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{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "<p>Azerbaijan - a secular nation with a majority-Turkic and majority-Shia Muslim population - was briefly independent (from 1918 to 1920) following the collapse of the Russian Empire; it was subsequently incorporated into the Soviet Union for seven decades. Azerbaijan remains involved in the protracted Nagorno-Karabakh conflict with Armenia. Nagorno-Karabakh was a primarily ethnic Armenian region that Moscow recognized in 1923 as an autonomous oblast within Soviet Azerbaijan. In the late Soviet period, a separatist movement developed which sought to end Azerbaijani control over the region. Fighting over Nagorno-Karabakh began in 1988 and escalated after Armenia and Azerbaijan attained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. By the time a ceasefire took effect in May 1994, separatists, with Armenian support, controlled Nagorno‑Karabakh and seven surrounding Azerbaijani territories. Following a Second Nagorno-Karabakh War that took place in September-November 2020, Azerbaijan recaptured much of the territory it had lost a quarter century earlier and under the terms of a cease fire agreement, Armenia returned the remaining territories it occupied to Azerbaijan. <br /><br />In the 25 years following its independence, Azerbaijan succeeded in significantly reducing the poverty rate and has directed revenues from its oil and gas production to develop the country&rsquo;s infrastructure. However, corruption remains a problem, and the government has been accused of authoritarianism. The country&rsquo;s leadership has remained in the Aliyev family since Heydar ALIYEV became president in 1993 and was succeeded by his son, President Ilham ALIYEV in 2003. Following two national referendums in the past several years that eliminated presidential term limits and extended presidential terms from 5 to 7 years, President ALIYEV secured a fourth term as president in April 2018 in an election that international observers noted had serious shortcomings. Reforms are underway to diversify the country&rsquo;s non-oil economy and additional reforms are needed to address weaknesses in government institutions, particularly in the education and health sectors, and the court system.</p>"
"text": "<p>Azerbaijan - a secular nation with a majority-Turkic and majority-Shia Muslim population - was briefly independent (from 1918 to 1920) following the collapse of the Russian Empire; it was subsequently incorporated into the Soviet Union for seven decades. Azerbaijan remains involved in the protracted Nagorno-Karabakh conflict with Armenia. Nagorno-Karabakh was a primarily ethnic Armenian region that Moscow recognized in 1923 as an autonomous oblast within Soviet Azerbaijan. In the late Soviet period, a separatist movement developed which sought to end Azerbaijani control over the region. Fighting over Nagorno-Karabakh began in 1988 and escalated after Armenia and Azerbaijan attained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. By the time a ceasefire took effect in May 1994, separatists, with Armenian support, controlled Nagorno‑Karabakh and seven surrounding Azerbaijani territories. Following a Second Nagorno-Karabakh War that took place in September-November 2020, Azerbaijan recaptured much of the territory it had lost a quarter century earlier and under the terms of a cease fire agreement, Armenia returned the remaining territories it occupied to Azerbaijan. <br><br>In the 25 years following its independence, Azerbaijan succeeded in significantly reducing the poverty rate and has directed revenues from its oil and gas production to develop the country’s infrastructure. However, corruption remains a problem, and the government has been accused of authoritarianism. The country’s leadership has remained in the Aliyev family since Heydar ALIYEV became president in 1993 and was succeeded by his son, President Ilham ALIYEV in 2003. Following two national referendums in the past several years that eliminated presidential term limits and extended presidential terms from 5 to 7 years, President ALIYEV secured a fourth term as president in April 2018 in an election that international observers noted had serious shortcomings. Reforms are underway to diversify the country’s non-oil economy and additional reforms are needed to address weaknesses in government institutions, particularly in the education and health sectors, and the court system.</p>"
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -113,12 +113,17 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh region is populated almost entirely by ethnic Armenians"
},
"Languages": {
"text": "Azerbaijani (Azeri) (official) 92.5%, Russian 1.4%, Armenian 1.4%, other 4.7% (2009 est.)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> Russian is widely spoken",
"Languages": {
"text": "Azerbaijani (Azeri) (official) 92.5%, Russian 1.4%, Armenian 1.4%, other 4.7% (2009 est.)"
},
"printed major-language sample": {
"text": "<br>Dünya fakt kitabı, əsas məlumatlar üçün əvəz olunmaz mənbədir (Azerbaijani)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Russian is widely spoken"
},
"Religions": {
"text": "Muslim 96.9% (predominantly Shia), Christian 3%, other &lt;0.1, unaffiliated &lt;0.1 (2010 est.)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> religious affiliation for&nbsp;the majority of&nbsp;Azerbaijanis is largely nominal, percentages for actual practicing adherents are probably&nbsp;much lower",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> religious affiliation for&nbsp;the majority of&nbsp;Azerbaijanis is largely nominal, percentages for actual practicing adherents are probably&nbsp;much lower"
"text": "Muslim 96.9% (predominantly Shia), Christian 3%, other &lt;0.1, unaffiliated &lt;0.1 (2010 est.)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> religious affiliation for the majority of Azerbaijanis is largely nominal, percentages for actual practicing adherents are probably much lower",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> religious affiliation for the majority of Azerbaijanis is largely nominal, percentages for actual practicing adherents are probably much lower"
},
"Age structure": {
"0-14 years": {
@ -296,13 +301,13 @@
}
},
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "0.1% (2019 est.)"
"text": "0.1% (2020 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
"text": "9,700 (2019 est.)"
"text": "9,900 (2020 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
"text": "<500 (2019 est.)"
"text": "<200 (2020 est.)"
},
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "19.9% (2016)"
@ -555,7 +560,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Azerbaijan Democratic Enlightenment Party <br />Civil Solidarity Party or CSP [Sabir RUSTAMKHANLI]<br />Civil Unity Party or CUP [Sabir HAJIYEV]<br />Great Order Party<br />Islamic Party of Azerbaijan [Mavsum SAMADOV]<br />Musavat [Arif HAJILI]<br />Popular Front Party [Ali KARIMLI]<br />Motherland Party or AVP [Fazail AGAMALI]<br />National Renaissance Party<br />Party for Democratic Reforms (PDR)<br />Social Democratic Party [Ayaz MUTALIBOV]<br />Social Prosperity Party [Khanhusein KAZIMLI]<br />Unity Party (VP) [Tahir KARIMLI]<br />Whole Azerbaijan Popular Front Party [Gudrat HASANGULIYEV]<br />Yeni (New) Azerbaijan Party or YAP [President Ilham ALIYEV]"
"text": "Azerbaijan Democratic Enlightenment Party <br>Civil Solidarity Party or CSP [Sabir RUSTAMKHANLI]<br>Civil Unity Party or CUP [Sabir HAJIYEV]<br>Great Order Party<br>Islamic Party of Azerbaijan [Mavsum SAMADOV]<br>Musavat [Arif HAJILI]<br>Popular Front Party [Ali KARIMLI]<br>Motherland Party or AVP [Fazail AGAMALI]<br>National Renaissance Party<br>Party for Democratic Reforms (PDR)<br>Social Democratic Party [Ayaz MUTALIBOV]<br>Social Prosperity Party [Khanhusein KAZIMLI]<br>Unity Party (VP) [Tahir KARIMLI]<br>Whole Azerbaijan Popular Front Party [Gudrat HASANGULIYEV]<br>Yeni (New) Azerbaijan Party or YAP [President Ilham ALIYEV]"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "ADB, BSEC, CD, CE, CICA, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)"
@ -1126,8 +1131,8 @@
},
"Terrorism": {
"Terrorist group(s)": {
"text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>"
"text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {