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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "After more than a century of rule by France, Algerians fought through much of the 1950s to achieve independence in 1962. Algeria's primary political party, the National Liberation Front (FLN), was established in 1954 as part of the struggle for independence and has largely dominated politics since. The Government of Algeria in 1988 instituted a multi-party system in response to public unrest, but the surprising first round success of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in the December 1991 balloting led the Algerian army to intervene and postpone the second round of elections to prevent what the secular elite feared would be an extremist-led government from assuming power. The army began a crackdown on the FIS that spurred FIS supporters to begin attacking government targets. Fighting escalated into an insurgency, which saw intense violence from 1992-98, resulting in over 100,000 deaths - many attributed to indiscriminate massacres of villagers by extremists. The government gained the upper hand by the late-1990s, and FIS's armed wing, the Islamic Salvation Army, disbanded in January 2000. ++ Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA, with the backing of the military, won the presidency in 1999 in an election widely viewed as fraudulent. He was reelected to a second term in 2004 and overwhelmingly won a third term in 2009, after the government amended the constitution in 2008 to remove presidential term limits. Longstanding problems continue to face BOUTEFLIKA, including large-scale unemployment, a shortage of housing, unreliable electrical and water supplies, government inefficiencies and corruption, and the continuing activities of extremist militants. ++ The Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC) in 2006 merged with al-Qa'ida to form al-Qa'ida in the Lands of the Islamic Maghreb, which has launched an ongoing series of kidnappings and bombings targeting the Algerian Government and Western interests. The government in 2011 introduced some political reforms in response to the Arab Spring, including lifting the 19-year-old state of emergency restrictions and increasing women's quotas for elected assemblies. Parliamentary elections in May 2012 and municipal and provincial elections in November 2012 saw continued dominance by the FLN, with Islamist opposition parties performing poorly. Political protest activity in the country remained low in 2013, but small, sometimes violent socioeconomic demonstrations by disparate groups continued to be a common occurrence. Parliament in 2014 is expected to revise the constitution."
"text": "After more than a century of rule by France, Algerians fought through much of the 1950s to achieve independence in 1962. Algeria's primary political party, the National Liberation Front (FLN), was established in 1954 as part of the struggle for independence and has since largely dominated politics. The Government of Algeria in 1988 instituted a multi-party system in response to public unrest, but the surprising first round success of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in the December 1991 balloting led the Algerian army to intervene and postpone the second round of elections to prevent what the secular elite feared would be an extremist-led government from assuming power. The army began a crackdown on the FIS that spurred FIS supporters to begin attacking government targets. Fighting escalated into an insurgency, which saw intense violence from 1992-98, resulting in over 100,000 deaths - many attributed to indiscriminate massacres of villagers by extremists. The government gained the upper hand by the late-1990s, and FIS's armed wing, the Islamic Salvation Army, disbanded in January 2000. ++ Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA, with the backing of the military, won the presidency in 1999 in an election widely viewed as fraudulent and won subsequent elections in 2004, 2009, and 2014. The government in 2011 introduced some political reforms in response to the Arab Spring, including lifting the 19-year-old state of emergency restrictions and increasing women's quotas for elected assemblies, while also increasing subsidies to the populace. Algeria’s reliance on hydrocarbon revenues to finance the government and large subsidies for the population is under stress because of declining oil prices."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -26,10 +26,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Texas",
"Area comparison map": {
"text": null
}
"text": "slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Texas"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -56,12 +53,12 @@
"Terrain": {
"text": "mostly high plateau and desert; some mountains; narrow, discontinuous coastal plain"
},
"Elevation extremes": {
"lowest point": {
"text": "Chott Melrhir -40 m"
"Elevation": {
"mean elevation": {
"text": "800 m"
},
"highest point": {
"text": "Tahat 3,003 m"
"elevation extremes": {
"text": "lowest point: Chott Melrhir -40 m ++ highest point: Tahat 3,003 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -79,18 +76,7 @@
}
},
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "5,694 sq km (2003)"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "11.67 cu km (2011)"
},
"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)": {
"total": {
"text": "5.72 cu km/yr (26%/16%/58%)"
},
"per capita": {
"text": "182 cu m/yr (2005)"
}
"text": "5,700 sq km (2012)"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; mudslides and floods in rainy season"
@ -111,6 +97,9 @@
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "40,263,711 (July 2016 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {
"text": "Algerian(s)"
@ -126,32 +115,29 @@
}
},
"Languages": {
"text": "Arabic (official), French (lingua franca), Berber dialects: Kabylie Berber (Tamazight), Chaouia Berber (Tachawit), Mzab Berber, Tuareg Berber (Tamahaq)"
"text": "Arabic (official), French (lingua franca), Berber or Tamazight (official); dialects include Kabyle Berber (Taqbaylit), Shawiya Berber (Tacawit), Mzab Berber, Tuareg Berber (Tamahaq)"
},
"Religions": {
"text": "Muslim (official; predominantly Sunni) 99%, other (includes Christian and Jewish) \nreligious affiliation:\n\n \n\n"
"text": "Muslim (official; predominantly Sunni) 99%, other (includes Christian and Jewish) <1% (2012 est.)"
