diff --git a/africa/ss-south-sudan.json b/africa/ss-south-sudan.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..55fe522d --- /dev/null +++ b/africa/ss-south-sudan.json @@ -0,0 +1,309 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Egypt attempted to colonize the region of southern Sudan by establishing the province of Equatoria in the 1870s. Islamic Mahdist revolutionaries overran the region in 1885, but in 1898 a British force was able to overthrow the Mahdist regime. An Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was established the following year with Equatoria being the southernmost of its eight provinces. The isolated region was largely left to itself over the following decades, but Christian missionaries converted much of the population and facilitated the spread of English. When Sudan gained its independence in 1956, it was with the understanding that the southerners would be able to participate fully in the political system. When the Arab Khartoum government reneged on its promises, a mutiny began that led to two prolonged periods of conflict (1955-1972 and 1983-2005) in which perhaps 2.5 million people died - mostly civilians - due to starvation and drought. Ongoing peace talks finally resulted in a Comprehensive Peace Agreement, signed in January 2005. As part of this agreement the south was granted a six-year period of autonomy to be followed by a referendum on final status. The result of this referendum, held in January 2011, was a vote of 98% in favor of secession. Independence was attained on 9 July 2011. Since independence South Sudan has struggled with good governance and nation building and has attempted to control rebel militia groups operating in its territory. Economic conditions have deteriorated since January 2012 when the government decided to shut down oil production following bilateral disagreements with Sudan." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "East-Central Africa; south of Sudan, north of Uganda and Kenya, west of Ethiopia" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "8 00 N, 30 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Africa" + }, + "area": { + "total": "644,329 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly smaller than Texas" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "5,413 km", + "border_countries": "Central African Republic 989 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 639 km, Ethiopia 934 km, Kenya 232 km, Sudan 2,184 km, Uganda 435 km", + "note": "South Sudan-Sudan boundary represents 1 January 1956 alignment; final alignment pending negotiations and demarcation; final sovereignty status of Abyei Area pending negotiations between South Sudan and Sudan" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "0 km (landlocked)" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "text": "none (landlocked)" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "hot with seasonal rainfall influenced by the annual shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone; rainfall is heaviest in the upland areas of the south and diminishes to the north" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "the terrain gradually rises from plains in the north and center to southern highlands along the border with Uganda and Kenya; the White Nile, flowing north out of the uplands of Central Africa, is the major geographic feature of the country supporting agriculture and extensive wild animal populations; The Sudd (a name derived from floating vegetation that hinders navigation) is a large swampy area of more than 100,000 sq km fed by the waters of the White Nile that dominates the center of the country" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "NA", + "highest_point": "Kinyeti 3,187 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "hydropower, fertile agricultural land, gold, diamonds, petroleum, hardwoods, limestone, iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "The Sudd is a vast swamp in South Sudan, formed by the White Nile, comprising more than 15% of the total area; it is one of the world's largest wetlands" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "South Sudanese (singular and plural)", + "adjective": "South Sudanese" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Dinka, Kakwa, Bari, Azande, Shilluk, Kuku, Murle, Mandari, Didinga, Ndogo, Bviri, Lndi, Anuak, Bongo, Lango, Dungotona, Acholi" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "English (official), Arabic (includes Juba and Sudanese variants) (official), regional languages include Dinka, Nuer, Bari, Zande, Shilluk" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "animist, Christian" + }, + "population": { + "text": "11,090,104 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "46.2% (male 2,613,696/female 2,505,794)", + "15_24_years": "19.7% (male 1,148,967/female 1,030,569)", + "25_54_years": "29% (male 1,547,552/female 1,666,242)", + "55_64_years": "3.1% (male 186,460/female 154,924)", + "65_years_and_over": "2.1% (male 133,300/female 102,600) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "83.8 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "77.4 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "6.4 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "15.6 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "16.6 years", + "male": "16.5 years", + "female": "16.8 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "4.23% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "38.5 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "8.7 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "12.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "18% of total population (2011)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "4.23% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "JUBA (capital) 250,000 (2008 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "2,054 deaths/100,000 live births (2006)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "69.97 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "5.54 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "3.5% (2006)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "3.1% (2009 est.)" + }, + "major_infectious_diseases": { + "degree_of_risk": "very high", + "food_or_waterborne_disease": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever", + "vectorborne_disease": "malaria, dengue fever, trypanosomiasis-Gambiense (African sleeping sickness)", + "water_contact_disease": "schistosomiasis", + "respiratory_disease": "meningococcal meningitis", + "animal_contact_disease": "rabies (2013)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "27%", + "male": "40%", + "female": "16% (2009)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Republic of South Sudan", + "conventional_short_form": "South Sudan" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "republic" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Juba", + "geographic_coordinates": "04 51 N 31 37 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "10 states; Central Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria, Jonglei, Lakes, Northern Bahr el Ghazal, Unity, Upper Nile, Warrap, Western Bahr el Ghazal, Western Equatoria" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "9 July 2011 (from Sudan)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Independence Day, 9 July (2011)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan 2011, effective 9 July 2011" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Salva KIIR Mayardit (since 9 July 2011); Vice President James Wani IGGA (since 23 August 2013); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government", + "head_of_government": "President Salva KIIR Mayardit (since 9 July 2011); Vice President James Wani IGGA (since 23 August 2013)", + "cabinet": "National Council of Ministers; appointed by the president and approved by a resolution from the Legislative Assembly", + "elections": "president elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held on 11-15 April 2010 (next to be held in 2015)", + "election_results": "Salva KIIR Mayardit elected president; percent of vote - Salva KIIR Mayardit 93%, Lam AKOL 7%" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "bicameral National Legislature consists of the National Legislative Assembly (332 seats) and the Council of States (50 seats); members serve four-year terms", + "elections": "National Legislative Assembly - last held 11-15 April 2010 (next to be held in 2015); Council of States - established and members appointed 1 August 2011", + "election_results": "National Legislative Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - SPLM 251, SPLM-DC 6, NCP 3, independent 6, unknown 66; Council of States - seats by party - SPLM 20, unknown 30", + "note": "a presidential decree of 1 August 2011 reconstituted the National Legislative Assembly, as permitted under Article 94 of the Transitional Constitution, to include the 170 members elected 11-15 April 2010, 96 former members of the National Assembly of the Republic of Sudan, and 66 newly appointed members for a total of 332; a presidential decree also established a Council of States, initially with 50 members - the 20 former members of the Council of States of the Republic of Sudan plus an additional 30 appointed representatives" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court of South Sudan (consists 7 justices including the court president and deputy president and organized into panels of 3 justices except when sitting as a Constitutional panel of all 7 justices)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "judges appointed by the president upon proposal of the Judicial Service Council, a 9-member judicial and administrative body; judge tenure NA", + "subordinate_courts": "national level: Courts of Appeal; High Courts; County Courts; state level: High Courts; County Courts; customary courts; other specialized courts and tribunals" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Sudan People's Liberation Movement or SPLM [Salva KIIR Mayardit]; National Congress Party or NCP; Sudan People's Liberation Movement for Democratic Change or SPLM-DC [Sisto OLUR Erista]" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "AU, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOM, ITU, MIGA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Akec KHOC Aciew Khoc", + "chancery": "1233 20th St. NW, Suite 602, Washington, DC 20036", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 293-7940", + "fax": "[1] (202) 293-7941" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Susan D. PAGE", + "embassy": "located on Kololo Road adjacent to the EU's compound, Juba", + "telephone": "[211] (0) 912-105-188" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side contains a gold, five-pointed star; black represents the people of South Sudan, red the blood shed in the struggle for freedom, green the verdant land, and blue the waters of the Nile; the gold star represents the unity of the states making up South Sudan", + "note": "resembles the flag of Kenya; one of only two national flags to display six colors as part of its primary design, the other is South Africa's" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "African fish eagle" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "South Sudan Oyee! (Hooray!)", + "lyrics_music": "collective of 49 poets/Juba University students and teachers", + "note": "adopted 2011; the anthem was selected in a national contest" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Industry and infrastructure in landlocked South Sudan are severely underdeveloped and poverty is widespread, following several decades of civil war with Sudan. Subsistence agriculture provides a living for the vast majority of the population. Property rights are tentative and price signals are missing because markets are not well organized. South Sudan has little infrastructure - just 60 km of paved roads. Electricity is produced mostly by costly diesel generators and running water is scarce. The government spends large sums of money to maintain a big army; delays in paying salaries have periodically resulted in riots by unruly soldiers. Ethnic conflicts have resulted in a large number of civilian deaths and displacement. South Sudan depends largely on imports of goods, services, and capital from the north. Despite these disadvantages, South Sudan does have abundant natural resources. South Sudan produces nearly three-fourths of the former Sudan's total oil output of nearly a half million barrels per day. The government of South Sudan derives nearly 98% of its budget revenues from oil. Oil is exported through two pipelines that run to refineries and shipping facilities at Port Sudan on the Red Sea, and the 2005 oil sharing agreement with Khartoum called for a 50-50 sharing of oil revenues between the two entities. That deal expired on 9 July 2011, however, when South Sudan became an independent country. The economy of South Sudan undoubtedly will remain linked to Sudan for some time, given the long lead time and great expense required to build another pipeline. In early 2012 South Sudan suspended production of oil because of its dispute with Sudan over transshipment fees. This had a devastating impact on GDP, which declined by at least 55% in 2012. South Sudan holds one of the richest agricultural areas in Africa with fertile soils and abundant water supplies. Currently the region supports 10-20 million head of cattle. South Sudan does not have large external debt or structural trade deficits and has received more than $4 billion in foreign aid since 2005, largely from the UK, US, Norway, and Netherlands. Following independence, South Sudan's central bank issued a new currency, the South Sudanese Pound, allowing a short grace period for turning in the old currency. Annual inflation peaked at 79% in May 2012. Long-term problems include alleviating poverty, maintaining macroeconomic stability, improving tax collection and financial management, focusing resources on speeding growth, and improving the business environment." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$10.62 billion (2012 est.); $22.59 billion (2011 est.); $21.16 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$12.2 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "-53% (2012 est.); 1.4% (2011 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$1,000 (2012 est.); $2,300 (2011 est.); $2,500 (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "34.9%", + "government_consumption": "17.1%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "10.4%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "64.9%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-27.2% (2011 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "sorghum, maize, rice, millet, wheat, gum arabic, sugarcane, mangoes, papayas, bananas, sweet potatoes, sunflower, cotton, sesame, cassava (manioc), beans, peanuts; cattle, sheep" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "50.6% (2009)" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "79% (May 2012 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "South Sudanese pounds (SSP) per US dollar -; 0.7778 (2012 est.); 0.7185 (2011 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephone_system": { + "international": "country code - 211" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "TV is controlled by the government; several private FM stations are operational in South Sudan; some foreign radio broadcasts are available" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".ss" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "85 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "3", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "1", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "2 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "82", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "1", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "12", + "914_to_1_523_m": "35", + "under_914_m": "34 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "1 (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "text": "236 km; note - rail system reported to be in disrepair (2010)" + }, + "roadways": { + "text": "7,000 km; note - little of the road network is paved and much of it is in disrepair (2010)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "see entry for Sudan" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory and voluntary military service; the Government of South Sudan signed a revised action plan with the UN in March 2012 to demobilize all child soldiers within the SPLA; UNICEF reported 250 confirmed cases of the SPLA's association with children at the end of 2012 (2012)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "South Sudan-Sudan boundary represents 1 January 1956 alignment, final alignment pending negotiations and demarcation; final sovereignty status of Abyei Area pending negotiations between South Sudan and Sudan; periodic violent skirmishes with South Sudanese residents over water and grazing rights persist among related pastoral populations along the border with the Central African Republic; the boundary that separates Kenya and South Sudan's sovereignty is unclear in the \"Ilemi Triangle,\" which Kenya has administered since colonial times" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "refugees_country_of_origin": "201,303 (Sudan); 13,597 (Democratic Republic of the Congo); 5,876 (Ethiopia) (2013)", + "idps": "243,000 (information is lacking on those displaced in earlier years by: fighting in Abyei between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) in May 2011; clashes between the SPLA and dissident militia groups in South Sudan; inter-ethnic conflicts over resources and cattle; attacks from the Lord's Resistance Army; floods and drought)" + }, + "trafficking_in_persons": { + "current_situation": "South Sudan is a source and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; South Sudanese women and girls, particularly those who are internally displaced or from rural areas, are vulnerable to forced labor and sexual exploitation in urban centers; the rising number of street children and child laborers are also exploited for forced labor and prostitution; women and girls from Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, and Democratic Republic of the Congo are trafficked to South Sudan with promises of legitimate jobs and are forced into the sex trade; inter-ethnic abductions continue in some communities in South Sudan", + "tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List - South Sudan does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government has made progress in implementing its UN-backed action plan to eliminate the use of child soldiers in its armed forces, but it has not demonstrated evidence of increasing efforts to address other forms of trafficking; the government has not taken steps to proactively identify trafficking victims among vulnerable populations and has not deployed a system to transfer victims to organizations to receive care; the government continues to indiscriminately arrest individuals in prostitution, including child sex trafficking victims, and sentence them to prison (2013)" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/li-liechtenstein.json b/europe/li-liechtenstein.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fb7f87a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/li-liechtenstein.json @@ -0,0 +1,405 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "The Principality of Liechtenstein was established within the Holy Roman Empire in 1719. Occupied by both French and Russian troops during the Napoleonic Wars, it became a sovereign state in 1806 and joined the Germanic Confederation in 1815. Liechtenstein became fully independent in 1866 when the Confederation dissolved. Until the end of World War I, it was closely tied to Austria, but the economic devastation caused by that conflict forced Liechtenstein to enter into a customs and monetary union with Switzerland. Since World War II (in which Liechtenstein remained neutral), the country's low taxes have spurred outstanding economic growth. In 2000, shortcomings in banking regulatory oversight resulted in concerns about the use of financial institutions for money laundering. However, Liechtenstein implemented anti-money laundering legislation and a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty with the US that went into effect in 2003." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Central Europe, between Austria and Switzerland" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "47 16 N, 9 32 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "160 sq km", + "land": "160 sq km", + "water": "0 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "about 0.9 times the size of Washington, DC" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "76 km", + "border_countries": "Austria 34.9 km, Switzerland 41.1 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "0 km (doubly landlocked)" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "text": "none (landlocked)" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "mostly mountainous (Alps) with Rhine Valley in western third" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Ruggeller Riet 430 m", + "highest_point": "Vorder-Grauspitz 2,599 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "hydroelectric potential, arable land" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "21.88%", + "permanent_crops": "0%", + "other": "78.12% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "Law of the Sea" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "along with Uzbekistan, one of only two doubly landlocked countries in the world; variety of microclimatic variations based on elevation" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Liechtensteiner(s)", + "adjective": "Liechtenstein" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Liechtensteiner 65.6%, other 34.4% (2000 census)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "German (official), Alemannic dialect" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Roman Catholic (official) 76.2%, Protestant 7%, unknown 10.6%, other 6.2% (June 2002)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "37,009 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "15.9% (male 3,101/female 2,785)", + "15_24_years": "11.7% (male 2,183/female 2,149)", + "25_54_years": "43.6% (male 8,026/female 8,110)", + "55_64_years": "13.4% (male 2,466/female 2,478)", + "65_years_and_over": "15.4% (male 2,570/female 3,141) (2013 est.)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "42.1 years", + "male": "41.1 years", + "female": "43.1 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.81% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "10.67 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "6.89 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "4.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "14% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0.9% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "VADUZ (capital) 5,000 (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.26 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.09 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "0.99 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "1 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.81 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.98 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "4.36 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "4.64 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "4 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "81.59 years", + "male": "79.45 years", + "female": "84.29 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.69 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "2.1% of GDP (2008)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 10 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "100%", + "male": "100%", + "female": "100%" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "15 years", + "male": "16 years", + "female": "14 years (2011)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Principality of Liechtenstein", + "conventional_short_form": "Liechtenstein", + "local_long_form": "Fuerstentum Liechtenstein", + "local_short_form": "Liechtenstein" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "hereditary constitutional monarchy" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Vaduz", + "geographic_coordinates": "47 08 N, 9 31 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "11 communes (Gemeinden, singular - Gemeinde); Balzers, Eschen, Gamprin, Mauren, Planken, Ruggell, Schaan, Schellenberg, Triesen, Triesenberg, Vaduz" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "23 January 1719 (Principality of Liechtenstein established); 12 July 1806 (independence from the Holy Roman Empire); 24 August 1866 (independence from the German Confederation)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Assumption Day, 15 August" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "5 October 1921; amended 15 September 2003" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system influenced by Swiss, Austrian, and German law" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "Prince HANS ADAM II (since 13 November 1989, assumed executive powers on 26 August 1984); Heir Apparent Prince ALOIS, son of the monarch (born 11 June 1968); note - on 15 August 2004, HANS ADAM transferred the official duties of the ruling prince to ALOIS, but HANS ADAM retains status of chief of state", + "head_of_government": "Head of Government (Prime Minister) Adrian HASLER (since 27 March 2013)", + "cabinet": "Cabinet elected by the Parliament, confirmed by the monarch", + "elections": "the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party in the Landtag usually appointed the head of government by the monarch and the leader of the largest minority party in the Landtag usually appointed the deputy head of government by the monarch if there is a coalition government" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral Parliament or Landtag (25 seats; members elected by popular vote under proportional representation to serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 3 February 2013 (next to be held in February 2017)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - FBP 40.0%, VU 33.5%, DU 15.3% FL 11.1%; seats by party - FBP 10, VU 8, DU 4, FL 3" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Oberster Gerichtshof (consists of 5 judges); Constitutional Court or Verfassungsgericht (consists of 5 judges and 5 alternates)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "judges of both courts elected by the Landtag and appointed by the monarch; Supreme Court judges serve 4-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court judge tenure NA", + "subordinate_courts": "Court of Appeal or Obergericht (second instance), Court of Justice (first instance), Administrative Court, county courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "The Free List (Die Freie Liste) or FL [Wolfgang MARXER]; the independents (Die Unabhaengigen) or DU [Harry QUADERER]; Progressive Citizens' Party (Fortschrittliche Buergerpartei) or FBP [Alexander BATLINER]; Fatherland Union (Vaterlaendische Union) or VU [Jakob BUECHEL]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "CD, CE, EBRD, EFTA, IAEA, ICRM, IFRCS, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WIPO, WTO" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Claudia FRITSCHE", + "chancery": "2900 K Street, NW, Suite 602B, Washington, DC 20007", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 331-0590", + "fax": "[1] (202) 331-3221" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "text": "the US does not have an embassy in Liechtenstein; the US Ambassador to Switzerland is accredited to Liechtenstein" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a gold crown on the hoist side of the blue band; the colors may derive from the blue and red livery design used in the principality's household in the 18th century; the prince's crown was introduced in 1937 to distinguish the flag from that of Haiti" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Oben am jungen Rhein\" (High Above the Young Rhine)", + "lyrics_music": "Jakob Joseph JAUCH/Josef FROMMELT", + "note": "adopted 1850, revised 1963; the anthem uses the tune of \"God Save the Queen\"" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Despite its small size and limited natural resources, Liechtenstein has developed into a prosperous, highly industrialized, free-enterprise economy with a vital financial service sector and likely the second highest per capita income in the world. The Liechtenstein economy is widely diversified with a large number of small businesses. Low business taxes - the maximum tax rate is 20% - and easy incorporation rules have induced many holding companies to establish nominal offices in Liechtenstein providing 30% of state revenues. The country participates in a customs union with Switzerland and uses the Swiss franc as its national currency. It imports more than 90% of its energy requirements. Liechtenstein has been a member of the European Economic Area (an organization serving as a bridge between the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and the EU) since May 1995. The government is working to harmonize its economic policies with those of an integrated Europe. Since 2008, Liechtenstein has faced renewed international pressure - particularly from Germany - to improve transparency in its banking and tax systems. In December 2008, Liechtenstein signed a Tax Information Exchange Agreement with the US. Upon Liechtenstein's conclusion of 12 bilateral information-sharing agreements, the OECD in October 2009 removed the principality from its \"grey list\" of countries that had yet to implement the organization's Model Tax Convention. By the end of 2010, Liechtenstein had signed 25 Tax Information Exchange Agreements or Double Tax Agreements. In 2011 Liechtenstein joined the Schengen area, which allows passport-free travel across 26 European countries." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$3.2 billion (2009); $3.216 billion (2008); $3.159 billion (2007)" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$5.113 billion (2010)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0.5% (2009 est.); 1.8% (2008 est.); 3.1% (2007 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$89,400 (2009 est.); $90,600 (2008 est.); $89,700 (2007 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "8%", + "industry": "37%", + "services": "55% (2009)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "wheat, barley, corn, potatoes; livestock, dairy products" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "electronics, metal manufacturing, dental products, ceramics, pharmaceuticals, food products, precision instruments, tourism, optical instruments" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "NA%" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "35,250 (2010)", + "note": "51% of the labor force in Liechtenstein commuted daily from Austria, Switzerland, or Germany (2012)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "0.8%", + "industry": "39.4%", + "services": "59.9% (2010)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "2.5% (2011); 2.2% (2010)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "NA%" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "NA%", + "highest_10%": "NA%" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$1.29 billion", + "expenditures": "$1.372 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "25.2% of GDP (2011 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-1.6% of GDP (2011 est.)" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "0.2% (2011); 0.7% (2010)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$NA" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$3.76 billion (2011 est.); $3.191 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "trade data exclude trade with Switzerland" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "small specialty machinery, connectors for audio and video, parts for motor vehicles, dental products, hardware, prepared foodstuffs, electronic equipment, optical products" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$2.218 billion (2011 est.); $1.806 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "trade data exclude trade with Switzerland" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "agricultural products, raw materials, energy products, machinery, metal goods, textiles, foodstuffs, motor vehicles" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$0 (2001)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "Swiss francs (CHF) per US dollar -; 0.9374 (2012); 0.8876 (2011); 1.0429 (2010); 1.0881 (2009); 1.0774 (2008)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "19,600 (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "37,000 (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "automatic telephone system", + "domestic": "fixed-line and mobile-cellular services widely available; combined telephone service subscribership exceeds 150 per 100 persons", + "international": "country code - 423; linked to Swiss networks by cable and microwave radio relay (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "relies on foreign terrestrial and satellite broadcasters for most broadcast media services; first Liechtenstein-based TV station established August 2008; Radio Liechtenstein operates multiple radio stations; a Swiss-based broadcaster operates several radio stations in Liechtenstein (2008)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".li" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "14,278 (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "23,000 (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "pipelines": { + "text": "gas 20 km (2013)" + }, + "railways": { + "total": "9 km", + "standard_gauge": "9 km 1.435-m gauge (electrified)", + "note": "belongs to the Austrian Railway System connecting Austria and Switzerland (2008)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "380 km", + "paved": "380 km (2010)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "28 km (2010)" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "no regular military forces; National Police maintains close relations with neighboring forces (2013)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "8,009 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "6,538", + "females_age_16_49": "6,746 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "219", + "female": "211 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_note": { + "text": "Liechtenstein has no military forces, but the modern National Police maintains close relations with neighboring forces. (2013)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "none" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "stateless_persons": "5 (2012)" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "has strengthened money laundering controls, but money laundering remains a concern due to Liechtenstein's sophisticated offshore financial services sector" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/mc-monaco.json b/europe/mc-monaco.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4f648e01 --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/mc-monaco.json @@ -0,0 +1,401 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "The Genoese built a fortress on the site of present day Monaco in 1215. The current ruling Grimaldi family first seized temporary control in 1297, and again in 1331, but were not able to permanently secure their holding until 1419. Economic development was spurred in the late 19th century with a railroad linkup to France and the opening of a casino. Since then, the principality's mild climate, splendid scenery, and gambling facilities have made Monaco world famous as a tourist and recreation center." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Western Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea on the southern coast of France, near the border with Italy" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "43 44 N, 7 24 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "2 sq km", + "land": "2 sq km", + "water": "0 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "about three times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "4.4 km", + "border_countries": "France 4.4 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "4.1 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "exclusive_economic_zone": "12 nm" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "hilly, rugged, rocky" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m", + "highest_point": "Mont Agel 140 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "none" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "0%", + "permanent_crops": "1%", + "other": "99% (urban area) (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "second-smallest independent state in the world (after Holy See); almost entirely urban" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Monegasque(s) or Monacan(s)", + "adjective": "Monegasque or Monacan" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Roman Catholic 90% (official), other 10%" + }, + "population": { + "text": "30,500 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "11.9% (male 1,856/female 1,782)", + "15_24_years": "9.4% (male 1,479/female 1,384)", + "25_54_years": "35.6% (male 5,387/female 5,456)", + "55_64_years": "14.4% (male 2,217/female 2,172)", + "65_years_and_over": "28.7% (male 3,913/female 4,854) (2013 est.)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "50.5 years", + "male": "49.4 years", + "female": "51.7 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "-0% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "6.79 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "8.75 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "1.93 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "100% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0.3% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.08 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "0.98 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "1.02 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.81 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.95 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "1.81 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "2.05 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "1.55 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "89.63 years", + "male": "85.7 years", + "female": "93.71 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.51 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "4.3% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "1.2% of GDP (2009)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "99%", + "male": "99%", + "female": "99% (2003 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "18 years", + "male": "18 years", + "female": "17 years (2009)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "6.9%", + "male": "6.6%", + "female": "7.4% (2000)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Principality of Monaco", + "conventional_short_form": "Monaco", + "local_long_form": "Principaute de Monaco", + "local_short_form": "Monaco" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "constitutional monarchy" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Monaco", + "geographic_coordinates": "43 44 N, 7 25 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "none; there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are four quarters (quartiers, singular - quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine, Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo; note - Moneghetti, a part of La Condamine, is sometimes called the 5th quarter of Monaco" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "1419 (beginning of permanent rule by the House of GRIMALDI)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "National Day (Saint Rainier's Day), 19 November (1857)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "17 December 1962; modified 2 April 2002" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system influenced by French legal tradition" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "Prince ALBERT II (since 6 April 2005)", + "head_of_government": "Minister of State Michel ROGER (since 29 March 2010)", + "cabinet": "Council of Government under the authority of the monarch", + "elections": "the monarchy is hereditary; minister of state appointed by the monarch from a list of three French national candidates presented by the French Government" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral National Council or Conseil National (24 seats; 16 members elected by list majority system, 8 by proportional representation to serve five-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 10 February 2013 (next to be held in February 2018)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - Horizon Monaco 50.3%, Union Monegasque 39%, Renaissance 10.7%; seats by party - Horizon Monaco 20, Union Monegasque 3, Renaissance 1" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of 5 permanent members and 2 substitutes)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court members appointed by the monarch upon the proposals of the National Council, State Council, Crown Council, Court of Appeal, and Trial Court", + "subordinate_courts": "Court of Appeal; Civil Court of First Instance" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Horizon Monaco [Laurent NOUVION]; Renaissance [SBM (corporation)]; Union Monegasque [Stephane VALERI]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "CD, CE, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IFRCS, IHO, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ITSO, ITU, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Schengen Convention (de facto member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Gilles NOGHES", + "chancery": "3400 International Drive NW, Suite 2K-100, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "(202) 234-1530", + "fax": "(202) 244-7656", + "consulates_general": "New York" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "text": "the US does not have an embassy in Monaco; the US Ambassador to France is accredited to Monaco; the US Consul General in Marseille (France), under the authority of the US ambassador to France, handles routine diplomatic and consular matters concerning Monaco" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors are those of the ruling House of Grimaldi and have been in use since 1339, making the flag one of the world's oldest national banners", + "note": "similar to the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and red" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"A Marcia de Muneghu\" (The March of Monaco)", + "lyrics_music": "Louis NOTARI/Charles ALBRECHT", + "note": "music adopted 1867, lyrics adopted 1931; although French is much more commonly spoken, only the Monegasque lyrics are official; the French version is known as \"Hymne Monegasque\" (Monegasque Anthem); the words are generally only sung on official occasions" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Monaco, bordering France on the Mediterranean coast, is a popular resort, attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. The principality also is a banking center and has successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added, nonpolluting industries. The state has no income tax and low business taxes and thrives as a tax haven both for individuals who have established residence and for foreign companies that have set up businesses and offices. Monaco, however, is not a tax-free shelter; it charges nearly 20% value-added tax, collects stamp duties, and companies face a 33% tax on profits unless they can show that three-quarters of profits are generated within the principality. Monaco's reliance on tourism and banking for its economic growth has left it vulnerable to a downturn in France and other European economies which are the principality's main trade partners. In 2009, Monaco''s GDP fell by 11.5% as the euro-zone crisis precipitated a sharp drop in tourism and retail activity and home sales. A modest recovery ensued in 2010 with GDP growth of 2.5%, but Monaco''s economic prospects remain clouded in uncertainty tied to future euro-zone growth. Weak economic growth also has deteriorated public finances as the principality recorded a budget deficit of 1.3% of GDP in 2012. Monaco was formally removed from the OECD''s \"grey list\" of uncooperative tax jurisdictions in late 2009, but continues to face international pressure to abandon its banking secrecy laws and help combat tax evasion. The state retains monopolies in a number of sectors, including tobacco, the telephone network, and the postal service. Living standards are high, roughly comparable to those in prosperous French metropolitan areas." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$5.748 billion (2011 est.); $5.47 billion (2010 est.); $5.337 billion (2009 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2011 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$5.748 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "5.1% (2011 est.); 2.5% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$70,700 (2011); $63,500 (2009 est.); $61,900 (2008 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "0%", + "industry": "10%", + "services": "90% (2011)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "none" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "tourism, construction, small-scale industrial and consumer products" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "NA%" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "50,580", + "note": "includes workers from all foreign countries (2011 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "0% (2011)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "NA%" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "NA%", + "highest_10%": "NA%" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$1.126 billion", + "expenditures": "$1.198 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "19.6% of GDP (2011 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-1.3% of GDP (2011 est.)" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "1.5% (2010)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$NA" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$865.6 million (2011); $684.9 million (2010)", + "note": "full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$848.9 million (2011); $850.2 million (2010)", + "note": "full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$NA" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -; 0.7778 (2012 est.); 0.7185 (2011 est.); 0.755 (2010 est.); 0.7198 (2009 est.); 0.6827 (2008 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "44,500 (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "31,800 (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "modern automatic telephone system; the country's sole fixed line operator offers a full range of services to residential and business customers", + "domestic": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity exceeds 200 per 100 persons", + "international": "country code - 377; no satellite earth stations; connected by cable into the French communications system (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "TV Monte-Carlo (TMC) operates a TV network; cable TV available; Radio Monte-Carlo has extensive radio networks in France and Italy with French-language broadcasts to France beginning in the 1960s and Italian-language broadcasts to Italy beginning in the 1970s; other radio stations include Riviera Radio and Radio Monaco (2012)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".mc" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "26,009 (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "23,000 (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "heliports": { + "text": "1 (2012)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "77 km", + "paved": "77 km (2007)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "registered_in_other_countries": "64 (Bahamas 8, Bermuda 2, Liberia 8, Malta 3, Marshall Islands 30, Panama 11, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Monaco" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "no regular military forces; Directorate of Public Security (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "5,749 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "4,629", + "females_age_16_49": "4,597 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "153", + "female": "141 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_note": { + "text": "defense is the responsibility of France" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "none" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/sm-san-marino.json b/europe/sm-san-marino.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..32d5d6ae --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/sm-san-marino.json @@ -0,0 +1,407 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Geographically the third smallest state in Europe (after the Holy See and Monaco), San Marino also claims to be the world's oldest republic. According to tradition, it was founded by a Christian stonemason named Marinus in A.D. 301. San Marino's foreign policy is aligned with that of the European Union, although it is not a member; social and political trends in the republic track closely with those of its larger neighbor, Italy." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Southern Europe, an enclave in central Italy" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "43 46 N, 12 25 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "61 sq km", + "land": "61 sq km", + "water": "0 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "about one third times the size of Washington, DC" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "39 km", + "border_countries": "Italy 39 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "0 km (landlocked)" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "text": "none (landlocked)" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "rugged mountains" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Torrente Ausa 55 m", + "highest_point": "Monte Titano 755 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "building stone" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "16.67%", + "permanent_crops": "0%", + "other": "83.33% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "air pollution; urbanization decreasing rural farmlands" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Whaling", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "Air Pollution" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "landlocked; smallest independent state in Europe after the Holy See and Monaco; dominated by the Apennines" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Sammarinese (singular and plural)", + "adjective": "Sammarinese" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Sammarinese, Italian" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Italian" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Roman Catholic" + }, + "population": { + "text": "32,448 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "16.2% (male 2,799/female 2,461)", + "15_24_years": "10.6% (male 1,749/female 1,679)", + "25_54_years": "42.8% (male 6,575/female 7,327)", + "55_64_years": "11.8% (male 1,926/female 1,919)", + "65_years_and_over": "18.5% (male 2,680/female 3,333) (2013 est.)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "43.2 years", + "male": "42.3 years", + "female": "44 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.93% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "8.78 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "8.17 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "8.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "94% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0.6% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.1 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.14 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.03 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "0.9 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "1 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.8 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.94 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "4.58 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "4.77 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "4.38 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "83.12 years", + "male": "80.59 years", + "female": "85.88 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.48 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "7.1% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 10 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "96%", + "male": "97%", + "female": "95%" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Republic of San Marino", + "conventional_short_form": "San Marino", + "local_long_form": "Repubblica di San Marino", + "local_short_form": "San Marino" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "republic" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "San Marino", + "geographic_coordinates": "43 56 N, 12 25 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "9 municipalities (castelli, singular - castello); Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Montegiardino, San Marino Citta, Serravalle" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "3 September 301" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Founding of the Republic, 3 September (A.D. 301)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of a constitution" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "civil law system with Italian civil law influences" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "Co-chiefs of State Captain Regent Antonella MULARONI and Captain Regent Denis AMICI (for the period 1 April-31 October 2013)", + "head_of_government": "Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs Pasquale VALENTINI (since 5 December 2012)", + "cabinet": "Congress of State elected by the Great and General Council for a five-year term", + "elections": "co-chiefs of state (captains regent) elected by the Grand and General Council for a six-month term; election last held on 17 Septermber 2012 (next to be held in March 2013); secretary of state for foreign and political affairs elected by the Grand and General Council for a five-year term; election last held on 11 November 2012 (next to be held by November 2017)", + "election_results": "Antonella MULARONI and Denis AMICI elected captains regent; percent of legislative vote - NA; Pasquale VALENTINI elected secretary of state for foreign and political affairs; percent of legislative vote - NA", + "note": "the popularly elected parliament (Grand and General Council) selects two of its members to serve as the captains regent (co-chiefs of state) for a six-month period; they preside over meetings of the Grand and General Council and its cabinet (Congress of State), which has nine other members, all are selected by the Grand and General Council; assisting the captains regent are nine secretaries of state; the secretary of state for Foreign Affairs has assumed some prime ministerial roles" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral Grand and General Council or Consiglio Grande e Generale (60 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 11 November 2012 (next to be held by November 2017)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - San Marino Common Good coalition (San Marino Bene Comune) 50.7% (PDCS 29.5%, PSD 14.3%, AP 6.7%), Entente for the Country coalition (Intesa per Il Paese) 22.3% (PS 12.1%, UPR 8.4%, USDM 1.7%), Active Citizenry coalition (Cittadinanza Attiva) 16.1% (SU 9.1%, Civic 10 6.7%), Civic Movement R.E.T.E. 6.3%, For San Marino 2.8%, San Marino 3.0 1.8%; seats by party - San Marino Common Good coalition 35 (PDCS 21, PSD 10, AP 4), Entente for the Country coalition 12 (PS 7, UPR 5), Active Citizenry 9 (SU 5, Civic 10 4), Civic Movement R.E.T.E. 4" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Council of Twelve or Consiglio dei XII (consists of 12 members) note - the College of Guarantors for the Constitutionality and General Norms functions as San Marino's constitutional court", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "judges elected by the Grand and General Council from among its own to serve 5-year terms", + "subordinate_courts": "first instance and first appeal criminal, administrative, and civil courts; justices of the peace or conciliatory judges" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "san_marino_common_good": "Christian Democrats or PDCS [Marco GATTI]; Party of Socialists and Democrats or PSD [Gerardo GIOVAGNOLI]; Popular Alliance or AP [Stefano PALMIERI]", + "entente_for_the_country": "Socialist Party or PS [Augusto CASALI]; Union for the Republic or UPR [Giovanni LONFERNINI]; Sammarinese Union of Moderates or USDM [Romeo MORRI and Glauco SANSOVINI]", + "active_citizenship": "United Left or SU [Alessandro ROSSI]; Civic 10 [Mateo CIACCI]", + "other": "Civic Movement R.E.T.E. (Network) [Grazia ZAFFERANI]; For San Marino [Emilio DELLA BALDA]; San Marino 3.0 [Simone DELLA VALLE]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "CE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Schengen Convention (de facto member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WHO, WIPO" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Paolo RONDELLI", + "chancery": "1711 N Street NW, 2nd floor, Washington, DC 20036", + "telephone": "202-223-2418", + "fax": "202-223-2748" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "text": "the US does not have an embassy in San Marino; the ambassador to Italy is accredited to San Marino" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the main colors derive from the shield of the coat of arms, which features three white towers on three peaks on a blue field; the towers represent three castles built on San Marino's highest feature, Mount Titano: Guaita, Cesta, and Montale; the coat of arms is flanked by a wreath, below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty); the white and blue colors are also said to stand for peace and liberty respectively" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "three peaks each displaying a tower" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Inno Nazionale della Repubblica\" (National Anthem of the Republic)", + "lyrics_music": "none/Federico CONSOLO", + "note": "adopted 1894; the music for the lyric-less anthem is based on a 10th century chorale piece" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "San Marino's economy relies heavily on tourism, the banking industry and the manufacture and export of ceramics, clothing, fabrics, furniture, paints, spirits, tiles, and wine. The manufacturing and financial sectors account for more than half of San Marino's GDP. The per capita level of output and standard of living are comparable to those of the most prosperous regions of Italy. The economy benefits from foreign investment due to its relatively low corporate taxes and low taxes on interest earnings. The income tax rate is also very low, about one-third the average EU level. San Marino does not issue public debt securities; when necessary, it finances deficits by drawing down central bank deposits. San Marino''s economy has encountered five years of GDP contraction, largely due to weakened demand from Italy - which accounts for 90% of its export market - and financial sector consolidation. Difficulties in the banking sector, the recent global economic downturn, and the sizeable decline in tax revenues have contributed to negative real GDP growth. The government has adopted measures to counter the economic downturn, including subsidized credit to businesses. For the first time since 2009, there were signs of improvements in the financial sector in the third quarter of 2012. San Marino continues to work towards harmonizing its fiscal laws with EU and international standards. In September 2009, the OECD removed San Marino from its list of tax havens that have yet to fully adopt global tax standards, and in 2010 San Marino signed Tax Information Exchange Agreements with most major countries. San Marino's Government continues to work with Italy to ratify a financial information exchange agreement, seen by businesses and investors as crucial to strengthening the economic relationship between the two countries." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$1.371 billion (2012 est.); $1.429 billion (2011 est.); $1.465 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$1.855 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "-4% (2012 est.); -2.5% (2011 est.); -7.5% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$36,200 (2009); $41,900 (2007)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "0.1%", + "industry": "39.2%", + "services": "60.7% (2009)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "wheat, grapes, corn, olives; cattle, pigs, horses, beef, cheese, hides" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "tourism, banking, textiles, electronics, ceramics, cement, wine" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "2.3% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "21,830 (December 2012)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "0.1%", + "industry": "34.4%", + "services": "65.5% (2010 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "7% (2012); 5.5% (2011)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "NA%" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "NA%", + "highest_10%": "NA%" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$667.7 million", + "expenditures": "$694.7 million (2011)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "36% of GDP (2011)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-1.5% of GDP (2011)" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "2.5% (2012); 3.1% (December 2011)" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "5.92% (31 December 2011 est.); 5.38% (31 December 2010 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "; $1.326 billion (31 December 2007)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$4.584 billion (31 December 2007)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$8.822 billion (30 September 2010); $8.008 billion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$NA" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$3.827 billion (2011 est.); $2.576 billion (2010 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts, wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, ceramics" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$2.551 billion (2011 est.); $2.132 billion (2010 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "wide variety of consumer manufactures, food, energy" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$NA" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -; 0.7778 (2012 est.); 0.7185 (2011 est.); 0.755 (2010 est.); 0.7198 (2009 est.); 0.6827 (2008 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "18,700 (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "35,500 (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "automatic telephone system completely integrated into Italian system", + "domestic": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity 170 telephones per 100 persons", + "international": "country code - 378; connected to Italian international network (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "state-owned public broadcaster operates 1 TV station and 3 radio stations; receives radio and TV broadcasts from Italy (2012)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".sm" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "11,015 (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "17,000 (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "roadways": { + "total": "292 km", + "paved": "292 km (2006)" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "no regular military forces; voluntary Military Corps (Corpi Militari) performs ceremonial duties and limited police support functions (2010)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription; government has the authority to call up all San Marino citizens from 16-60 years of age to service in the military (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "6,892 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "5,565", + "females_age_16_49": "6,067 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "186", + "female": "166 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "military_note": { + "text": "defense is the responsibility of Italy" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "none" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/va-vatican-city.json b/europe/va-vatican-city.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d915e68b --- /dev/null +++ b/europe/va-vatican-city.json @@ -0,0 +1,258 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Popes in their secular role ruled portions of the Italian peninsula for more than a thousand years until the mid 19th century, when many of the Papal States were seized by the newly united Kingdom of Italy. In 1870, the pope's holdings were further circumscribed when Rome itself was annexed. Disputes between a series of \"prisoner\" popes and Italy were resolved in 1929 by three Lateran Treaties, which established the independent state of Vatican City and granted Roman Catholicism special status in Italy. In 1984, a concordat between the Holy See and Italy modified certain of the earlier treaty provisions, including the primacy of Roman Catholicism as the Italian state religion. Present concerns of the Holy See include religious freedom, threats against minority Christian communities in Africa and the Middle East, international development, interreligious dialogue and reconciliation, and the application of church doctrine in an era of rapid change and globalization. About 1.2 billion people worldwide profess the Catholic faith." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Southern Europe, an enclave of Rome (Italy)" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "41 54 N, 12 27 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Europe" + }, + "area": { + "total": "0.44 sq km", + "land": "0.44 sq km", + "water": "0 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "about 0.7 times the size of The National Mall in Washington, DC" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "3.2 km", + "border_countries": "Italy 3.2 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "0 km (landlocked)" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "text": "none (landlocked)" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to May) with hot, dry summers (May to September)" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "urban; low hill" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "unnamed location 19 m", + "highest_point": "unnamed elevation 75 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "none" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "", + "permanent_crops": "0%", + "other": "100% (urban area) (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "0 sq km (2011)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Ozone Layer Protection", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "Air Pollution, Environmental Modification" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "landlocked; enclave in Rome, Italy; world's smallest state; beyond the territorial boundary of Vatican City, the Lateran Treaty of 1929 grants the Holy See extraterritorial authority over 23 sites in Rome and five outside of Rome, including the Pontifical Palace at Castel Gandolfo (the Pope's summer residence)" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "none", + "adjective": "none" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Italians, Swiss, other" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Italian, Latin, French, various other languages" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Roman Catholic" + }, + "population": { + "text": "839 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "0% (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "100% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0.1% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "100%", + "male": "100%", + "female": "100%" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "The Holy See (Vatican City State)", + "conventional_short_form": "Holy See (Vatican City)", + "local_long_form": "La Santa Sede (Stato della Citta del Vaticano)", + "local_short_form": "Santa Sede (Citta del Vaticano)" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "ecclesiastical" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Vatican City", + "geographic_coordinates": "41 54 N, 12 27 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "none" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "11 February 1929 (from Italy); note - the three treaties signed with Italy on 11 February 1929 acknowledged, among other things, the full sovereignty of the Holy See and established its territorial extent; however, the origin of the Papal States, which over centuries varied considerably in extent, may be traced back to 754" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Election Day of Pope FRANCIS, 13 March (2013)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "Fundamental Law promulgated by Pope JOHN PAUL II 26 November 2000, effective 22 February 2001 (replaced the first Fundamental Law of 1929)" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "religious legal system based on canon (religious) law" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "election of the pope is limited to cardinals less than 80 years old" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "Pope FRANCIS (since 13 March 2013)", + "head_of_government": "Secretary of State Cardinal Tarcisio BERTONE (since 15 September 2006); Pope FRANCIS has appointed Archbishop Pietro PAROLIN to replace Cardinal BERTONE effective 15 October 2013; note - BERTONE has also been Camerlengo since 4 April 2007", + "cabinet": "Pontifical Commission for the State of Vatican City appointed by the pope", + "elections": "pope elected for life, or until voluntary resignation, by the College of Cardinals; election last held on 13 March 2013 (next to be held after the death or resignation of the current pope); Secretary of State appointed by the pope", + "election_results": "Jorge Mario BERGOGLIO elected Pope FRANCIS" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura (consists of the cardinal prefect, who serves as ex-officio president of the court, and 2 other cardinals of the Prefect Signatura) note - judicial duties were established by the Motu Proprio, papal directive, of Pope PIUS XII on 1 May 1946; note 2: most Vatican City criminal matters are handled by the Republic of Italy courts", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "cardinal prefect appointed by the Pope; the other 2 cardinals of the court appointed by the cardinal prefect on a yearly basis", + "subordinate_courts": "Appellate Court of Vatican City; Tribunal of Vatican City" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "none" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "none (exclusive of influence exercised by church officers)" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "CE (observer), IAEA, Interpol, IOM, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Schengen Convention (de facto member), UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNHCR, Union Latina (observer), UNWTO (observer), UPU, WIPO, WTO (observer)" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Apostolic Nuncio Carlo Maria VIGANO", + "chancery": "3339 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 333-7121", + "fax": "[1] (202) 337-4036" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Mario MESQUITA", + "embassy": "Villa Domiziana, Via delle Terme Deciane 26, 00153 Rome", + "mailing_address": "Unit 5660, Box 66, DPO AE 09624-0066", + "telephone": "[39] (06) 4674-3428", + "fax": "[39] (06) 575-8346" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side) and white with the arms of the Holy See, consisting of the crossed keys of Saint Peter surmounted by the three-tiered papal tiara, centered in the white band; the yellow color represents the pope's spiritual power, the white his worldly power" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "crossed keys" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Inno e Marcia Pontificale\" (Hymn and Pontifical March); often called The Pontifical Hymn", + "lyrics_music": "Raffaello LAVAGNA/Charles-Francois GOUNOD", + "note": "adopted 1950" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "The Holy See is supported financially by a variety of sources, including investments, real estate income, and donations from Catholic individuals, dioceses, and institutions; these help fund the Roman Curia (Vatican bureaucracy), diplomatic missions, and media outlets. Moreover, an annual collection taken up in dioceses and from direct donations go to a non-budgetary fund, known as Peter's Pence, which is used directly by the Pope for charity, disaster relief, and aid to churches in developing nations. Donations increased between 2010 and 2011. The separate Vatican City State budget includes the Vatican museums and post office and is supported financially by the sale of stamps, coins, medals, and tourist mementos; by fees for admission to museums; and by publication sales. Its revenues increased between 2010 and 2011 because of expanded opening hours and a growing number of visitors. However, the Holy See has not escaped the financial difficulties engulfing other European countries; in 2012 it started a spending review to determine where to cut costs to reverse its 2011 budget deficit of 15 million euros. Most public expenditures go to wages and other personnel costs; the incomes and living standards of lay workers are comparable to those of counterparts who work in the city of Rome." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$NA" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "printing; production of coins, medals, postage stamps; mosaics and staff uniforms; worldwide banking and financial activities" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "2,832 (December 2011)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "note": "essentially services with a small amount of industry; nearly all dignitaries, priests, nuns, guards, and the approximately 3,000 lay workers live outside the Vatican" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "NA%" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$308 million", + "expenditures": "$326.4 million (2011)" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -; 0.7778 (2012 est.); 0.7185 (2011 est.); 0.755 (2010 est.); 0.7198 (2009 est.); 0.6827 (2008 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "automatic digital exchange", + "domestic": "connected via fiber optic cable to Telecom Italia network", + "international": "country code - 39; uses Italian system (2012)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "the Vatican Television Center (CTV) transmits live broadcasts of the Pope's Sunday and Wednesday audiences, as well as the Pope's public celebrations; CTV also produces documentaries; Vatican Radio is the Holy See's official broadcasting service broadcasting via shortwave, AM and FM frequencies, and via satellite and Internet connections (2008)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".va" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "107 (2012)" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Pontifical Swiss Guard Corps (Corpo della Guardia Svizzera Pontificia) (2013)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "Pontifical Swiss Guard Corps (Corpo della Guardia Svizzera Pontificia): 19-30 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; must be Roman Catholic, a Swiss citizen, with a secondary education (2013)" + }, + "military_note": { + "text": "defense is the responsibility of Italy; ceremonial and limited security duties performed by Pontifical Swiss Guard" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "none" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pacific/mh-marshall-islands.json b/pacific/mh-marshall-islands.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4307ef05 --- /dev/null +++ b/pacific/mh-marshall-islands.json @@ -0,0 +1,443 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "After almost four decades under US administration as the easternmost part of the UN Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, the Marshall Islands attained independence in 1986 under a Compact of Free Association. Compensation claims continue as a result of US nuclear testing on some of the atolls between 1947 and 1962. The Marshall Islands hosts the US Army Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA) Reagan Missile Test Site, a key installation in the US missile defense network." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Oceania, two archipelagic island chains of 29 atolls, each made up of many small islets, and five single islands in the North Pacific Ocean, about half way between Hawaii and Australia" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "9 00 N, 168 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Oceania" + }, + "area": { + "total": "181 sq km", + "land": "181 sq km", + "water": "0 sq km", + "note": "the archipelago includes 11,673 sq km of lagoon waters and encompasses the atolls of Bikini, Enewetak, Kwajalein, Majuro, Rongelap, and Utirik" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "about the size of Washington, DC" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "text": "0 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "370.4 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "contiguous_zone": "24 nm", + "exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November; islands border typhoon belt" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "low coral limestone and sand islands" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Pacific Ocean 0 m", + "highest_point": "unnamed location on Likiep 10 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "coconut products, marine products, deep seabed minerals" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "11.11%", + "permanent_crops": "44.44%", + "other": "44.44% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "0 sq km (2011)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "infrequent typhoons" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "inadequate supplies of potable water; pollution of Majuro lagoon from household waste and discharges from fishing vessels" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "the islands of Bikini and Enewetak are former US nuclear test sites; Kwajalein atoll, famous as a World War II battleground, surrounds the world's largest lagoon and is used as a US missile test range; the island city of Ebeye is the second largest settlement in the Marshall Islands, after the capital of Majuro, and one of the most densely populated locations in the Pacific" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Marshallese (singular and plural)", + "adjective": "Marshallese" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Marshallese 92.1%, mixed Marshallese 5.9%, other 2% (2006)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Marshallese (official) 98.2%, other languages 1.8% (1999 census)", + "note": "English (official), widely spoken as a second language" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Protestant 54.8%, Assembly of God 25.8%, Roman Catholic 8.4%, Bukot nan Jesus 2.8%, Mormon 2.1%, other Christian 3.6%, other 1%, none 1.5% (1999 census)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "69,747 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "37.2% (male 13,227/female 12,730)", + "15_24_years": "17.5% (male 6,222/female 5,997)", + "25_54_years": "36.5% (male 12,931/female 12,499)", + "55_64_years": "5.5% (male 2,014/female 1,852)", + "65_years_and_over": "3.3% (male 1,111/female 1,164) (2013 est.)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "22.4 years", + "male": "22.4 years", + "female": "22.4 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "1.79% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "27.21 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "4.27 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "-5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "72% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "2.3% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "MAJURO (capital) 30,000 (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "1.09 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.95 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "1.04 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "22.15 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "24.93 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "19.22 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "72.31 years", + "male": "70.18 years", + "female": "74.55 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "3.29 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "44.6% (2007)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "18.1% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "0.56 physicians/1,000 population (2008)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "2.7 beds/1,000 population (2010)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 92% of population; rural: 99% of population; total: 94% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 8% of population; rural: 1% of population; total: 6% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 83% of population; rural: 53% of population; total: 75% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 17% of population; rural: 47% of population; total: 25% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "45.4% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "12.2% of GDP (2004)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "93.7%", + "male": "93.6%", + "female": "93.7% (1999)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "12 years", + "male": "11 years", + "female": "12 years (2003)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Republic of the Marshall Islands", + "conventional_short_form": "Marshall Islands", + "local_long_form": "Republic of the Marshall Islands", + "local_short_form": "Marshall Islands", + "abbreviation": "RMI", + "former": "Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Marshall Islands District" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of Free Association entered into force on 21 October 1986 and the Amended Compact entered into force in May 2004" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Majuro", + "geographic_coordinates": "7 06 N, 171 23 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+12 (17 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "24 municipalities; Ailinglaplap, Ailuk, Arno, Aur, Bikini & Kili, Ebon, Enewetak & Ujelang, Jabat, Jaluit, Kwajalein, Lae, Lib, Likiep, Majuro, Maloelap, Mejit, Mili, Namdrik, Namu, Rongelap, Ujae, Utrik, Wotho, Wotje" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "21 October 1986 (from the US-administered UN trusteeship)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Constitution Day, 1 May (1979)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "1 May 1979" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "mixed legal system of US and English common law, customary law, and local statutes" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Christopher J. LOEAK (since 17 January 2012); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government", + "head_of_government": "President Christopher J. LOEAK (since 17 January 2012)", + "cabinet": "Cabinet selected by the president from among the members of the legislature", + "elections": "president elected by Nitijela (legislature) from among its members for a four-year term; election last held on 3 January 2012 (next to be held in 2016)", + "election_results": "Nitijela elected Christopher J. LOEAK president on 3 January 2012" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral legislature or Nitijela (33 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 21 November 2011 (next to be held by November 2015)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - independents 33", + "note": "the Council of Chiefs or Ironij is a 12-member body comprised of tribal chiefs that advises on matters affecting customary law and practice" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and other judges as prescribed by law)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "judges appointed by the Cabinet on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission and upon the approval of the Nitijela; judges appointed until retirement, normally at age 72", + "subordinate_courts": "High Court; District Courts; Traditional Rights Court; Community Courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "traditionally there have been no formally organized political parties; what has existed more closely resembles factions or interest groups because they do not have party headquarters, formal platforms, or party structures; the following two \"groupings\" have competed in legislative balloting in recent years - Aelon Kein Ad Party [Michael KABUA] and United Democratic Party or UDP [Litokwa TOMEING]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "ACP, ADB, AOSIS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, WHO" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Charles R. PAUL", + "chancery": "2433 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 234-5414", + "fax": "[1] (202) 232-3236", + "consulates_general": "Honolulu, Springdale (AR)" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Thomas H. ARMBRUSTER", + "embassy": "Oceanside, Mejen Weto, Long Island, Majuro", + "mailing_address": "P. O. Box 1379, Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands 96960-1379", + "telephone": "[692] 247-4011", + "fax": "[692] 247-4012" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "blue with two stripes radiating from the lower hoist-side corner - orange (top) and white; a white star with four large rays and 20 small rays appears on the hoist side above the two stripes; blue represents the Pacific Ocean, the orange stripe signifies the Ralik Chain or sunset and courage, while the white stripe signifies the Ratak Chain or sunrise and peace; the star symbolizes the cross of Christianity, each of the 24 rays designates one of the electoral districts in the country and the four larger rays highlight the principal cultural centers of Majuro, Jaluit, Wotje, and Ebeye; the rising diagonal band can also be interpreted as representing the equator, with the star showing the archipelago's position just to the north" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Forever Marshall Islands\"", + "lyrics_music": "Amata KABUA", + "note": "adopted 1981" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "US assistance and lease payments for the use of Kwajalein Atoll as a US military base are the mainstay of this small island country. The Marshall Islands received roughly $1 billion in aid from the US during 1986-2001 under the original Compact of Free Association (Compact). In 2002 and 2003, the US and the Marshall Islands renegotiated the Compact's financial package for a 20-year period, from 2004 to 2024. Under the amended Compact, the Marshall Islands will receive roughly $1.5 billion in direct US assistance. Agricultural production, primarily subsistence, is concentrated on small farms; the most important commercial crops are coconuts and breadfruit. Industry is limited to handicrafts, tuna processing, and copra. Tourism holds some potential. The islands and atolls have few natural resources, and imports exceed exports. Under the amended Compact, the US is also funding, jointly with the Marshall Islands, a Trust Fund for the people of the Marshall Islands that will provide an income stream beyond 2024 when direct Compact aid is to end." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$481.8 million (2012 est.); $472.8 million (2011 est.)" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$182 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "1.9% (2012 est.); 0.8% (2011 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$8,800 (2012 est.); $8,900 (2011 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "14.3%", + "industry": "13.9%", + "services": "71.8% (2011 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "coconuts, tomatoes, melons, taro, breadfruit, fruits; pigs, chickens" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "copra, tuna processing, tourism, craft items (from seashells, wood, and pearls)" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "NA%" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "10,480 (2011 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "11%", + "industry": "16.3%", + "services": "72.7% (2011 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "36% (2006 est.); 30.9% (2000 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "NA%" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "NA%", + "highest_10%": "NA%" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$105.4 million", + "expenditures": "$104.7 million (FY09 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "57.9% of GDP (FY09 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "0.4% of GDP (FY09 est.)" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "1 October - 30 September" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "12.9% (2008 est.); 3% (2005 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$50.14 million (2011 est.); $9.1 million (2000 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "copra cake, coconut oil, handicrafts, fish" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$118.7 million (2011 est.); $54.7 million (2000 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fuels, beverages, tobacco" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$87 million (2008 est.); $86.5 million (FY99/00 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "the US dollar is used" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "4,400 (2010)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "3,800 (2010)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "digital switching equipment; modern services include telex, cellular, Internet, international calling, caller ID, and leased data circuits", + "domestic": "Majuro Atoll and Ebeye and Kwajalein islands have regular, seven-digit, direct-dial telephones; other islands interconnected by high frequency radiotelephone (used mostly for government purposes) and mini-satellite telephones", + "international": "country code - 692; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean); US Government satellite communications system on Kwajalein (2005)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "no TV broadcast station; a cable network is available on Majuro with programming via videotape replay and satellite relays; 4 radio broadcast stations; American Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (AFRTS) provides satellite radio and television service to Kwajalein Atoll (2009)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".mh" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "3 (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "2,200 (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "15 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "4", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "3", + "914_to_1_523_m": "1 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "11", + "914_to_1_523_m": "10", + "under_914_m": "1 (2013)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "2,028 km (includes 75 km of expressways) (2007)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "1,593", + "by_type": "barge carrier 1, bulk carrier 524, cargo 65, carrier 1, chemical tanker 351, container 226, liquefied gas 88, passenger 7, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 297, refrigerated cargo 13, roll on/roll off 9, vehicle carrier 10", + "foreign_owned": "1,468 (Belgium 1, Bermuda 35, Brazil 1, Canada 8, China 14, Croatia 12, Cyprus 40, Denmark 7, Egypt 1, France 7, Germany 248, Greece 408, Hong Kong 3, India 10, Indonesia 1, Iraq 2, Ireland 6, Italy 1, Japan 59, Jersey 11, Kuwait 2, Latvia 19, Malaysia 11, Mexico 2, Monaco 30, Netherlands 21, Norway 75, Pakistan 1, Qatar 29, Romania 2, Russia 5, Singapore 30, Slovenia 6, South Korea 41, Sweden 1, Switzerland 12, Taiwan 8, Turkey 70, UAE 12, UK 12, Ukraine 1, US 200) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Enitwetak Island, Kwajalein, Majuro" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "no regular military forces; Marshall Islands Police (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "16,446 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "13,568", + "females_age_16_49": "13,606 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "653", + "female": "631 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "military_note": { + "text": "defense is the responsibility of the US" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "claims US territory of Wake Island" + }, + "trafficking_in_persons": { + "current_situation": "The Marshall Islands are a destination country for women from East Asia subjected to sex trafficking; foreign women are reportedly forced into prostitution in bars frequented by crew members of fishing vessels; some Chinese women are recruited to the Marshall Islands with promises of legitimate work and are subsequently forced into prostitution", + "tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List - The Marshall Islands do not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government has not identified any victims, investigated any trafficking cases, or prosecuted any offenders under the country's 2011 anti-trafficking law; the government also has no mechanism in place to ensure that trafficking victims receive access to legal, medical, or psychological services; no public awareness campaigns on the dangers of human trafficking have been undertaken (2013)" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pacific/pw-palau.json b/pacific/pw-palau.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e8f2729a --- /dev/null +++ b/pacific/pw-palau.json @@ -0,0 +1,426 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "After three decades as part of the UN Trust Territory of the Pacific under US administration, this westernmost cluster of the Caroline Islands opted for independence in 1978 rather than join the Federated States of Micronesia. A Compact of Free Association with the US was approved in 1986 but not ratified until 1993. It entered into force the following year when the islands gained independence." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Oceania, group of islands in the North Pacific Ocean, southeast of the Philippines" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "7 30 N, 134 30 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Oceania" + }, + "area": { + "total": "459 sq km", + "land": "459 sq km", + "water": "0 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "text": "0 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "1,519 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "3 nm", + "exclusive_fishing_zone": "200 nm" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "varying geologically from the high, mountainous main island of Babelthuap to low, coral islands usually fringed by large barrier reefs" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Pacific Ocean 0 m", + "highest_point": "Mount Ngerchelchuus 242 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "forests, minerals (especially gold), marine products, deep-seabed minerals" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "2.17%", + "permanent_crops": "4.35%", + "other": "93.48% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "typhoons (June to December)" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "inadequate facilities for disposal of solid waste; threats to the marine ecosystem from sand and coral dredging, illegal fishing practices, and overfishing" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "westernmost archipelago in the Caroline chain, consists of six island groups totaling more than 300 islands; includes World War II battleground of Beliliou (Peleliu) and world-famous rock islands" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Palauan(s)", + "adjective": "Palauan" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Palauan (Micronesian with Malayan and Melanesian admixtures) 69.9%, Filipino 15.3%, Chinese 4.9%, other Asian 2.4%, white 1.9%, Carolinian 1.4%, other Micronesian 1.1%, other or unspecified 3.2% (2000 census)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Palauan (official on most islands) 64.7%, Filipino 13.5%, English (official) 9.4%, Chinese 5.7%, Carolinian 1.5%, Japanese 1.5%, other Asian 2.3%, other languages 1.5% (2000 census)", + "note": "Sonsoral (Sonsoralese and English are official), Tobi (Tobi and English are official), and Angaur (Angaur, Japanese, and English are official)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Roman Catholic 41.6%, Protestant 23.3%, Modekngei 8.8% (indigenous to Palau), Seventh-Day Adventist 5.3%, Jehovah's Witnesses 0.9%, Mormon 0.6%, other 3.1%, unspecified or none 16.4% (2000 census)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "21,108 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "20.7% (male 2,250/female 2,110)", + "15_24_years": "17.6% (male 1,849/female 1,875)", + "25_54_years": "46.6% (male 5,981/female 3,854)", + "55_64_years": "8.3% (male 615/female 1,129)", + "65_years_and_over": "6.8% (male 407/female 1,038) (2013 est.)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "32.9 years", + "male": "32.5 years", + "female": "33.9 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.37% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "10.9 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "7.86 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "0.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "83% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "1.4% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.07 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "0.98 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.55 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.55 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.4 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "1.12 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "11.77 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "13.35 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "10.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "72.33 years", + "male": "69.17 years", + "female": "75.68 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "1.72 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "32.8%", + "note": "percent of women aged 15-44 (2003)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "10.3% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "1.3 physicians/1,000 population (2006)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "4.8 beds/1,000 population (2010)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 83% of population; rural: 96% of population; total: 85% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 17% of population; rural: 4% of population; total: 15% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "48.9% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "10.3% of GDP (2002)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "92%", + "male": "93%", + "female": "90% (1980 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "15 years", + "male": "14 years", + "female": "15 years (2001)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Palau", + "conventional_short_form": "Palau", + "local_long_form": "Beluu er a Belau", + "local_short_form": "Belau", + "former": "Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Palau District" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of Free Association entered into force on 1 October 1994" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Melekeok", + "geographic_coordinates": "7 29 N, 134 38 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+9 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "16 states; Aimeliik, Airai, Angaur, Hatohobei, Kayangel, Koror, Melekeok, Ngaraard, Ngarchelong, Ngardmau, Ngatpang, Ngchesar, Ngeremlengui, Ngiwal, Peleliu, Sonsorol" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "1 October 1994 (from the US-administered UN trusteeship)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Constitution Day, 9 July (1979)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "1 January 1981" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "mixed legal system of civil, common, and customary law" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Tommy REMENGESAU (since 17 January 2013); Vice President Antonio BELLS (since 17 January 2013); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government", + "head_of_government": "President Tommy REMENGESAU (since 17 January 2013); Vice President Antonio BELLS (since 17 January 2013)", + "cabinet": "NA", + "elections": "president and vice president elected on separate tickets by popular vote for four-year terms (eligible for a second term); election last held on 6 November 2012 (next to be held in November 2016)", + "election_results": "percent of vote - Tommy REMENGESAU 58%, Johnson TORIBIONG 42%" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "bicameral National Congress or Olbiil Era Kelulau (OEK) consists of the Senate (9 seats; members elected by popular vote on a population basis to serve four-year terms) and the House of Delegates (16 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "Senate - last held on 6 November 2012 (next to be held in November 2016); House of Delegates - last held on 6 November 2012 (next to be held in November 2016)", + "election_results": "Senate - percent of vote - NA; seats - independents 9; House of Delegates - percent of vote - NA; seats - independents 16" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and 3 associate justices organized into appellate trial divisions; also within the Supreme Court organization are the Common Pleas and Land Courts)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "justices nominated by a 7-member independent body consisting of judges, presidential appointees, and lawyers, and appointed by the president; judges appointed until mandatory retirement at age 65", + "subordinate_courts": "National Court and other 'inferior' courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "none" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "ACP, ADB, AOSIS, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, IOC, IPU, MIGA, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, WHO" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Hersey KYOTA", + "chancery": "1701 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20006", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 452-6814", + "fax": "[1] (202) 452-6281", + "consulates": "Tamuning (Guam)" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Helen P. REED-ROWE", + "embassy": "Koror (no street address)", + "mailing_address": "P. O. Box 6028, Koror, Republic of Palau 96940", + "telephone": "[680] 587-2920", + "fax": "[680] 587-2911" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "light blue with a large yellow disk shifted slightly to the hoist side; the blue color represents the ocean, the disk represents the moon; Palauans consider the full moon to be the optimum time for human activity; it is also considered a symbol of peace, love, and tranquility" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Belau rekid\" (Our Palau)", + "lyrics_music": "multiple/Ymesei O. EZEKIEL", + "note": "adopted 1980" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "The economy consists of tourism and other services such as trade, subsistence agriculture, and fishing. Government is a major employer of the work force relying on financial assistance from the US under the Compact of Free Association (Compact) with the US. The Compact took effect, after the end of the UN trusteeship on 1 October 1994. The US provided Palau with roughly $700 million in aid for the first 15 years following commencement of the Compact in 1994 in return for unrestricted access to its land and waterways for strategic purposes. Business and leisure tourist arrivals numbered over 109,000 in 2011, for a 27% increase over 2010. The population enjoys a per capita income roughly double that of the Philippines and much of Micronesia. Long-run prospects for tourism have been bolstered by the expansion of air travel in the Pacific, the rising prosperity of industrial East Asia, and the willingness of foreigners to finance infrastructure development. Proximity to Guam, the region's major destination for tourists from East Asia, and a regionally competitive tourist infrastructure enhance Palau's advantage as a destination." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$221 million (2011 est.); $208.9 million (2010 est.)", + "note": "GDP estimate includes US subsidy" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$221 million (2011 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "5.8% (2011 est.); 5.5% (2005 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$10,500 (2011 est.); $7,600 (2005 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "3.2%", + "industry": "20%", + "services": "76.8% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "coconuts, copra, cassava (tapioca), sweet potatoes; fish" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "tourism, craft items (from shell, wood, pearls), construction, garment making" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "NA%" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "9,777 (2005)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "20%", + "industry": "NA%", + "services": "NA% (1990)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "4.2% (2005 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "NA%" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "NA%", + "highest_10%": "NA%" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$89 million", + "expenditures": "$94.3 million (2010 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "40.3% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-2.4% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "1 October - 30 September" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "2.7% (2011 est.); 1.6% (2010 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$NA" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$20.8 million (2010 est.); $15.09 million (FY03/04)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$12.3 million (2010 est.); $5.882 million (2004 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "shellfish, tuna, copra, garments" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$113.4 million (2010 est.); $107.3 million (2004 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and equipment, fuels, metals; foodstuffs" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$0 (FY99/00)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "the US dollar is used" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "6,900 (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "15,400 (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "domestic": "fixed-line and mobile-cellular services available with a combined subscribership of roughly 100 per 100 persons", + "international": "country code - 680; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2009)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "no TV stations; a cable TV network covers the major islands and provides access to rebroadcasts, on a delayed basis, of a number of US stations as well as access to a number of real-time satellite TV channels; about a half dozen radio stations with 1 government-owned (2009)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".pw" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "4 (2012)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "3 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "1", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "1 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "2", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "2 (2013)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Koror" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "no regular military forces; Palau National Police (2009)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "6,987 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "5,272", + "females_age_16_49": "3,969 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "216", + "female": "222 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "military_note": { + "text": "defense is the responsibility of the US; under a Compact of Free Association between Palau and the US, the US military is granted access to the islands for 50 years, but it has not stationed any military forces there (2008)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "maritime delineation negotiations continue with Philippines, Indonesia" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pacific/tv-tuvalu.json b/pacific/tv-tuvalu.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..92725116 --- /dev/null +++ b/pacific/tv-tuvalu.json @@ -0,0 +1,417 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "In 1974, ethnic differences within the British colony of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands caused the Polynesians of the Ellice Islands to vote for separation from the Micronesians of the Gilbert Islands. The following year, the Ellice Islands became the separate British colony of Tuvalu. Independence was granted in 1978. In 2000, Tuvalu negotiated a contract leasing its Internet domain name \".tv\" for $50 million in royalties over a 12-year period." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Oceania, island group consisting of nine coral atolls in the South Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to Australia" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "8 00 S, 178 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Oceania" + }, + "area": { + "total": "26 sq km", + "land": "26 sq km", + "water": "0 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "0.1 times the size of Washington, DC" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "text": "0 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "24 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "contiguous_zone": "24 nm", + "exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "low-lying and narrow coral atolls" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Pacific Ocean 0 m", + "highest_point": "unnamed location 5 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "fish" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "0%", + "permanent_crops": "60%", + "other": "40% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "severe tropical storms are usually rare, but in 1997 there were three cyclones; low levels of islands make them sensitive to changes in sea level" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "since there are no streams or rivers and groundwater is not potable, most water needs must be met by catchment systems with storage facilities (the Japanese Government has built one desalination plant and plans to build one other); beachhead erosion because of the use of sand for building materials; excessive clearance of forest undergrowth for use as fuel; damage to coral reefs from the spread of the Crown of Thorns starfish; Tuvalu is concerned about global increases in greenhouse gas emissions and their effect on rising sea levels, which threaten the country's underground water table; in 2000, the government appealed to Australia and New Zealand to take in Tuvaluans if rising sea levels should make evacuation necessary" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "one of the smallest and most remote countries on Earth; six of the nine coral atolls - Nanumea, Nui, Vaitupu, Nukufetau, Funafuti, and Nukulaelae - have lagoons open to the ocean; Nanumaya and Niutao have landlocked lagoons; Niulakita does not have a lagoon" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Tuvaluan(s)", + "adjective": "Tuvaluan" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Polynesian 96%, Micronesian 4%" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Tuvaluan (official), English (official), Samoan, Kiribati (on the island of Nui)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Protestant 98.4% (Church of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.4%), Baha'i 1%, other 0.6%" + }, + "population": { + "text": "10,698 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "29.8% (male 1,637/female 1,555)", + "15_24_years": "20.9% (male 1,197/female 1,044)", + "25_54_years": "35.8% (male 1,846/female 1,985)", + "55_64_years": "8.1% (male 352/female 514)", + "65_years_and_over": "5.3% (male 238/female 330) (2013 est.)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "24.6 years", + "male": "23.4 years", + "female": "26.3 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.77% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "23.56 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "8.97 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "-6.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "50% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "1.4% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.17 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "0.91 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.71 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.73 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "0.97 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "32.61 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "35.45 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "29.63 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "65.47 years", + "male": "63.36 years", + "female": "67.67 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "3.06 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "30.5% (2007)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "17.5% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "0.64 physicians/1,000 population (2008)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "5.56 beds/1,000 population (2001)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 98% of population; rural: 97% of population; total: 98% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 2% of population; rural: 3% of population; total: 2% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 88% of population; rural: 81% of population; total: 85% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 12% of population; rural: 19% of population; total: 15% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": { + "text": "1.6% (2007)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "literacy": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "11 years", + "male": "10 years", + "female": "11 years (2001)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "none", + "conventional_short_form": "Tuvalu", + "local_long_form": "none", + "local_short_form": "Tuvalu", + "former": "Ellice Islands", + "note": "\"Tuvalu\" means \"group of eight\" referring to the country's eight traditionally inhabited islands" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "parliamentary democracy and a Commonwealth realm" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Funafuti", + "geographic_coordinates": "8 31 S, 179 13 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+12 (17 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)", + "note": "administrative offices are in Vaiaku Village on Fongafale Islet" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "7 island councils and 1 town council*; Funafuti*, Nanumaga, Nanumea, Niutao, Nui, Nukufetau, Nukulaelae, Vaitupu" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "1 October 1978 (from the UK)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Independence Day, 1 October (1978)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "1 October 1978" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "mixed legal system of English common law and local customary law" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Iakoba TAEIA Italeli (since May 2010)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Enele SOPOAGA (since 5 August 2013)", + "cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the recommendation of the prime minister", + "elections": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; prime minister and deputy prime minister elected by and from the members of parliament following parliamentary elections", + "election_results": "Willie TELAVI removed as prime minister by the governor-general on 1 August 2013; Enele SOPOAGA elected 4 August 2013 in a 8 to 5 vote by the House of Assembly" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral Parliament or Fale I Fono, also called House of Assembly (15 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 16 September 2010 (next to be held in 2014)", + "election_results": "percent of vote - NA; seats - independents 15; 10 members reelected" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Court of Appeal is the Fiji Court of Appeal on Fiji Island (consists of the chief justice who visits twice a year); High Court, located on Fiji, consists of the chief justice of Fiji who presides over its sessions", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "chief justice appointed by the president of Fiji on the advice of the prime minister following consultation with the parliamentary leader of the opposition; justices of the Court of Appeal, and puisne judges of the High Court are appointed by the president of Fiji, upon the nomination of the Judicial Service Commission, after consulting with the Cabinet Minister and the committee of the House of Representatives responsible for the administration of justice; the chief justice and justices of Appeal generally required to retire at age 70; puisine judges appointed for not less than 4 years nor more than 7 years with mandatory retirement at age 65", + "subordinate_courts": "magistrates' courts; island courts; lands courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "there are no political parties but members of parliament usually align themselves in informal groupings" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "none" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "ACP, ADB, AOSIS, C, FAO, IBRD, IDA, IFRCS (observer), ILO, IMF, IMO, IOC, ITU, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Aunese Makoi SIMATI", + "chancery": "Note - Tuvalu does not have an embassy in Washington, D.C.; UN office located at 800 2nd Avenue, Suite 400D, New York, NY 10017", + "telephone": "[1] (212) 490-0534", + "fax": "[1] (212) 937-0692" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "text": "the US does not have an embassy in Tuvalu; the US ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tuvalu" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow, five-pointed stars on a blue field symbolizing the nine atolls in the ocean" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Tuvalu mo te Atua\" (Tuvalu for the Almighty)", + "lyrics_music": "Afaese MANOA", + "note": "adopted 1978; the anthem's name is also the nation's motto" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Tuvalu consists of a densely populated, scattered group of nine coral atolls with poor soil. Only eight of the atolls are inhabited. The country has no known mineral resources and few exports and is almost entirely dependent upon imported food and fuel. Subsistence farming and fishing are the primary economic activities. Fewer than 1,000 tourists, on average, visit Tuvalu annually. Job opportunities are scarce and public sector workers make up most of those employed. About 15% of the adult male population work as seamen on merchant ships abroad, and remittances are a vital source of income contributing around $2 million in 2007. Substantial income is received annually from the Tuvalu Trust Fund (TTF) an international trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, NZ, and the UK and supported also by Japan and South Korea. Thanks to wise investments and conservative withdrawals, this fund grew from an initial $17 million to an estimated value of $77 million in 2006. The TTF contributed nearly $9 million towards the government budget in 2006 and is an important cushion for meeting shortfalls in the government's budget. The US Government is also a major revenue source for Tuvalu because of payments from a 1988 treaty on fisheries. In an effort to ensure financial stability and sustainability, the government is pursuing public sector reforms, including privatization of some government functions and personnel cuts. Tuvalu also derives royalties from the lease of its \".tv\" Internet domain name with revenue of more than $2 million in 2006. A minor source of government revenue comes from the sale of stamps and coins. With merchandise exports only a fraction of merchandise imports, continued reliance must be placed on fishing and telecommunications license fees, remittances from overseas workers, official transfers, and income from overseas investments. Growing income disparities and the vulnerability of the country to climatic change are among leading concerns for the nation." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$37.61 million (2012 est.); $37.25 million (2011 est.); $36.98 million (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$37 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "1.2% (2012 est.); 1.1% (2011 est.); -2.9% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$3,400 (2012 est.); $3,400 (2011 est.); $3,300 (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "16.6%", + "industry": "27.2%", + "services": "56.2% (2002)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "coconuts; fish" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "fishing, tourism, copra" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "NA%" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "3,615 (2004 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "note": "people make a living mainly through exploitation of the sea, reefs, and atolls and from wages sent home by those abroad (mostly workers in the phosphate industry and sailors)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "NA%" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "NA%" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "NA%", + "highest_10%": "NA%" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$21.54 million", + "expenditures": "$23.05 million (2006)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "58.2% of GDP (2006)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-4.1% of GDP (2006)" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "3.8% (2006 est.)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$7.7 million (2010 est.); -$11.68 million (2003)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$600,000 (2010 est.); $1 million (2004 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "copra, fish" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$16.5 million (2010 est.); $12.91 million (2005)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$NA" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "Tuvaluan dollars or Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar -; 0.9658 (2011); 1.67 (2011 est.); 1.67 (2010); 1.2822 (2009); 1.2059 (2008)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "1,400 (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "2,100 (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "serves particular needs for internal communications", + "domestic": "radiotelephone communications between islands", + "international": "country code - 688; international calls can be made by satellite (2007)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "no TV stations; many households use satellite dishes to watch foreign TV stations; 1 government-owned radio station, Radio Tuvalu, includes relays of programming from international broadcasters (2009)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".tv" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "145,158 (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "4,200 (2008)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "1 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "1", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "1 (2013)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "8 km", + "paved": "8 km (2002)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "58", + "by_type": "bulk carrier 4, cargo 24, chemical tanker 15, container 1, passenger 2, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 10, refrigerated cargo 1", + "foreign_owned": "33 (China 4, Indonesia 1, Maldives 1, Singapore 19, South Korea 1, Turkey 1, Vietnam 6) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Funafuti" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "no regular military forces; Tuvalu Police Force (2012)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "2,021", + "females_age_16_49": "2,026 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "119", + "female": "111 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "NA" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "none" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file