollar - ++ 2,933.5 (2015 est.) ++ 2,414.8 (2014 est.) ++ 2,414.8 (2013 est.) ++ 2,195 (2012 est.) ++ 2,025.1 (2011 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Energy": {
|
||||
"Electricity access": {
|
||||
"population without electricity": {
|
||||
"text": "19,500,000"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"electrification - total population": {
|
||||
"text": "15%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"electrification - urban areas": {
|
||||
"text": "37%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"electrification - rural areas": {
|
||||
"text": "4% (2013)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Electricity - production": {
|
||||
"text": "2.025 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -746,53 +778,64 @@
|
|||
"Communications": {
|
||||
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
|
||||
"total subscriptions": {
|
||||
"text": "250,000"
|
||||
"text": "253,000"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||||
"text": "1 (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1 (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "9 million"
|
||||
"text": "11.152 million"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||||
"text": "39 (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "47 (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Telephone system": {
|
||||
"general assessment": {
|
||||
"text": "system is above average for the region; Antananarivo's main telephone exchange modernized in the late 1990s, but the rest of the analogue-based telephone system is poorly developed"
|
||||
"text": "system is above average for the region; competition among the three mobile service providers has spurred recent growth in the mobile market"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity about 40 per 100 persons"
|
||||
"text": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity about 45 per 100 persons"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"international": {
|
||||
"text": "country code - 261; landing point for the EASSy, SEACOM, and LION fiber-optic submarine cable systems; satellite earth stations - 2 (1 Intelsat - Indian Ocean, 1 Intersputnik - Atlantic Ocean region) (2010)"
|
||||
"text": "country code - 261; landing point for the EASSy, SEACOM, and LION fiber-optic submarine cable systems; satellite earth stations - 2 (1 Intelsat - Indian Ocean, 1 Intersputnik - Atlantic Ocean region) (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Broadcast media": {
|
||||
"text": "state-owned Radio Nationale Malagasy (RNM) and Television Malagasy (TVM) have an extensive national network reach; privately owned radio and TV broadcasters in cities and major towns; state-run radio dominates in rural areas; relays of 2 international broadcasters are available in Antananarivo (2007)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Radio broadcast stations": {
|
||||
"text": "AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 6 (2001)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Television broadcast stations": {
|
||||
"text": "1 (plus 36 repeaters) (2001)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Internet country code": {
|
||||
"text": ".mg"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Internet users": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "17 million"
|
||||
"text": "994,000"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"percent of population": {
|
||||
"text": "73.5% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "4.2% (July 2015 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transportation": {
|
||||
"National air transport system": {
|
||||
"number of registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "3"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "11"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "546,946"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
|
||||
"text": "30,512,607 mt-km (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
|
||||
"text": "5R (2016)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Airports": {
|
||||
"text": "83 (2013)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -827,7 +870,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "38"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"under 914 m": {
|
||||
"text": " ++ 18 (2013)"
|
||||
"text": "18 (2013)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Railways": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -869,37 +912,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military": {
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military branches": {
|
||||
"text": "People's Armed Forces: Intervention Force, Development Force, and Aeronaval Force (navy and air); National Gendarmerie"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military service age and obligation": {
|
||||
"text": "18-25 years of age for male-only voluntary military service; no conscription; service obligation is 18 months for military or equivalent civil service; 20-30 years of age for National Gendarmerie recruits and 35 years of age for those with military experience (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower available for military service": {
|
||||
"males age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "4,900,729"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"females age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "4,909,061 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower fit for military service": {
|
||||
"males age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "3,390,071"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"females age 16-49": {
|
||||
"text": "3,682,180 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
|
||||
"male": {
|
||||
"text": "248,184"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"female": {
|
||||
"text": "246,769 (2010 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
"text": "0.69% of GDP (2012) ++ 0.73% of GDP (2011) ++ 0.69% of GDP (2010)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -913,14 +932,6 @@
|
|||
"text": "21,475 (floods in 2015) (2015)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Trafficking in persons": {
|
||||
"current situation": {
|
||||
"text": "Madagascar is a source country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and women and children subjected to sex trafficking; poor Malagasy women hired as domestic workers in Lebanon, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia are vulnerable to abuse by recruitment agencies and employers; Malagasy men experience forced labor aboard Chinese-flagged fishing vessels in South Africa’s territorial waters; Malagasy children, mostly from rural areas, are subjected to domestic servitude, prostitution, forced begging, and forced labor within the country, often with the complicity of family members; child sex tourism continues to increase, especially in coastal cities, with Malagasy men being the main clients"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"tier rating": {
|
||||
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List – Madagascar does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the first seven convictions under the 2007 anti-trafficking law were secured in 2013; no government employees were investigated, despite widespread corruption and the alleged official complicity in human trafficking; authorities lacked formal procedures to identify victims among vulnerable groups and did not systematically provide or refer victims to NGOs for care; the government did not engage with the Lebanese Government regarding the protection of and legal remedies for exploited Malagasy workers but began discussions with Saudi and Kuwaiti officials (2014)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Illicit drugs": {
|
||||
"text": "illicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wild varieties) used mostly for domestic consumption; transshipment point for heroin"
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue