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{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "<p>In 788, about a century after the Arab conquest of North Africa, a series of Moroccan Muslim dynasties began to rule in Morocco. In the 16th century, the Sa'adi monarchy, particularly under Ahmad al-MANSUR (1578-1603), repelled foreign invaders and inaugurated a golden age. The Alaouite Dynasty, to which the current Moroccan royal family belongs, dates from the 17th century. In 1860, Spain occupied northern Morocco and ushered in a half-century of trade rivalry among European powers that saw Morocco's sovereignty steadily erode; in 1912, the French imposed a protectorate over the country. A protracted independence struggle with France ended successfully in 1956. The internationalized city of Tangier and most Spanish possessions were turned over to the new country that same year. Sultan MOHAMMED V, the current monarch's grandfather, organized the new state as a constitutional monarchy and in 1957 assumed the title of king. Since Spain's 1976 withdrawal from what is today called Western Sahara, Morocco has extended its de facto administrative control to roughly 75% of this territory; however, the UN does not recognize Morocco as the administering power for Western Sahara. The UN since 1991 has monitored a cease-fire between Morocco and the Polisario Front - an organization advocating the territory’s independence - and restarted negotiations over the status of the territory in December 2018. On 10 December 2020, the US recognized Morocco's sovereignty over all of Western Sahara.</p> <p>King MOHAMMED VI in early 2011 responded to the spread of pro-democracy protests in the North Africa region by implementing a reform program that included a new constitution, passed by popular referendum in July 2011, under which some new powers were extended to parliament and the prime minister, but ultimate authority remains in the hands of the monarch. In November 2011, the Justice and Development Party (PJD) - a moderate Islamist party - won the largest number of seats in parliamentary elections, becoming the first Islamist party to lead the Moroccan Government. In September 2015, Morocco held its first direct elections for regional councils, one of the reforms included in the 2011 constitution. The PJD again won the largest number of seats in nationwide parliamentary elections in October 2016. In December 2020, Morocco signed a normalization agreement with Israel, similar to those that Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, and Sudan had concluded with Israel earlier in 2020 .</p>"
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"text": "<p>In 788, about a century after the Arab conquest of North Africa, a series of Moroccan Muslim dynasties began to rule in Morocco. In the 16th century, the Sa'adi monarchy, particularly under Ahmad al-MANSUR (1578-1603), repelled foreign invaders and inaugurated a golden age. The Alaouite Dynasty, to which the current Moroccan royal family belongs, dates from the 17th century. In 1860, Spain occupied northern Morocco and ushered in a half-century of trade rivalry among European powers that saw Morocco's sovereignty steadily erode; in 1912, the French imposed a protectorate over the country. A protracted independence struggle with France ended successfully in 1956. The internationalized city of Tangier and most Spanish possessions were turned over to the new country that same year. Sultan MOHAMMED V, the current monarch's grandfather, organized the new state as a constitutional monarchy and in 1957 assumed the title of king. Since Spain's 1976 withdrawal from what is today called Western Sahara, Morocco has extended its de facto administrative control to roughly 75% of this territory; however, the UN does not recognize Morocco as the administering power for Western Sahara. The UN since 1991 has monitored a cease-fire between Morocco and the Polisario Front - an organization advocating the territory’s independence - and restarted negotiations over the status of the territory in December 2018. On 10 December 2020, the US recognized Morocco's sovereignty over all of Western Sahara.</p> <p>King MOHAMMED VI in early 2011 responded to the spread of pro-democracy protests in the North Africa region by implementing a reform program that included a new constitution, passed by popular referendum in July 2011, under which some new powers were extended to parliament and the prime minister, but ultimate authority remains in the hands of the monarch. In November 2011, the Justice and Development Party (PJD) - a moderate Islamist party - won the largest number of seats in parliamentary elections, becoming the first Islamist party to lead the Moroccan Government. In September 2015, Morocco held its first direct elections for regional councils, one of the reforms included in the 2011 constitution. The PJD again won the largest number of seats in nationwide parliamentary elections in October 2016. In December 2020, Morocco signed a normalization agreement with Israel, similar to those that Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, and Sudan had concluded with Israel earlier in 2020 .</p>"
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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@ -55,8 +55,8 @@
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}
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},
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"Climate": {
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"text": "Mediterranean in the north, becoming more extreme in the interior; in the south, hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew<br><br><strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
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"text": "Mediterranean in the north, becoming more extreme in the interior; in the south, hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew<br><br><strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
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},
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"Terrain": {
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"text": "mountainous northern coast (Rif Mountains) and interior (Atlas Mountains) bordered by large plateaus with intermontane valleys, and fertile coastal plains; the south is mostly low, flat desert with large areas of rocky or sandy surfaces "
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"text": "14,850 sq km (2012)"
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},
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"Population distribution": {
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"text": "the highest population density is found along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts; a number of densely populated agglomerations are found scattered through the Atlas Mountains as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/2714e830858a88808e97ea2b8fdb7ec0/MOROCCO_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
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"text": "the highest population density is found along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts; a number of densely populated agglomerations are found scattered through the Atlas Mountains as shown in this population distribution map"
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},
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"Natural hazards": {
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"text": "in the north, the mountains are geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes; periodic droughts; windstorms; flash floods; landslides; in the south, a hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring; widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely restricting visibility"
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@ -131,7 +131,7 @@
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"text": "Arabic (official), Berber languages (Tamazight (official), Tachelhit, Tarifit), French (often the language of business, government, and diplomacy); note - the proportion of Berber speakers is disputed; does not include data from the former Western Sahara"
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},
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"printed major-language sample": {
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"text": "<br />كتاب ديال لحقائق متاع العالم، احسن مصدر متاع المعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)<br /><br />The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
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"text": "<br>كتاب ديال لحقائق متاع العالم، احسن مصدر متاع المعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
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}
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},
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"Religions": {
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"note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara"
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},
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"Population distribution": {
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"text": "the highest population density is found along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts; a number of densely populated agglomerations are found scattered through the Atlas Mountains as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/2714e830858a88808e97ea2b8fdb7ec0/MOROCCO_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
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"text": "the highest population density is found along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts; a number of densely populated agglomerations are found scattered through the Atlas Mountains as shown in this population distribution map"
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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"urban population": {
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"rate of urbanization": {
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"text": "1.88% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
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},
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
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},
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"Major urban areas - population": {
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"text": "3.794 million Casablanca, 1.907 million RABAT (capital), 1.245 million Fes, 1.238 million Tangier, 1.017 million Marrakech, 942,000 Agadir (2021)"
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@ -332,15 +332,15 @@
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> does not include data from the former Western Sahara"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
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"text": "<.1% (2019 est.)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> does not include data from the former Western Sahara",
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"text": "<.1 est.><br><strong>note:</strong> does not include data from the former Western Sahara</.1>",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> does not include data from the former Western Sahara"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
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"text": "21,000 (2019 est.)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> does not include data from the former Western Sahara",
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"text": "22,000 (2020 est.)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> does not include data from the former Western Sahara",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> does not include data from the former Western Sahara"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
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"text": "<500 (2019 est.)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> does not include data from the former Western Sahara",
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"text": "<500 (2020 est.)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> does not include data from the former Western Sahara",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> does not include data from the former Western Sahara"
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},
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"Major infectious diseases": {
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},
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"Environment": {
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"Environment - current issues": {
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"text": "in the north, land degradation/desertification (soil erosion resulting from farming of marginal areas, overgrazing, destruction of vegetation); water and soil pollution due to dumping of industrial wastes into the ocean and inland water sources, and onto the land; in the south, desertification; overgrazing; sparse water and lack of arable land<br><br><strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
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"text": "in the north, land degradation/desertification (soil erosion resulting from farming of marginal areas, overgrazing, destruction of vegetation); water and soil pollution due to dumping of industrial wastes into the ocean and inland water sources, and onto the land; in the south, desertification; overgrazing; sparse water and lack of arable land<br><br><strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
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},
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"Environment - international agreements": {
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"party to": {
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@ -421,7 +421,7 @@
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"methane emissions": {
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"text": "17.16 megatons (2020 est.)"
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},
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
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},
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"Total water withdrawal": {
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"municipal": {
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"agricultural": {
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"text": "9.156 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
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},
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
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},
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"Total renewable water resources": {
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"text": "29 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
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"text": "29 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
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},
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"Climate": {
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"text": "Mediterranean in the north, becoming more extreme in the interior; in the south, hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew<br><br><strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
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"text": "Mediterranean in the north, becoming more extreme in the interior; in the south, hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew<br><br><strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
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},
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"Land use": {
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"agricultural land": {
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"rate of urbanization": {
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"text": "1.88% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
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},
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
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},
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"Major infectious diseases": {
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"text": "<strong>note:</strong> clusters of cases of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) are occurring in Morocco; as of 24 January 2021, Morocco has reported a total of 465,769 cases of COVID-19 or 1,261.9 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 22.0 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population"
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},
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"Food insecurity": {
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"text": "<p><strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara</p>"
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"text": "<p><strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara</p>"
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},
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"Waste and recycling": {
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"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
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"percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
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"text": "8% (2014 est.)"
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},
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
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}
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},
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"Government": {
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},
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"Legislative branch": {
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"description": {
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"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br />House of Councilors or Majlis al-Mustacharine (120 seats; members indirectly elected by an electoral college of local councils, professional organizations, and labor unions; members serve 6-year terms)<br />House of Representatives or Majlis al-Nuwab (395 seats; 305 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 90 directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms); note - in the national constituency, 60 seats are reserved for women and 30 reserved for those under age 40"
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"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br>House of Councilors or Majlis al-Mustacharine (120 seats; members indirectly elected by an electoral college of local councils, professional organizations, and labor unions; members serve 6-year terms)<br>House of Representatives or Majlis al-Nuwab (395 seats; 305 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 90 directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms); note - in the national constituency, 60 seats are reserved for women and 30 reserved for those under age 40"
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},
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"elections": {
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"text": "House of Councillors - last held on 2 October 2015 (next to be held in fall 2021)<br />House of Representatives - last held on 7 October 2016 (next to be held on 8 September 2021)"
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"text": "House of Councillors - last held on 2 October 2015 (next to be held in fall 2021)<br>House of Representatives - last held on 7 October 2016 (next to be held on 8 September 2021)"
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},
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"election results": {
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"text": "<br />Chamber of Advisors - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 106, women 14, percent of women 11.7%<br />Chamber of Representatives - percent of vote by party NA; seats by party - PJD 125, PAM 102, PI 46, RNI 37, MP 27, USFP 20, UC 19, PPS 12, MDS 3, other 4; composition - men 314, women 81, percent of women 20.5%; note - total Parliament percent of women 18.4%"
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"text": "<br>Chamber of Advisors - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 106, women 14, percent of women 11.7%<br>Chamber of Representatives - percent of vote by party NA; seats by party - PJD 125, PAM 102, PI 46, RNI 37, MP 27, USFP 20, UC 19, PPS 12, MDS 3, other 4; composition - men 314, women 81, percent of women 20.5%; note - total Parliament percent of women 18.4%"
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}
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},
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"Judicial branch": {
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}
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},
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"Political parties and leaders": {
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"text": "Action Party or PA [Mohammed EL IDRISSI]<br />Amal (hope) Party [Mohamed BANI]<br />An-Nahj Ad-Dimocrati or An-Nahj [Mustapha BRAHMA]<br />Authenticity and Modernity Party or PAM [Ilyas al-OMARI]<br />Constitutional Union Party or UC [Mohamed SAJID]<br />Democratic and Social Movement or MDS [Abdessamad ARCHANE]<br />Democratic Forces Front or FFD [Mustapha BENALI]<br />Democratic Oath Party or SD<br />Democratic Socialist Vanguard Party or PADS [Abderrahman BENAMROU]<br />Democratic Society Party [Zhour CHAKKAFI]<br />Environment and Development Party or PED [Karim HRITAN]<br />Green Left Party [Mohamed FARES]<br />Istiqlal (Independence) Party or PI [Nizar BARAKA]<br />Ittihadi National Congress or CNI [Abdesalam EL AZIZ]<br />Labor Party or PT<br />Moroccan Liberal Party or PML [Mohammed ZIANE]<br />Moroccan Union for Democracy or UMD [Jamal MANDRI]<br />National Rally of Independents or RNI [Aziz AKHANNOUCH]<br />Neo-Democrats Party [Mohamed DARIF]<br />Party of Development Reform or PRD [Abderrahmane EL KOHEN]<br />Party of Justice and Development or PJD [Saad Eddine al-OTHMANI]<br />Party of Liberty and Social Justice [Miloud MOUSSAOUI]<br />Popular Movement or MP [Mohand LAENSER]<br />Progress and Socialism Party or PPS [Nabil BENABDELLAH]<br />Renaissance and Virtue Party [Mohamed KHALIDI]<br />Renaissance Party [Said EL GHENNIOUI]<br />Renewal and Equity Party or PRE [Chakir ACHEHABAR]<br />Shoura (consultation) and Istiqlal Party [Ahmed BELGHAZI]<br />Social Center Party or PCS [Lahcen MADIH]<br />Socialist Party [Abdelmajid BOUZOUBAA]<br />Socialist Union of Popular Forces or USFP [Driss LACHGAR]<br />Unified Socialist Party or GSU [Nabila MOUNIB]<br />Unity and Democracy Party [Ahmed FITRI]"
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"text": "Action Party or PA [Mohammed EL IDRISSI]<br>Amal (hope) Party [Mohamed BANI]<br>An-Nahj Ad-Dimocrati or An-Nahj [Mustapha BRAHMA]<br>Authenticity and Modernity Party or PAM [Ilyas al-OMARI]<br>Constitutional Union Party or UC [Mohamed SAJID]<br>Democratic and Social Movement or MDS [Abdessamad ARCHANE]<br>Democratic Forces Front or FFD [Mustapha BENALI]<br>Democratic Oath Party or SD<br>Democratic Socialist Vanguard Party or PADS [Abderrahman BENAMROU]<br>Democratic Society Party [Zhour CHAKKAFI]<br>Environment and Development Party or PED [Karim HRITAN]<br>Green Left Party [Mohamed FARES]<br>Istiqlal (Independence) Party or PI [Nizar BARAKA]<br>Ittihadi National Congress or CNI [Abdesalam EL AZIZ]<br>Labor Party or PT<br>Moroccan Liberal Party or PML [Mohammed ZIANE]<br>Moroccan Union for Democracy or UMD [Jamal MANDRI]<br>National Rally of Independents or RNI [Aziz AKHANNOUCH]<br>Neo-Democrats Party [Mohamed DARIF]<br>Party of Development Reform or PRD [Abderrahmane EL KOHEN]<br>Party of Justice and Development or PJD [Saad Eddine al-OTHMANI]<br>Party of Liberty and Social Justice [Miloud MOUSSAOUI]<br>Popular Movement or MP [Mohand LAENSER]<br>Progress and Socialism Party or PPS [Nabil BENABDELLAH]<br>Renaissance and Virtue Party [Mohamed KHALIDI]<br>Renaissance Party [Said EL GHENNIOUI]<br>Renewal and Equity Party or PRE [Chakir ACHEHABAR]<br>Shoura (consultation) and Istiqlal Party [Ahmed BELGHAZI]<br>Social Center Party or PCS [Lahcen MADIH]<br>Socialist Party [Abdelmajid BOUZOUBAA]<br>Socialist Union of Popular Forces or USFP [Driss LACHGAR]<br>Unified Socialist Party or GSU [Nabila MOUNIB]<br>Unity and Democracy Party [Ahmed FITRI]"
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},
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"International organization participation": {
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"text": "ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, CAEU, CD, EBRD, FAO, G-11, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OPCW, OSCE (partner), Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club (associate), PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOCI, UNSC (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
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},
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"Telecommunication systems": {
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"general assessment": {
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"text": "<p>despite Morocco's economic progress, the country suffers from high unemployment and illiteracy affecting telecom market, particularly in rural areas; national network nearly 100% digital using fiber-optic links; improved rural service employs microwave radio relay; one of the most state-of-the-art markets in Africa; high mobile penetration rates in the region with low cost for broadband Internet access; improvement in LTE reach and capabilities; 5G tests underway; mobile Internet accounts for 93% of all Internet connections; World Bank provided funds for Morocco’s digital transformation; government supported digital education during pandemic; submarine cables and satellite provide connectivity to Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and Australia; importer of broadcasting equipment and video displays from China (2021)</p> (2020)"
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"text": "<p>despite Morocco's economic progress, the country suffers from high unemployment and illiteracy affecting telecom market, particularly in rural areas; national network nearly 100% digital using fiber-optic links; improved rural service employs microwave radio relay; one of the most state-of-the-art markets in Africa; high mobile penetration rates in the region with low cost for broadband Internet access; improvement in LTE reach and capabilities; 5G tests underway; mobile Internet accounts for 93% of all Internet connections; World Bank provided funds for Morocco’s digital transformation; government supported digital education during pandemic; submarine cables and satellite provide connectivity to Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and Australia; importer of broadcasting equipment and video displays from China (2021)</p> (2020)"
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},
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"domestic": {
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"text": "fixed-line teledensity is 6 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular subscribership exceeds 128 per 100 persons; good system composed of open-wire lines, cables, and microwave radio relay links; principal switching centers are Casablanca and Rabat (2019)"
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},
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"Terrorism": {
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"Terrorist group(s)": {
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"text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>"
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"text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
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}
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},
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"Transnational Issues": {
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