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Yo Robot
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{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "<p>Ethnic Kazakhs, a mix of Turkic and Mongol nomadic tribes with additional Persian cultural influences, migrated to the region in the 15th century. The area was conquered by Russia in the 18th and 19th centuries, and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1925. Repression and starvation associated with forced agricultural collectivization led to a massive number of deaths in the 1930s. During the 1950s and 1960s, the agricultural \"Virgin Lands\" program led to an influx of settlers (mostly ethnic Russians, but also other nationalities) and at the time of Kazakhstan’s independence in 1991, ethnic Kazakhs were a minority. Non-Muslim ethnic minorities departed Kazakhstan in large numbers from the mid-1990s through the mid-2000s and a national program has repatriated about a million ethnic Kazakhs (from Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, and the Xinjiang region of China) back to Kazakhstan. As a result of this shift, the ethnic Kazakh share of the population now exceeds two-thirds.<br /><br />Kazakhstan's economy is the largest in the Central Asian states, mainly due to the country's vast natural resources. Current issues include: diversifying the economy, obtaining membership in global and regional international economic institutions, enhancing Kazakhstan's economic competitiveness, and strengthening relations with neighboring states and foreign powers.</p>"
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"text": "<p>Ethnic Kazakhs, a mix of Turkic and Mongol nomadic tribes with additional Persian cultural influences, migrated to the region in the 15th century. The area was conquered by Russia in the 18th and 19th centuries, and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1925. Repression and starvation associated with forced agricultural collectivization led to a massive number of deaths in the 1930s. During the 1950s and 1960s, the agricultural \"Virgin Lands\" program led to an influx of settlers (mostly ethnic Russians, but also other nationalities) and at the time of Kazakhstan’s independence in 1991, ethnic Kazakhs were a minority. Non-Muslim ethnic minorities departed Kazakhstan in large numbers from the mid-1990s through the mid-2000s and a national program has repatriated about a million ethnic Kazakhs (from Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, and the Xinjiang region of China) back to Kazakhstan. As a result of this shift, the ethnic Kazakh share of the population now exceeds two-thirds.<br><br>Kazakhstan's economy is the largest in the Central Asian states, mainly due to the country's vast natural resources. Current issues include: diversifying the economy, obtaining membership in global and regional international economic institutions, enhancing Kazakhstan's economic competitiveness, and strengthening relations with neighboring states and foreign powers.</p>"
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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@ -115,7 +115,7 @@
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"text": "Kazakh (official, Qazaq) 83.1% (understand spoken language) and trilingual (Kazakh, Russian, English) 22.3% (2017 est.); Russian (official, used in everyday business, designated the \"language of interethnic communication\") 94.4% (understand spoken language) (2009 est.)"
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},
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"printed major-language sample": {
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"text": "<br />Әлемдік деректер кітабы, негізгі ақпараттың таптырмайтын көзі. (Kazakh)<br /><br />Книга фактов о мире – незаменимый источник базовой информации. (Russian)<br /><br />The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
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"text": "<br>Әлемдік деректер кітабы, негізгі ақпараттың таптырмайтын көзі. (Kazakh)<br><br>Книга фактов о мире – незаменимый источник базовой информации. (Russian)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
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}
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},
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"Religions": {
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}
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
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"text": "0.2% (2019 est.)"
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"text": "0.3% (2020 est.)"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
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"text": "33,000 (2019 est.)"
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"text": "35,000 (2020 est.)"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
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"text": "<500 (2019 est.)"
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"text": "<500 (2020 est.)"
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},
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"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
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"text": "21% (2016)"
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"time difference": {
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"text": "UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
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},
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Kazakhstan has two time zones <br /><br /><strong>etymology:</strong> on 20 March 2019, Kazakhstan changed the name of its capital city from Astana to Nur-Sultan in honor of its long-serving, recently retired president, Nursultan NAZARBAYEV; this was not the first time the city had its name changed; founded in 1830 as Akmoly, it became Akmolinsk in 1832, Tselinograd in 1961, Akmola (Aqmola) in 1992, and Astana in 1998"
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Kazakhstan has two time zones <br><br><strong>etymology:</strong> on 20 March 2019, Kazakhstan changed the name of its capital city from Astana to Nur-Sultan in honor of its long-serving, recently retired president, Nursultan NAZARBAYEV; this was not the first time the city had its name changed; founded in 1830 as Akmoly, it became Akmolinsk in 1832, Tselinograd in 1961, Akmola (Aqmola) in 1992, and Astana in 1998"
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},
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"Administrative divisions": {
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"text": "14 provinces (oblyslar, singular - oblys) and 4 cities* (qalalar, singular - qala); Almaty (Taldyqorghan), Almaty*, Aqmola (Kokshetau), Aqtobe, Atyrau, Batys Qazaqstan [West Kazakhstan] (Oral), Bayqongyr*, Mangghystau (Aqtau), Nur-Sultan*, Pavlodar, Qaraghandy, Qostanay, Qyzylorda, Shyghys Qazaqstan [East Kazakhstan] (Oskemen), Shymkent*, Soltustik Qazaqstan [North Kazakhstan] (Petropavl), Turkistan, Zhambyl (Taraz)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses); in 1995, the Governments of Kazakhstan and Russia entered into an agreement whereby Russia would lease for a period of 20 years an area of 6,000 sq km enclosing the Baikonur space launch facilities and the city of Bayqongyr (Baikonur, formerly Leninsk); in 2004, a new agreement extended the lease to 2050",
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},
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"Legislative branch": {
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"description": {
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"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br />Senate (49 seats; 34 members indirectly elected by 2-round majority vote by the oblast-level assemblies and 15 members appointed by decree of the president; members serve 6-year terms, with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years)<br />Mazhilis (107 seats; 98 members directly elected in a single national constituency by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms and 9 indirectly elected by the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan, a 351-member, presidentially appointed advisory body designed to represent the country's ethnic minorities)"
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"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br>Senate (49 seats; 34 members indirectly elected by 2-round majority vote by the oblast-level assemblies and 15 members appointed by decree of the president; members serve 6-year terms, with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years)<br>Mazhilis (107 seats; 98 members directly elected in a single national constituency by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms and 9 indirectly elected by the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan, a 351-member, presidentially appointed advisory body designed to represent the country's ethnic minorities)"
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},
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"elections": {
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"text": "<br />Senate - last held on 12 August 2020 (next to be held in 2026)<br />Mazhilis - last held on 10 January 2021 (next to be held in 2026)"
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"text": "<br>Senate - last held on 12 August 2020 (next to be held in 2026)<br>Mazhilis - last held on 10 January 2021 (next to be held in 2026)"
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},
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"election results": {
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"text": "<strong> </strong><br />Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 42, women 5, percent of women 10.6%<br />Mazhilis - percent of vote by party - Nur Otan 71.1%, Ak Zhol 11%, People's Party 9.1%, other 8.8%; seats by party - Nur Otan 76, Ak Zhol 12, People's Party 10; composition - men 78, women 29, percent of women 27%"
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"text": "<strong> </strong><br>Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 42, women 5, percent of women 10.6%<br>Mazhilis - percent of vote by party - Nur Otan 71.1%, Ak Zhol 11%, People's Party 9.1%, other 8.8%; seats by party - Nur Otan 76, Ak Zhol 12, People's Party 10; composition - men 78, women 29, percent of women 27%"
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}
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},
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"Judicial branch": {
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}
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},
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"Political parties and leaders": {
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"text": "Ak Zhol (Bright Path) Party or Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol [Azat PERUASHEV]<br />Birlik (Unity) Party [Serik SULTANGALI]<br />National Social Democratic Party or NSDP [Zharmakhan TUYAKBAY]<br />Nur Otan (Radiant Fatherland) Democratic People's Party [Nursultan NAZARBAYEV]<br />People's Democratic (Patriotic) Party \"Auyl\" [Ali BEKTAYEV]<br />People's Party of Kazakhstan [informal leader Aikyn KONUROV]<br />Ult Tagdyry (Conscience of the Nation)"
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"text": "Ak Zhol (Bright Path) Party or Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol [Azat PERUASHEV]<br>Birlik (Unity) Party [Serik SULTANGALI]<br>National Social Democratic Party or NSDP [Zharmakhan TUYAKBAY]<br>Nur Otan (Radiant Fatherland) Democratic People's Party [Nursultan NAZARBAYEV]<br>People's Democratic (Patriotic) Party \"Auyl\" [Ali BEKTAYEV]<br>People's Party of Kazakhstan [informal leader Aikyn KONUROV]<br>Ult Tagdyry (Conscience of the Nation)"
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},
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"International organization participation": {
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"text": "ADB, CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEU, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EITI (compliant country), FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UN Security Council (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer), ZC"
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},
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"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
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"chief of mission": {
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"text": "<p>Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Yerzhan KISTAFIN (since 1 April 2021)<br /><br /></p>"
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"text": "<p>Ambassador Yerzhan ASHIKBAYEV (since 7 July 2021)</p>"
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},
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"chancery": {
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"text": "1401 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036"
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},
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"Telecommunication systems": {
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"general assessment": {
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"text": "<p>one of the most progressive telecom sectors in Central Asia; vast 4G network; low fixed-line and fixed-broadband penetration; moderate mobile broadband penetration and high mobile penetration; mobile market highly competitive and growth is slow due to saturation (2020)</p> (2020)"
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"text": "<p>one of the most progressive telecom sectors in Central Asia; vast 4G network; low fixed-line and fixed-broadband penetration; moderate mobile broadband penetration and high mobile penetration; mobile market highly competitive and growth is slow due to saturation (2020)</p> (2020)"
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},
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"domestic": {
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"text": "intercity by landline and microwave radio relay; number of fixed-line connections is 17 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular usage increased rapidly and the subscriber base approaches 139 per 100 persons (2019)"
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"text": "human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Kazakhstan and Kazakhstanis abroad; traffickers lure victims from rural areas to larger cities with fake offers of employment; traffickers coerce or force Kazakhstani men and women into labor in Russia, Bahrain, Brazil, the Republic of Korea, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates; sex traffickers exploit Kazakhstani women and girls in the Middle East, Europe, East Asia, the United States, Central Asian and Eastern European countries and rural areas in Kazakhstan; children are forced to beg and adults and children may be coerced into criminal behavior; traffickers are increasingly using debt-based coercion; traffickers capitalize on tough law enforcement policies on migrants to coerce them to remain and leverage these policies to threaten victims with punishment and deportation if they notify authorities, which fosters a distrust in law enforcement"
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},
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"tier rating": {
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"text": "Tier 2 Watch List —<strong> </strong>Kazakhstan does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; the government adopted amendments increasing criminal penalties for traffickers, including rescinding the provision allowing alleged traffickers to pay a settlement to victims to withdraw their criminal cases; authorities developed victim identification guidelines for diplomatic staff and provided victim identification training to some labor inspectors; the government took initial steps toward improving its annual NGO funding process; the government’s efforts to identify and protect foreign victims increased; foreign victims who did not participate in criminal investigations were ineligible for services and were deported; law enforcement continued to make limited efforts to investigate, prosecute, and convict labor trafficking crimes; trafficking convictions decreased for the fourth consecutive year; NGOs reported allegations of police officers’ involvement in human trafficking, but few police or other officials suspected of complicity were investigated or prosecuted (2020)"
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"text": "Tier 2 Watch List —<strong> </strong>Kazakhstan does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; the government adopted amendments increasing criminal penalties for traffickers, including rescinding the provision allowing alleged traffickers to pay a settlement to victims to withdraw their criminal cases; authorities developed victim identification guidelines for diplomatic staff and provided victim identification training to some labor inspectors; the government took initial steps toward improving its annual NGO funding process; the government’s efforts to identify and protect foreign victims increased; foreign victims who did not participate in criminal investigations were ineligible for services and were deported; law enforcement continued to make limited efforts to investigate, prosecute, and convict labor trafficking crimes; trafficking convictions decreased for the fourth consecutive year; NGOs reported allegations of police officers’ involvement in human trafficking, but few police or other officials suspected of complicity were investigated or prosecuted (2020)"
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}
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},
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"Illicit drugs": {
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