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@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
"text": "2,000 sq km (2012)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "distribution varies greatly throughout the country; least densely populated areas are in the northeast and central regions, as well as areas along the Kenyan border; most populated areas are in and around the cities of Mogadishu, Marka, Boorama, Hargeysa, and Baidoa as shown on this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/3488ac7c779283bc6d5bab5c57acf559/SOMALIA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
"text": "distribution varies greatly throughout the country; least densely populated areas are in the northeast and central regions, as well as areas along the Kenyan border; most populated areas are in and around the cities of Mogadishu, Marka, Boorama, Hargeysa, and Baidoa as shown on this population distribution map"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer; floods during rainy season"
@ -117,7 +117,12 @@
"text": "Somali 85%, Bantu and other non-Somali 15% (including 30,000 Arabs)"
},
"Languages": {
"text": "Somali (official, according to the 2012 Transitional Federal Charter), Arabic (official, according to the 2012 Transitional Federal Charter), Italian, English"
"Languages": {
"text": "Somali (official, according to the 2012 Transitional Federal Charter), Arabic (official, according to the 2012 Transitional Federal Charter), Italian, English"
},
"printed major-language sample": {
"text": "<br>Buugga Xaqiiqda Aduunka, waa laga maarmaanka macluumaadka assasiga. (Somali)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
}
},
"Religions": {
"text": "Sunni Muslim (Islam) (official, according to the 2012 Transitional Federal Charter)"
@ -180,7 +185,7 @@
"text": "-2.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "distribution varies greatly throughout the country; least densely populated areas are in the northeast and central regions, as well as areas along the Kenyan border; most populated areas are in and around the cities of Mogadishu, Marka, Boorama, Hargeysa, and Baidoa as shown on this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/3488ac7c779283bc6d5bab5c57acf559/SOMALIA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
"text": "distribution varies greatly throughout the country; least densely populated areas are in the northeast and central regions, as well as areas along the Kenyan border; most populated areas are in and around the cities of Mogadishu, Marka, Boorama, Hargeysa, and Baidoa as shown on this population distribution map"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -291,13 +296,13 @@
}
},
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "0.1% (2019 est.)"
"text": "<.1% (2020 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
"text": "11,000 (2019 est.)"
"text": "8,700 (2020 est.)"
},
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
"text": "<1000 (2019 est.)"
"text": "<500 (2020 est.)"
},
"Major infectious diseases": {
"degree of risk": {
@ -517,13 +522,13 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "bicameral Federal Parliament to consist of:<br />Upper House (54 seats; senators indirectly elected by state assemblies to serve 4-year terms)<br />House of the People (275 seats; members indirectly elected by electoral colleges, each consisting of 51 delegates selected by the 136 Traditional Elders in consultation with sub-clan elders; members serve 4-year terms)"
"text": "bicameral Federal Parliament to consist of:<br>Upper House (54 seats; senators indirectly elected by state assemblies to serve 4-year terms)<br>House of the People (275 seats; members indirectly elected by electoral colleges, each consisting of 51 delegates selected by the 136 Traditional Elders in consultation with sub-clan elders; members serve 4-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "<br />Upper House - first held on 10 October 2016 (next to be held in November 2020)<br />House of the People - first held 23 October - 10 November 2016 (next to be held in November 2020)"
"text": "<br>Upper House - first held on 10 October 2016 (next to be held in November 2020)<br>House of the People - first held 23 October - 10 November 2016 (next to be held in November 2020)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "<br />Upper House - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 41, women 13, percent of women 24.1%<br />House of the People - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 208, women 67, percent of women 24.4%; note - total Parliament percent of women 24.3%"
"text": "<br>Upper House - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 41, women 13, percent of women 24.1%<br>House of the People - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 208, women 67, percent of women 24.4%; note - total Parliament percent of women 24.3%"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the inaugural House of the People was appointed in September 2012 by clan elders; in 2016 and 2017, the Federal Parliament became bicameral with elections scheduled for 10 October 2016 for the Upper House and 23 October to 10 November 2016 for the House of the People; while the elections were delayed, they were eventually held in most regions despite voting irregularities; on 27 December 2016, 41 Upper House senators and 242 House of the People members were sworn in"
},
@ -539,7 +544,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Cosmopolitan Democratic Party [Yarow Sharef ADEN]<br />Daljir Party or DP [Hassan MOALIM]<br />Democratic Green Party of Somalia or DGPS [Abdullahi Y. MAHAMOUD]<br />Democratic Party of Somalia or DPS [Maslah Mohamed SIAD]<br />Green Leaf for Democracy or GLED<br />Hiil Qaran<br />Justice and Communist Party [Mohamed NUR]<br />Justice and Development of Democracy and Self-Respectfulness Party or CAHDI [Abdirahman Abdigani IBRAHIM Bile]<br />Justice Party [SAKARIYE Haji]<br />Liberal Party of Somalia<br />National Democratic Party [Abdirashid ALI]<br />National Unity Party (Xisbiga MIdnimo-Quaran) [Abdurahman BAADIYOW]<br />Peace and Development Party or PDP<br />Somali Green Party (local chapter of Federation of Green Parties of Africa)<br />Somali National Party or SNP [Mohammed Ameen Saeed AHMED]<br />Somali People's Party [Salad JEELE]<br />Somali Society Unity Party [Yasin MAALIM]<br />Tayo or TPP [Mohamed Abdullahi MOHAMED]<br />Tiir Party [Fadhil Sheik MOHAMUD]<br />Union for Peace and Development or UPD [HASSAN SHEIKH Mohamud]<br />United and Democratic Party [FAUZIA Haji]<br />United Somali Parliamentarians<br />United Somali Republican Party [Ali TIMA-JLIC]<br /><strong>inactive:</strong> Alliance for the Reliberation of Somalia; reportedly inactive since 2009"
"text": "Cosmopolitan Democratic Party [Yarow Sharef ADEN]<br>Daljir Party or DP [Hassan MOALIM]<br>Democratic Green Party of Somalia or DGPS [Abdullahi Y. MAHAMOUD]<br>Democratic Party of Somalia or DPS [Maslah Mohamed SIAD]<br>Green Leaf for Democracy or GLED<br>Hiil Qaran<br>Justice and Communist Party [Mohamed NUR]<br>Justice and Development of Democracy and Self-Respectfulness Party or CAHDI [Abdirahman Abdigani IBRAHIM Bile]<br>Justice Party [SAKARIYE Haji]<br>Liberal Party of Somalia<br>National Democratic Party [Abdirashid ALI]<br>National Unity Party (Xisbiga MIdnimo-Quaran) [Abdurahman BAADIYOW]<br>Peace and Development Party or PDP<br>Somali Green Party (local chapter of Federation of Green Parties of Africa)<br>Somali National Party or SNP [Mohammed Ameen Saeed AHMED]<br>Somali People's Party [Salad JEELE]<br>Somali Society Unity Party [Yasin MAALIM]<br>Tayo or TPP [Mohamed Abdullahi MOHAMED]<br>Tiir Party [Fadhil Sheik MOHAMUD]<br>Union for Peace and Development or UPD [HASSAN SHEIKH Mohamud]<br>United and Democratic Party [FAUZIA Haji]<br>United Somali Parliamentarians<br>United Somali Republican Party [Ali TIMA-JLIC]<br><strong>inactive:</strong> Alliance for the Reliberation of Somalia; reportedly inactive since 2009"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, CAEU (candidate), FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, LAS, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO"
@ -566,7 +571,7 @@
"text": "Mogadishu, (reopened October 2019 on the grounds of the Mogadishu Airport)"
},
"mailing address": {
"text": "P.O. Box 606 Village Market<br />00621 Nairobi, Kenya"
"text": "P.O. Box 606 Village Market<br>00621 Nairobi, Kenya"
},
"FAX": {
"text": "254 20 363-6157"
@ -1015,8 +1020,8 @@
}
},
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
"text": "estimates for the size of the Somali National Army (SNA) vary widely, from a low of about 10,000 to a high of some 25,000 due to inconsistent internal reporting and the ongoing attempts to integrate various militias (2020)<br><br>note(s): a significant portion of the SNA is comprised of local militia forces that lack the discipline, structure, weapons, and overall capabilities for effective military operations; two effective SNA units are the US-trained Danab (\"Lightning\") Brigade and the Turkish-trained Gorgor \"Eagle\" Special Division; in December of 2020, the Danab Brigade numbered about 1,150 personnel with plans for it to eventually have as many as 3,000 troops; the Gorgor Division was estimated to have 4,500-5,000 trained troops in early 2021<br /><br />--in 2017, the Somali Government announced a plan for the SNA to eventually number about 18,000 troops; the same plan called for 32,000 federal and regional police",
"note": "note(s): a significant portion of the SNA is comprised of local militia forces that lack the discipline, structure, weapons, and overall capabilities for effective military operations; two effective SNA units are the US-trained Danab (\"Lightning\") Brigade and the Turkish-trained Gorgor \"Eagle\" Special Division; in December of 2020, the Danab Brigade numbered about 1,150 personnel with plans for it to eventually have as many as 3,000 troops; the Gorgor Division was estimated to have 4,500-5,000 trained troops in early 2021<br /><br />--in 2017, the Somali Government announced a plan for the SNA to eventually number about 18,000 troops; the same plan called for 32,000 federal and regional police"
"text": "estimates for the size of the Somali National Army (SNA) vary widely, from a low of about 10,000 to a high of some 25,000 due to inconsistent internal reporting and the ongoing attempts to integrate various militias (2020)<br><br>note(s): a significant portion of the SNA is comprised of local militia forces that lack the discipline, structure, weapons, and overall capabilities for effective military operations; two effective SNA units are the US-trained Danab (\"Lightning\") Brigade and the Turkish-trained Gorgor \"Eagle\" Special Division; in December of 2020, the Danab Brigade numbered about 1,150 personnel with plans for it to eventually have as many as 3,000 troops; the Gorgor Division was estimated to have 4,500-5,000 trained troops in early 2021<br><br>--in 2017, the Somali Government announced a plan for the SNA to eventually number about 18,000 troops; the same plan called for 32,000 federal and regional police",
"note": "note(s): a significant portion of the SNA is comprised of local militia forces that lack the discipline, structure, weapons, and overall capabilities for effective military operations; two effective SNA units are the US-trained Danab (\"Lightning\") Brigade and the Turkish-trained Gorgor \"Eagle\" Special Division; in December of 2020, the Danab Brigade numbered about 1,150 personnel with plans for it to eventually have as many as 3,000 troops; the Gorgor Division was estimated to have 4,500-5,000 trained troops in early 2021<br><br>--in 2017, the Somali Government announced a plan for the SNA to eventually number about 18,000 troops; the same plan called for 32,000 federal and regional police"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the SNA is lightly armed with an inventory that includes a variety of older, second-hand equipment largely from Italy, Russia, South Africa, and the UK; since 2015, it has received small quantities of second-hand equipment from up to 10 different countries, usually as aid/donations (2020)"
@ -1025,16 +1030,16 @@
"text": "18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory and voluntary military service (2019)"
},
"Maritime threats": {
"text": "<p>the International Maritime Bureau&rsquo;s (IMB) Piracy Reporting Center (PRC) received zero incidents of piracy and armed robbery in 2020 for the Horn of Africa; while there were no recorded incidents, the IMB PRC warns that Somalia pirates continue to possess the capacity to carry out attacks in the Somali basin and wider Indian Ocean; in particular, the report warns that, \"Masters and crew must remain vigilant and cautious when transiting these waters.\"; the presence of several naval task forces in the Gulf of Aden and additional anti-piracy measures on the part of ship operators, including the use of on-board armed security teams, contributed to the drop in incidents; the EU naval mission, Operation ATALANTA, continues its operations in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean through 2022; naval units from China, India, Japan, Pakistan, South Korea, the US, and other countries also operate in conjunction with EU forces; China has established a logistical base in Djibouti to support its deployed naval units in the Horn of Africa</p>"
