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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "The Italians supplanted the Ottoman Turks in the area around Tripoli in 1911 and did not relinquish their hold until 1943 when defeated in World War II. Libya then passed to UN administration and achieved independence in 1951. Following a 1969 military coup, Col. Muammar al-QADHAFI assumed leadership and began to espouse his political system at home, which was a combination of socialism and Islam. During the 1970s, QADHAFI used oil revenues to promote his ideology outside Libya, supporting subversive and terrorist activities that included the downing of two airliners - one over Scotland, another in Northern Africa - and a discotheque bombing in Berlin. UN sanctions in 1992 isolated QADHAFI politically and economically following the attacks; sanctions were lifted in 2003 following Libyan acceptance of responsibility for the bombings and agreement to claimant compensation. QADHAFI also agreed to end Libya's program to develop weapons of mass destruction, and he made significant strides in normalizing relations with Western nations. Unrest that began in several Middle Eastern and North African countries in late 2010 erupted in Libyan cities in early 2011. QADHAFI's brutal crackdown on protesters spawned a civil war that triggered UN authorization of air and naval intervention by the international community. After months of seesaw fighting between government and opposition forces, the QADHAFI regime was toppled in mid-2011 and replaced by a transitional government. Libya in 2012 formed a new parliament and elected a new prime minister. The country subsequently elected a new parliament in 2014, but remnants of the outgoing legislature refused to leave office and created a rival government."
"text": "The Italians supplanted the Ottoman Turks in the area around Tripoli in 1911 and did not relinquish their hold until 1943 when defeated in World War II. Libya then passed to UN administration and achieved independence in 1951. Following a 1969 military coup, Col. Muammar al-QADHAFI assumed leadership and began to espouse his political system at home, which was a combination of socialism and Islam. During the 1970s, QADHAFI used oil revenues to promote his ideology outside Libya, supporting subversive and terrorist activities that included the downing of two airliners - one over Scotland, another in Northern Africa - and a discotheque bombing in Berlin. UN sanctions in 1992 isolated QADHAFI politically and economically following the attacks; sanctions were lifted in 2003 following Libyan acceptance of responsibility for the bombings and agreement to claimant compensation. QADHAFI also agreed to end Libya's program to develop weapons of mass destruction, and he made significant strides in normalizing relations with Western nations. ++ Unrest that began in several Middle Eastern and North African countries in late 2010 erupted in Libyan cities in early 2011. QADHAFI's brutal crackdown on protesters spawned a civil war that triggered UN authorization of air and naval intervention by the international community. After months of seesaw fighting between government and opposition forces, the QADHAFI regime was toppled in mid-2011 and replaced by a transitional government. Libya in 2012 formed a new parliament and elected a new prime minister. The country subsequently elected the House of Representatives in 2014, but remnants of the outgoing legislature refused to leave office and created a rival, Islamist-led government, the General National Congress. In October 2015, UN envoy to Libya, Bernardino LEON, proposed a power-sharing arrangement - known as the Libyan Political Agreement, which was signed by the rival governments two months later and subsequently endorsed by the UN. The agreement called for the formation of an interim Government of National Accord or GNA and the holding of general elections within two years. "
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "about 2.5 times the size of Texas; slightly larger than Alaska",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "about 2.5 times the size of Texas; slightly larger than Alaska"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -59,12 +56,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus, depressions"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Sabkhat Ghuzayyil -47 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "423 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Bikku Bitti 2,267 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Sabkhat Ghuzayyil -47 m ++ highest point: Bikku Bitti 2,267 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -82,18 +79,7 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "4,700 sq km (2003)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "0.7 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "4.33 cu km/yr (14%/3%/83%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "796.1 cu m/yr (2000)"
}
"text": "4,700 sq km (2012)"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and fall; dust storms, sandstorms"
@ -114,6 +100,12 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "6,541,948 (July 2015 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "immigrants make up just over 12% of the total population, according to UN data (2015) (July 2016 est.)"
}
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Libyan(s)"
@ -129,32 +121,29 @@
"text": "Arabic (official), Italian, English (all widely understood in the major cities); Berber (Nafusi, Ghadamis, Suknah, Awjilah, Tamasheq)"
},
"Religions": {
"text": "Muslim (official; virtually all Sunni) 96.6%, Christian 2.7%, Buddhist 0.3%, Hindu \nnote: non-Sunni Muslims include native Ibadhi Muslims (\nreligious affiliation:\n\n \n\n"
},
"Population": {
"text": "6,411,776",
"text": "Muslim (official; virtually all Sunni) 96.6%, Christian 2.7%, Buddhist 0.3%, Hindu <0.1, Jewish <0.1, folk religion <0.1, unafilliated 0.2%, other <0.1",
"note": {
"text": "immigrants make up just over 12% of the total population, according to UN data (2013) (July 2015 est.)"
"text": "non-Sunni Muslims include native Ibadhi Muslims (<1% of the population) and foreign Muslims (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Demographic profile": {
"text": "Despite continuing unrest, Libya remains a destination country for economic migrants. It is also a hub for transit migration to Europe because of its proximity to southern Europe and its lax border controls. Labor migrants have been drawn to Libya since the development of its oil sector in the 1960s. Until the latter part of the 1990s, most migrants to Libya were Arab (primarily Egyptians and Sudanese). However, international isolation stemming from Libya’s involvement in international terrorism and a perceived lack of support from Arab countries led QADHAFI in 1998 to adopt a decade-long pan-African policy that enabled large numbers of sub-Saharan migrants to enter Libya without visas to work in the construction and agricultural industries. Although sub-Saharan Africans provided a cheap labor source, they were poorly treated and were subjected to periodic mass expulsions. By the mid-2000s, domestic animosity toward African migrants and a desire to reintegrate into the international community motivated QADHAFI to impose entry visas on Arab and African immigrants and to agree to joint maritime patrols and migrant repatriations with Italy, the main recipient of illegal migrants departing Libya. As his regime neared collapse in 2011, QADHAFI reversed his policy of cooperating with Italy to curb illegal migration and sent boats loaded with migrants and asylum seekers to strain European resources. Libya’s 2011 revolution decreased inmigration drastically and prompted nearly 800,000 migrants to flee to third countries, mainly Tunisia and Egypt, or to their countries of origin. The inflow of migrants declined in 2012 but returned to normal levels by 2013, despite continued hostility toward sub-Saharan Africans and a less-inviting job market. While Libya is not an appealing destination for migrants, since 2014, transiting migrants – primarily from East and West Africa – continue to exploit its political instability and weak border controls and use it as a primary departure area to migrate across the central Mediterranean to Europe in growing numbers. In addition, almost 350,000 people were displaced internally as of August 2016 by fighting between armed groups in eastern and western Libya and, to a lesser extent, by inter-tribal clashes in the country’s south."
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "26.52% (male 869,583/female 830,751)"
"text": "26.17% (male 875,430/female 836,272)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "17.77% (male 588,243/female 551,139)"
"text": "17.41% (male 586,713/female 552,531)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "46.62% (male 1,567,608/female 1,421,246)"
"text": "46.99% (male 1,613,168/female 1,460,987)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "4.97% (male 163,133/female 155,703)"
"text": "5.21% (male 174,023/female 167,072)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "4.12% (male 132,740/female 131,630) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "4.22% (male 137,409/female 138,343) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -173,26 +162,26 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "28 years"
"text": "28.5 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "28.2 years"
"text": "28.6 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "27.8 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "28.3 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "2.23% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.8% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "18.03 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "17.8 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "3.58 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.6 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "7.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "3.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -213,19 +202,19 @@
"text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "1.07 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "1.1 male(s)/female"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
"text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "1.08 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.07 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
@ -233,34 +222,34 @@
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "11.48 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "11.1 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "12.42 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "12 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "10.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "10.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "76.26 years"
"text": "76.5 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "74.54 years"
"text": "74.7 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "78.06 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "78.3 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "2.05 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.04 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "41.9% (2007)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "4.3% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "5% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "1.9 physicians/1,000 population (2009)"
@ -312,6 +301,17 @@
"female": {
"text": "85.6% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "48.7%"
},
"male": {
"text": "40.8%"
},
"female": {
"text": "67.8% (2012 est.)"
}
}
},
"Government": {
@ -327,10 +327,13 @@
},
"local short form": {
"text": "Libiya"
},
"note": {
"text": "name derives from the Libu, an ancient Libyan tribe first mentioned in texts from the 13th century B.C."
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "operates under a transitional government"
"text": "in transition"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -353,7 +356,7 @@
"text": "Liberation Day, 23 October (2011)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "previous 1951, 1977; latest 2011 (interim); note - the Constitution Drafting Assembly continued drafting a new constitution as of early 2015 (2015)"
"text": "previous 1951, 1977; latest 2011 (interim); note - the Constitution Drafting Assembly continued drafting a new constitution as of early 2016 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "Libya's post-revolution legal system is in flux and driven by state and non-state entities"
@ -361,21 +364,35 @@
"International law organization participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"Citizenship": {
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "at least one parent or grandparent must be a citizen of Libya"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
"text": "varies from 3 to 5 years"
}
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age, universal"
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "Speaker of the House of Representatives Aqilah Salah ISSA (since 5 August 2014)"
"text": "Chairman, Presidential Council, Fayiz al-SARAJ (since December 2015)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Abdullah al-THINI (since 11 March 2014); Deputy Prime Ministers Abd al-Salam al-BADRI (since 4 August 2014), Al-Mahdi Hasan Muftah al-LABAD (since 4 August 2014), Abd al-Rahman al-Tahir al-UHAYRISH (since 4 August 2014)"
"text": "Prime Minister Fayiz al-SARAJ (since April 2016)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "new cabinet approved by the House of Representatives in September 2014"
"text": "new cabinet awaiting approval by the House of Representatives"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "prime minister and speaker of the house elected by the House of Representatives"
"text": "NA"
},
"election results": {
"text": "NA"
@ -386,15 +403,15 @@
"text": "unicameral Council of Deputies or Majlis Al Nuwab (200 seats including 32 reserved for women; members elected by direct popular vote; member term NA)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "election last held in June 2014; note - the Libyan Supreme Court in November 2014 declared the House election unconstitutional, but the Council rejected te ruling; no country has officially recognized the rival government"
"text": "election last held in June 2014; note - the Libyan Supreme Court in November 2014 declared the House election unconstitutional, but the Council rejected the ruling; no country has officially recognized the rival government"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - independents 200; note - not all 200 seats were filled in the June election because of boycotts and lack of security at some polling stations; some elected members of the Council also boycotted the election"
"text": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - independent 200; note - not all 200 seats were filled in the June election because of boycotts and lack of security at some polling stations; some elected members of the Council also boycotted the election"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
"highest court(s)": {
"text": "NA; note - government in transition"
"text": "NA; note - government is in transition"
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
@ -425,10 +442,10 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Deborah Kay JONES (since 20 June 2013)"
"text": "Ambassador Peter William BODDE (since 21 December 2015)"
},
"note": {
"text": "on 11 September 2012, US Ambassador Christopher STEVENS and three other American diplomats were killed in an attack by heavily armed militants on a US diplomatic post in the eastern city of Benghazi; the US Government evacuated its Embassy in Tripoli in July 1014"
"text": "the embassy was closed in July 2014 due to major fighting near the embassy related to the Libyan civil war; embassy staff and operations were temporarily moved to Tunis, Tunisia"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "Sidi Slim Area/Walie Al-Ahed Road, Tripoli"
@ -448,70 +465,70 @@
},
"National anthem": {
"name": {
"text": "\"Allahu Akbar\" (God Is Greatest)"
"text": "\"Libya, Libya, Libya\""
},
"lyrics/music": {
"text": "Mahmoud el-SHERIF/Abdalla Shams el-DIN"
"text": "Al Bashir AL AREBI/Mohamad Abdel WAHAB"
},
"note": {
"text": "adopted 1969; originally a battle song for the Egyptian Army in the 1956 Suez War"
"text": "also known as \"Ya Beladi\" or \"Oh, My Country!\"; adopted 1951; readopted 2011 with some modification to the lyrics; during the QADHAFI years between 1969 and 2011, the anthem was \"Allahu Akbar,\" (God is Great) a marching song of the Egyptian Army in the 1956 Suez War"
}
}
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Libya's economy is almost entirely dependent on the nation's energy sector, which generates about 65% of GDP and 96% of government revenue. Income from the sale of crude oil and natural gas, coupled with a small population, give Libya one of the highest nominal per capita GDPs in Africa, but Libya’s leaders have hindered economic development by, for the most part, failing to use these financial resources to invest in national infrastructure. Libyan sales of oil and natural gas collapsed during the Revolution of 2011, rebounded in 2012 and 2013, but then fell sharply in late 2013 and throughout 2014 due to major protest disruptions at Libyan oil ports and around the country. The state sector is large and growing, with the majority of the Libyan workforce receiving a government salary in 2014. Sharply decreased revenues and increased payments for state salaries and for subsidies on fuel and food resulted in an estimated budget deficit about 50% of GDP in 2014, up from about 4% in 2013. Libya’s economic transition away from Qadhafi’s notionally socialist model toward a market-based economy stalled as revenues shrank, political uncertainty grew, and security deteriorated. Rival political factions in late 2014 were competing for control of the central bank and the national oil company, while funding for economic reform and infrastructure projects has stopped. "
"text": "Libya's economy, almost entirely dependent on oil and gas exports, struggled during 2015 as the country plunged into civil war and world oil prices dropped to seven-year lows. In early 2015, armed conflict between rival forces for control of the country’s largest oil terminals caused a decline in Libyan crude oil production, which never recovered to more than one-third of the average pre-Revolution highs of 1.6 million barrels per day. The Central Bank of Libya continued to pay government salaries to a majority of the Libyan workforce and to fund subsidies for fuel and food, resulting in an estimated budget deficit of about 49% of GDP. ++ ++ Libya’s economic transition away from QADHAFI’s notionally socialist model has completely stalled as political chaos persists and security continues to deteriorate. Libya’s leaders have hindered economic development by failing to use its financial resources to invest in national infrastructure. The country suffers from widespread power outages in its largest cities, caused by shortages of fuel for power generation. Living conditions, including access to clean drinking water, medical services, and safe housing, have all declined as the civil war has caused more people to become internally displaced, further straining local resources. ++ ++ Extremists affiliated with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) attacked Libyan oilfields in the first half of 2015; ISIL has a presence in many cities across Libya including near oil infrastructure, threatening future government revenues from oil and gas."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$97.94 billion (2014 est.) ++ $128.9 billion (2013 est.) ++ $149.1 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$92.8 billion (2015 est.) ++ $99.12 billion (2014 est.) ++ $130.5 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$41.15 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$39.68 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "-24% (2014 est.) ++ -13.6% (2013 est.) ++ 104.5% (2012 est.)"
"text": "-6.4% (2015 est.) ++ -24% (2014 est.) ++ -13.6% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$15,900 (2014 est.) ++ $20,900 (2013 est.) ++ $24,200 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$14,700 (2015 est.) ++ $15,800 (2014 est.) ++ $20,800 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "1.4% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 37.3% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 45% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "-17.9% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ -34% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 5.6% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "83.9%"
"text": "86.8%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "22.8%"
"text": "21.7%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "3.9%"
"text": "4%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "0.8%"
"text": "1%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "41.3%"
"text": "32.7%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-52.7% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-46.2% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "2%"
"text": "1.9%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "45.5%"
"text": "43.1%"
},
"services": {
"text": "52.5% (2014 est.)"
"text": "54.9% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -521,10 +538,10 @@
"text": "petroleum, petrochemicals, aluminum, iron and steel, food processing, textiles, handicrafts, cement"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "-32.3% (2014 est.)"
