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{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "<p>The Berber and Bafour people were among the first to settle in what is now Mauritania. Originally a nomadic people, they were among the first in recorded history to convert from a nomadic to agricultural lifestyle. These groups account for roughly one third of Mauritania’s ethnic makeup. The remainder of Mauritania’s ethnic groups derive from former enslaved peoples and sub-Saharan ethnic groups originating mainly from the Senegal River Valley. These three groups constitute a strict caste system with deep ethnic divides that still exists today.<br /><br />Formerly a French colony, Mauritania became an independent state in 1960. Mauritania initially began as a single-party authoritarian regime and saw 49 years of dictatorships, flawed elections, failed attempts at democracy, and military coups. Following the last coup in 2008, Ould Abdel AZIZ was elected president in 2009 and reelected in 2014. International observers recognized the elections as free and fair. Following his two terms, AZIZ became the first Mauritanian president to step down and observe a democratic transfer of power. This solidified Mauritania’s status as an emerging democracy. After winning 52% of the vote, Mohamed Cheikh El GHAZOUANI was inaugurated in 2019.</p> <p>The country faces a number of issues, including ethnic tensions and a terrorist threat. Between 2005 and 2011, Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) launched a series of attacks killing American and foreign tourists and aid workers, attacking diplomatic and government facilities, and ambushing Mauritanian soldiers and gendarmes. Although Mauritania has not seen an attack since 2011, AQIM and similar groups remain active in the Sahel region and continue to pose a threat to Mauritanians and foreign visitors.</p>"
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"text": "<p>The Berber and Bafour people were among the first to settle in what is now Mauritania. Originally a nomadic people, they were among the first in recorded history to convert from a nomadic to agricultural lifestyle. These groups account for roughly one third of Mauritania’s ethnic makeup. The remainder of Mauritania’s ethnic groups derive from former enslaved peoples and sub-Saharan ethnic groups originating mainly from the Senegal River Valley. These three groups constitute a strict caste system with deep ethnic divides that still exists today.<br><br>Formerly a French colony, Mauritania became an independent state in 1960. Mauritania initially began as a single-party authoritarian regime and saw 49 years of dictatorships, flawed elections, failed attempts at democracy, and military coups. Following the last coup in 2008, Ould Abdel AZIZ was elected president in 2009 and reelected in 2014. International observers recognized the elections as free and fair. Following his two terms, AZIZ became the first Mauritanian president to step down and observe a democratic transfer of power. This solidified Mauritania’s status as an emerging democracy. After winning 52% of the vote, Mohamed Cheikh El GHAZOUANI was inaugurated in 2019.</p> <p>The country faces a number of issues, including ethnic tensions and a terrorist threat. Between 2005 and 2011, Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) launched a series of attacks killing American and foreign tourists and aid workers, attacking diplomatic and government facilities, and ambushing Mauritanian soldiers and gendarmes. Although Mauritania has not seen an attack since 2011, AQIM and similar groups remain active in the Sahel region and continue to pose a threat to Mauritanians and foreign visitors.</p>"
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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"text": "450 sq km (2012)"
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},
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"Population distribution": {
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"text": "with most of the country being a desert, vast areas of the country, particularly in the central, northern, and eastern areas, are without sizeable population clusters; half the population lives in or around the coastal capital of Nouakchott; smaller clusters are found near the southern border with Mali and Senegal as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/8a2752c0f1f23423975b059f1264a12c/MAURITANIA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
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"text": "with most of the country being a desert, vast areas of the country, particularly in the central, northern, and eastern areas, are without sizeable population clusters; half the population lives in or around the coastal capital of Nouakchott; smaller clusters are found near the southern border with Mali and Senegal as shown in this population distribution map"
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},
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"Natural hazards": {
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"text": "hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind primarily in March and April; periodic droughts"
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"text": "Arabic (official and national), Pular, Soninke, Wolof (all national languages), French; note - the spoken Arabic in Mauritania differs considerably from the modern standard Arabic used for official written purposes or in the media; the Mauritanian dialect, which incorporates many Berber words, is referred to as Hassaniya"
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},
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"printed major-language sample": {
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"text": "<br />كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)<br /><br />The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
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"text": "<br>كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
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}
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},
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"Religions": {
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"text": "Muslim (official) 100%"
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},
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"Demographic profile": {
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"text": "<p>With a sustained total fertility rate of about 4 children per woman and almost 60% of the population under the age of 25, Mauritania's population is likely to continue growing for the foreseeable future. Mauritania's large youth cohort is vital to its development prospects, but available schooling does not adequately prepare students for the workplace. Girls continue to be underrepresented in the classroom, educational quality remains poor, and the dropout rate is high. The literacy rate is only about 50%, even though access to primary education has improved since the mid-2000s. Women's restricted access to education and discriminatory laws maintain gender inequality - worsened by early and forced marriages and female genital cutting.</p> <p>The denial of education to black Moors also helps to perpetuate slavery. Although Mauritania abolished slavery in 1981 (the last country in the world to do so) and made it a criminal offense in 2007, the millenniums-old practice persists largely because anti-slavery laws are rarely enforced and the custom is so ingrained. According to a 2018 nongovernmental organization's report, a little more than 2% of Mauritania's population is enslaved, which includes individuals sujbected to forced labor and forced marriage, although many thousands of individuals who are legally free contend with discrimination, poor education, and a lack of identity papers and, therefore, live in de facto slavery. The UN and international press outlets have claimed that up to 20% of Mauritania's population is enslaved, which would be the highest rate worldwide.</p> <p>Drought, poverty, and unemployment have driven outmigration from Mauritania since the 1970s. Early flows were directed toward other West African countries, including Senegal, Mali, Cote d'Ivoire, and Gambia. The 1989 Mauritania-Senegal conflict forced thousands of black Mauritanians to take refuge in Senegal and pushed labor migrants toward the Gulf, Libya, and Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Mauritania has accepted migrants from neighboring countries to fill labor shortages since its independence in 1960 and more recently has received refugees escaping civil wars, including tens of thousands of Tuaregs who fled Mali in 2012.</p> <p>Mauritania was an important transit point for Sub-Saharan migrants moving illegally to North Africa and Europe. In the mid-2000s, as border patrols increased in the Strait of Gibraltar, security increased around Spain's North African enclaves (Ceuta and Melilla), and Moroccan border controls intensified, illegal migration flows shifted from the Western Mediterranean to Spain's Canary Islands. In 2006, departure points moved southward along the West African coast from Morocco and then Western Sahara to Mauritania's two key ports (Nouadhibou and the capital Nouakchott), and illegal migration to the Canaries peaked at almost 32,000. The numbers fell dramatically in the following years because of joint patrolling off the West African coast by Frontex (the EU's border protection agency), Spain, Mauritania, and Senegal; the expansion of Spain's border surveillance system; and the 2008 European economic downturn.</p>"
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"text": "<p>With a sustained total fertility rate of about 4 children per woman and almost 60% of the population under the age of 25, Mauritania's population is likely to continue growing for the foreseeable future. Mauritania's large youth cohort is vital to its development prospects, but available schooling does not adequately prepare students for the workplace. Girls continue to be underrepresented in the classroom, educational quality remains poor, and the dropout rate is high. The literacy rate is only about 50%, even though access to primary education has improved since the mid-2000s. Women's restricted access to education and discriminatory laws maintain gender inequality - worsened by early and forced marriages and female genital cutting.</p> <p>The denial of education to black Moors also helps to perpetuate slavery. Although Mauritania abolished slavery in 1981 (the last country in the world to do so) and made it a criminal offense in 2007, the millenniums-old practice persists largely because anti-slavery laws are rarely enforced and the custom is so ingrained. According to a 2018 nongovernmental organization's report, a little more than 2% of Mauritania's population is enslaved, which includes individuals sujbected to forced labor and forced marriage, although many thousands of individuals who are legally free contend with discrimination, poor education, and a lack of identity papers and, therefore, live in de facto slavery. The UN and international press outlets have claimed that up to 20% of Mauritania's population is enslaved, which would be the highest rate worldwide.</p> <p>Drought, poverty, and unemployment have driven outmigration from Mauritania since the 1970s. Early flows were directed toward other West African countries, including Senegal, Mali, Cote d'Ivoire, and Gambia. The 1989 Mauritania-Senegal conflict forced thousands of black Mauritanians to take refuge in Senegal and pushed labor migrants toward the Gulf, Libya, and Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Mauritania has accepted migrants from neighboring countries to fill labor shortages since its independence in 1960 and more recently has received refugees escaping civil wars, including tens of thousands of Tuaregs who fled Mali in 2012.</p> <p>Mauritania was an important transit point for Sub-Saharan migrants moving illegally to North Africa and Europe. In the mid-2000s, as border patrols increased in the Strait of Gibraltar, security increased around Spain's North African enclaves (Ceuta and Melilla), and Moroccan border controls intensified, illegal migration flows shifted from the Western Mediterranean to Spain's Canary Islands. In 2006, departure points moved southward along the West African coast from Morocco and then Western Sahara to Mauritania's two key ports (Nouadhibou and the capital Nouakchott), and illegal migration to the Canaries peaked at almost 32,000. The numbers fell dramatically in the following years because of joint patrolling off the West African coast by Frontex (the EU's border protection agency), Spain, Mauritania, and Senegal; the expansion of Spain's border surveillance system; and the 2008 European economic downturn.</p>"
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},
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"Age structure": {
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"0-14 years": {
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"text": "-0.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
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},
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"Population distribution": {
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"text": "with most of the country being a desert, vast areas of the country, particularly in the central, northern, and eastern areas, are without sizeable population clusters; half the population lives in or around the coastal capital of Nouakchott; smaller clusters are found near the southern border with Mali and Senegal as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/8a2752c0f1f23423975b059f1264a12c/MAURITANIA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
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"text": "with most of the country being a desert, vast areas of the country, particularly in the central, northern, and eastern areas, are without sizeable population clusters; half the population lives in or around the coastal capital of Nouakchott; smaller clusters are found near the southern border with Mali and Senegal as shown in this population distribution map"
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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"urban population": {
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}
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
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"text": "0.2% (2019 est.)"
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"text": "0.3% (2020 est.)"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
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"text": "5,700 (2019 est.)"
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"text": "8,500 (2020 est.)"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
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"text": "<500 (2019 est.)"
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"text": "<500 (2020 est.)"
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},
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"Major infectious diseases": {
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"degree of risk": {
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},
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"Food insecurity": {
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"severe localized food insecurity": {
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"text": "due to poor performance of pastoral cropping season - according to a March 2020 analysis, about 609,000 people were estimated to be in need of food assistance during the lean season between June and August 2020; pastoral households, affected by recurrent shocks during the last years, are facing the highest prevalence of food insecurity (2021)"
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"text": "due to poor performance of pastoral cropping season - according to the latest analysis, about 484,000 people are assessed to need humanitarian assistance in the June−August 2021 period as a result of fodder production deficits in Trarza, Brakna, Gorgol, Guidimaka and Assaba districts (2021)"
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}
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},
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"Waste and recycling": {
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}
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},
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"Political parties and leaders": {
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"text": "Alliance for Justice and Democracy/Movement for Renewal or AJD/MR [Ibrahima Moctar SARR]<br />Burst of Youth for the Nation [Lalla Mint CHERIF]<br />Coalition of Majority Parties or CPM (includes UPR, UDP)<br />El Karama Party [Cheikhna Ould Mohamed Ould HAJBOU]<br />El Vadila Party [Ethmane Ould Ahmed ABOULMAALY]<br />National Forum for Democracy and Unity or FNDU [Mohamed Ould MAOLOUD] (coalition of hard-line opposition parties, includes RNRD-TAWASSOUL)<br />National Rally for Reform and Development or RNRD-TAWASSOUL [Mohamed Mahmoud Ould SEYIDI]<br />Party of Unity and Development or PUD [Mohamed BARO]<br />Popular Progressive Alliance or APP [Messaoud Ould BOULKHEIR]<br />Rally of Democratic Forces or RFD [Ahmed Ould DADDAH]<br />Ravah Party [ Mohamed Ould VALL]<br />Republican Party for Democracy and Renewal or PRDR [Mintata Mint HEDEID]<br />Union for Democracy and Progress or UDP [Naha Mint MOUKNASS]<br />Union of Progress Forces [Mohamed Ould MAOULOUD]<br />Union for the Republic or UPR [Seyidna Ali Ould MOHAMED KHOUNA]"
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"text": "Alliance for Justice and Democracy/Movement for Renewal or AJD/MR [Ibrahima Moctar SARR]<br>Burst of Youth for the Nation [Lalla Mint CHERIF]<br>Coalition of Majority Parties or CPM (includes UPR, UDP)<br>El Karama Party [Cheikhna Ould Mohamed Ould HAJBOU]<br>El Vadila Party [Ethmane Ould Ahmed ABOULMAALY]<br>National Forum for Democracy and Unity or FNDU [Mohamed Ould MAOLOUD] (coalition of hard-line opposition parties, includes RNRD-TAWASSOUL)<br>National Rally for Reform and Development or RNRD-TAWASSOUL [Mohamed Mahmoud Ould SEYIDI]<br>Party of Unity and Development or PUD [Mohamed BARO]<br>Popular Progressive Alliance or APP [Messaoud Ould BOULKHEIR]<br>Rally of Democratic Forces or RFD [Ahmed Ould DADDAH]<br>Ravah Party [ Mohamed Ould VALL]<br>Republican Party for Democracy and Renewal or PRDR [Mintata Mint HEDEID]<br>Union for Democracy and Progress or UDP [Naha Mint MOUKNASS]<br>Union of Progress Forces [Mohamed Ould MAOULOUD]<br>Union for the Republic or UPR [Seyidna Ali Ould MOHAMED KHOUNA]"
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},
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"International organization participation": {
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"text": "ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, CAEU (candidate), EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO (pending member), ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, MIUSMA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
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},
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"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
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"chief of mission": {
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"text": "Ambassador Mohamedoun DADDAH (since 27 June 2016)"
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"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge D'Affaires Ad Interim Jiddou JIDDOU (since 24 June 2021)"
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},
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"chancery": {
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"text": "2129 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008"
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},
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"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
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"chief of mission": {
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"text": "Ambassador Michael J. DODMAN (since 5 January 2018)"
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"text": "Ambassador Cynthia KIERSCHT (since 27 January 2021)"
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},
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"telephone": {
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"text": "[222] 4525-2660 or [222] 2660-2663"
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},
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"embassy": {
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"text": "Avenue Al Quds, Nouadhibou, Nouadhibou Road, Nouakchott<br /><br /> <div style=\"left: 196.75px; top: 762.2px; font-family: serif; font-size: 15px; transform: scaleX(1.00681);\"> </div>"
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"text": "Avenue Al Quds, Nouadhibou, Nouadhibou Road, Nouakchott<br><br> "
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},
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"mailing address": {
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"text": "use embassy street address"
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"text": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2019)"
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},
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"Military - note": {
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"text": "since a spate of terrorist attacks in the 2000s, including a 2008 attack on a military base in the country’s north that resulted in the deaths of 12 soldiers, the Mauritanian Government has increased the defense budget and military equipment acquisitions, enhanced military training, heightened security cooperation with its neighbors and the international community, and built up the military’s special operations and civil-military affairs forces<br /><br />Mauritania is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, and Niger; it has committed 550 troops and 100 gendarmes to the force; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane (2020)"
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"text": "since a spate of terrorist attacks in the 2000s, including a 2008 attack on a military base in the country’s north that resulted in the deaths of 12 soldiers, the Mauritanian Government has increased the defense budget and military equipment acquisitions, enhanced military training, heightened security cooperation with its neighbors and the international community, and built up the military’s special operations and civil-military affairs forces<br><br>Mauritania is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, and Niger; it has committed 550 troops and 100 gendarmes to the force; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane (2020)"
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}
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},
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"Terrorism": {
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