auto-update week 30

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Yo Robot 2021-07-29 15:27:17 +00:00
parent e1ecd6c48f
commit a0f3f4ef0a
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"text": "katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau; cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise along the coast; volcanism on Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica; other seismic activity rare and weak; large icebergs may calve from ice shelf"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "the coldest, windiest, highest (on average), and driest continent; during summer, more solar radiation reaches the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an equivalent period <br /><br />mostly uninhabitable, 98% of the land area is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, the largest single mass of ice on earth covering an area of 14 million sq km (5.4 million sq mi) and containing 26.5 million cu km (6.4 million cu mi) of ice (this is almost 62% of all of the world's fresh water); if all this ice were converted to liquid water, one estimate is that it would be sufficient to raise the height of the world's oceans by 58 m (190 ft)"
"text": "the coldest, windiest, highest (on average), and driest continent; during summer, more solar radiation reaches the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an equivalent period <br><br>mostly uninhabitable, 98% of the land area is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, the largest single mass of ice on earth covering an area of 14 million sq km (5.4 million sq mi) and containing 26.5 million cu km (6.4 million cu mi) of ice (this is almost 62% of all of the world's fresh water); if all this ice were converted to liquid water, one estimate is that it would be sufficient to raise the height of the world's oceans by 58 m (190 ft)"
}
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "no indigenous inhabitants, but there are both permanent and summer-only staffed research stations<br /> <br /><strong>note: </strong>53 countries have signed the 1959 Antarctic Treaty; 30 of those operate through their National Antarctic Program a number of seasonal-only (summer) and year-round research stations on the continent and its nearby islands south of 60 degrees south latitude (the region covered by the Antarctic Treaty); the population engaging in and supporting science or managing and protecting the Antarctic region varies from approximately 4,400 in summer to 1,100 in winter; in addition, approximately 1,000 personnel, including ship's crew and scientists doing onboard research, are present in the waters of the treaty region<br /> <br />as of 2017, peak summer (December-February) maximum capacity in scientific stations - 4,877 total; Argentina 601, Australia 243, Belarus 12, Belgium 40, Brazil 66, Bulgaria 22, Chile 433, China 166, Czechia 20, Ecuador 34, Finland 17, France 90, France and Italy jointly 80, Germany 104, India 113, Italy 120, Japan 130, South Korea 130, Netherlands 10, NZ 86, Norway 70, Peru 30, Poland 40, Russia 335, South Africa 80, Spain 98, Sweden 20, Ukraine 24, UK 196, US 1,399, Uruguay 68 (2017)<br /> <br />winter (June-August) maximum capacity in scientific station - 1,036 total; Argentina 221, Australia 52, Brazil 15, Chile 114, China 32, France 24, France and Italy jointly 13, Germany 9, India 48, Japan 40, Netherlands 10, South Korea 25, NZ 11, Norway 7, Poland 16, Russia 125, South Africa 15, Ukraine 12, UK 44, US 215, Uruguay 8 (2017) <br /><br />research stations operated within the Antarctic Treaty area (south of 60 degrees south latitude) by National Antarctic Programs year-round stations - approximately 40 total; Argentina 6, Australia 3, Brazil 1, Chile 6, China 2, France 1, France and Italy jointly 1, Germany 1, India 2, Japan 1, Netherlands 1, South Korea 2, NZ 1, Norway 1, Poland 1, Russia 5, South Africa 1, Ukraine 1, UK 2, US 3, Uruguay 2 (2017)<br /><br /> a range of seasonal-only (summer) stations, camps, and refuges - Argentina, Australia, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Brazil, Chile, China, Czechia, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, South Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Poland, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, UK, US, and Uruguay (2017)<br /><br /> in addition, during the austral summer some nations have numerous occupied locations such as tent camps, summer-long temporary facilities, and mobile traverses in support of research"
"text": "no indigenous inhabitants, but there are both permanent and summer-only staffed research stations<br> <br><strong>note: </strong>53 countries have signed the 1959 Antarctic Treaty; 30 of those operate through their National Antarctic Program a number of seasonal-only (summer) and year-round research stations on the continent and its nearby islands south of 60 degrees south latitude (the region covered by the Antarctic Treaty); the population engaging in and supporting science or managing and protecting the Antarctic region varies from approximately 4,400 in summer to 1,100 in winter; in addition, approximately 1,000 personnel, including ship's crew and scientists doing onboard research, are present in the waters of the treaty region<br> <br>as of 2017, peak summer (December-February) maximum capacity in scientific stations - 4,877 total; Argentina 601, Australia 243, Belarus 12, Belgium 40, Brazil 66, Bulgaria 22, Chile 433, China 166, Czechia 20, Ecuador 34, Finland 17, France 90, France and Italy jointly 80, Germany 104, India 113, Italy 120, Japan 130, South Korea 130, Netherlands 10, NZ 86, Norway 70, Peru 30, Poland 40, Russia 335, South Africa 80, Spain 98, Sweden 20, Ukraine 24, UK 196, US 1,399, Uruguay 68 (2017)<br> <br>winter (June-August) maximum capacity in scientific station - 1,036 total; Argentina 221, Australia 52, Brazil 15, Chile 114, China 32, France 24, France and Italy jointly 13, Germany 9, India 48, Japan 40, Netherlands 10, South Korea 25, NZ 11, Norway 7, Poland 16, Russia 125, South Africa 15, Ukraine 12, UK 44, US 215, Uruguay 8 (2017) <br><br>research stations operated within the Antarctic Treaty area (south of 60 degrees south latitude) by National Antarctic Programs year-round stations - approximately 40 total; Argentina 6, Australia 3, Brazil 1, Chile 6, China 2, France 1, France and Italy jointly 1, Germany 1, India 2, Japan 1, Netherlands 1, South Korea 2, NZ 1, Norway 1, Poland 1, Russia 5, South Africa 1, Ukraine 1, UK 2, US 3, Uruguay 2 (2017)<br><br> a range of seasonal-only (summer) stations, camps, and refuges - Argentina, Australia, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Brazil, Chile, China, Czechia, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, South Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Poland, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, UK, US, and Uruguay (2017)<br><br> in addition, during the austral summer some nations have numerous occupied locations such as tent camps, summer-long temporary facilities, and mobile traverses in support of research"
}
},
"Environment": {
@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
},
"Economy": {
"Economic overview": {
"text": "<p>Scientific undertakings rather than commercial pursuits are the predominant human activity in Antarctica. Offshore fishing and tourism, both based abroad, account for Antarctica's limited economic activity.</p> <p>Antarctic Fisheries, within the area covered by the Convention on Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources currently target Patagonian toothfish, Antarctic toothfish, mackerel icefish and Antarctic krill. The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) manages these fisheries using the ecosystem-based and precautionary approach.&nbsp; The Commission&rsquo;s objective is conservation of Antarctic marine living resources and it regulates the fisheries based on the level of information available, and maintaining existing ecological relationships.&nbsp; While Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing has declined in the Convention area since 1990, it remains a concern</p> <p>A total of 51,707 &nbsp;tourists visited the Antarctic Treaty area in the 2017-2018 &nbsp;Antarctic summer, 17 percent greater than the 43,915 visitors in 2016-2017. These estimates were provided to the Antarctic Treaty by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators and do not include passengers on overflights. Nearly all of the tourists were passengers on commercial ships and several yachts that make trips during the summer.</p>"
"text": "<p>Scientific undertakings rather than commercial pursuits are the predominant human activity in Antarctica. Offshore fishing and tourism, both based abroad, account for Antarctica's limited economic activity.</p> <p>Antarctic Fisheries, within the area covered by the Convention on Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources currently target Patagonian toothfish, Antarctic toothfish, mackerel icefish and Antarctic krill. The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) manages these fisheries using the ecosystem-based and precautionary approach.  The Commissions objective is conservation of Antarctic marine living resources and it regulates the fisheries based on the level of information available, and maintaining existing ecological relationships.  While Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing has declined in the Convention area since 1990, it remains a concern</p> <p>A total of 51,707  tourists visited the Antarctic Treaty area in the 2017-2018  Antarctic summer, 17 percent greater than the 43,915 visitors in 2016-2017. These estimates were provided to the Antarctic Treaty by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators and do not include passengers on overflights. Nearly all of the tourists were passengers on commercial ships and several yachts that make trips during the summer.</p>"
}
},
"Energy": {

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@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
"text": "Antarctic RegionAfrica"
},
"Area": {
"text": "<strong>Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>total - 55 sq km; land - 55 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br /> <strong>Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>total - 7 sq km; land - 7 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br /> <strong>Iles Crozet: </strong>total - 352 sq km; land - 352 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br /> <strong>Iles Kerguelen: </strong>total - 7,215 sq km; land - 7,215 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br /> <strong>Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 80 sq km; land - 0.2 sq km; water - 79.8 sq km (lagoon)<br /> <strong>Europa Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 28 sq km; land - 28 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br /> <strong>Glorioso Islands (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 5 sq km; land - 5 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br /> <strong>Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 4.4 sq km; land - 4.4 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br /> <strong>Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 1 sq km; land - 1 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br /> <strong>note: </strong>excludes \"Adelie Land\" claim of about 500,000 sq km in Antarctica that is not recognized by the US"
"text": "<strong>Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>total - 55 sq km; land - 55 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br> <strong>Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>total - 7 sq km; land - 7 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br> <strong>Iles Crozet: </strong>total - 352 sq km; land - 352 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br> <strong>Iles Kerguelen: </strong>total - 7,215 sq km; land - 7,215 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br> <strong>Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 80 sq km; land - 0.2 sq km; water - 79.8 sq km (lagoon)<br> <strong>Europa Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 28 sq km; land - 28 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br> <strong>Glorioso Islands (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 5 sq km; land - 5 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br> <strong>Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 4.4 sq km; land - 4.4 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br> <strong>Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 1 sq km; land - 1 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br> <strong>note: </strong>excludes \"Adelie Land\" claim of about 500,000 sq km in Antarctica that is not recognized by the US"
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "<p><strong>Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul):</strong> less than one-half the size of Washington, DC; </p><p><strong>Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul):</strong> more than 10 times the size of the National Mall in Washington, DC; </p><p><strong>Iles Crozet:</strong> about twice the size of Washington, DC; </p><p><strong>Iles Kerguelen:</strong> slightly larger than Delaware; </p><p><strong>Bassas da India (Iles Eparses):</strong> land area about one-third the size of the National Mall in Washington, DC; </p><p><strong>Europa Island (Iles Eparses):</strong> about one-sixth the size of Washington, DC; </p><p><strong>Glorioso Islands (Iles Eparses):</strong> about eight times the size of the National Mall in Washington, DC; </p><p><strong>Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses):</strong> about seven times the size of the National Mall in Washington, DC; </p><p><strong>Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses):</strong> about 1.7 times the size of the National Mall in Washington, DC</p>"
@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
}
},
"Coastline": {
"text": "<strong>Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>28 km<br /> <strong>Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong><br /> <strong>Iles Kerguelen: </strong>2,800 km<br /> <strong>Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): </strong>35.2 km<br /> <strong>Europa Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>22.2 km<br /> <strong>Glorioso Islands (Iles Eparses): </strong>35.2 km<br /> <strong>Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>24.1 km<br /> <strong>Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>3.7 km"
"text": "<strong>Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>28 km<br> <strong>Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong><br> <strong>Iles Kerguelen: </strong>2,800 km<br> <strong>Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): </strong>35.2 km<br> <strong>Europa Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>22.2 km<br> <strong>Glorioso Islands (Iles Eparses): </strong>35.2 km<br> <strong>Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>24.1 km<br> <strong>Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>3.7 km"
},
"Maritime claims": {
"territorial sea": {
@ -44,16 +44,16 @@
},
"Elevation": {
"highest point": {
"text": "<span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">Mont de la Dives on Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul) 867 m</span>"
"text": "Mont de la Dives on Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul) 867 m"
},
"lowest point": {
"text": "Indian Ocean 0 m"
},
"note": "<span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\"><strong>highest points throughout the French Southern and Antarctic Lands: </strong>unnamed location on Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul) 272 m; Pic Marion-Dufresne in Iles Crozet 1090 m; Mont Ross in Iles Kerguelen 1850 m; unnamed location on Bassas de India (Iles Eparses) 2.4 m;24 unnamed location on Europa Island (Iles Eparses)&nbsp;24 m; unnamed location on Glorioso Islands (Iles Eparses) 12 m; unnamed location on Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses) 10 m; unnamed location on Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses) 7 m</span>"
"note": "<strong>highest points throughout the French Southern and Antarctic Lands: </strong>unnamed location on Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul) 272 m; Pic Marion-Dufresne in Iles Crozet 1090 m; Mont Ross in Iles Kerguelen 1850 m; unnamed location on Bassas de India (Iles Eparses) 2.4 m;24 unnamed location on Europa Island (Iles Eparses) 24 m; unnamed location on Glorioso Islands (Iles Eparses) 12 m; unnamed location on Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses) 10 m; unnamed location on Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses) 7 m"
},
"Natural resources": {
"text": "fish, crayfish, note, Glorioso Islands and Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses) have guano, phosphates, and coconuts<br><br><strong>note</strong> - in the 1950's and 1960's, several species of trout were introduced to Iles Kerguelen of which two, Brown trout and Brook trout, survived to establish wild populations; reindeer were also introduced to Iles Kerguelen in 1956 as a source of fresh meat for whaling crews, the herd today, one of two in the Southern Hemisphere,&nbsp;is estimated to number around 4,000",
"note": "<strong>note</strong> - in the 1950's and 1960's, several species of trout were introduced to Iles Kerguelen of which two, Brown trout and Brook trout, survived to establish wild populations; reindeer were also introduced to Iles Kerguelen in 1956 as a source of fresh meat for whaling crews, the herd today, one of two in the Southern Hemisphere,&nbsp;is estimated to number around 4,000"
"text": "fish, crayfish, note, Glorioso Islands and Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses) have guano, phosphates, and coconuts<br><br><strong>note</strong> - in the 1950's and 1960's, several species of trout were introduced to Iles Kerguelen of which two, Brown trout and Brook trout, survived to establish wild populations; reindeer were also introduced to Iles Kerguelen in 1956 as a source of fresh meat for whaling crews, the herd today, one of two in the Southern Hemisphere, is estimated to number around 4,000",
"note": "<strong>note</strong> - in the 1950's and 1960's, several species of trout were introduced to Iles Kerguelen of which two, Brown trout and Brook trout, survived to establish wild populations; reindeer were also introduced to Iles Kerguelen in 1956 as a source of fresh meat for whaling crews, the herd today, one of two in the Southern Hemisphere, is estimated to number around 4,000"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul are inactive volcanoes; Iles Eparses subject to periodic cyclones; Bassas da India is a maritime hazard since it is under water for a period of three hours prior to and following the high tide and surrounded by reefs</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Reunion Island - Piton de la Fournaise (2,632 m), which has erupted many times in recent years including 2010, 2015, and 2017, is one of the world's most active volcanoes; although rare, eruptions outside the volcano's caldera could threaten nearby cities</p>"
@ -64,8 +64,8 @@
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "no indigenous inhabitants<br><br><strong>Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>uninhabited but has a meteorological station<br /><strong>Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>uninhabited but is frequently visited by fishermen and has a scientific research cabin for short stays<br /> <strong>Iles Crozet</strong>: uninhabited except for 18 to 30 people staffing the Alfred Faure research station on Ile del la Possession<br /> <strong>Iles Kerguelen:</strong> 50 to 100 scientists are located at the main base at Port-aux-Francais on Ile Kerguelen<br /> <strong><span class=\"category\">Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): </span></strong>uninhabitable<br /> <strong><span class=\"category\">Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): </span></strong>a small French military garrison and a few meteorologists on each possession; visited by scientists<br /> <strong><span class=\"category\">Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): </span></strong>uninhabited, except for visits by scientists",
"note": "<strong>Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>uninhabited but has a meteorological station<br /><strong>Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>uninhabited but is frequently visited by fishermen and has a scientific research cabin for short stays<br /> <strong>Iles Crozet</strong>: uninhabited except for 18 to 30 people staffing the Alfred Faure research station on Ile del la Possession<br /> <strong>Iles Kerguelen:</strong> 50 to 100 scientists are located at the main base at Port-aux-Francais on Ile Kerguelen<br /> <strong><span class=\"category\">Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): </span></strong>uninhabitable<br /> <strong><span class=\"category\">Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): </span></strong>a small French military garrison and a few meteorologists on each possession; visited by scientists<br /> <strong><span class=\"category\">Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): </span></strong>uninhabited, except for visits by scientists"
"text": "no indigenous inhabitants<br><br><strong>Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>uninhabited but has a meteorological station<br><strong>Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>uninhabited but is frequently visited by fishermen and has a scientific research cabin for short stays<br> <strong>Iles Crozet</strong>: uninhabited except for 18 to 30 people staffing the Alfred Faure research station on Ile del la Possession<br> <strong>Iles Kerguelen:</strong> 50 to 100 scientists are located at the main base at Port-aux-Francais on Ile Kerguelen<br> <strong>Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): </strong>uninhabitable<br> <strong>Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>a small French military garrison and a few meteorologists on each possession; visited by scientists<br> <strong>Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>uninhabited, except for visits by scientists",
"note": "<strong>Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>uninhabited but has a meteorological station<br><strong>Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>uninhabited but is frequently visited by fishermen and has a scientific research cabin for short stays<br> <strong>Iles Crozet</strong>: uninhabited except for 18 to 30 people staffing the Alfred Faure research station on Ile del la Possession<br> <strong>Iles Kerguelen:</strong> 50 to 100 scientists are located at the main base at Port-aux-Francais on Ile Kerguelen<br> <strong>Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): </strong>uninhabitable<br> <strong>Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>a small French military garrison and a few meteorologists on each possession; visited by scientists<br> <strong>Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>uninhabited, except for visits by scientists"
}
},
"Environment": {

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}
},
"Dependency status": {
"text": "territory of Australia; administered from Canberra by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (Australian Antarctic Division)"
"text": "territory of Australia; administered from Canberra by the Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment (Australian Antarctic Division)"
},
"Legal system": {
"text": "the laws of Australia apply where applicable"