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{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "Many of Burkina Faso’s ethnic groups arrived in the region between the 12<sup>th</sup> and 15<sup>th</sup> centuries. The Gurma and Mossi peoples established several of the largest kingdoms in the area and used horse-mounted warriors in military campaigns. Of the various Mossi kingdoms, the most powerful were Ouagadougou and Yatenga. In the late 19th century, European states competed for control of the region. France eventually conquered the area and established it as a French protectorate.<br /><br />The area achieved independence from France in 1960 and changed its name to Burkina Faso in 1984. Repeated military coups were common in the country’s first few decades. The last successful coup occurred in 1987 when Blaise COMPAORE deposed the former president, established a government, and ruled for 27 years. In October 2014, COMPAORE resigned following protests against his repeated efforts to amend the constitution's two-term presidential limit. An interim administration led a year-long transition period organizing presidential and legislative elections. In November 2015, Roch Marc Christian KABORE was elected president; he was reelected in November 2020.<br /><br />Terrorist groups - including groups affiliated with Al-Qa’ida and the Islamic State - began attacks in the country in 2016 and conducted attacks in the capital in 2016, 2017, and 2018. By late 2020, terrorist attacks had resulted in approximately 4,000 deaths and over 1 million internally displaced persons. In addition to terrorism, the country faces a myriad of problems including high population growth, recurring drought, pervasive and perennial food insecurity, and limited natural resources. It is one of the world’s poorest countries.<br /> <p> </p>"
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"text": "Many of Burkina Faso’s ethnic groups arrived in the region between the 12th and 15th centuries. The Gurma and Mossi peoples established several of the largest kingdoms in the area and used horse-mounted warriors in military campaigns. Of the various Mossi kingdoms, the most powerful were Ouagadougou and Yatenga. In the late 19th century, European states competed for control of the region. France eventually conquered the area and established it as a French protectorate.<br><br>The area achieved independence from France in 1960 and changed its name to Burkina Faso in 1984. Repeated military coups were common in the country’s first few decades. The last successful coup occurred in 1987 when Blaise COMPAORE deposed the former president, established a government, and ruled for 27 years. In October 2014, COMPAORE resigned following protests against his repeated efforts to amend the constitution's two-term presidential limit. An interim administration led a year-long transition period organizing presidential and legislative elections. In November 2015, Roch Marc Christian KABORE was elected president; he was reelected in November 2020.<br><br>Terrorist groups - including groups affiliated with Al-Qa’ida and the Islamic State - began attacks in the country in 2016 and conducted attacks in the capital in 2016, 2017, and 2018. By late 2020, terrorist attacks had resulted in approximately 4,000 deaths and over 1 million internally displaced persons. In addition to terrorism, the country faces a myriad of problems including high population growth, recurring drought, pervasive and perennial food insecurity, and limited natural resources. It is one of the world’s poorest countries.<br> <p> </p>"
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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"text": "<p>three climate zones including a hot tropical savanna with a short rainy season in the southern half, a tropical hot semi-arid steppe climate typical of the Sahel region in the northern half, and small area of hot desert in the very north of the country bordering the Sahara Desert</p>"
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},
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"Terrain": {
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"text": "<span class=\"ILfuVd\"><span class=\"e24Kjd\">Mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in the west and southeast. </span></span>Occupies an <span class=\"ILfuVd\"><span class=\"e24Kjd\">extensive plateau with s</span></span><span class=\"ILfuVd\"><span class=\"e24Kjd\">avanna that is grassy in the north and gradually gives way to sparse forests in the south.</span></span> (2019)"
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"text": "Mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in the west and southeast. Occupies an extensive plateau with savanna that is grassy in the north and gradually gives way to sparse forests in the south. (2019)"
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},
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"Elevation": {
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"highest point": {
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"text": "550 sq km (2016)"
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},
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"Population distribution": {
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"text": "<div> <p>Most of the population is located in the center and south. Nearly one-third of the population lives in cities. The capital and largest city is Ouagadougou (Ouaga), with a population of 1.8 million as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/fac293c3704a18e2e24cc016b27fffc9/BURKINA_FASO_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a></p> </div> (2019)"
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"text": " <p>Most of the population is located in the center and south. Nearly one-third of the population lives in cities. The capital and largest city is Ouagadougou (Ouaga), with a population of 1.8 million as shown in this population distribution map</p> (2019)"
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},
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"Natural hazards": {
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"text": "recurring droughts"
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"text": "French (official), native African languages belonging to Sudanic family spoken by 90% of the population"
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},
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"Religions": {
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"text": "Muslim 61.5%, Roman Catholic 23.3%, traditional/animist 7.8%, Protestant 6.5%, other/no answer 0.2%, none 0.7% (2010 est.)"
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"text": "Muslim 63.2%, Roman Catholic 24.6%, Protestant 6.9%, traditional/animist 4.2%, none 0.7%, unspecified 0.4% (2017-18 est.)"
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},
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"Demographic profile": {
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"text": "<p>Burkina Faso has a young age structure – the result of declining mortality combined with steady high fertility – and continues to experience rapid population growth, which is putting increasing pressure on the country’s limited arable land. More than 65% of the population is under the age of 25, and the population is growing at 3% annually. Mortality rates, especially those of infants and children, have decreased because of improved health care, hygiene, and sanitation, but women continue to have an average of almost 6 children. Even if fertility were substantially reduced, today’s large cohort entering their reproductive years would sustain high population growth for the foreseeable future. Only about a third of the population is literate and unemployment is widespread, dampening the economic prospects of Burkina Faso’s large working-age population.</p> <p>Migration has traditionally been a way of life for Burkinabe, with seasonal migration being replaced by stints of up to two years abroad. Cote d’Ivoire remains the top destination, although it has experienced periods of internal conflict. Under French colonization, Burkina Faso became a main labor source for agricultural and factory work in Cote d’Ivoire. Burkinabe also migrated to Ghana, Mali, and Senegal for work between the world wars. Burkina Faso attracts migrants from Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, and Mali, who often share common ethnic backgrounds with the Burkinabe. Despite its food shortages and high poverty rate, Burkina Faso has become a destination for refugees in recent years and hosts about 33,500 Malians as of May 2017.</p> (2018)"
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"text": "<p>Burkina Faso has a young age structure – the result of declining mortality combined with steady high fertility – and continues to experience rapid population growth, which is putting increasing pressure on the country’s limited arable land. More than 65% of the population is under the age of 25, and the population is growing at 3% annually. Mortality rates, especially those of infants and children, have decreased because of improved health care, hygiene, and sanitation, but women continue to have an average of almost 6 children. Even if fertility were substantially reduced, today’s large cohort entering their reproductive years would sustain high population growth for the foreseeable future. Only about a third of the population is literate and unemployment is widespread, dampening the economic prospects of Burkina Faso’s large working-age population.</p> <p>Migration has traditionally been a way of life for Burkinabe, with seasonal migration being replaced by stints of up to two years abroad. Cote d’Ivoire remains the top destination, although it has experienced periods of internal conflict. Under French colonization, Burkina Faso became a main labor source for agricultural and factory work in Cote d’Ivoire. Burkinabe also migrated to Ghana, Mali, and Senegal for work between the world wars. Burkina Faso attracts migrants from Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, and Mali, who often share common ethnic backgrounds with the Burkinabe. Despite its food shortages and high poverty rate, Burkina Faso has become a destination for refugees in recent years and hosts about 33,500 Malians as of May 2017.</p> (2018)"
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},
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"Age structure": {
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"0-14 years": {
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"text": "-0.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
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},
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"Population distribution": {
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"text": "<div> <p>Most of the population is located in the center and south. Nearly one-third of the population lives in cities. The capital and largest city is Ouagadougou (Ouaga), with a population of 1.8 million as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/fac293c3704a18e2e24cc016b27fffc9/BURKINA_FASO_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a></p> </div> (2019)"
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"text": " <p>Most of the population is located in the center and south. Nearly one-third of the population lives in cities. The capital and largest city is Ouagadougou (Ouaga), with a population of 1.8 million as shown in this population distribution map</p> (2019)"
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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"urban population": {
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"text": "4.39 children born/woman (2021 est.)"
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},
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"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
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"text": "32.5% (2018/19)"
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"text": "30.1% (2020)"
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},
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"Drinking water source": {
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"improved: urban": {
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}
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
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"text": "0.8% (2019 est.)"
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"text": "0.7% (2020 est.)"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
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"text": "100,000 (2019 est.)"
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"text": "97,000 (2020 est.)"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
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"text": "3,100 (2019 est.)"
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"text": "3,300 (2020 est.)"
