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{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "<p>Present-day Niger originated from the nomadic peoples of the Saharan north and the agriculturalists of the south. The Taureg kingdom of Takedda was one of the largest kingdoms in the north and played a prominent role in regional trade in the 14<sup>th</sup> century. In the south, the primary ethnic groups were the Songhai-Zarma in the west, the Hausa in the center, and the Kanuri in the east. When European colonizers arrived in the 19<sup>th</sup> century, the region was an assemblage of disparate local kingdoms.</p> <p>In the late 19th century, the British and French agreed to partition the middle regions of the Niger River, and France began its conquest of what would become the colony of Niger. France experienced determined local resistance - particularly during the Tuareg uprising (1916-1917) - but established a colonial administration in 1922.</p> <p>Following independence from France in 1960, the country experienced single-party or military rule until 1991 when political pressure forced General Ali SAIBOU to allow multiparty elections. Political infighting and democratic backsliding led to coups in 1996 and 1999. In December of that year, military officers restored democratic rule and held elections that brought Mamadou TANDJA to power. TANDJA was reelected in 2004 and spearheaded a 2009 constitutional amendment allowing him to extend his presidential term. In February 2010, military officers led another coup that deposed TANDJA. ISSOUFOU Mahamadou was elected in April 2011 and reelected in early 2016. In February 2021, BAZOUM Mohammed won the presidential election, marking Niger’s first transition from one democratically elected president to another.<br /><br />Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world with minimal government services and insufficient funds to develop its resource base. It is ranked last in the world on the UN Development Programme's Human Development Index. The largely agrarian and subsistence-based economy is frequently disrupted by extended droughts common to the Sahel region of Africa. The Nigerien Government continues its attempts to diversify the economy through increased oil production and mining projects. In addition, Niger is facing increased security concerns on its borders from various external threats including insecurity in Libya, spillover from the conflict and terrorism in Mali, and violent extremism in northeastern Nigeria.</p>"
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"text": "<p>Present-day Niger originated from the nomadic peoples of the Saharan north and the agriculturalists of the south. The Taureg kingdom of Takedda was one of the largest kingdoms in the north and played a prominent role in regional trade in the 14th century. In the south, the primary ethnic groups were the Songhai-Zarma in the west, the Hausa in the center, and the Kanuri in the east. When European colonizers arrived in the 19th century, the region was an assemblage of disparate local kingdoms.</p> <p>In the late 19th century, the British and French agreed to partition the middle regions of the Niger River, and France began its conquest of what would become the colony of Niger. France experienced determined local resistance - particularly during the Tuareg uprising (1916-1917) - but established a colonial administration in 1922.</p> <p>Following independence from France in 1960, the country experienced single-party or military rule until 1991 when political pressure forced General Ali SAIBOU to allow multiparty elections. Political infighting and democratic backsliding led to coups in 1996 and 1999. In December of that year, military officers restored democratic rule and held elections that brought Mamadou TANDJA to power. TANDJA was reelected in 2004 and spearheaded a 2009 constitutional amendment allowing him to extend his presidential term. In February 2010, military officers led another coup that deposed TANDJA. ISSOUFOU Mahamadou was elected in April 2011 and reelected in early 2016. In February 2021, BAZOUM Mohammed won the presidential election, marking Niger’s first transition from one democratically elected president to another.<br><br>Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world with minimal government services and insufficient funds to develop its resource base. It is ranked last in the world on the UN Development Programme's Human Development Index. The largely agrarian and subsistence-based economy is frequently disrupted by extended droughts common to the Sahel region of Africa. The Nigerien Government continues its attempts to diversify the economy through increased oil production and mining projects. In addition, Niger is facing increased security concerns on its borders from various external threats including insecurity in Libya, spillover from the conflict and terrorism in Mali, and violent extremism in northeastern Nigeria.</p>"
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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@ -86,7 +86,7 @@
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"text": "1,000 sq km (2012)"
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},
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"Population distribution": {
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"text": "majority of the populace is located in the southernmost extreme of the country along the border with Nigeria and Benin as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/63ecf4f2f257b8a68fcda08fa0a5b5fe/NIGER_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
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"text": "majority of the populace is located in the southernmost extreme of the country along the border with Nigeria and Benin as shown in this population distribution map"
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},
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"Natural hazards": {
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"text": "recurring droughts"
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"text": "-0.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
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},
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"Population distribution": {
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"text": "majority of the populace is located in the southernmost extreme of the country along the border with Nigeria and Benin as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/63ecf4f2f257b8a68fcda08fa0a5b5fe/NIGER_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
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"text": "majority of the populace is located in the southernmost extreme of the country along the border with Nigeria and Benin as shown in this population distribution map"
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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"urban population": {
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}
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
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"text": "0.3% (2019 est.)"
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"text": "0.2% (2020 est.)"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
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"text": "33,000 (2019 est.)"
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"text": "31,000 (2020 est.)"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
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"text": "1,100 (2019 est.)"
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"text": "1,100 (2020 est.)"
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},
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"Major infectious diseases": {
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"degree of risk": {
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"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 27 December 2020 with a runoff scheduled for 21 February 2021; prime minister appointed by the president, authorized by the National Assembly"
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},
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"election results": {
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"text": "percent of vote in 2020 first round - Mohamed BAZOUM (PNDS-Tarrayya) 39.33%, Mahamane OUSMANE (MODEN/FA Lumana Africa) 17%, Seini OUMAROU (MNSD-Nassara) 8.95%, Albade ABOUDA (MPR-Jamhuriya) 7.07%<br /><br />2016 results: ISSOUFOU Mahamadou reelected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - ISSOUFOU Mahamadou (PNDS-Tarrayya) 48.6%, Hama AMADOU (MODEN/FA Lumana Africa) 17.8%, Seini OUMAROU (MNSD-Nassara) 11.3%, other 22.3%; percent of vote in second round - ISSOUFOU Mahamadou 92%, Hama AMADOU 8%"
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"text": "percent of vote in 2020 first round - Mohamed BAZOUM (PNDS-Tarrayya) 39.33%, Mahamane OUSMANE (MODEN/FA Lumana Africa) 17%, Seini OUMAROU (MNSD-Nassara) 8.95%, Albade ABOUDA (MPR-Jamhuriya) 7.07%<br><br>2016 results: ISSOUFOU Mahamadou reelected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - ISSOUFOU Mahamadou (PNDS-Tarrayya) 48.6%, Hama AMADOU (MODEN/FA Lumana Africa) 17.8%, Seini OUMAROU (MNSD-Nassara) 11.3%, other 22.3%; percent of vote in second round - ISSOUFOU Mahamadou 92%, Hama AMADOU 8%"
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}
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},
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"Legislative branch": {
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}
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},
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"Political parties and leaders": {
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"text": "Alliance of Movements for the Emergence of Niger or AMEN AMIN [Omar Hamidou TCHIANA]<br />Congress for the Republic or CPR-Inganci [Kassoum MOCTAR]<br />Democratic Alliance for Niger or ADN-Fusaha [Habi Mahamadou SALISSOU]<br />Democratic and Social Convention-Rahama or CDS-Rahama [Abdou LABO]<br />National Movement for the Development of Society-Nassara or MNSD-Nassara [Seini OUMAROU]<br />Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Progress-Zaman Lahiya or ANDP-Zaman Lahiya [Moussa Moumouni DJERMAKOYE]<br />Nigerien Democratic Movement for an African Federation or MODEN/FA Lumana [Hama AMADOU]<br />Nigerien Movement for Democratic Renewal or MNRD-Hankuri [Mahamane OUSMANE]<br />Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism or PNDS-Tarrayya [Mahamadou ISSOUFOU]<br />Nigerien Patriotic Movement or MPN-Kishin Kassa [Ibrahim YACOUBA]<br />Party for Socialism and Democracy in Niger or PSDN-Alheri<br />Patriotic Movement for the Republic or MPR-Jamhuriya [Albade ABOUBA]<br />Rally for Democracy and Progress-Jama'a or RDP-Jama'a [Hamid ALGABID]<br />Social and Democratic Rally or RSD-Gaskiyya [Amadou CHEIFFOU]<br />Social Democratic Party or PSD-Bassira [Mohamed BEN OMAR]<br />Union for Democracy and the Republic-Tabbat or UDR-Tabbat [Amadou Boubacar CISSE]<br><br><strong>note:</strong> the SPLM and SPLM-DC are banned political parties",
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"text": "Alliance of Movements for the Emergence of Niger or AMEN AMIN [Omar Hamidou TCHIANA]<br>Congress for the Republic or CPR-Inganci [Kassoum MOCTAR]<br>Democratic Alliance for Niger or ADN-Fusaha [Habi Mahamadou SALISSOU]<br>Democratic and Social Convention-Rahama or CDS-Rahama [Abdou LABO]<br>National Movement for the Development of Society-Nassara or MNSD-Nassara [Seini OUMAROU]<br>Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Progress-Zaman Lahiya or ANDP-Zaman Lahiya [Moussa Moumouni DJERMAKOYE]<br>Nigerien Democratic Movement for an African Federation or MODEN/FA Lumana [Hama AMADOU]<br>Nigerien Movement for Democratic Renewal or MNRD-Hankuri [Mahamane OUSMANE]<br>Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism or PNDS-Tarrayya [Mahamadou ISSOUFOU]<br>Nigerien Patriotic Movement or MPN-Kishin Kassa [Ibrahim YACOUBA]<br>Party for Socialism and Democracy in Niger or PSDN-Alheri<br>Patriotic Movement for the Republic or MPR-Jamhuriya [Albade ABOUBA]<br>Rally for Democracy and Progress-Jama'a or RDP-Jama'a [Hamid ALGABID]<br>Social and Democratic Rally or RSD-Gaskiyya [Amadou CHEIFFOU]<br>Social Democratic Party or PSD-Bassira [Mohamed BEN OMAR]<br>Union for Democracy and the Republic-Tabbat or UDR-Tabbat [Amadou Boubacar CISSE]<br><br><strong>note:</strong> the SPLM and SPLM-DC are banned political parties",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the SPLM and SPLM-DC are banned political parties"
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},
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"International organization participation": {
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},
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"Telecommunication systems": {
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"general assessment": {
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"text": "<p>difficult economic climate, with lack of fixed telecom infrastructure; mobile services stronger than fixed telecom; low broadband penetration; adopted free mobile roaming with other G5 Sahel countries; World Bank project to facilitate digital progress; government contributes to Trans-Sahara Backbone network, with aims to extend fiber-optic and international capacity; LTE license awarded; government substantially taxes telecom sector (2021)</p> (2020)"
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"text": "<p>difficult economic climate, with lack of fixed telecom infrastructure; mobile services stronger than fixed telecom; low broadband penetration; adopted free mobile roaming with other G5 Sahel countries; World Bank project to facilitate digital progress; government contributes to Trans-Sahara Backbone network, with aims to extend fiber-optic and international capacity; LTE license awarded; government substantially taxes telecom sector (2021)</p> (2020)"
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},
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"domestic": {
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"text": "fixed-line 1 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular teledensity remains 41 per 100 persons despite a rapidly increasing cellular subscribership base; small system of wire, radio telephone communications, and microwave radio relay links concentrated in southwestern Niger; domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations and 1 planned (2019)"
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"text": "has conscription, although it is reportedly not always enforced; 18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory or voluntary military service; enlistees must be Nigerien citizens and unmarried; 2-year service term; women may serve in health care (2019)"
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},
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"Military - note": {
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"text": "as of late 2020, the FAN was conducting counterinsurgency and counter-terrorism operations against Islamic militants on two fronts; in the Diffa region, the Nigeria-based Boko Haram terrorist group has conducted dozens of attacks on security forces, army bases, and civilians; on Niger’s western border with Mali, the Islamic State-West Africa (ISWA) has conducted numerous attacks on security personnel; a series of ISWA attacks on FAN forces near the Malian border in December of 2019 and January of 2020 resulted in the deaths of more than 170 soldiers; terrorist attacks continued throughout 2020 and into 2021<br /><br />Niger is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, and Chad; it has committed 1,100 troops and 200 gendarmes to the force; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane<br /><br />Niger also has about 1,000 troops committed to the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) against Boko Haram; national MNJTF troop contingents are deployed within their own country territories, although cross‐border operations are conducted periodically"
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"text": "as of late 2020, the FAN was conducting counterinsurgency and counter-terrorism operations against Islamic militants on two fronts; in the Diffa region, the Nigeria-based Boko Haram terrorist group has conducted dozens of attacks on security forces, army bases, and civilians; on Niger’s western border with Mali, the Islamic State-West Africa (ISWA) has conducted numerous attacks on security personnel; a series of ISWA attacks on FAN forces near the Malian border in December of 2019 and January of 2020 resulted in the deaths of more than 170 soldiers; terrorist attacks continued throughout 2020 and into 2021<br><br>Niger is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, and Chad; it has committed 1,100 troops and 200 gendarmes to the force; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane<br><br>Niger also has about 1,000 troops committed to the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) against Boko Haram; national MNJTF troop contingents are deployed within their own country territories, although cross‐border operations are conducted periodically"
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}
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},
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"Terrorism": {
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"Terrorist group(s)": {
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"text": "Boko Haram; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Greater Sahara; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – West Africa; Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>"
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"text": "Boko Haram; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Greater Sahara; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – West Africa; Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
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}
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},
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"Transnational Issues": {
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},
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"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
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"refugees (country of origin)": {
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"text": "177,773 (Nigeria), 61,156 (Mali) (2021)"
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"text": "182,730 (Nigeria), 61,156 (Mali) (2021)"
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},
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"IDPs": {
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"text": "300,320 (includes the regions of Diffa, Tillaberi, and Tahoua; unknown how many of the 11,000 people displaced by clashes between government forces and the Tuareg militant group, Niger Movement for Justice, in 2007 are still displaced; inter-communal violence; Boko Haram attacks in southern Niger, 2015) (2021)"
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