"text": "<p>the International Maritime Bureau’s (IMB) Piracy Reporting Center (PRC) received zero incidents of piracy and armed robbery in 2020 for the Horn of Africa; while there were no recorded incidents, the IMB PRC warns that Somalia pirates continue to possess the capacity to carry out attacks in the Somali basin and wider Indian Ocean; in particular, the report warns that, \"Masters and crew must remain vigilant and cautious when transiting these waters.\"; the presence of several naval task forces in the Gulf of Aden and additional anti-piracy measures on the part of ship operators, including the use of on-board armed security teams, contributed to the drop in incidents; the EU naval mission, Operation ATALANTA, continues its operations in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean through 2022; naval units from China, India, Japan, Pakistan, South Korea, the US, and other countries also operate in conjunction with EU forces; China has established a logistical base in Djibouti to support its deployed naval units in the Horn of Africa</p>"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "the SNA is heavily engaged in operations against the al-Shabaab terrorist organization, including joint operations with the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM); the majority of SNA's offensive/counter-terrorism operations against al-Shabaab are reportedly conducted by the US-trained Danab Brigade<br /><br />AMISOM has operated in the country with the approval of the United Nations (UN) since 2007; AMISOM's peacekeeping mission includes assisting Somali forces in providing security for a stable political process, enabling the gradual handing over of security responsibilities from AMISOM to the Somali security forces, and reducing the threat posed by Al-Shabaab and other armed opposition groups; as of late 2020, AMISOM had about 20,000 military troops from six African countries deployed in Somalia; in February 2021, the UN Security Council AMISOM renewed AMISOM's mandate until December 2021 (note - in 2017, the Somali Government drafted a Somalia Transition Plan that called for the gradual transfer of security responsibilities from AMISOM to the Somali security forces by 2021)<br /><br />UN Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) is mandated by the Security Council to work with the Federal Government of Somalia to support national reconciliation, provide advice on peace-building and state-building, monitor the human rights situation, and help coordinate the efforts of the international community<br /><br />the UN Support Office in Somalia (UNSOS) is responsible for providing logistical field support to AMISOM, UNSOM, the Somali National Army, and the Somali Police Force on joint operations with AMISOM<br /><br />the European Union Training Mission in Somalia (EUTM-S) has operated in the country since 2010; the EUTM provides advice and training to the Somali military; the US and Turkey maintain separate unilateral military training missions in Somalia"
"text": "the SNA is heavily engaged in operations against the al-Shabaab terrorist organization, including joint operations with the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM); the majority of SNA's offensive/counter-terrorism operations against al-Shabaab are reportedly conducted by the US-trained Danab Brigade<br><br>AMISOM has operated in the country with the approval of the United Nations (UN) since 2007; AMISOM's peacekeeping mission includes assisting Somali forces in providing security for a stable political process, enabling the gradual handing over of security responsibilities from AMISOM to the Somali security forces, and reducing the threat posed by Al-Shabaab and other armed opposition groups; as of late 2020, AMISOM had about 20,000 military troops from six African countries deployed in Somalia; in February 2021, the UN Security Council AMISOM renewed AMISOM's mandate until December 2021 (note - in 2017, the Somali Government drafted a Somalia Transition Plan that called for the gradual transfer of security responsibilities from AMISOM to the Somali security forces by 2021)<br><br>UN Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) is mandated by the Security Council to work with the Federal Government of Somalia to support national reconciliation, provide advice on peace-building and state-building, monitor the human rights situation, and help coordinate the efforts of the international community<br><br>the UN Support Office in Somalia (UNSOS) is responsible for providing logistical field support to AMISOM, UNSOM, the Somali National Army, and the Somali Police Force on joint operations with AMISOM<br><br>the European Union Training Mission in Somalia (EUTM-S) has operated in the country since 2010; the EUTM provides advice and training to the Somali military; the US and Turkey maintain separate unilateral military training missions in Somalia"
}
},
"Terrorism": {
"Terrorist group(s)": {
"text": "al-Shabaab; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham &ndash; Somalia<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>"
"text": "al-Shabaab; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Somalia<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {