apunkt/factbook.json
1
0
Fork 0
mirror of https://github.com/factbook/factbook.json.git synced 2026-06-13 19:05:13 +02:00
Code Issues Projects Releases Packages Wiki Activity Actions

add south america

Browse source
This commit is contained in:
Gerald Bauer 2014-07-12 20:57:04 +02:00
parent 378b22c2a4
commit 91cfa10d78
11 changed files with 6901 additions and 0 deletions
Download patch file Download diff file Expand all files Collapse all files

638
south-america/ar-argentina.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,638 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "In 1816, the United Provinces of the Rio Plata declared their independence from Spain. After Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay went their separate ways, the area that remained became Argentina. The country's population and culture were heavily shaped by immigrants from throughout Europe, with Italy and Spain providing the largest percentage of newcomers from 1860 to 1930. Up until about the mid-20th century, much of Argentina's history was dominated by periods of internal political conflict between Federalists and Unitarians and between civilian and military factions. After World War II, an era of Peronist populism and direct and indirect military interference in subsequent governments was followed by a military junta that took power in 1976. Democracy returned in 1983 after a failed bid to seize the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) by force, and has persisted despite numerous challenges, the most formidable of which was a severe economic crisis in 2001-02 that led to violent public protests and the successive resignations of several presidents. In January 2013, Argentina assumed a nonpermanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2013-14 term."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Chile and Uruguay"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "34 00 S, 64 00 W"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "South America"
},
"area": {
"total": "2,780,400 sq km",
"land": "2,736,690 sq km",
"water": "43,710 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly less than three-tenths the size of the US"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "9,861 km",
"border_countries": "Bolivia 832 km, Brazil 1,261 km, Chile 5,308 km, Paraguay 1,880 km, Uruguay 580 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "4,989 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "12 nm",
"contiguous_zone": "24 nm",
"exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm",
"continental_shelf": "200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin"
},
"climate": {
"text": "mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat to rolling plateau of Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along western border"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Laguna del Carbon -105 m (located between Puerto San Julian and Comandante Luis Piedra Buena in the province of Santa Cruz)",
"highest_point": "Cerro Aconcagua 6,960 m (located in the northwestern corner of the province of Mendoza; highest point in South America)"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "fertile plains of the pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore, manganese, petroleum, uranium"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "13.68%",
"permanent_crops": "0.36%",
"other": "85.96% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "15,500 sq km (2003)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "814 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "32.57 cu km/yr (23%/13%/64%)",
"per_capita": "864.9 cu m/yr (2005)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "San Miguel de Tucuman and Mendoza areas in the Andes subject to earthquakes; pamperos are violent windstorms that can strike the pampas and northeast; heavy flooding in some areas",
"volcanism": "volcanic activity in the Andes Mountains along the Chilean border; Copahue (elev. 2,997 m) last erupted in 2000; other historically active volcanoes include Llullaillaco, Maipo, Planchon-Peteroa, San Jose, Tromen, Tupungatito, and Viedma"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "environmental problems (urban and rural) typical of an industrializing economy such as deforestation, soil degradation, desertification, air pollution, and water pollution",
"note": "Argentina is a world leader in setting voluntary greenhouse gas targets"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "Marine Life Conservation"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "second-largest country in South America (after Brazil); strategic location relative to sea lanes between the South Atlantic and the South Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage); diverse geophysical landscapes range from tropical climates in the north to tundra in the far south; Cerro Aconcagua is the Western Hemisphere's tallest mountain, while Laguna del Carbon is the lowest point in the Western Hemisphere"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Argentine(s)",
"adjective": "Argentine"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "white (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%, mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry), Amerindian, or other non-white groups 3%"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Spanish (official), Italian, English, German, French, indigenous (Mapudungun, Quechua)"
},
"religions": {
"text": "nominally Roman Catholic 92% (less than 20% practicing), Protestant 2%, Jewish 2%, other 4%"
},
"demographic_profile": {
"text": "Argentina's population continues to grow but at a slower rate because of its steadily declining birth rate. Argentina's fertility decline began earlier than in the rest of Latin America, occurring most rapidly between the early 20th century and the 1950s and then becoming more gradual. Life expectancy has been improving, most notably among the young and the poor. While the population under age 15 is shrinking, the youth cohort - ages 15-24 - is the largest in Argentina's history and will continue to bolster the working-age population. If this large working-age population is well-educated and gainfully employed, Argentina is likely to experience an economic boost and possibly higher per capita savings and investment. Although literacy and primary school enrollment are nearly universal, grade repetition is problematic and secondary school completion is low. Both of these issues vary widely by region and socioeconomic group. Argentina has been primarily a country of immigration for most of its history, welcoming European immigrants after its independence in the 19th century and attracting especially large numbers from Spain and Italy. European immigration diminished in the 1950s, when Argentina's military dictatorships tightened immigration rules and European economies rebounded. Regional migration, however, continued to supply low-skilled workers and today it accounts for three-quarters of Argentina's immigrant population. The first waves of highly skilled Argentine emigrant workers headed mainly to the United States and Spain in the 1960s and 1970s. The ongoing European economic crisis is driving the return migration of some Argentinean and other Latin American nationals, as well as the immigration of Europeans to South America, where Argentina is a key recipient."
},
"population": {
"text": "42,610,981 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "25.1% (male 5,468,773/female 5,217,256)",
"15_24_years": "15.8% (male 3,436,816/female 3,296,788)",
"25_54_years": "38.8% (male 8,238,184/female 8,290,649)",
"55_64_years": "9.1% (male 1,871,644/female 1,990,790)",
"65_years_and_over": "11.3% (male 1,987,344/female 2,812,737) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "54.3 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "37.4 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "16.9 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "5.9 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "31 years",
"male": "29.9 years",
"female": "32.1 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "0.98% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "17.12 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "7.35 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "92% of total population (2010)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "1.1% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "BUENOS AIRES (capital) 13.528 million; Cordoba 1.493 million; Rosario 1.231 million; Mendoza 917,000; San Miguel de Tucuman 831,000 (2011)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "0.99 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.94 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.7 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "0.97 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "77 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "10.24 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "11.45 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "8.96 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "77.32 years",
"male": "74.09 years",
"female": "80.73 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "2.27 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "78.9% (2004/05)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "8.1% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "3.16 physicians/1,000 population (2004)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "4.5 beds/1,000 population (2010)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 98% of population; rural: 80% of population; total: 97% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 2% of population; rural: 20% of population; total: 3% of population (2008 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 92% of population; rural: 77% of population; total: 91% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 8% of population; rural: 23% of population; total: 9% of population (2000 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "0.5% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "110,000 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "2,900 (2009 est.)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "29.7% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "2.3% (2005)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "5.8% of GDP (2010)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 10 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "97.9%",
"male": "97.8%",
"female": "97.9% (2011 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "16 years",
"male": "15 years",
"female": "18 years (2010)"
},
"child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
"total_number": "435,252",
"percentage": "7 %",
"note": "data represents children ages 5-13 (2003 est.)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "18.7%",
"male": "16.5%",
"female": "22.2% (2011)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Argentine Republic",
"conventional_short_form": "Argentina",
"local_long_form": "Republica Argentina",
"local_short_form": "Argentina"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "republic"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Buenos Aires",
"geographic_coordinates": "34 35 S, 58 40 W",
"time_difference": "UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)",
"daylight_saving_time": "none scheduled for 2013"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "23 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 autonomous city*; Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Chubut, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires*, Cordoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego - Antartida e Islas del Atlantico Sur (Tierra del Fuego), Tucuman",
"note": "the US does not recognize any claims to Antarctica"
},
"independence": {
"text": "9 July 1816 (from Spain)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Revolution Day, 25 May (1810)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "1 May 1853; amended many times starting in 1860"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "civil law system based on West European legal systems; note - efforts at civil code reform begun in the mid-1980s has stagnated"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18-70 years of age; universal and compulsory; 16-17 years of age - optional"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER (since 10 December 2007); Vice President Amado BOUDOU (since 10 December 2011); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government",
"head_of_government": "President Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER (since 10 December 2007); Vice President Amado BOUDOU (since 10 December 2011)",
"cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the president",
"elections": "president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms (eligible for a second term); election last held on 23 October 2011 (next election to be held in October 2015)",
"election_results": "Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER reelected president; percent of vote - Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER 54%, Hermes BINNER 16.9%, Ricardo ALFONSIN 11.1%, Alberto Rodriguez SAA 8%, Eduardo DUHALDE 5.9%, other 4.1%"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of the Senate (72 seats; members are elected by direct vote; presently one-third of the members elected every two years to serve six-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies (257 seats; members are elected by direct vote; one-half of the members elected every two years to serve four-year terms)",
"elections": "Senate - last held on 23 October 2011 (next to be held on 27 October 2013); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 23 October 2011 (next to be held on 27 October 2013)",
"election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by bloc or party - NA; seats by bloc or party - FpV 38, UCR 17, PJ Disidente 10, FAP 4, other 3; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by bloc or party - NA; seats by bloc or party - FpV 134, UCR 41, PJ Disidente 28, FAP 22, PRO 11, CC 7, other 14; note - as of 1 January 2013, the composition of the entire legislature is as follows: Senate - seats by bloc or party - FpV 32, UCR 14, PJ Disidente 9, minor parties allied with the FpV 6, FAP 4, other 7; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by bloc or party - NA; seats by bloc or party - FpV 116, UCR 40, PJ Disidente 22, FAP 22, minor parties allied with the FpV 20, PRO 11, CC 6, other 20"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (consists of the court president, vice-president, and 5 judges) note - Argentina has a system of federal and provincial courts",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "judges nominated by the president and approved by the Senate; judges serve for life",
"subordinate_courts": "federal level appellate, district, and territorial courts; provincial level supreme, appellate, and first instance courts"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Broad Progressive Front or FAP [Hermes BINNER]; Civic Coalition or CC (a broad coalition loosely affiliated with Elisa CARRIO); Dissident Peronists (PJ Disidente) or Federal Peronism (a sector of the Justicialist Party opposed to the Kirchners); Front for Victory or FpV (a broad coalition, including elements of the PJ, UCR, and numerous provincial parties) [Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER]; Peronist (or Justicialist) Party or PJ [vacant]; Radical Civic Union or UCR [Mario BARLETTA]; Republican Proposal or PRO [Mauricio MACRI]; Socialist Party or PS [Ruben GIUSTINIANI]; numerous provincial parties"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "Argentine Association of Pharmaceutical Labs (CILFA); Argentine Industrial Union (manufacturers' association); Argentine Rural Confederation or CRA (small to medium landowners' association); Argentine Rural Society (large landowners' association); Central of Argentine Workers or CTA (a union for employed and unemployed workers); General Confederation of Labor or CGT (Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization); Roman Catholic Church; White and Blue CGT (dissident CGT labor confederation)",
"other": "business organizations, Peronist-dominated labor movement, Piquetero groups (popular protest organizations that can be either pro or anti-government), students"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "AfDB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CAN (associate), CD, CELAC, FAO, FATF, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Paris Club (associate), PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina (observer), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Cecilia NAHON",
"chancery": "1600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 238-6400",
"fax": "[1] (202) 332-3171",
"consulates_general": "Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Vilma MARTINEZ",
"embassy": "Avenida Colombia 4300, C1425GMN Buenos Aires",
"mailing_address": "international mail: use embassy street address; APO address: US Embassy Buenos Aires, Unit 4334, APO AA 34034",
"telephone": "[54] (11) 5777-4533",
"fax": "[54] (11) 5777-4240"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "three equal horizontal bands of light blue (top), white, and light blue; centered in the white band is a radiant yellow sun with a human face known as the Sun of May; the colors represent the clear skies and snow of the Andes; the sun symbol commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810 during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence; the sun features are those of Inti, the Inca god of the sun"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "Sun of May (a sun-with-face symbol)"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Himno Nacional Argentino\" (Argentine National Anthem)",
"lyrics_music": "Vicente LOPEZ y PLANES/Jose Blas PARERA",
"note": "adopted 1813; Vicente LOPEZ was inspired to write the anthem after watching a play about the 1810 May Revolution against Spain"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Argentina benefits from rich natural resources, a highly literate population, an export-oriented agricultural sector, and a diversified industrial base. Although one of the world's wealthiest countries 100 years ago, Argentina suffered during most of the 20th century from recurring economic crises, persistent fiscal and current account deficits, high inflation, mounting external debt, and capital flight. A severe depression, growing public and external indebtedness, and an unprecedented bank run culminated in 2001 in the most serious economic, social, and political crisis in the country's turbulent history. Interim President Adolfo RODRIGUEZ SAA declared a default - at the time the largest ever - on the government's foreign debt in December of that year, and abruptly resigned only a few days after taking office. His successor, Eduardo DUHALDE, announced an end to the peso's decade-long 1-to-1 peg to the US dollar in early 2002. The economy bottomed out that year, with real GDP 18% smaller than in 1998 and almost 60% of Argentines under the poverty line. Real GDP rebounded to grow by an average 8.5% annually over the subsequent six years, taking advantage of previously idled industrial capacity and labor, an audacious debt restructuring and reduced debt burden, excellent international financial conditions, and expansionary monetary and fiscal policies. Inflation also increased, however, during the administration of President Nestor KIRCHNER, which responded with price restraints on businesses, as well as export taxes and restraints, and beginning in 2007, with understating inflation data. Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER succeeded her husband as President in late 2007, and the rapid economic growth of previous years began to slow sharply the following year as government policies held back exports and the world economy fell into recession. The economy in 2010 rebounded strongly from the 2009 recession, but has slowed since late 2011 even as the government continued to rely on expansionary fiscal and monetary policies, which have kept inflation in the double digits. The government expanded state intervention in the economy throughout 2012. In May the Congress approved the nationalization of the oil company YPF from Spain's Repsol. The government expanded formal and informal measures to restrict imports during the year, including a requirement for pre-registration and pre-approval of all imports. In July the government also further tightened currency controls in an effort to bolster foreign reserves and stem capital flight."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$755.3 billion (2012 est.); $741.3 billion (2011 est.); $680.9 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$475 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.9% (2012 est.); 8.9% (2011 est.); 9.2% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$18,400 (2012 est.); $18,300 (2011 est.); $17,000 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "24.1% of GDP (2012 est.); 25.8% of GDP (2011 est.); 24.8% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "57.1%",
"government_consumption": "16.6%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "21.8%",
"investment_in_inventories": "2.2%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "19.7%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-17.4% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "9.1%",
"industry": "30.5%",
"services": "60.4% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "sunflower seeds, lemons, soybeans, grapes, corn, tobacco, peanuts, tea, wheat; livestock"
},
"industries": {
"text": "food processing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, textiles, chemicals and petrochemicals, printing, metallurgy, steel"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "-0.4%",
"note": "based on private estimates (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "17.05 million",
"note": "urban areas only (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "5%",
"industry": "23%",
"services": "72% (2009 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "7.2% (2012 est.); 7.2% (2011 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "30%",
"note": "data are based on private estimates (2010)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "1.5%",
"highest_10%": "32.3% (2010 est.)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "45.8 (2009)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$121.3 billion",
"expenditures": "$133.6 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "25.5% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-2.6% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "43.6% of GDP (2012 est.); 41.7% of GDP (2011 est.)"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "25.3% (2012 est.); 24.4% (2011 est.)",
"note": "data are derived from private estimates"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "NA%"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "14.06% (31 December 2012 est.); 14.09% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$65.57 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $50.25 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$148.6 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $123.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$161.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $132.2 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$43.58 billion (31 December 2011); $63.91 billion (31 December 2010); $48.93 billion (31 December 2009)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "$1.433 billion (2012 est.); -$6 million (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$81.21 billion (2012 est.); $83.95 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "soybeans and derivatives, petroleum and gas, vehicles, corn, wheat"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "Brazil 19.7%, China 7.2%, Chile 5.8%, US 5% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$65.56 billion (2012 est.); $70.74 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "machinery, motor vehicles, petroleum and natural gas, organic chemicals, plastics"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "Brazil 26.9%, US 15.4%, China 11.8%, Germany 4.5% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$43.25 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $46.35 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$141.1 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $140.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$107.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $94.86 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$32.95 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $31.86 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "Argentine pesos (ARS) per US dollar -; 4.5369 (2012 est.); 4.1101 (2011 est.); 3.8963 (2010 est.); 3.7101 (2009); 3.1636 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "116 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "104.2 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "1.701 billion kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "10.3 billion kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "32.07 million kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "65.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "3.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "28.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "734,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "93,600 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "2.82 billion bbl (1 January 2013 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "604,200 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "678,100 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "66,700 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "37,260 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "40.1 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "43.29 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "420 million cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "3.61 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "378.8 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "169.8 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "10.14 million (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "55 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "in 1998 Argentina opened its telecommunications market to competition and foreign investment encouraging the growth of modern telecommunications technology; fiber-optic cable trunk lines are being installed between all major cities; major networks are entirely digital and the availability of telephone service is improving",
"domestic": "microwave radio relay, fiber-optic cable, and a domestic satellite system with 40 earth stations serve the trunk network; fixed-line teledensity is increasing gradually and mobile-cellular subscribership is increasing rapidly; broadband Internet services are gaining ground",
"international": "country code - 54; landing point for the Atlantis-2, UNISUR, South America-1, and South American Crossing/Latin American Nautilus submarine cable systems that provide links to Europe, Africa, South and Central America, and US; satellite earth stations - 112; 2 international gateways near Buenos Aires (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "government owns a TV station and a radio network; more than 2 dozen TV stations and hundreds of privately owned radio stations; high rate of cable TV subscription usage (2007)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".ar"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "11.232 million (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "13.694 million (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "1,138 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "161",
"over_3_047_m": "4",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "29",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "65",
"914_to_1_523_m": "53",
"under_914_m": "10 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "977",
"over_3_047_m": "1",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "1",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "43",
"914_to_1_523_m": "484",
"under_914_m": "448 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "2 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "gas 29,930 km; liquid petroleum gas 41 km; oil 6,248 km; refined products 3,631 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "36,966 km",
"broad_gauge": "26,475 km 1.676-m gauge (94 km electrified)",
"standard_gauge": "2,780 km 1.435-m gauge (42 km electrified)",
"narrow_gauge": "7,711 km 1.000-m gauge (2008)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "231,374 km",
"paved": "69,412 km (includes 734 km of expressways)",
"unpaved": "161,962 km (2004)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "11,000 km (2012)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "36",
"by_type": "bulk carrier 1, cargo 5, chemical tanker 6, container 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 18, refrigerated cargo 4",
"foreign_owned": "14 (Brazil 1, Chile 6, Spain 3, Taiwan 2, UK 2)",
"registered_in_other_countries": "15 (Liberia 1, Panama 5, Paraguay 5, Uruguay 1, unknown 3) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"major_seaports": "Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, La Plata, Punta Colorada, Ushuaia",
"river_ports": "Arroyo Seco, Rosario, San Lorenzo-San Martin (Parana)"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Argentine Army (Ejercito Argentino), Navy of the Argentine Republic (Armada Republica; includes naval aviation and naval infantry), Argentine Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Argentina, FAA) (2013)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18-24 years of age for voluntary military service (18-21 requires parental consent); no conscription; if the number of volunteers fails to meet the quota of recruits for a particular year, Congress can authorize the conscription of citizens turning 18 that year for a period not exceeding one year (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "10,038,967",
"females_age_16_49": "9,959,134 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "8,458,362",
"females_age_16_49": "8,414,460 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "339,503",
"female": "323,170 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "0.5% of GDP (2012)"
},
"military_note": {
"text": "the Argentine military is a well-organized force constrained by the country's prolonged economic hardship; the country has recently experienced a strong recovery, and the military is implementing a modernization plan aimed at making the ground forces lighter and more responsive (2008)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "Argentina continues to assert its claims to the UK-administered Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), South Georgia, and the South Sandwich Islands in its constitution, forcibly occupying the Falklands in 1982, but in 1995 agreed to no longer seek settlement by force; UK continues to reject Argentine requests for sovereignty talks; territorial claim in Antarctica partially overlaps UK and Chilean claims; uncontested dispute between Brazil and Uruguay over Braziliera/Brasiliera Island in the Quarai/Cuareim River leaves the tripoint with Argentina in question; in 2010, the ICJ ruled in favor of Uruguay's operation of two paper mills on the Uruguay River, which forms the border with Argentina; the two countries formed a joint pollution monitoring regime; the joint boundary commission, established by Chile and Argentina in 2001 has yet to map and demarcate the delimited boundary in the inhospitable Andean Southern Ice Field (Campo de Hielo Sur); contraband smuggling, human trafficking, and illegal narcotic trafficking are problems in the porous areas of the border with Bolivia"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "a transshipment country for cocaine headed for Europe, heroin headed for the US, and ephedrine and pseudoephedrine headed for Mexico; some money-laundering activity, especially in the Tri-Border Area; law enforcement corruption; a source for precursor chemicals; increasing domestic consumption of drugs in urban centers, especially cocaine base and synthetic drugs (2008)"
}
}
}

634
south-america/bo-bolivia.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,634 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "Bolivia, named after independence fighter Simon BOLIVAR, broke away from Spanish rule in 1825; much of its subsequent history has consisted of a series of nearly 200 coups and countercoups. Democratic civilian rule was established in 1982, but leaders have faced difficult problems of deep-seated poverty, social unrest, and illegal drug production. In December 2005, Bolivians elected Movement Toward Socialism leader Evo MORALES president - by the widest margin of any leader since the restoration of civilian rule in 1982 - after he ran on a promise to change the country's traditional political class and empower the nation's poor, indigenous majority. However, since taking office, his controversial strategies have exacerbated racial and economic tensions between the Amerindian populations of the Andean west and the non-indigenous communities of the eastern lowlands. In December 2009, President MORALES easily won reelection, and his party took control of the legislative branch of the government, which will allow him to continue his process of change. In October 2011, the country held its first judicial elections to appoint judges to the four highest courts."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Central South America, southwest of Brazil"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "17 00 S, 65 00 W"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "South America"
},
"area": {
"total": "1,098,581 sq km",
"land": "1,083,301 sq km",
"water": "15,280 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly less than three times the size of Montana"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "6,940 km",
"border_countries": "Argentina 832 km, Brazil 3,423 km, Chile 860 km, Paraguay 750 km, Peru 1,075 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "0 km (landlocked)"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"text": "none (landlocked)"
},
"climate": {
"text": "varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "rugged Andes Mountains with a highland plateau (Altiplano), hills, lowland plains of the Amazon Basin"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Rio Paraguay 90 m",
"highest_point": "Nevado Sajama 6,542 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron, lead, gold, timber, hydropower"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "3.49%",
"permanent_crops": "0.2%",
"other": "96.31% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "1,282 sq km (2003)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "622.5 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "2.64 cu km/yr (25%/14%/61%)",
"per_capita": "305.8 cu m/yr (2005)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "flooding in the northeast (March to April)",
"volcanism": "volcanic activity in Andes Mountains on the border with Chile; historically active volcanoes in this region are Irruputuncu (elev. 5,163 m), which last erupted in 1995, and Olca-Paruma"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "the clearing of land for agricultural purposes and the international demand for tropical timber are contributing to deforestation; soil erosion from overgrazing and poor cultivation methods (including slash-and-burn agriculture); desertification; loss of biodiversity; industrial pollution of water supplies used for drinking and irrigation"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "landlocked; shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake (elevation 3,805 m), with Peru"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Bolivian(s)",
"adjective": "Bolivian"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Quechua 30%, mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry) 30%, Aymara 25%, white 15%"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Spanish (official) 60.7%, Quechua (official) 21.2%, Aymara (official) 14.6%, foreign languages 2.4%, other 1.2% (2001 census)"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Roman Catholic 95%, Protestant (Evangelical Methodist) 5%"
},
"demographic_profile": {
"text": "Bolivia ranks at or near the bottom among Latin American countries in several areas of health and development, including poverty, education, fertility, malnutrition, mortality, and life expectancy. On the positive side, more children are being vaccinated and more pregnant women are getting prenatal care and having skilled health practitioners attend their births. Bolivia's income inequality is the highest in Latin America and one of the highest in the world. Public education is of poor quality, and educational opportunities are among the most unevenly distributed in Latin America, with girls and indigenous and rural children less likely to be literate or to complete primary school. The lack of access to education and family planning services helps to sustain Bolivia's high fertility rate - approximately three children per woman. Bolivia's lack of clean water and basic sanitation, especially in rural areas, contributes to health problems. Almost 7% of Bolivia's population lives abroad, primarily to work in Argentina, Brazil, Spain, and the United States. In recent years, more restrictive immigration policies in Europe and the United States have increased the flow of Bolivian emigrants to neighboring Argentina and Brazil."