"text": "-13% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "1.438 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "1.193 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -556,85 +573,102 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$19.55 billion"
"text": "$9.058 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$35.47 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$21.02 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "47.5% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "23.7% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-38.7% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-31.2% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "6.5% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 3.5% of GDP (2013 est.)"
"text": "8% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 7.2% of GDP (2014 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "2.8% (2014 est.) ++ 2.6% (2013 est.)"
"text": "14.1% (2015 est.) ++ 2.8% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "9.52% (31 December 2010) ++ 3% (31 December 2009)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "6% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 6% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "6% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 6% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$48.02 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $49.61 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$51.23 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $48.02 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$54.66 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $53.34 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$-16.48 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $-38.46 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$767.3 million (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $-16.48 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$12.39 billion (2014 est.) ++ $8.895 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$16.7 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$12.35 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$16.46 billion (2014 est.) ++ $46.02 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$10.86 billion (2015 est.) ++ $13.81 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "crude oil, refined petroleum products, natural gas, chemicals"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Italy 17.7%, France 13.1%, Germany 11.9%, Netherlands 8.5%, Switzerland 6.1%, Spain 6%, Greece 4.8%, Austria 4.3% (2014)"
"text": "Italy 32.1%, Germany 11.3%, China 8%, France 8%, Spain 5.6%, Netherlands 5.4%, Syria 5.3% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$20.43 billion (2014 est.) ++ $34.05 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$11.24 billion (2015 est.) ++ $20.43 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "machinery, semi-finished goods, food, transport equipment, consumer products"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "Italy 15.1%, China 12.3%, Turkey 11.8%, Egypt 5.7%, South Korea 5.1%, Tunisia 4.7%, Spain 4.4% (2014)"
"text": "China 14.8%, Italy 12.9%, Turkey 11.1%, Tunisia 6.5%, France 6.1%, Spain 4.6%, Syria 4.5%, Egypt 4.4%, South Korea 4.3% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$89.25 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $115.4 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$70.99 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $89.25 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$5.244 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $6.028 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$3.985 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $5.244 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$16.04 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $16.04 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$18.83 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $18.66 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$20.91 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $20.16 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$21.59 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $20.91 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Libyan dinars (LYD) per US dollar - ++ 1.2724 (2014 est.) ++ 1.2724 (2013 est.) ++ 1.26 (2012 est.) ++ 1.224 (2011 est.) ++ 1.2668 (2010 est.)"
"text": "Libyan dinars (LYD) per US dollar - ++ 1.379 (2015 est.) ++ 1.2724 (2014 est.) ++ 1.2724 (2013 est.) ++ 1.26 (2012 est.) ++ 1.224 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"population without electricity": {
"text": "13,083"
},
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "99.8%"
},
"electrification - urban areas": {
"text": "100%"
},
"electrification - rural areas": {
"text": "99.1% (2013)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "31.94 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
"text": "31.94 billion kWh",
"note": {
"text": "persistent electricity shortages have contributed to the ongoing instability throughout the country (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Electricity - consumption": {
"text": "27.54 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
@ -709,53 +743,64 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "710,000"
"text": "632,000"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "11 (2014 est.)"
"text": "10 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "10.1 million"
"text": "9.918 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "161 (2014 est.)"
"text": "155 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "telecommunications system is state-owned and service is poor, but investment is being made to upgrade; state retains monopoly in fixed-line services; mobile-cellular telephone system became operational in 1996"
"text": "Libya's civil war has disrupted its telecommunications sector, but much of its infrastructure remains superior to that in most other African countries"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "multiple providers for a mobile telephone system that is growing rapidly; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity has soared"
"text": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular service generally adequate, but pressure to rebuild damaged infrastructure growing"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 218; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat, NA Arabsat, and NA Intersputnik; submarine cable to France and Italy; microwave radio relay to Tunisia and Egypt; tropospheric scatter to Greece; participant in Medarabtel (2010)"
"text": "country code - 218; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat, NA Arabsat, and NA Intersputnik; submarine cable to France and Italy; microwave radio relay to Tunisia and Egypt; tropospheric scatter to Greece; participant in Medarabtel (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state-funded and private TV stations; some provinces operate local TV stations; pan-Arab satellite TV stations are available; state-funded radio (2012)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 16, FM 3, shortwave 3 (2001)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "12 (plus 1 repeater) (1999)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".ly"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "1.4 million"
"text": "1.219 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "21.8% (2014 est.)"
"text": "19% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "8"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "23"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "2,566,465"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "3,833,542 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "5A (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "146 (2013)"
},
@ -796,7 +841,7 @@
"text": "37"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 20 (2013)"
"text": "20 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -842,36 +887,12 @@
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "note - in transition; government attempting to staff a new national army with anti-QADHAFI militia fighters and former members of QADHAFI's military (2011)"
"text": "note - in transition; government has affiliated Army, Air Force, and Navy forces (2015)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for mandatory or voluntary service (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,775,078"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,714,194 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "1,511,144"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "1,458,934 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "59,547"
},
"female": {
"text": "57,070 (2010 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
@ -880,18 +901,18 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "18,653 (Syria); 5,391 (West Bank and Gaza Strip) (2014)"
"text": "5,380 (West Bank and Gaza Strip) (2015)"
},
"IDPs": {
"text": "more than 434,000 (conflict between pro-Qadhafi and anti-Qadhafi forces in 2011; post-Qadhafi tribal clashes 2014) (2015)"
"text": "348,372 (conflict between pro-Qadhafi and anti-Qadhafi forces in 2011; post-Qadhafi tribal clashes 2014) (2016)"
}
},
"Trafficking in persons": {
"current situation": {
"text": "Libya is a destination and transit country for men and women from sub-Saharan Africa and Asia subjected to forced labor and forced prostitution; migrants who seek employment in Libya as laborers and domestic workers or transit Libya en route to Europe may be subject to forced labor; private employers also recruit migrants from detention centers as forced laborers on farms and construction sites; some sub-Saharan women are reportedly forced to work in Libyan brothels, particularly in the country’s south; militia groups and other informal military units allegedly conscript children under the age of 18"
"text": "Libya is a destination and transit country for men and women from sub-Saharan Africa and Asia subjected to forced labor and forced prostitution; migrants who seek employment in Libya as laborers and domestic workers or who transit Libya en route to Europe are vulnerable to forced labor; private employers also exploit migrants from detention centers as forced laborers on farms and construction sites, returning them to detention when they are no longer needed; some sub-Saharan women are reportedly forced to work in Libyan brothels, particularly in the country’s south; since 2013, militia groups and other informal armed groups, including some affiliated with the government, are reported to conscript Libyan children under the age of 18; large-scale violence driven by militias, civil unrest, and increased lawlessness increased in 2014, making it more difficult to obtain information on human trafficking"
},
"tier rating": {
"text": "Tier 3 - the Libyan Government does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; the government failed to demonstrate significant efforts to investigate and prosecute trafficking offenders in 2013 or to identify and protect trafficking victims; authorities continued to treat trafficking victims as illegal migrants, punishing them for unlawful acts that were committed as a result of being trafficked; no public anti-trafficking awareness or education campaigns were conducted (2014)Tier 3 - the Libyan Government does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; the government failed to demonstrate significant efforts to investigate and prosecute trafficking offenders in 2013 or to identify and protect trafficking victims; authorities continued to treat trafficking victims as illegal migrants, punishing them for unlawful acts that were committed as a result of being trafficked; no public anti-trafficking awareness or education campaigns were conducted (2014)"
"text": "Tier 3 - the Libyan Government does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; in 2014, the government’s capacity to address human trafficking was hampered by the ongoing power struggle and violence; the judicial system was not functioning, preventing any efforts to investigate, prosecute, or convict traffickers, complicit detention camp guards or government officials, or militias or armed groups that used child soldiers; the government failed to identify or provide protection to trafficking victims, including child conscripts, and continued to punish victims for unlawful acts committed as a direct result of being trafficked; no public anti-trafficking awareness campaigns were conducted (2015)"
}
}
}