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},
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"Major infectious diseases": {
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"degree of risk": {
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}
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},
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"Political parties and leaders": {
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"text": "African Democratic Rally/Alliance for Democracy and Federation or ADF/RDA [Gilbert Noel OUEDRAOGO]<br />African People’s Movement or MAP [Victorien TOUGOUMA]<br />Congress for Democracy and Progress or CDP [Eddie KOMBOIGO]<br />Le Faso Autrement [Ablasse OUEDRAOGO]<br />New Alliance of the Faso or NAFA [Mahamoudou DICKO]<br />New Time for Democracy or NTD [Vincent DABILGOU]<br />Organization for Democracy and Work or ODT [Anatole BONKOUNGOU]<br />Party for Development and Change or PDC [Aziz SEREME]<br />Party for Democracy and Progress-Socialist Party or PDP-PS [Drabo TORO]<br />Party for Democracy and Socialism/Metba or PDS/Metba [Philippe OUEDRAOGO]<br />Party for National Renaissance or PAREN [Michel BERE]<br />People's Movement for Progress or MPP [Simon COMPAORE]<br />Rally for Democracy and Socialism or RDS [Francois OUEDRAOGO]<br />Rally for the Development of Burkina or RDB [Celestin Saidou COMPAORE]<br />Rally of Ecologists of Burkina Faso or RDEB [Adama SERE]<br />Soleil d’Avenir [Abdoulaye SOMA]<br />Union for a New Burkina or UBN [Diemdioda DICKO]<br />Union for Progress and Change or UPC [Zephirin DIABRE]<br />Union for Rebirth - Sankarist Party or UNIR-MS [Benewende Stanislas SANKARA]<br />Union for the Republic or UPR [Toussaint Abel COULIBALY]<br />Youth Alliance for the Republic and Independence or AJIR [Adama KANAZOE]"
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"text": "African Democratic Rally/Alliance for Democracy and Federation or ADF/RDA [Gilbert Noel OUEDRAOGO]<br>African People’s Movement or MAP [Victorien TOUGOUMA]<br>Congress for Democracy and Progress or CDP [Eddie KOMBOIGO]<br>Le Faso Autrement [Ablasse OUEDRAOGO]<br>New Alliance of the Faso or NAFA [Mahamoudou DICKO]<br>New Time for Democracy or NTD [Vincent DABILGOU]<br>Organization for Democracy and Work or ODT [Anatole BONKOUNGOU]<br>Party for Development and Change or PDC [Aziz SEREME]<br>Party for Democracy and Progress-Socialist Party or PDP-PS [Drabo TORO]<br>Party for Democracy and Socialism/Metba or PDS/Metba [Philippe OUEDRAOGO]<br>Party for National Renaissance or PAREN [Michel BERE]<br>People's Movement for Progress or MPP [Simon COMPAORE]<br>Rally for Democracy and Socialism or RDS [Francois OUEDRAOGO]<br>Rally for the Development of Burkina or RDB [Celestin Saidou COMPAORE]<br>Rally of Ecologists of Burkina Faso or RDEB [Adama SERE]<br>Soleil d’Avenir [Abdoulaye SOMA]<br>Union for a New Burkina or UBN [Diemdioda DICKO]<br>Union for Progress and Change or UPC [Zephirin DIABRE]<br>Union for Rebirth - Sankarist Party or UNIR-MS [Benewende Stanislas SANKARA]<br>Union for the Republic or UPR [Toussaint Abel COULIBALY]<br>Youth Alliance for the Republic and Independence or AJIR [Adama KANAZOE]"
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},
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"International organization participation": {
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"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, CD, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNITAR, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
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},
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"Telecommunication systems": {
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"general assessment": {
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"text": "<p>Burkina Faso’s telecom services are some of the most expensive in the world, hindered by regulatory procedures, insufficient mobile spectrum, poor fixed-line networks; mobile telephony but below African average; Internet is provided by mobile operators; Internet penetration is low and expensive, despite improved international bandwidth via fiber links through submarine cables to adjacent countries; increased telecom tax; government infrastructure project largely completed; parliament launched inquiry on mobile network infrastructure coverage, pricing of services, and quality of service; government began computer subsidy program for university students; government progressed with large project to provide metropolitan fiber-optic infrastructure (2021)</p> (2020)"
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"text": "<p>Burkina Faso’s telecom services are some of the most expensive in the world, hindered by regulatory procedures, insufficient mobile spectrum, poor fixed-line networks; mobile telephony but below African average; Internet is provided by mobile operators; Internet penetration is low and expensive, despite improved international bandwidth via fiber links through submarine cables to adjacent countries; increased telecom tax; government infrastructure project largely completed; parliament launched inquiry on mobile network infrastructure coverage, pricing of services, and quality of service; government began computer subsidy program for university students; government progressed with large project to provide metropolitan fiber-optic infrastructure (2021)</p> (2020)"
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},
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"domestic": {
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"text": "fixed-line connections stand at less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular usage 100 per 100, with multiple providers there is competition and the hope for growth from a low base; Internet penetration is 11% countrywide, but higher in urban areas (2019)"
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},
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"Military and Security": {
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"Military and security forces": {
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"text": "Armed Forces of Burkina Faso (FABF): Army of Burkina Faso (L’Armee de Terre, LAT), Air Force of Burkina Faso (Force Aerienne de Burkina Faso, FABF), National Gendarmerie; Volunteers for the Defense of the Fatherland (a civilian defense force established in 2019 to act as auxiliaries to the military in the fight against militants) (2021)<br><br>note: the National Gendarmerie officially reports to the Ministry of Defense, but usually operates in support of the Ministry of Security and the Ministry of Justice; Gendarmerie troops are typically integrated with Army forces in anti-terrorism operations; for example, Gendarmerie, Army, and police forces were combined to form a 1,500-member task force known as the <em>Groupement des Forces Anti-Terroristes</em> (GFAT) to address terrorist activities along the country's northern border in 2013",
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"text": "Armed Forces of Burkina Faso (FABF): Army of Burkina Faso (L’Armee de Terre, LAT), Air Force of Burkina Faso (Force Aerienne de Burkina Faso, FABF), National Gendarmerie; Volunteers for the Defense of the Fatherland (a civilian defense force established in 2019 to act as auxiliaries to the military in the fight against militants) (2021)<br><br>note: the National Gendarmerie officially reports to the Ministry of Defense, but usually operates in support of the Ministry of Security and the Ministry of Justice; Gendarmerie troops are typically integrated with Army forces in anti-terrorism operations; for example, Gendarmerie, Army, and police forces were combined to form a 1,500-member task force known as the <em>Groupement des Forces Anti-Terroristes</em> (GFAT) to address terrorist activities along the country's northern border in 2013",
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"note": "note: the National Gendarmerie officially reports to the Ministry of Defense, but usually operates in support of the Ministry of Security and the Ministry of Justice; Gendarmerie troops are typically integrated with Army forces in anti-terrorism operations; for example, Gendarmerie, Army, and police forces were combined to form a 1,500-member task force known as the <em>Groupement des Forces Anti-Terroristes</em> (GFAT) to address terrorist activities along the country's northern border in 2013"
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},
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"Military expenditures": {
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}
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},
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"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
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"text": "the Armed Forces of Burkina Faso (FABF) have approximately 12,000 personnel (7,000 Army; 500 Air Force; 4,500 National Gendarmerie) (2020)"
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"text": "the Armed Forces of Burkina Faso (FABF) have approximately 12,000 personnel (7,000 Army; 500 Air Force; 4,500 National Gendarmerie) (2021)"
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},
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"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
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"text": "the FABF has a mix of foreign-supplied weapons; since 2010, it has received limited amounts of mostly donated second-hand equipment from more than 10 countries (2020)"
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"text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; women may serve in supporting roles (2019)"
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},
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"Military - note": {
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"text": "since at least 2016, the Armed Forces of Burkina Faso have been actively engaged in combat operations with terrorist groups linked to al-Qa'ida and ISIS; military operations have occurred in the Centre‐Est, Centre‐Nord, Est, Nord, and Sahel administrative regions<br /><br />Burkina Faso is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger; it has committed 550 troops and 100 gendarmes to the force; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries (2021)"
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"text": "since at least 2016, the Armed Forces of Burkina Faso have been actively engaged in combat operations with terrorist groups linked to al-Qa'ida and ISIS; military operations have occurred in the Centre‐Est, Centre‐Nord, Est, Nord, and Sahel administrative regions<br><br>Burkina Faso is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger; it has committed 550 troops and 100 gendarmes to the force; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries (2021)"
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}
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},
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"Terrorism": {
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"Terrorist group(s)": {
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"text": "Ansarul Islam; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Greater Sahara; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun); Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>"
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"text": "Ansarul Islam; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Greater Sahara; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun); Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
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}
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},
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"Transnational Issues": {
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