},
"population": {
"text": "10,461,053 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "33.8% (male 1,800,381/female 1,733,366)",
"15_24_years": "19.9% (male 1,053,952/female 1,028,169)",
"25_54_years": "35.9% (male 1,825,535/female 1,928,945)",
"55_64_years": "5.6% (male 272,980/female 311,312)",
"65_years_and_over": "4.8% (male 223,933/female 282,480) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "66 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "57.9 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "8.1 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "12.3 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "23.1 years",
"male": "22.3 years",
"female": "23.8 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.63% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "23.77 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "6.67 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "-0.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "67% of total population (2010)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "2.2% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "LA PAZ (capital) 1.715 million; Santa Cruz 1.584 million; Sucre 307,000 (2011)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.03 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "0.94 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.88 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.79 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "0.98 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "21.2",
"note": "Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2008 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "180 deaths/100,000 live births (2008)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "39.76 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "43.44 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "35.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "68.22 years",
"male": "65.47 years",
"female": "71.11 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "2.87 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "60.5% (2008)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "4.8% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "1.22 physicians/1,000 population (2001)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "1.1 beds/1,000 population (2009)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 96% of population; rural: 71% of population; total: 88% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 4% of population; rural: 29% of population; total: 12% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 35% of population; rural: 10% of population; total: 27% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 65% of population; rural: 90% of population; total: 73% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "0.2% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "12,000 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.)"
},
"major_infectious_diseases": {
"degree_of_risk": "very high",
"food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A",
"vectorborne_diseases": "dengue fever, malaria, and yellow fever (2013)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "17.9% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "4.5% (2008)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "7.6% of GDP (2010)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "91.2%",
"male": "95.8%",
"female": "86.8% (2009 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "14 years",
"male": "14 years",
"female": "13 years (2007)"
},
"child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
"total_number": "553,323",
"percentage": "26 %",
"note": "data represents children ages 5-13 (2008 est.)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "9.2%",
"male": "7.3%",
"female": "11.8% (2002)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Plurinational State of Bolivia",
"conventional_short_form": "Bolivia",
"local_long_form": "Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia",
"local_short_form": "Bolivia"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "republic; note - the new constitution defines Bolivia as a \"Social Unitarian State\""
},
"capital": {
"name": "La Paz (administrative capital)",
"geographic_coordinates": "16 30 S, 68 09 W",
"time_difference": "UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)",
"note": "Sucre (constitutional capital)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "9 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Beni, Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, La Paz, Oruro, Pando, Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tarija"
},
"independence": {
"text": "6 August 1825 (from Spain)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day, 6 August (1825)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "7 February 2009"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "civil law system with influences from Roman, Spanish, canon (religious), French, and indigenous law"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age, universal and compulsory"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Juan Evo MORALES Ayma (since 22 January 2006); Vice President Alvaro GARCIA Linera (since 22 January 2006); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government",
"head_of_government": "President Juan Evo MORALES Ayma (since 22 January 2006); Vice President Alvaro GARCIA Linera (since 22 January 2006)",
"cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the president",
"elections": "president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for a five-year term and are eligible for re-election once; election last held on 6 December 2009 (next to be held in 2014)",
"election_results": "Juan Evo MORALES Ayma reelected president; percent of vote - Juan Evo MORALES Ayma 64%; Manfred REYES VILLA 26%; Samuel DORIA MEDINA Arana 6%; Rene JOAQUINO 2%; other 2%"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "bicameral Plurinational Legislative Assembly or Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional consists of Chamber of Senators or Camara de Senadores (36 seats; members are elected by proportional representation from party lists to serve five-year terms) and Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (130 seats total; 70 uninominal deputies directly elected from a single district, 7 \"special\" indigenous deputies directly elected from non-contiguous indigenous districts, and 53 plurinominal deputies elected by proportional representation from party lists; all deputies serve five-year terms)",
"elections": "Chamber of Senators and Chamber of Deputies - last held on 6 December 2009 (next to be held in 2014)",
"election_results": "Chamber of Senators - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - MAS 26, PPB-CN 10; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - MAS 89, PPB-CN 36, UN 3, AS 2; note - as of 15 February 2013, the current composition of the Chamber of Deputies is: MAS 88, PPB-CN 37, UN 3, AS 2"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo de Justicia (consists of 12 judges); Plurinational Constitutional Tribunal (consists of 7 primary and 7 alternate magistrates); Plurinational Electoral Organ (consists of 7 members) note - the 2009 constitution reformed the procedure for selecting judicial officials for the Supreme Court, Constitutional Tribunal, and the Plurinational Electoral Organ by direct national vote, which occurred in October 2011",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court and Plurinational Constitutional Tribunal judges elected by popular vote from list of candidates pre-selected by Plurinational Legislative Assembly for 6-year terms); Plurinational Electoral Organ members - 6 judges elected by the Assembly and 1 appointed by the president; judges and members serve 6-year terms",
"subordinate_courts": "Agro-Environmental Court; Council of the Judiciary; District Courts (in each of the 9 administrative departments)"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Bacada Indigena or BI; Bolivia-National Convergence or PPB-CN [Adrian OLIVA]; Fearless Movement or MSM [Juan DE GRANADO Cosio]; Movement Toward Socialism or MAS [Juan Evo MORALES Ayma]; National Unity or UN [Samuel DORIA MEDINA Arana]; People or Gente [Roman LOAYZA]; Social Alliance or AS [Rene JOAQUINO]"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "Bolivian Workers Central or COB; Federation of Neighborhood Councils of El Alto or FEJUVE; Landless Movement or MST; National Coordinator for Change or CONALCAM; Sole Confederation of Campesino Workers of Bolivia or CSUTCB",
"other": "Cocalero groups; indigenous organizations (including Confederation of Indigenous Peoples of Eastern Bolivia or CIDOB and National Council of Ayullus and Markas of Quollasuyu or CONAMAQ); Interculturales union or CSCIB; labor unions (including the Central Bolivian Workers' Union or COB and Cooperative Miners Federation or FENCOMIN)"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "CAN, CD, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Freddy BERSATTI Tudela",
"chancery": "3014 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 483-4410",
"fax": "[1] (202) 328-3712",
"consulates_general": "Los Angeles, Miami, New York",
"note": "as of September 2008, the US has expelled the Bolivian ambassador to the US"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Larry MEMMOTT",
"embassy": "Avenida Arce 2780, Casilla 425, La Paz",
"mailing_address": "P. O. Box 425, La Paz; APO AA 34032",
"telephone": "[591] (2) 216-8000",
"fax": "[591] (2) 216-8111",
"note": "in September 2008, the Bolivian Government expelled the US Ambassador to Bolivia, and the countries have yet to reinstate ambassadors"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with the coat of arms centered on the yellow band; red stands for bravery and the blood of national heroes, yellow for the nation's mineral resources, and green for the fertility of the land",
"note": "similar to the flag of Ghana, which has a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; in 2009, a presidential decree made it mandatory for a so-called wiphala - a square, multi-colored flag representing the country's indigenous peoples - to be used alongside the traditional flag"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "llama; Andean condor"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Cancion Patriotica\" (Patriotic Song)",
"lyrics_music": "Jose Ignacio de SANJINES/Leopoldo Benedetto VINCENTI",
"note": "adopted 1852"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Bolivia is one of the poorest and least developed countries in Latin America. Following a disastrous economic crisis during the early 1980s, reforms spurred private investment, stimulated economic growth, and cut poverty rates in the 1990s. The period 2003-05 was characterized by political instability, racial tensions, and violent protests against plans - subsequently abandoned - to export Bolivia's newly discovered natural gas reserves to large Northern Hemisphere markets. In 2005, the government passed a controversial hydrocarbons law that imposed significantly higher royalties and required foreign firms then operating under risk-sharing contracts to surrender all production to the state energy company in exchange for a predetermined service fee. The global recession slowed growth, but Bolivia recorded the highest growth rate in South America during 2009. During 2010-12 high world commodity prices sustained rapid growth and large trade surpluses. However, a lack of foreign investment in the key sectors of mining and hydrocarbons, along with growing conflict among social groups pose challenges for the Bolivian economy."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$56.14 billion (2012 est.); $53.34 billion (2011 est.); $50.72 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$27.43 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "5.2% (2012 est.); 5.2% (2011 est.); 4.1% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$5,200 (2012 est.); $5,000 (2011 est.); $4,900 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "25.3% of GDP (2012 est.); 28.4% of GDP (2011 est.); 21.5% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "60.6%",
"government_consumption": "13.7%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "18.3%",
"investment_in_inventories": "-1.5%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "46.9%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-38.1% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "9.6%",
"industry": "38.3%",
"services": "52.1% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "soybeans, coffee, coca, cotton, corn, sugarcane, rice, potatoes; Brazil nuts; timber"
},
"industries": {
"text": "mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverages, tobacco, handicrafts, clothing, jewelry"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "5.2% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "4.718 million (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "32%",
"industry": "20%",
"services": "48% (2010 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "7.5% (2012 est.); 5.7% (2011 est.)",
"note": "data are for urban areas; widespread underemployment"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "49.6%",
"note": "based on percent of population living on less than the international standard of $2/day (2010 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "1%",
"highest_10%": "45.4% (2007)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "53 (2010); 57.9 (1999)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$12.64 billion",
"expenditures": "$12.17 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "46.1% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "1.7% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "34.6% of GDP (2012 est.); 36.5% of GDP (2011 est.)",