},
"Population": {
"text": "39,542,166 (July 2015 est.)"
"Demographic profile": {
"text": "For the first two-thirds of the 20th century, Algeria’s high fertility rate caused its population to grow rapidly. However, about a decade after independence from France in 1962 the total fertility rate fell dramatically from 7 children per woman in the 1970s to about 2.4 in 2000, slowing Algeria’s population growth rate by the late 1980s. The lower fertility rate was mainly the result of women’s rising age at first marriage (virtually all Algerian children being born in wedlock) and to a lesser extent the wider use of contraceptives. Later marriages and a preference for smaller families are attributed to increases in women’s education and participation in the labor market; higher unemployment; and a shortage of housing forcing multiple generations to live together. The average woman’s age at first marriage increased from about 19 in the mid-1950s to 24 in the mid-1970s to 30.5 in the late 1990s. Thousands of Algerian peasants – mainly Berber men from the Kabylia region – faced with land dispossession and economic hardship under French rule migrated temporarily to France to work in manufacturing and mining during the first half of the 20th century. This movement accelerated during World War I, when Algerians filled in for French factory workers or served as soldiers. In the years following independence, low-skilled Algerian workers and Algerians who had supported the French (harkis) emigrated en masse to France. Tighter French immigration rules and Algiers’ decision to cease managing labor migration to France in the 1970s limited legal emigration largely to family reunification. Not until Algeria’s civil war in the 1990s did the country again experience substantial outmigration. Many Algerians legally entered Tunisia without visas claiming to be tourists and then stayed as workers. Other Algerians headed to Europe seeking asylum, although France imposed restrictions. Sub-Saharan African migrants came to Algeria after its civil war to work in agriculture and mining. In the 2000s, a wave of educated Algerians went abroad seeking skilled jobs in a wider range of destinations, increasing their presence in North America and Spain. At the same time, legal foreign workers principally from China and Egypt came to work in Algeria’s construction and oil sectors. Illegal migrants from sub-Saharan Africa, particularly Malians, Nigeriens, and Gambians, continue to come to Algeria in search of work or to use it as a stepping stone to Libya and Europe. Since 1975, Algeria also has been the main recipient of Sahrawi refugees from the ongoing conflict in Western Sahara. An estimated 90,000 Sahrawis live in five refugee camps in southwestern Algeria near Tindouf."
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
"text": "28.75% (male 5,820,027/female 5,547,573)"
"text": "29.06% (male 5,991,164/female 5,709,616)"
},
"15-24 years": {
"text": "16.64% (male 3,368,415/female 3,213,185)"
"text": "15.95% (male 3,287,448/female 3,136,624)"
},
"25-54 years": {
"text": "42.84% (male 8,569,397/female 8,369,078)"
"text": "42.88% (male 8,737,944/female 8,526,137)"
},
"55-64 years": {
"text": "6.42% (male 1,289,595/female 1,248,385)"
"text": "6.61% (male 1,349,291/female 1,312,339)"
},
"65 years and over": {
"text": "5.35% (male 977,744/female 1,138,767) (2015 est.)"
},
"population pyramid": {
"text": null
"text": "5.5% (male 1,027,126/female 1,186,022) (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Dependency ratios": {
@ -170,26 +156,26 @@
},
"Median age": {
"total": {
"text": "27.5 years"
"text": "27.8 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "27.2 years"
"text": "27.5 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "27.8 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "28.1 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "1.84% (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.77% (2016 est.)"
},
"Birth rate": {
"text": "23.67 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "23 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Death rate": {
"text": "4.31 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "4.3 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Net migration rate": {
"text": "-0.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)"
"text": "-0.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -222,7 +208,7 @@
"text": "0.86 male(s)/female"
},
"total population": {
"text": "1.03 male(s)/female (2015 est.)"
"text": "1.03 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Maternal mortality rate": {
@ -230,41 +216,38 @@
},
"Infant mortality rate": {
"total": {
"text": "20.98 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "20.3 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"male": {
"text": "22.7 deaths/1,000 live births"
"text": "21.9 deaths/1,000 live births"
},
"female": {
"text": "19.18 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)"
"text": "18.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Life expectancy at birth": {
"total population": {
"text": "76.59 years"
"text": "76.8 years"
},
"male": {
"text": "75.29 years"
"text": "75.5 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "77.96 years (2015 est.)"
"text": "78.2 years (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total fertility rate": {
"text": "2.78 children born/woman (2015 est.)"
"text": "2.74 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "61.4% (2006)"
},
"Health expenditures": {
"text": "6.6% of GDP (2013)"
"text": "7.2% of GDP (2014)"
},
"Physicians density": {
"text": "1.21 physicians/1,000 population (2007)"
},
"Hospital bed density": {
"text": "1.7 beds/1,000 population (2004)"
},
"Drinking water source": {
"improved": {
"text": " ++ urban: 84.3% of population ++ rural: 81.8% of population ++ total: 83.6% of population"
@ -282,19 +265,19 @@
}
},
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "0.04% (2014 est.)"
"text": "0.04% (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
"text": "10,500 (2014 est.)"
"text": "8,800 (2015 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
"text": "200 (2014 est.)"
"text": "100 (2015 est.)"
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "23.6% (2014)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "3.7% (2005)"
"text": "3% (2013)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.3% of GDP (2008)"
@ -321,7 +304,7 @@
"text": "14 years"
},
"female": {
"text": "14 years (2011)"
"text": "15 years (2011)"
}
},
"Child labor - children ages 5-14": {
@ -334,13 +317,13 @@
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
"total": {
"text": "22.4%"
"text": "25.3%"
},
"male": {
"text": "19.1%"
"text": "22.1%"
},
"female": {
"text": "38.2% (2011 est.)"
"text": "41.4% (2014 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -358,12 +341,12 @@
"local short form": {
"text": "Al Jaza'ir"
},
"note": {
"text": "the country name derives from the city of Algiers"
"etymology": {
"text": "the country name derives from the capital city of Algiers"
}
},
"Government type": {
"text": "republic"
"text": "presidential republic"
},
"Capital": {
"name": {
@ -386,7 +369,7 @@
"text": "Revolution Day, 1 November (1954)"
},
"Constitution": {
"text": "adopted 8 September 1963; amended several times, last in 2008 to remove presidential term limits; note - President BOUTEFLIKA in mid-2014 introduced constitutional reforms (2015)"
"text": "several previous; latest approved by referendum 23 February 1989; amended several times, last in 2016 (2016)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "mixed legal system of French civil law and Islamic law; judicial review of legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various public officials including several Supreme Court justices"
@ -395,8 +378,11 @@
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"Citizenship": {
"birthright citizenship": {
"text": "no, unless the mother is an Algerian citizen"
"citizenship by birth": {
"text": "no"
},
"citizenship by descent only": {
"text": "the mother must be a citizen of Algeria"
},
"dual citizenship recognized": {
"text": "no"
@ -419,7 +405,7 @@
"text": "Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in two rounds if needed for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 17 April 2014 (next to be held in April 2019); prime minister appointed by the president"
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in two rounds if needed for a 5-year term (2-term limit reinstated by constitutional amendment in February 2016); election last held on 17 April 2014 (next to be held in April 2019); prime minister nominated by the president from the majority party in Parliament"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA reelected president for a fourth term; percent of vote - Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (FLN) 81.5%, Ali BENFLIS (FLN) 12.2%, Abdelaziz BELAID (Future Front) 3.4%, other 2.9%"