"note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "4.5% (2012 est.); 9.9% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "4% (31 December 2011 est.); 3% (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "11.14% (31 December 2012 est.); 10.92% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$7.32 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $6.13 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$17.13 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $14.25 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$9.044 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $7.633 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$7.69 billion (31 December 2012); $6.089 billion (31 December 2011); $3.915 billion (31 December 2010)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "$271.8 million (2012 est.); $537.2 million (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$10.65 billion (2012 est.); $8.332 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "natural gas, soybeans and soy products, crude petroleum, zinc ore, tin"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "Brazil 40.3%, US 17.7%, Argentina 7.7%, Peru 5.3% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$7.653 billion (2012 est.); $7.126 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "petroleum products, plastics, paper, aircraft and aircraft parts, prepared foods, automobiles, insecticides"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "Chile 20.8%, Brazil 19.9%, Argentina 11.7%, US 9.9%, Peru 7.1%, Venezuela 6%, China 4.8% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$13.93 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $12.02 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$7.007 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $6.474 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$8.81 billion (31 December 2012); $7.75 billion (31 December 2011)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$8 million (31 December 2011); $21 million (31 December 2010)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "bolivianos (BOB) per US dollar -; 6.96 (2012 est.); 6.9875 (2011 est.); 7.0167 (2010 est.); 7.07 (2009); 7.253 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "6.94 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "6.301 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "1.317 million kW (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "58.9% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "39.3% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "1.7% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "40,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "0.07 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "209.8 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "314,700 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "45,840 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "864.7 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "14,150 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "48.97 billion cu m (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "8.59 billion cu m (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "40.28 billion cu m (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "281.5 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "13.29 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "879,000 (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "8.355 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "Bolivian National Telecommunications Company was privatized in 1995 but re-nationalized in 2007; the primary trunk system is being expanded and employs digital microwave radio relay; some areas are served by fiber-optic cable; system operations, reliability, and coverage have steadily improved.",
"domestic": "most telephones are concentrated in La Paz, Santa Cruz, and other capital cities; mobile-cellular telephone use expanding rapidly and, in 2011, teledensity reached about 80 per 100 persons",
"international": "country code - 591; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "large number of radio and TV stations broadcasting with private media outlets dominating; state-owned and private radio and TV stations generally operating freely, although both pro-government and anti-government groups have attacked media outlets in response to their reporting (2010)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".bo"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "180,988 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "1.103 million (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "855 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "21",
"over_3_047_m": "5",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "4",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "6",
"914_to_1_523_m": "6 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "834",
"over_3_047_m": "1",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "4",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "47",
"914_to_1_523_m": "151",
"under_914_m": "631 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "gas 5,457 km; liquid petroleum gas 51 km; oil 2,511 km; refined products 1,627 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "3,652 km",
"narrow_gauge": "3,652 km 1.000-m gauge (2010)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "80,488 km",
"paved": "11,993 km",
"unpaved": "68,495 km (2010)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "10,000 km (commercially navigable almost exclusively in the northern and eastern parts of the country) (2012)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "18",
"by_type": "bulk carrier 1, cargo 14, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 2",
"foreign_owned": "5 (Syria 4, UK 1, (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"river_ports": "Puerto Aguirre (Paraguay/Parana)",
"note": "Bolivia has free port privileges in maritime ports in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Paraguay"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Bolivian Armed Forces: Bolivian Army (Ejercito Boliviano, EB), Bolivian Naval Force (Fuerza Naval Boliviana, FNB; includes Marines), Bolivian Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Boliviana, FAB) (2013)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18-49 years of age for 12-month compulsory male and female military service; Bolivian citizenship required; 17 years of age for voluntary service; when annual number of volunteers falls short of goal, compulsory recruitment is effected, including conscription of boys as young as 14; 15-19 years of age for voluntary premilitary service, provides exemption from further military service (2013)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "2,472,490",
"females_age_16_49": "2,535,768 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "1,762,260",
"females_age_16_49": "2,013,281 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "108,334",
"female": "104,945 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "0.9% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "Chile and Peru rebuff Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, but Chile offers instead unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile for Bolivian natural gas; contraband smuggling, human trafficking, and illegal narcotic trafficking are problems in the porous areas of the border with Argentina"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "world's third-largest cultivator of coca (after Colombia and Peru) with an estimated 35,000 hectares under cultivation in 2009, an increase of ten percent over 2008; third largest producer of cocaine, estimated at 195 metric tons potential pure cocaine in 2009, a 70 percent increase over 2006; transit country for Peruvian and Colombian cocaine destined for Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Europe; weak border controls; some money-laundering activity related to narcotics trade; major cocaine consumption\r\n (2008)"
}
}
}

630
south-america/cl-chile.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,630 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "Prior to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, the Inca ruled northern Chile while the Mapuche inhabited central and southern Chile. Although Chile declared its independence in 1810, decisive victory over the Spanish was not achieved until 1818. In the War of the Pacific (1879-83), Chile defeated Peru and Bolivia and won its present northern regions. It was not until the 1880s that the Mapuche were brought under central government control. After a series of elected governments, the three-year-old Marxist government of Salvador ALLENDE was overthrown in 1973 by a military coup led by Augusto PINOCHET, who ruled until a freely elected president was inaugurated in 1990. Sound economic policies, maintained consistently since the 1980s, have contributed to steady growth, reduced poverty rates by over half, and have helped secure the country's commitment to democratic and representative government. Chile has increasingly assumed regional and international leadership roles befitting its status as a stable, democratic nation."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Southern South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Argentina and Peru"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "30 00 S, 71 00 W"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "South America"
},
"area": {
"total": "756,102 sq km",
"land": "743,812 sq km",
"water": "12,290 sq km",
"note": "includes Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) and Isla Sala y Gomez"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly smaller than twice the size of Montana"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "6,339 km",
"border_countries": "Argentina 5,308 km, Bolivia 860 km, Peru 171 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "6,435 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "12 nm",
"contiguous_zone": "24 nm",
"exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm",
"continental_shelf": "200/350 nm"
},
"climate": {
"text": "temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "low coastal mountains; fertile central valley; rugged Andes in east"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Pacific Ocean 0 m",
"highest_point": "Nevado Ojos del Salado 6,880 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum, hydropower"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "1.74%",
"permanent_crops": "0.6%",
"other": "97.65% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "11,990 sq km (2003)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "922 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "26.67 cu km/yr (4%/10%/86%)",
"per_capita": "1,603 cu m/yr (2007)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "severe earthquakes; active volcanism; tsunamis",
"volcanism": "significant volcanic activity due to more than three-dozen active volcanoes along the Andes Mountains; Lascar (elev. 5,592 m), which last erupted in 2007, is the most active volcano in the northern Chilean Andes; Llaima (elev. 3,125 m) in central Chile, which last erupted in 2009, is another of the country's most active; Chaiten's 2008 eruption forced major evacuations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Cerro Hudson, Copahue, Guallatiri, Llullaillaco, Nevados de Chillan, Puyehue, San Pedro, and Villarrica"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "widespread deforestation and mining threaten natural resources; air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw sewage"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "the longest north-south trending country in the world, extending across 38 degrees of latitude; strategic location relative to sea lanes between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage); Atacama Desert - the driest desert in the world - spreads across the northern part of the country; the crater lake of Ojos del Salado is the world's highest lake (at 6,390 m)"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Chilean(s)",
"adjective": "Chilean"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "white and white-Amerindian 95.4%, Mapuche 4%, other indigenous groups 0.6% (2002 census)"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Spanish (official), Mapudungun, German, English"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Roman Catholic 70%, Evangelical 15.1%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1.1%, other Christian 1%, other 4.6%, none 8.3% (2002 census)"
},
"demographic_profile": {
"text": "Chile is in the advanced stages of demographic transition and is becoming an aging society - with fertility below replacement level, low mortality rates, and life expectancy on par with developed countries. Nevertheless, with its dependency ratio nearing its low point, Chile could benefit from its favorable age structure. It will need to keep its large working-age population productively employed, while preparing to provide for the needs of its growing proportion of elderly people, especially as women - the traditional caregivers - increasingly enter the workforce. Over the last two decades, Chile has made great strides in reducing its poverty rate, which is now lower than most Latin American countries. However, its severe income inequality ranks as the worst among members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Unequal access to quality education perpetuates this uneven income distribution. Chile has historically been a country of emigration but has slowly become more attractive to immigrants since transitioning to democracy in 1990 and improving its economic stability (other regional destinations have concurrently experienced deteriorating economic and political conditions). Most of Chile's small but growing foreign-born population consists of transplants from other Latin American countries, especially Peru."
},
"population": {
"text": "17,216,945 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "21% (male 1,846,433/female 1,771,225)",
"15_24_years": "16.6% (male 1,457,772/female 1,398,684)",
"25_54_years": "43.2% (male 3,694,178/female 3,738,355)",
"55_64_years": "9.6% (male 771,790/female 872,824)",
"65_years_and_over": "9.7% (male 694,570/female 971,114) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "45 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "30.6 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "14.5 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "6.9 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "33 years",
"male": "31.8 years",
"female": "34.3 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "0.86% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "14.12 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "5.86 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "0.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "89% of total population (2010)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "1.1% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "SANTIAGO (capital) 6.034 million; Valparaiso 865,000 (2011)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "0.99 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.88 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.71 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "0.97 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "23.7 (2004 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "25 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "7.19 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "7.67 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "6.68 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "78.27 years",
"male": "75.25 years",
"female": "81.42 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "1.85 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "64.2%",
"note": "percent of women aged 15-44 (2006)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "8% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "1.09 physicians/1,000 population (2003)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "2.1 beds/1,000 population (2010)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 99% of population; rural: 75% of population; total: 96% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 1% of population; rural: 25% of population; total: 4% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 98% of population; rural: 83% of population; total: 96% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 2% of population; rural: 17% of population; total: 4% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "0.4% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "40,000 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "NA"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "29.4% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "0.5% (2008)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "4.2% of GDP (2010)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "98.6%",
"male": "98.6%",
"female": "98.5% (2009 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "15 years",
"male": "15 years",
"female": "15 years (2011)"
},
"child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
"total_number": "82,882",
"percentage": "3 % (2003 est.)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "17.5%",
"male": "15.2%",
"female": "21.1% (2011)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Republic of Chile",
"conventional_short_form": "Chile",
"local_long_form": "Republica de Chile",
"local_short_form": "Chile"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "republic"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Santiago",
"geographic_coordinates": "33 27 S, 70 40 W",
"time_difference": "UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)",
"daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, under a new pilot program begins second Sunday in September; ends fourth Sunday in April",
"note": "Valparaiso is the seat of the national legislature"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "15 regions (regiones, singular - region); Aisen del General Carlos Ibanez del Campo, Antofagasta, Araucania, Arica y Parinacota, Atacama, Biobio, Coquimbo, Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins, Los Lagos, Los Rios, Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena, Maule, Region Metropolitana (Santiago), Tarapaca, Valparaiso",
"note": "the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica"
},
"independence": {
"text": "18 September 1810 (from Spain)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day, 18 September (1810)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended several times"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "civil law system influenced by several West European civil legal systems; judicial review of legislative acts by the Constitutional Tribunal"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal and voluntary"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Sebastian PINERA Echenique (since 11 March 2010); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government",
"head_of_government": "President Sebastian PINERA Echenique (since 11 March 2010)",
"cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the president",
"elections": "president elected by popular vote for a single four-year term; election last held on 13 December 2009 with runoff election held on 17 January 2010 (next to be held 17 November 2013)",
"election_results": "Sebastian PINERA Echenique elected president; percent of vote - Sebastian PINERA Echenique 51.6%; Eduardo FREI 48.4%"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of the Senate or Senado (38 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve eight-year terms; one-half elected every four years) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (120 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)",
"elections": "Senate - last held on 13 December 2009 (next to be held in November 2013); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 13 December 2009 (next to be held in November 2013)",
"election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CPD 9 (PDC 4, PPD 3, PS 2), APC 9 (RN 6, UDI 3); Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - APC 58 (UDI 37, RN 18, other 3), CPD 57 (PDC 19, PPD 18, PS 11, PRSD 5, PC 3, other 1), PRI 3, independent 2; note - as of 19 February 2013, the composition of the entire legislature is as follows: Senate - seats by party - CPD 19 (PDC 9, PPD 4, PS 5, PRSD 1), Coalition for Change (former APC) 16 (RN 8, UDI 8), independent 2, MAS 1; Chamber of Deputies - seats by party - Coalition for Change (former APC) 56 (UDI 39, RN 17), CPD 53 (PDC 19, PPD 18, PS 11, PRSD 5), independent 5, PC 3, PRI 2, IC 1"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (consists of a court president and 20 members or ministros); Constitutional Court (consists of 7 members); Electoral Court (consists of 5 members)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the president and ratified by the Senate from lists of candidates provided by the court itself; judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 70; Constitutional Court members appointed - 3 by the Supreme Court, 1 by the president of the republic, 2 by the National Security Council, and 1 by the Senate; members serve 8-year terms with partial court replacement every 4 years (the court reviews constitutionality of legislation); Electoral Court member appointments - 4 by the Supreme Court and 1 a former president or vice-president of the Senate or Chamber of Deputies selected by the Supreme Court; member term NA",
"subordinate_courts": "Courts of Appeal; oral criminal tribunals; military tribunals; local police courts; specialized tribunals and courts in matters such as family, labor, customs, taxes, and electoral affairs"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Broad Social Movement or MAS [Alejandro NAVARRO Brain]; Citizen Left or IC; Equality Party [Lautaro GUANCA Vallejos]; Coalition for Change or CC (also known as the Alliance for Chile (Alianza) or APC) (including National Renewal or RN [Carlos LARRAIN Pena], and Independent Democratic Union or UDI [Patricio MELERO]; Coalition of Parties for Democracy (Concertacion) or CPD (including Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Ignacio WALKER Prieto], Party for Democracy or PPD [Jaime Daniel QUINTANA Leal], Radical Social Democratic Party or PRSD [Jose Antonio GOMEZ Urrutia], and Socialist Party or PS [Osvaldo ANDRADE Lara]); Communist Party of Chile (Partido Comunista de Chile) or PC [Guillermo TEILLIER del Valle]; Ecological Green Party [Cristian VILLAROEL Novoa]; Humanist Party or PH [Danilo MONTEVERDE Reyes]; Independent Regionalist Party or PRI [Carlos OLIVARES Zepeda]; Progressive Party or PRO [Marco ENRIQUEZ-OMINAMI Gumucio]"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "Roman Catholic Church, particularly conservative groups such as Opus Dei; United Labor Central or CUT includes trade unionists from the country's five largest labor confederations",
"other": "university student federations at all major universities"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "APEC, BIS, BRICS, CAN (associate), CD, CELAC, FAO, G-15, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, NAM, OAS, OECD (Enhanced Engagement, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Felipe BULNES Serrano",
"chancery": "1732 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 785-1746",
"fax": "[1] (202) 887-5579",
"consulates_general": "Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Alejandro D. WOLFF",
"embassy": "Avenida Andres Bello 2800, Las Condes, Santiago",
"mailing_address": "APO AA 34033",
"telephone": "[56] (2) 330-3000",
"fax": "[56] (2) 330-3710, 330-3160"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center representing a guide to progress and honor; blue symbolizes the sky, white is for the snow-covered Andes, and red represents the blood spilled to achieve independence",
"note": "design was influenced by the US flag"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "huemul (mountain deer); Andean condor"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Himno Nacional de Chile\" (National Anthem of Chile)",
"lyrics_music": "Eusebio LILLO Robles and Bernardo DE VERA y Pintado/Ramon CARNICER y Battle",
"note": "music adopted 1828, original lyrics adopted 1818, adapted lyrics adopted 1847; under Augusto PINOCHET\"s military rule, a verse glorifying the army was added; however, as a protest, some citizens refused to sing this verse; it was removed when democracy was restored in 1990"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Chile has a market-oriented economy characterized by a high level of foreign trade and a reputation for strong financial institutions and sound policy that have given it the strongest sovereign bond rating in South America. Exports account for approximately one-third of GDP, with commodities making up some three-quarters of total exports. Copper alone provides 19% of government revenue. From 2003 through 2012, real growth averaged almost 5% per year, despite the slight contraction in 2009 that resulted from the global financial crisis. Chile deepened its longstanding commitment to trade liberalization with the signing of a free trade agreement with the US, which took effect on 1 January 2004. Chile has 22 trade agreements covering 60 countries including agreements with the European Union, Mercosur, China, India, South Korea, and Mexico. Chile has joined the United States and nine other countries in negotiating the Trans-Pacific-Partnership trade agreement. In 2012, foreign direct investment inflows reached $28.2 billion, an increase of 63% over the previous record set in 2011. The Chilean Government has generally followed a countercyclical fiscal policy, accumulating surpluses in sovereign wealth funds during periods of high copper prices and economic growth, and generally allowing deficit spending only during periods of low copper prices and growth. As of 31 December 2012, those sovereign wealth funds - kept mostly outside the country and separate from Central Bank reserves - amounted to more than $20.9 billion. Chile used these funds to finance fiscal stimulus packages during the 2009 economic downturn. In May 2010 Chile signed the OECD Convention, becoming the first South American country to join the OECD."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$325.8 billion (2012 est.); $308.9 billion (2011 est.); $291.7 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$268.2 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "5.5% (2012 est.); 5.9% (2011 est.); 5.8% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$18,700 (2012 est.); $17,900 (2011 est.); $17,100 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "21.4% of GDP (2012 est.); 22.2% of GDP (2011 est.); 23.9% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "62.5%",
"government_consumption": "12.1%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "24.1%",
"investment_in_inventories": "0.8%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "34.2%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-33.9% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "3.6%",
"industry": "36%",
"services": "60.4% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "grapes, apples, pears, onions, wheat, corn, oats, peaches, garlic, asparagus, beans; beef, poultry, wool; fish; timber"
},
"industries": {
"text": "copper, lithium, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel, wood and wood products, transport equipment, cement, textiles"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "4.8% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "8.231 million (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "13.2%",
"industry": "23%",
"services": "63.9% (2005)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "6.4% (2012 est.); 6.6% (2011 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "15.1% (2009 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "1.5%",
"highest_10%": "42.8% (2009 est.)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "52.1 (2009); 57.1 (2000)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$58.81 billion",
"expenditures": "$57.38 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "21.9% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "0.5% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "11.9% of GDP (2012 est.); 11.1% of GDP (2011 est.)"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "3% (2012 est.); 3.3% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "3.12% (31 December 2010 est.); 0.5% (31 December 2009 est.)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "10.06% (31 December 2012 est.); 9.03% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$40.95 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $34.54 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$193.2 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $191.7 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$202.8 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $164.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$270.3 billion (31 December 2011); $341.6 billion (31 December 2010); $209.5 billion (31 December 2009)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "-$9.769 billion (2012 est.); -$3.387 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$78.28 billion (2012 est.); $81.46 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "copper, fruit, fish products, paper and pulp, chemicals, wine"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "China 23.9%, US 12.2%, Japan 10.6%, South Korea 5.8%, Brazil 5.5% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$74.86 billion (2012 est.); $70.91 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, electrical and telecommunications equipment, industrial machinery, vehicles, natural gas"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "US 21.9%, China 18.2%, Argentina 6.7%, Brazil 6.5% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$41.65 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $41.94 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$104.6 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $96.24 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$192.8 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $162.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$91.3 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $70.21 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "Chilean pesos (CLP) per US dollar -; 486.49 (2012 est.); 483.67 (2011 est.); 510.25 (2010 est.); 560.86 (2009); 509.02 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "59.75 billion kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "53.24 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "958 million kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "15.52 million kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "64.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "34.8% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "6,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "197,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "150 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "209,600 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "321,700 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "27,290 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "165,900 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "1.779 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "5.318 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "3.458 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "97.97 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "68.76 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "3.366 million (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "22.4 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "privatization began in 1988; most advanced telecommunications infrastructure in South America; modern system based on extensive microwave radio relay facilities; domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations",
"domestic": "number of fixed-line connections have stagnated in recent years as mobile-cellular usage continues to increase, reaching 130 telephones per 100 persons",
"international": "country code - 56; landing points for the Pan American, South America-1, and South American Crossing/Latin America Nautilus submarine cables providing links to the US and to Central and South America; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "national and local terrestrial TV channels, coupled with extensive cable TV networks; the state-owned Television Nacional de Chile (TVN) network is self financed through commercial advertising revenues and is not under direct government control; large number of privately owned TV stations; about 250 radio stations (2007)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".cl"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "2.152 million (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "7.009 million (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "481 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "90",
"over_3_047_m": "5",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "7",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "23",
"914_to_1_523_m": "31",
"under_914_m": "24 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "391",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "5",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "11",
"914_to_1_523_m": "56",
"under_914_m": "319 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "1 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "gas 3,160 km; liquid petroleum gas 781 km; oil 985 km; refined products 722 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "7,082 km",
"broad_gauge": "3,435 km 1.676-m gauge (850 km electrified)",
"narrow_gauge": "3,647 km 1.000-m gauge (2008)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "77,764 km",
"paved": "18,119 km (includes 2,387 km of expressways)",
"unpaved": "59,645 km (2010)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "42",
"by_type": "bulk carrier 13, cargo 5, chemical tanker 7, container 2, liquefied gas 1, passenger 3, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 8, roll on/roll off 1",
"foreign_owned": "1 (Norway 1)",
"registered_in_other_countries": "52 (Argentina 6, Brazil 1, Honduras 1, Isle of Man 9, Liberia 9, Panama 14, Peru 6, Singapore 6) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"major_seaports": "Coronel, Huasco, Lirquen, Puerto Ventanas, San Antonio, San Vicente, Valparaiso"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Army of the Nation, Chilean Navy (Armada de Chile, includes Naval Aviation, Marine Corps, and Maritime Territory and Merchant Marine Directorate (Directemar)), Chilean Air Force (Fuerza Aerea de Chile, FACh), Carabineros Corps (Cuerpo de Carabineros) (2011)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18-45 years of age for voluntary male and female military service, although the right to compulsory recruitment of males 18-45 is retained; service obligation is 12 months for Army and 22 months for Navy and Air Force (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "4,324,732",
"females_age_16_49": "4,251,954 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "3,621,475",
"females_age_16_49": "3,561,099 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "141,500",
"female": "135,709 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "2.1% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "Chile and Peru rebuff Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, but Chile has offered instead unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile to Bolivian natural gas; Chile rejects Peru's unilateral legislation to change its latitudinal maritime boundary with Chile to an equidistance line with a southwestern axis favoring Peru; in October 2007, Peru took its maritime complaint with Chile to the ICJ; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic Territory) partially overlaps Argentine and British claims; the joint boundary commission, established by Chile and Argentina in 2001, has yet to map and demarcate the delimited boundary in the inhospitable Andean Southern Ice Field (Campo de Hielo Sur)"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "transshipment country for cocaine destined for Europe and the region; some money laundering activity, especially through the Iquique Free Trade Zone; imported precursors passed on to Bolivia; domestic cocaine consumption is rising, making Chile a significant consumer of cocaine (2008)"
}
}
}

643
south-america/co-colombia.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,643 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "Colombia was one of the three countries that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others are Ecuador and Venezuela). A nearly five-decade long conflict between government forces and anti-government insurgent groups, principally the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) heavily funded by the drug trade, escalated during the 1990s. More than 31,000 former paramilitaries had demobilized by the end of 2006 and the United Self Defense Forces of Colombia as a formal organization had ceased to function. In the wake of the paramilitary demobilization, emerging criminal groups arose, whose members include some former paramilitaries. The insurgents lack the military or popular support necessary to overthrow the government, but continue attacks against civilians. Large areas of the countryside are under guerrilla influence or are contested by security forces. In October 2012, the Colombian Government started formal peace negotiations with the FARC aimed at reaching a definitive bilateral ceasefire and incorporating demobilized FARC members into mainstream society and politics. The Colombian Government has stepped up efforts to reassert government control throughout the country, and now has a presence in every one of its administrative departments. Despite decades of internal conflict and drug related security challenges, Colombia maintains relatively strong democratic institutions characterized by peaceful, transparent elections and the protection of civil liberties."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, between Panama and Venezuela, and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Ecuador and Panama"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "4 00 N, 72 00 W"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "South America"
},
"area": {
"total": "1,138,910 sq km",
"land": "1,038,700 sq km",
"water": "100,210 sq km",
"note": "includes Isla de Malpelo, Roncador Cay, and Serrana Bank"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly less than twice the size of Texas"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "6,309 km",
"border_countries": "Brazil 1,644 km, Ecuador 590 km, Panama 225 km, Peru 1,800 km, Venezuela 2,050 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "3,208 km (Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448 km)"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "12 nm",
"exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm",
"continental_shelf": "200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation"
},
"climate": {
"text": "tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "flat coastal lowlands, central highlands, high Andes Mountains, eastern lowland plains (Llanos)"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Pacific Ocean 0 m",
"highest_point": "Pico Cristobal Colon 5,775 m",
"note": "nearby Pico Simon Bolivar also has the same elevation"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emeralds, hydropower"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "1.84%",
"permanent_crops": "1.66%",
"other": "96.5% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "10,870 sq km (2011)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "2,132 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "12.65 cu km/yr (55%/4%/41%)",
"per_capita": "308 cu m/yr (2010)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; occasional earthquakes; periodic droughts",
"volcanism": "Galeras (elev. 4,276 m) is one of Colombia's most active volcanoes, having erupted in 2009 and 2010 causing major evacuations; it has been deemed a \"Decade Volcano\" by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Nevado del Ruiz (elev. 5,321 m), 129 km (80 mi) west of Bogota, erupted in 1985 producing lahars that killed 23,000 people; the volcano last erupted in 1991; additionally, after 500 years of dormancy, Nevado del Huila reawakened in 2007 and has experienced frequent eruptions since then; other historically active volcanoes include Cumbal, Dona Juana, Nevado del Tolima, and Purace"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "deforestation; soil and water quality damage from overuse of pesticides; air pollution, especially in Bogota, from vehicle emissions"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "Law of the Sea"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "only South American country with coastlines on both the North Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Colombian(s)",
"adjective": "Colombian"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed black-Amerindian 3%, Amerindian 1%"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Spanish (official)"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Roman Catholic 90%, other 10%"
},
"demographic_profile": {
"text": "Colombia is in the midst of a demographic transition resulting from steady declines in its fertility, mortality, and population growth rates. The birth rate has fallen from more than 6 children per woman in the 1960s to just above replacement level today as a result of increased literacy, family planning services, and urbanization. However, income inequality is among the worst in the world, and more than a third of the population lives below the poverty line. Colombia experiences significant legal and illegal economic emigration and refugee flows. Large-scale labor emigration dates to the 1960s; Venezuela and the United States continue to be the main host countries. Colombia is the largest source of Latin American refugees in Latin America, nearly 400,000 of whom live primarily in Venezuela and Ecuador. Forced displacement remains prevalent because of violence among guerrillas, paramilitary groups, and Colombian security forces. Afro-Colombian and indigenous populations are disproportionately affected. A leading NGO estimates that 5.2 million people have been displaced since 1985, while the Colombian Government estimates 3.6 million since 2000. These estimates may undercount actual numbers because not all internally displaced persons are registered. Historically, Colombia also has one of the world's highest levels of forced disappearances. About 30,000 cases have been recorded over the last four decades - although the number is likely to be much higher - including human rights activists, trade unionists, Afro-Colombians, indigenous people, and farmers in rural conflict zones."
},
"population": {
"text": "45,745,783 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "25.8% (male 6,032,725/female 5,755,437)",
"15_24_years": "18.2% (male 4,241,621/female 4,101,552)",
"25_54_years": "41.5% (male 9,376,745/female 9,597,744)",
"55_64_years": "8% (male 1,705,451/female 1,962,606)",
"65_years_and_over": "6.5% (male 1,242,980/female 1,728,922) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "51.2 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "41.9 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "9.3 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "10.7 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "28.6 years",
"male": "27.6 years",
"female": "29.5 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.1% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "16.98 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "5.33 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "-0.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "75% of total population (2010)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "1.7% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "BOGOTA (capital) 8.744 million; Medellin 3.497 million; Cali 2.352 million; Barranquilla 1.836 million; Bucaramanga 1.065 million (2011)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.06 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.03 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "0.98 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.86 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.72 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "0.98 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "21.4",
"note": "Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2010 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "92 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "15.46 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "18.77 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "11.96 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "75.02 years",
"male": "71.82 years",
"female": "78.42 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "2.1 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "79.1% (2010)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "7.6% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "1.35 physicians/1,000 population (2002)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "1 beds/1,000 population (2007)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 99% of population; rural: 72% of population; total: 92% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 1% of population; rural: 28% of population; total: 8% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 82% of population; rural: 63% of population; total: 77% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 18% of population; rural: 37% of population; total: 23% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "0.5% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "160,000 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "14,000 (2009 est.)"
},
"major_infectious_diseases": {
"degree_of_risk": "high",
"food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial diarrhea",
"vectorborne_diseases": "dengue fever, malaria, and yellow fever (2013)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "17.3% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "3.4% (2010)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "4.5% of GDP (2011)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "93.6%",
"male": "93.5%",
"female": "93.7% (2011 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "14 years",
"male": "13 years",
"female": "14 years (2011)"
},
"child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
"total_number": "988,362",
"percentage": "9 %",
"note": "data represents children ages 5-17 (2009 est.)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "23%",
"male": "18.2%",
"female": "29.9% (2008)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Republic of Colombia",
"conventional_short_form": "Colombia",
"local_long_form": "Republica de Colombia",
"local_short_form": "Colombia"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "republic; executive branch dominates government structure"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Bogota",
"geographic_coordinates": "4 36 N, 74 05 W",
"time_difference": "UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "32 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 capital district* (distrito capital); Amazonas, Antioquia, Arauca, Atlantico, Bogota*, Bolivar, Boyaca, Caldas, Caqueta, Casanare, Cauca, Cesar, Choco, Cordoba, Cundinamarca, Guainia, Guaviare, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta, Narino, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, Quindio, Risaralda, Archipielago de San Andres, Providencia y Santa Catalina (colloquially San Andres y Providencia), Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle del Cauca, Vaupes, Vichada"
},
"independence": {
"text": "20 July 1810 (from Spain)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day, 20 July (1810)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "5 July 1991; amended many times"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "civil law system influenced by the Spanish and French civil codes"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Juan Manuel SANTOS Calderon (since 7 August 2010); Vice President Angelino GARZON (since 7 August 2010); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government",
"head_of_government": "President Juan Manuel SANTOS Calderon (since 7 August 2010); Vice President Angelino GARZON (since 7 August 2010)",
"cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the president",
"elections": "president and vice president elected by popular vote for a four-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 30 May 2010 with a runoff election 20 June 2010 (next to be held in May 2014)",
"election_results": "Juan Manuel SANTOS Calderon elected president in runoff election; percent of vote - Juan Manuel SANTOS Calderon 69.06%, Antanas MOCKUS 27.52%"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "bicameral Congress or Congreso consists of the Senate or Senado (102 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) and the Chamber of Representatives or Camara de Representantes (166 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)",
"elections": "Senate - last held on 14 March 2010 (next to be held in March 2014); Chamber of Representatives - last held on 14 March 2010 (next to be held in March 2014)",
"election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - U Party 28, PC 22, PL 17, PIN 9, CR 8, PDA 8, Green Party 5, other parties 5; Chamber of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - U Party 47, PC 38, PL 37, CR 15, PIN 12, PDA 4, Green Party 3, other parties 10; note - as of 1 January 2011, the Senate currently has 101 seats after one seat became vacant due to a PL senator losing his seat for illegal collusion with the FARC; the Chamber of Representatives also has one seat vacant after only 165 of the 166 candidates were credentialed"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (consists of the Civil-Agrarian and Labor Chambers each with 7 judges, and the Penal Chamber with 9 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 magistrates); Council of State (consists of 27 magistrates)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the Congress from candidates submitted by the president; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Court magistrates - 3 nominated by the president, 3 by the Supreme Court, and 3 elected by the Senate; judges elected for individual 2-8 year terms",
"subordinate_courts": "Superior Tribunals (appellate courts for each of the judicial districts); regional courts; civil municipal courts; Superior Military Tribunal; first instance administrative courts"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Alternative Democratic Pole or PDA [Clara LOPEZ]; Conservative Party or PC [Efrain CEPEDA Sarabia]; Green Party [Jorge LONDONO Ulloa; Enrique PENALOSA]; Liberal Party or PL [Simon GAVIRIA Munoz]; National Integration Party or PIN [Angel ALIRIO Moreno]; Radical Change or CR [Antonio GUERRA de la Espriella]; Social National Unity Party or U Party [Juan Francisco LOZANO Ramirez]",
"note": "Colombia has seven major political parties, and numerous smaller movements"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "Central Union of Workers or CUT; Colombian Confederation of Workers or CTC; General Confederation of Workers or CGT; National Liberation Army or ELN; Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia or FARC",
"note": "FARC and ELN are the two largest insurgent groups active in Colombia"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "BCIE, BIS, CAN, Caricom (observer), CD, CDB, CELAC, FAO, G-3, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNSC (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Carlos Alfredo URRUTIA Valenzuela",
"chancery": "2118 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 387-8338",
"fax": "[1] (202) 232-8643",
"consulates_general": "Atlanta, Beverly Hills (CA), Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico)",
"consulates": "Newark (NJ)"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Michael MCKINLEY",
"embassy": "Calle 24 Bis No. 48-50, Bogota, D.C.",
"mailing_address": "Carrera 45 No. 24B-27, Bogota, D.C.",
"telephone": "[57] (1) 275-2000",
"fax": "[57] (1) 275-4600"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and red; the flag retains the three main colors of the banner of Gran Colombia, the short-lived South American republic that broke up in 1830; various interpretations of the colors exist and include: yellow for the gold in Colombia's land, blue for the seas on its shores, and red for the blood spilled in attaining freedom; alternatively, the colors have been described as representing more elemental concepts such as sovereignty and justice (yellow), loyalty and vigilance (blue), and valor and generosity (red); or simply the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity",
"note": "similar to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and bears the Ecuadorian coat of arms superimposed in the center"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "Andean condor"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Himno Nacional de la Republica de Colombia\" (National Anthem of the Republic of Colombia)",
"lyrics_music": "Rafael NUNEZ/Oreste SINDICI",
"note": "adopted 1920; the anthem was created from an inspirational poem written by President Rafael NUNEZ"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Colombia's consistently sound economic policies and aggressive promotion of free trade agreements in recent years have bolstered its ability to face external shocks. Real GDP has grown more than 4% per year for the past three years, continuing almost a decade of strong economic performance. All three major ratings agencies have upgraded Colombia's government debt to investment grade. Nevertheless, Colombia depends heavily on oil exports, making it vulnerable to a drop in oil prices. Economic development is stymied by inadequate infrastructure, weakened further by recent flooding. Moreover, the unemployment rate of 10.3% in 2012 is still one of Latin America's highest. The SANTOS Administration's foreign policy has focused on bolstering Colombia's commercial ties and boosting investment at home. The US-Colombia Free Trade Agreement (FTA) was ratified by the US Congress in October 2011 and implemented in 2012. Colombia has signed or is negotiating FTAs with a number of other countries, including Canada, Chile, Mexico, Switzerland, the EU, Venezuela, South Korea, Turkey, Japan, China, Costa Rica, Panama, and Israel. Foreign direct investment - notably in the oil and gas sectors - reached a record $10 billion in 2008 but dropped to $7.2 billion in 2009, before beginning to recover in 2010, and reached a record high of nearly $16 billion in 2012. Colombia is the third largest Latin American exporter of oil to the United States, and the United States' largest source of imported coal. Inequality, underemployment, and narcotrafficking remain significant challenges, and Colombia's infrastructure requires major improvements to sustain economic expansion."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$511.1 billion (2012 est.); $491.5 billion (2011 est.); $460.8 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$366 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "4% (2012 est.); 6.6% (2011 est.); 4% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$11,000 (2012 est.); $10,700 (2011 est.); $10,100 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "20.4% of GDP (2012 est.); 20.9% of GDP (2011 est.); 19.1% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "61.2%",
"government_consumption": "16.5%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "23.9%",
"investment_in_inventories": "-0.4%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "18.3%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-19.5% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "6.5%",
"industry": "37.5%",
"services": "56% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "coffee, cut flowers, bananas, rice, tobacco, corn, sugarcane, cocoa beans, oilseed, vegetables; shrimp; forest products"
},
"industries": {
"text": "textiles, food processing, oil, clothing and footwear, beverages, chemicals, cement; gold, coal, emeralds"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "2.4% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "23.09 million (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "18%",
"industry": "13%",
"services": "68% (2011 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "10.4% (2012 est.); 10.8% (2011 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "34.1% (2011 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "0.9%",
"highest_10%": "44.4% (2010 est.)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "58.5 (2011); 53.8 (1996)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$107.6 billion",
"expenditures": "$107.1 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "29.4% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "0.1% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "40.6% of GDP (2012 est.); 42.9% of GDP (2011 est.)",
"note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "3.2% (2012 est.); 3.4% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "4.75% (31 December 2011); 5% (31 December 2010)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "12.6% (31 December 2012 est.); 11.22% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$41.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $35.45 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$151.2 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $119.8 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$165.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $131.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$201.3 billion (31 December 2011); $208.5 billion (31 December 2010); $133.3 billion (31 December 2009)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "-$13.29 billion (2012 est.); -$9.978 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$59.96 billion (2012 est.); $56.68 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "petroleum, coal, emeralds, coffee, nickel, cut flowers, bananas, apparel"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "US 39.4%, Spain 5.1%, China 4.9%, Netherlands 4.3% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$53.77 billion (2012 est.); $50.52 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "industrial equipment, transportation equipment, consumer goods, chemicals, paper products, fuels, electricity"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "US 30.2%, China 11.5%, Mexico 10.3%, Brazil 5.2% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$37 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $31.91 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$82.42 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $76.92 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$111.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $95.65 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$31.63 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $31.88 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "Colombian pesos (COP) per US dollar -; 1,798 (2012 est.); 1,848 (2011 est.); 1,898.6 (2010 est.); 2,157.6 (2009); 2,243.6 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "56.28 billion kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "46.87 billion kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "1.294 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "8.22 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "13.54 million kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "32.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "66.6% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "944,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "777,900 bbl/day (2009)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "10 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "2.417 billion bbl (1 January 2013 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "316,500 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "287,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "52,680 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "6,045 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "11.26 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "9.08 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "2.18 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "40,290 cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "134.1 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "72.31 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "7.127 million (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "46.2 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "modern system in many respects with a nationwide microwave radio relay system, a domestic satellite system with 41 earth stations, and a fiber-optic network linking 50 cities; telecommunications sector liberalized during the 1990s; multiple providers of both fixed-line and mobile-cellular services",
"domestic": "fixed-line connections stand at about 15 per 100 persons; mobile cellular telephone subscribership is about 100 per 100 persons; competition among cellular service providers is resulting in falling local and international calling rates and contributing to the steep decline in the market share of fixed line services",
"international": "country code - 57; multiple submarine cable systems provide links to the US, parts of the Caribbean, and Central and South America; satellite earth stations - 10 (6 Intelsat, 1 Inmarsat, 3 fully digitalized international switching centers) (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "combination of state-owned and privately owned broadcast media provide service; more than 500 radio stations and many national, regional, and local TV stations (2007)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".co"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "4.41 million (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "22.538 million (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "836 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "121",
"over_3_047_m": "2",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "9",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "39",
"914_to_1_523_m": "53",
"under_914_m": "18 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "715",
"over_3_047_m": "1",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "25",
"914_to_1_523_m": "201",
"under_914_m": "488 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "3 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "gas 4,991 km; oil 6,796 km; refined products 3,429 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "874 km",
"standard_gauge": "150 km 1.435-m gauge",