@ -427,13 +413,13 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of the Council of the Nation (144 seats; one-third of members appointed by the president, two-thirds indirectly elected by simple majority vote by an electoral college composed of local council members; members serve 6-year terms with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years) and the National People's Assembly (489 seats including 8 seats for Algerians living abroad); members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms)"
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of the Council of the Nation (upper house with 144 seats; one-third of members appointed by the president, two-thirds indirectly elected by simple majority vote by an electoral college composed of local council members; members serve 6-year terms with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years) and the National People's Assembly (lower house with 462 seats including 8 seats for Algerians living abroad); members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "Council of the Nation - last held on 29 December 2012 (next to be held in December 2017); National People's Assembly - last held on 10 May 2012 (next to be held in 2017)"
"text": "Council of the Nation - last held on 29 December 2012 (next to be held in December 2017); National People's Assembly - last held on 10 May 2012 (next to be held on 17 May 2017)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Council of the Nation - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; National People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - FLN 221, RND 70, AAV 47, FFS 21, PT 17, FNA 9, El Adala 7, MPA 6, PFJ 5, FC 4, PNSD 4, other 32, independent 19; seats by party as of 5 October 2015 - FLN 220, RND 68, AAV 50, FFS 28, PT 24, FNA 10, FJD 8, MPA 7, FC 5, PFJ 5, ANR 4, PNSD 4, AHD 54 3, PED 3, FNJS 3, UFDS 3, other minor parties 16, independent 19, representing Algerian diaspora 8, vacant 1"
"text": "Council of the Nation - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; National People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - FLN 221, RND 70, AAV 47, FFS 21, PT 17, FNA 9, El Adala 7, MPA 6, PFJ 5, FC 4, PNSD 4, other 32, independent 19"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -441,14 +427,14 @@
"text": "Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of 150 judges organized into 4 divisions: civil and commercial; social security and labor; criminal; and administrative; Constitutional Council (consists of 9 members including the court president); note - Algeria's judicial system does not include sharia courts"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the High Council of Magistracy, an administrative body presided over by the president of the republic, and includes the republic vice-president and several members; judge tenure NA; Constitutional Council members - 3 appointed by the president of the republic, 2 each by the 2 houses of the Parliament, 1 by the Supreme Court, and 1 by the Council of State; Council president and members appointed for single 6-year terms with half the membership renewed every 3 years"
"text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the High Council of Magistracy, an administrative body presided over by the president of the republic, and includes the republic vice-president and several members; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Council members - 3 appointed by the president of the republic, 2 each by the 2 houses of Parliament, 1 by the Supreme Court, and 1 by the Council of State; Council president and members appointed for single 6-year terms with half the membership renewed every 3 years"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "appellate or wilaya courts; first instance or daira tribunals"
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Algerian National Front or FNA [Moussa TOUATI] ++ Algerian Popular Movement or MPA [Amara BENYOUNES] ++ Algerian Rally or RA [Ali ZAGHDOUD] ++ Algeria's Hope Rally or TAJ [Amar GHOUL] ++ Dignity or El Karama [Mohamed BENHAMOU] ++ Ennour El Djazairi Party (Algerian Radiance Party) or PED [Badreddine BELBAZ] ++ Front for Change or FC [Abdelmadjid MENASRA] ++ Front for Justice and Development or El Adala [Abdallah DJABALLAH] ++ Future Front or El Mostakbel [Abdelaziz BELAID] ++ Green Algeria Alliance or AAV (includes Islah, Ennahda Movement, and MSP) ++ Islamic Renaissance Movement or Ennahda Movement [Mohamed DHOUIBI] ++ Movement of the Society of Peace or MSP [Abderrazak MOKRI] ++ National Democratic Rally (Rassemblement National Democratique) or RND [Bensalah ABDELKADER] ++ National Front for Social Justice or FNJS [Khaled BOUNEDJEMA] ++ National Liberation Front or FLN [Amar SAIDANI] ++ National Party for Solidarity and Development or PNSD ++ National Reform Movement or Islah [Djahid YOUNSI] ++ National Republican Alliance ++ New Dawn Party or PFJ ++ New Generation or Jil Jadid [Soufiane DJILALI] ++ Oath of 1954 or Ahd 54 [Ali Fawzi REBAINE] ++ Party of Justice and Liberty [Mohammed SAID] ++ Rally for Culture and Democracy or RCD [Mohcine BELABBAS] ++ Socialist Forces Front or FFS [Mustafa BOUCHACHI] ++ Union of Democratic and Social Forces or UFDS [Noureddine BAHBOUH] ++ Youth Party or PJ [Hamana BOUCHARMA] ++ Workers Party or PT [Louisa HANOUNE]",
"text": "Algerian National Front or FNA [Moussa TOUATI] ++ Algerian Popular Movement or MPA [Amara BENYOUNES] ++ Algerian Rally or RA [Ali ZAGHDOUD] ++ Algeria's Hope Rally or TAJ [Amar GHOUL] ++ Dignity or El Karama [Mohamed BENHAMOU] ++ Ennour El Djazairi Party (Algerian Radiance Party) or PED [Badreddine BELBAZ] ++ Front for Change or FC [Abdelmadjid MENASRA] ++ Front for Justice and Development or El Adala [Abdallah DJABALLAH] ++ Future Front or El Mostakbel [Abdelaziz BELAID] ++ Green Algeria Alliance or AAV (includes Islah, Ennahda Movement, and MSP) ++ Islamic Renaissance Movement or Ennahda Movement [Fatah RABEI] ++ Movement of Society for Peace or MSP [Abderrazak MOKRI] ++ National Democratic Rally (Rassemblement National Democratique) or RND [Ahmed OUYAHIA] ++ National Front for Social Justice or FNJS [Khaled BOUNEDJEMA] ++ National Liberation Front or FLN [Amar SAIDANI] ++ National Party for Solidarity and Development or PNSD ++ National Reform Movement or Islah [Djahid YOUNSI] ++ National Republican Alliance ++ New Dawn Party or PFJ ++ New Generation or Jil Jadid [Soufiane DJILALI] ++ Oath of 1954 or Ahd 54 [Ali Fawzi REBAINE] ++ Party of Justice and Liberty [Mohammed SAID] ++ Rally for Culture and Democracy or RCD [Mohcine BELABBAS] ++ Socialist Forces Front or FFS [Mustafa BOUCHACHI] ++ Union of Democratic and Social Forces or UFDS [Noureddine BAHBOUH] ++ Youth Party or PJ [Hamana BOUCHARMA] ++ Workers Party or PT [Louisa HANOUNE]",
"note": {
"text": "a law banning political parties based on religion was enacted in March 1997"
}
@ -513,58 +499,58 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economy - overview": {
"text": "Algeria's economy remains dominated by the state, a legacy of the country's socialist postindependence development model. In recent years the Algerian Government has halted the privatization of state-owned industries and imposed restrictions on imports and foreign involvement in its economy. Hydrocarbons have long been the backbone of the economy, accounting for roughly 60% of budget revenues, 30% of GDP, and over 95% of export earnings. Algeria has the 10th-largest reserves of natural gas in the world and is the sixth-largest gas exporter. It ranks 16th in oil reserves. Strong revenues from hydrocarbon exports have brought Algeria relative macroeconomic stability, with foreign currency reserves approaching $200 billion and a large budget stabilization fund available for tapping. In addition, Algeria's external debt is extremely low at about 2% of GDP. However, Algeria has struggled to develop non-hydrocarbon industries because of heavy regulation and an emphasis on state-driven growth. The government's efforts have done little to reduce high youth unemployment rates or to address housing shortages. A wave of economic protests in February and March 2011 prompted the Algerian Government to offer more than $23 billion in public grants and retroactive salary and benefit increases, moves which continue to weigh on public finances. Long-term economic challenges include diversifying the economy away from its reliance on hydrocarbon exports, bolstering the private sector, attracting foreign investment, and providing adequate jobs for younger Algerians."
"text": "Algeria's economy remains dominated by the state, a legacy of the country's socialist postindependence development model. In recent years the Algerian Government has halted the privatization of state-owned industries and imposed restrictions on imports and foreign involvement in its economy. ++ ++ Hydrocarbons have long been the backbone of the economy, accounting for roughly 60% of budget revenues, 30% of GDP, and over 95% of export earnings. Algeria has the 10th-largest reserves of natural gas in the world and is the sixth-largest gas exporter. It ranks 16th in oil reserves. Hydrocarbon exports have enabled Algeria to maintain macroeconomic stability and amass large foreign currency reserves and a large budget stabilization fund available for tapping. In addition, Algeria's external debt is extremely low at about 2% of GDP. However, Algeria has struggled to develop non-hydrocarbon industries because of heavy regulation and an emphasis on state-driven growth. ++ ++ The government's efforts have done little to reduce high youth unemployment rates or to address housing shortages. A wave of economic protests in February and March 2011 prompted the Algerian Government to offer more than $23 billion in public grants and retroactive salary and benefit increases, moves which continue to weigh on public finances. Since late 2014, declining oil prices forced the government to spend down its reserves at a high rate in order to sustain social spending on salaries and subsidies, particularly since the government has been unable to boost exports of hydrocarbons or significantly grow its nonoil sector. In 2015, the Algerian Government imposed further restrictions on imports in an effort to reduce withdrawals from its foreign exchange reserves. The Government also increased the value-added tax on electricity and fuel, but said it would address subsidies at a later date. ++ ++ Long-term economic challenges include diversifying the economy away from its reliance on hydrocarbon exports, bolstering the private sector, attracting foreign investment, and providing adequate jobs for younger Algerians."
},
"GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"text": "$548.6 billion (2014 est.) ++ $528.5 billion (2013 est.) ++ $514.1 billion (2012 est.)",
"text": "$580.7 billion (2015 est.) ++ $558.9 billion (2014 est.) ++ $538.5 billion (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$213.5 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$166.8 billion (2015 est.)"
},
"GDP - real growth rate": {
"text": "3.8% (2014 est.) ++ 2.8% (2013 est.) ++ 2.6% (2012 est.)"
"text": "3.9% (2015 est.) ++ 3.8% (2014 est.) ++ 2.8% (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
"text": "$13,900 (2014 est.) ++ $13,400 (2013 est.) ++ $13,000 (2012 est.)",
"text": "$14,500 (2015 est.) ++ $14,300 (2014 est.) ++ $14,100 (2013 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data are in 2014 US dollars"
"text": "data are in 2015 US dollars"
}
},
"Gross national saving": {
"text": "43.3% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 45.1% of GDP (2013 est.) ++ 46.6% of GDP (2012 est.)"
"text": "34.9% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 43.4% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 45.1% of GDP (2013 est.)"
},
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
"household consumption": {
"text": "36.4%"
"text": "40.6%"
},
"government consumption": {
"text": "19.4%"
"text": "21.1%"
},
"investment in fixed capital": {
"text": "36.7%"
"text": "41.1%"
},
"investment in inventories": {
"text": "8.9%"
"text": "7.2%"
},
"exports of goods and services": {
"text": "30.5%"
"text": "26.9%"
},
"imports of goods and services": {
"text": "-32% ++ (2014 est.)"
"text": "-36.9% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "10%"
"text": "13.1%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "47.1%"
"text": "39%"
},
"services": {
"text": "42.9% (2014 est.)"
"text": "47.9% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Agriculture - products": {
@ -574,33 +560,24 @@
"text": "petroleum, natural gas, light industries, mining, electrical, petrochemical, food processing"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "3.1% (2014 est.)"
"text": "2.1% (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "11.45 million (2014 est.)"
"text": "11.93 million (2015 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
"text": "14%"
"text": "30.9%"
},
"industry": {
"text": "13.4%"
"text": "30.9%"
},
"construction and public works": {
"text": "10%"
},
"trade": {
"text": "14.6%"
},
"government": {
"text": "32%"
},
"other": {
"text": "16% (2003 est.)"
"services": {
"text": "58.4% (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"text": "10.6% (2014 est.) ++ 9.8% (2013 est.)"
"text": "11.2% (2015 est.) ++ 10.6% (2014 est.)"
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "23% (2006 est.)"
@ -618,86 +595,100 @@
},
"Budget": {
"revenues": {
"text": "$70.97 billion"
"text": "$49.36 billion"
},
"expenditures": {
"text": "$86.63 billion (2014 est.)"
"text": "$76.93 billion (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "33.2% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "28.6% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
"text": "-7.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
"text": "-16% of GDP (2015 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"text": "7.2% of GDP (2014 est.) ++ 7% of GDP (2013 est.)",
"text": "9.9% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 7.2% of GDP (2014 est.)",
"note": {
"text": "data cover central government debt as well as debt issued by subnational entities and intra-governmental debt"
"text": "data cover central government debt, as well as debt issued by subnational entities and intra-governmental debt"
}
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"text": "2.9% (2014 est.) ++ 3.3% (2013 est.)"
"text": "4.8% (2015 est.) ++ 2.9% (2014 est.)"
},
"Central bank discount rate": {
"text": "4% (31 December 2010) ++ 4% (31 December 2009)"
},
"Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
"text": "8% (31 December 2014 est.) ++ 8% (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "8% (31 December 2015 est.) ++ 8% (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of narrow money": {
"text": "$109 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $105.6 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$86.43 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $109 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of broad money": {
"text": "$164.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $152.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of domestic credit": {
"text": "$35.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $6.398 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$61.78 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $35.28 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Market value of publicly traded shares": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"Current account balance": {
"text": "-$9.635 billion (2014 est.) ++ $835 million (2013 est.)"
"text": "-$27.45 billion (2015 est.) ++ -$9.436 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports": {
"text": "$60 billion (2014 est.) ++ $64.71 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$36 billion (2015 est.) ++ $60 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Exports - commodities": {
"text": "petroleum, natural gas, and petroleum products 97% (2009 est.)"
},
"Exports - partners": {
"text": "Egypt 17%, Iran 13.3%, US 10.8%, NZ 7.8%, Republic of the Congo 7.5%, UAE 7.1%, Benin 4.9%, Thailand 4.1% (2014)"
"text": "Spain 18.8%, France 11.2%, US 8.8%, Italy 8.7%, UK 7.1%, Brazil 5.2%, Tunisia 4.9%, Germany 4.5% (2015)"
},
"Imports": {
"text": "$59.67 billion (2014 est.) ++ $54.99 billion (2013 est.)"
"text": "$50.7 billion (2015 est.) ++ $59.67 billion (2014 est.)"
},
"Imports - commodities": {
"text": "capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods"
},
"Imports - partners": {
"text": "China 14.1%, France 10.8%, Italy 8.6%, Spain 8.6%, Germany 6.5%, US 4.9% (2014)"
"text": "China 15.6%, France 14.4%, Italy 9.4%, Spain 7.4%, Germany 5.6%, Russia 4.1% (2015)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"text": "$179.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $195 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$144.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $179.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$4.839 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $5.231 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$5.143 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $5.453 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$28.98 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $27.49 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$25.89 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $26.48 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
"text": "$2.589 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.484 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$1.95 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $1.847 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates": {
"text": "Algerian dinars (DZD) per US dollar - ++ 80.58 (2014 est.) ++ 80.58 (2013 est.) ++ 77.54 (2012 est.) ++ 72.94 (2011 est.) ++ 74.39 (2010 est.)"
"text": "Algerian dinars (DZD) per US dollar - ++ 100.691 (2015 est.) ++ 80.579 (2014 est.) ++ 80.579 (2013 est.) ++ 77.54 (2012 est.) ++ 72.938 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Energy": {
"Electricity access": {
"population without electricity": {
"text": "400,000"
},
"electrification - total population": {
"text": "99%"
},
"electrification - urban areas": {
"text": "100%"
},
"electrification - rural areas": {
"text": "97% (2016)"
}
},
"Electricity - production": {
"text": "53.99 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
@ -771,18 +762,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "3.1 million"
"text": "3,267,592"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "8 (2014 est.)"
"text": "8 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total": {
"text": "37.3 million"
"text": "45.928 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "96 (2014 est.)"
"text": "116 (July 2015 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system": {
@ -790,36 +781,47 @@
"text": "privatization of Algeria's telecommunications sector began in 2000; three mobile cellular licenses have been issued and, in 2005, a consortium led by Egypt's Orascom Telecom won a 15-year license to build and operate a fixed-line network in Algeria; the license will allow Orascom to develop high-speed data and other specialized services and contribute to meeting the large unfulfilled demand for basic residential telephony; Internet broadband services began in 2003"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "a limited network of fixed lines with a teledensity of less than 10 telephones per 100 persons has been offset by the rapid increase in mobile-cellular subscribership; in 2011, mobile-cellular teledensity was roughly 100 telephones per 100 persons"
"text": "a limited network of fixed lines with a teledensity of less than 10 telephones per 100 persons has been offset by the rapid increase in mobile-cellular subscribership; in 2015, mobile-cellular teledensity was roughly 116 telephones per 100 persons"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 213; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-4 fiber-optic submarine cable system that provides links to Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; microwave radio relay to Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia; coaxial cable to Morocco and Tunisia; participant in Medarabtel; satellite earth stations - 51 (Intelsat, Intersputnik, and Arabsat) (2011)"
"text": "country code - 213; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-4 fiber-optic submarine cable system that provides links to Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; microwave radio relay to Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia; coaxial cable to Morocco and Tunisia; participant in Medarabtel; satellite earth stations - 51 (Intelsat, Intersputnik, and Arabsat) (2015)"
}
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state-run Radio-Television Algerienne operates the broadcast media and carries programming in Arabic, Berber dialects, and French; use of satellite dishes is widespread, providing easy access to European and Arab satellite stations; state-run radio operates several national networks and roughly 40 regional radio stations (2007)"
},
"Radio broadcast stations": {
"text": "AM 25, FM 1, shortwave 8 (1999)"
},
"Television broadcast stations": {
"text": "46 (plus 216 repeaters) (1995)"
},
"Internet country code": {
"text": ".dz"
},
"Internet users": {
"total": {
"text": "6.5 million"
"text": "15.105 million"
},
"percent of population": {
"text": "16.7% (2014 est.)"
"text": "38.2% (July 2015 est.)"
}
}
},
"Transportation": {
"National air transport system": {
"number of registered air carriers": {
"text": "4"
},
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
"text": "74"
},
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "5,910,835"
},
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
"text": "24,723,377 mt-km (2015)"
}
},
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
"text": "7T (2016)"
},
"Airports": {
"text": "157 (2013)"
"text": "157 (2016)"
},
"Airports - with paved runways": {
"total": {
@ -855,7 +857,7 @@
"text": "39"
},
"under 914 m": {
"text": " ++ 34 (2013)"
"text": "34 (2013)"
}
},
"Heliports": {
@ -902,41 +904,17 @@
"text": "Algiers, Annaba, Arzew, Bejaia, Djendjene, Jijel, Mostaganem, Oran, Skikda"
},
"LNG terminal(s) (export)": {
"text": "Arzew, Bethioua, Skikida"
"text": "Arzew, Bethioua, Skikda"
}
}
},
"Military": {
"Military and Security": {
"Military branches": {
"text": "People's National Army (Armee Nationale Populaire, ANP), Land Forces (Forces Terrestres, FT), Navy of the Republic of Algeria (Marine de la Republique Algerienne, MRA), Air Force (Al-Quwwat al-Jawwiya al-Jaza'eriya, QJJ), Territorial Air Defense Force (2009)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "17 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; 19-30 years of age for compulsory service; conscript service obligation is 18 months (6 months basic training, 12 months civil projects) (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "10,273,129"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "10,114,552 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service": {
"males age 16-49": {
"text": "8,622,897"
},
"females age 16-49": {
"text": "8,626,222 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually": {
"male": {
"text": "342,895"
},
"female": {
"text": "330,098 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures": {
"text": "4.48% of GDP (2012) ++ 4.36% of GDP (2011) ++ 4.48% of GDP (2010)"
}
@ -947,7 +925,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "90,000 (Western Saharan Sahrawi, mostly living in Algerian-sponsored camps in the southwestern Algerian town of Tindouf) (2014)"
"text": "90,000 (Western Saharan Sahrawi, mostly living in Algerian-sponsored camps in the southwestern Algerian town of Tindouf) (2015)"
},
"IDPs": {
"text": "undetermined (civil war during 1990s) (2013)"
@ -958,7 +936,7 @@
"text": "Algeria is a transit and, to a lesser extent, a destination and source country for women subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking and, to a lesser extent, men subjected to forced labor; criminal networks, sometimes extending to sub-Saharan Africa and to Europe, are involved in human smuggling and trafficking in Algeria; sub-Saharan adults enter Algeria voluntarily but illegally, often with the aid of smugglers, for onward travel to Europe, but some of the women are forced into prostitution, domestic service, and begging; some sub-Saharan men, mostly from Mali, are forced into domestic servitude; some Algerian women and children are also forced into prostitution domestically"
},
"tier rating": {
"text": "Tier 3 - Algeria does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so: some officials denied human trafficking despite evidence; no efforts were made to investigate, prosecute, or convict perpetrators of human trafficking or forced labor; victim identification remained weak, and no system existed to provide victims with protection and assistance; no anti-trafficking public awareness or educational campaigns were conducted (2014)"
"text": "Tier 3 – Algeria does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so: some officials denied the existence of human trafficking, hindering law enforcement efforts; the government reported its first conviction under its anti-trafficking law; one potential trafficking case was investigated in 2014, but no suspected offenders were arrested; no progress was made in identifying victims among vulnerable groups or referring them to NGO-run protection service, which left trafficking victims subject to arrest and detention; no anti-trafficking public awareness or educational campaigns were conducted (2015)"
}
}
}