"narrow_gauge": "498 km 0.950-m gauge; 226 km 0.914-m gauge (2008)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "141,374 km (2010)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "24,725 km (18,300 km navigable; the most important waterway, the River Magdalena, of which 1,488 km is navigable, is dredged regularly to ensure the safe passage of cargo vessels and container barges) (2012)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "12",
"by_type": "cargo 9, chemical tanker 1, petroleum tanker 2",
"registered_in_other_countries": "4 (Antigua and Barbuda 1, Panama 2, Portugal 1) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"major_seaports": "Atlantic Ocean (Caribbean) - Cartagena, Santa Marta, Turbo; Pacific Ocean - Buenaventura",
"river_ports": "Barranquilla (Rio Magdalena)",
"oil_gas_terminals": "Covenas offshore terminal",
"dry_bulk_cargo_ports": "Puerto Bolivar (coal)"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "National Army (Ejercito Nacional), Republic of Colombia Navy (Armada Republica de Colombia, ARC, includes Naval Aviation, Naval Infantry (Infanteria de Marina, IM), and Coast Guard), Colombian Air Force (Fuerza Aerea de Colombia, FAC) (2012)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18-24 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; service obligation is 18 months (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "11,692,647",
"females_age_16_49": "11,727,625 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "9,150,400",
"females_age_16_49": "9,861,760 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "430,634",
"female": "413,974 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "3.8% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "in December 2007, ICJ allocated San Andres, Providencia, and Santa Catalina islands to Colombia under 1928 Treaty but did not rule on 82 degrees W meridian as maritime boundary with Nicaragua; managed dispute with Venezuela over maritime boundary and Venezuelan-administered Los Monjes Islands near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics, guerrilla, and paramilitary activities penetrate all neighboring borders and have caused Colombian citizens to flee mostly into neighboring countries; Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua, Jamaica, and the US assert various claims to Bajo Nuevo and Serranilla Bank"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"idps": "3.9-5.5 million (conflict between government and illegal armed groups and drug traffickers since 1985) (2011)",
"stateless_persons": "12 (2012)"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "illicit producer of coca, opium poppy, and cannabis; world's leading coca cultivator with 116,000 hectares in coca cultivation in 2009, a 3% decrease over 2008, producing a potential of 270 mt of pure cocaine; the world's largest producer of coca derivatives; supplies cocaine to nearly all of the US market and the great majority of other international drug markets; in 2010, aerial eradication dispensed herbicide to treat over 101,000 hectares combined with manual eradication of 61,000 hectares; a significant portion of narcotics proceeds are either laundered or invested in Colombia through the black market peso exchange; important supplier of heroin to the US market; opium poppy cultivation is estimated to have fallen to 1,100 hectares in 2009 while pure heroin production declined to 2.1 mt; most Colombian heroin is destined for the US market (2008)"
}
}
}

636
south-america/ec-ecuador.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,636 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "What is now Ecuador formed part of the northern Inca Empire until the Spanish conquest in 1533. Quito became a seat of Spanish colonial government in 1563 and part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717. The territories of the Viceroyalty - New Granada (Colombia), Venezuela, and Quito - gained their independence between 1819 and 1822 and formed a federation known as Gran Colombia. When Quito withdrew in 1830, the traditional name was changed in favor of the \"Republic of the Equator.\" Between 1904 and 1942, Ecuador lost territories in a series of conflicts with its neighbors. A border war with Peru that flared in 1995 was resolved in 1999. Although Ecuador marked 30 years of civilian governance in 2004, the period was marred by political instability. Protests in Quito contributed to the mid-term ouster of three of Ecuador's last four democratically elected presidents. In late 2008, voters approved a new constitution, Ecuador's 20th since gaining independence. General elections were held in February 2013, and voters re-elected President Rafael CORREA."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator, between Colombia and Peru"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "2 00 S, 77 30 W"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "South America"
},
"area": {
"total": "283,561 sq km",
"land": "276,841 sq km",
"water": "6,720 sq km",
"note": "includes Galapagos Islands"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly smaller than Nevada"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "2,010 km",
"border_countries": "Colombia 590 km, Peru 1,420 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "2,237 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "200 nm",
"continental_shelf": "100 nm from 2,500-m isobath"
},
"climate": {
"text": "tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "coastal plain (costa), inter-Andean central highlands (sierra), and flat to rolling eastern jungle (oriente)"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Pacific Ocean 0 m",
"highest_point": "Chimborazo 6,267 m",
"note": "due to the fact that the earth is not a perfect sphere and has an equatorial bulge, the highest point on the planet furthest from its center is Mount Chimborazo not Mount Everest, which is merely the highest peak above sea-level"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "petroleum, fish, timber, hydropower"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "4.51%",
"permanent_crops": "5.38%",
"other": "90.11% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "8,534 sq km (2003)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "424.4 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "9.92 cu km/yr (13%/6%/81%)",
"per_capita": "716.1 cu m/yr (2005)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "frequent earthquakes; landslides; volcanic activity; floods; periodic droughts",
"volcanism": "volcanic activity concentrated along the Andes Mountains; Sangay (elev. 5,230 m), which erupted in 2010, is mainland Ecuador's most active volcano; other historically active volcanoes in the Andes include Antisana, Cayambe, Chacana, Cotopaxi, Guagua Pichincha, Reventador, Sumaco, and Tungurahua; Fernandina (elev. 1,476 m), a shield volcano that last erupted in 2009, is the most active of the many Galapagos volcanoes; other historically active Galapagos volcanoes include Wolf, Sierra Negra, Cerro Azul, Pinta, Marchena, and Santiago"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; water pollution; pollution from oil production wastes in ecologically sensitive areas of the Amazon Basin and Galapagos Islands"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "Cotopaxi in Andes is highest active volcano in world"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Ecuadorian(s)",
"adjective": "Ecuadorian"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 71.9%, Montubio 7.4%, Afroecuadorian 7.2%, Amerindian 7%, white 6.1%, other 0.4% (2010 census)"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Spanish (official), indigenous (Quechua, Shuar)"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Roman Catholic 95%, other 5%"
},
"demographic_profile": {
"text": "Ecuador's high poverty and income inequality most affect indigenous, mixed race, and rural populations. The government has increased its social spending to ameliorate these problems, but critics question the efficiency and implementation of its national development plan. Nevertheless, the conditional cash transfer program, which requires participants' children to attend school and have medical check-ups, has helped improve educational attainment and healthcare among poor children. Ecuador is stalled at above replacement level fertility and the population most likely will keep growing rather than stabilize. An estimated 2 to 3 million Ecuadorians live abroad, but increased unemployment in key receiving countries - Spain, the United States, and Italy - is slowing emigration and increasing the likelihood of returnees to Ecuador. The first large-scale emigration of Ecuadorians occurred between 1980 and 2000, when an economic crisis drove Ecuadorians from southern provinces to New York City, where they had trade contacts. A second, nationwide wave of emigration in the late 1990s was caused by another economic downturn, political instability, and a currency crisis. Spain was the logical destination because of its shared language and the wide availability of low-skilled, informal jobs at a time when increased border surveillance made illegal migration to the US difficult. Ecuador has a small but growing immigrant population and is Latin America's top recipient of refugees; 98% are neighboring Colombians fleeing violence in their country."
},
"population": {
"text": "15,439,429 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "29% (male 2,284,815/female 2,193,648)",
"15_24_years": "18.7% (male 1,462,025/female 1,427,181)",
"25_54_years": "38.7% (male 2,908,224/female 3,061,896)",
"55_64_years": "6.9% (male 524,574/female 540,074)",
"65_years_and_over": "6.7% (male 496,557/female 540,435) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "57.4 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "47.2 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "10.3 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "9.8 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "26.3 years",
"male": "25.7 years",
"female": "26.9 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.4% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "19.23 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "5.03 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "-0.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "67% of total population (2010)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "2% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "Guayaquil 2.634 million; QUITO (capital) 1.622 million (2011)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.02 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "0.95 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.98 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.92 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "0.99 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "21.8 (2004 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "110 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "18.48 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "21.73 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "15.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "76.15 years",
"male": "73.2 years",
"female": "79.25 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "2.33 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "72.7% (2004)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "8.1% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "1.48 physicians/1,000 population (2000)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "1.5 beds/1,000 population (2009)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 96% of population; rural: 89% of population; total: 94% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 4% of population; rural: 11% of population; total: 6% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 96% of population; rural: 84% of population; total: 92% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 4% of population; rural: 16% of population; total: 8% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "0.4% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "37,000 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "2,200 (2009 est.)"
},
"major_infectious_diseases": {
"degree_of_risk": "high",
"food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever",
"vectorborne_diseases": "dengue fever and malaria (2013)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "21.4% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "6.2% (2004)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "4.9% of GDP (2010)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "91.6%",
"male": "93.1%",
"female": "90.2% (2011 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "14 years",
"male": "13 years",
"female": "14 years (2008)"
},
"child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
"total_number": "227,599",
"percentage": "8 % (2008 est.)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "14.1%",
"male": "11.7%",
"female": "18.1% (2009)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Republic of Ecuador",
"conventional_short_form": "Ecuador",
"local_long_form": "Republica del Ecuador",
"local_short_form": "Ecuador"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "republic"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Quito",
"geographic_coordinates": "0 13 S, 78 30 W",
"time_difference": "UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "24 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Azuay, Bolivar, Canar, Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Galapagos, Guayas, Imbabura, Loja, Los Rios, Manabi, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Orellana, Pastaza, Pichincha, Santa Elena, Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Sucumbios, Tungurahua, Zamora-Chinchipe"
},
"independence": {
"text": "24 May 1822 (from Spain)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day (independence of Quito), 10 August (1809)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "20 October 2008; this is Ecuador's 20th constitution"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "civil law based on the Chilean civil code with modifications"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18-65 years of age, universal and compulsory; 16-18, over 65, and other eligible voters, optional"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Rafael CORREA Delgado (since 15 January 2007); Vice President Lenin MORENO Garces (since 15 January 2007); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government",
"head_of_government": "President Rafael CORREA Delgado (since 15 January 2007); Vice President Lenin MORENO Garces (since 15 January 2007)",
"cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the president",
"elections": "the president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for a four-year term and can be re-elected for another consecutive term; election last held on 17 February 2013 (next to be held in 2017)",
"election_results": "President Rafael CORREA Delgado reelected president; percent of vote - Rafael CORREA Delgado 57.2%, Guillermo LASSO 22.7%, Lucio GUTIERREZ 6.8%, Mauricio RODAS 3.9%, other 9.4%"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "unicameral National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional (137 seats; members are elected through a party-list proportional representation system to serve four-year terms)",
"elections": "last held on 17 February 2013 (next to be held in 2017)",
"election_results": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PAIS 100, CREO 11, PSC 6, AVANZA 5, MUPP 5, PSP 5, other 5; note - defections by members of National Assembly are commonplace, resulting in frequent changes in the numbers of seats held by the various parties"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "National Court of Justice or Corte Nacional de Justicia (consists of 21 judges including a chief justice and organized into 5 specialized chambers); Constitutional Court or Corte Constitutional (consists of 11 judges)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "justices of National Court of Justice elected by the Judiciary Council, a 9-member independent body of professionals; judges elected for 9-year, non-renewable terms, with one-third of the judges renewed every 3 years; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the National Assembly from candidates selected by the president, Supreme Court, and other government officials; judges appointed for 2-year terms",
"subordinate_courts": "Fiscal Tribunal; Superior Court (one for each province); lower provincial and cantonal courts"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Alianza PAIS movement [Rafael Vicente CORREA Delgado]; Avanza Party or AVANZA [Ramiro GONZALEZ]; Breakaway Party [Martha ROLDOS]; Creating Opportunities Movement or CREO [Guillermo LASSO]; Institutional Renewal and National Action Party or PRIAN [Alvaro NOBOA]; Pachakutik Plurinational Unity Movement or MUPP [Rafael ANTUNI]; Patriotic Society Party or PSP [Lucio GUTIERREZ Borbua]; Plurinational Union Movement of the Left [Alberto ACOSTA]; Roldosist Party or PRE [Abdala BUCARAM Pulley, director]; Social Christian Party or PSC [Pascual DEL CIOPPO]; Socialist Party; Society United for More Action or SUMA [Mauricio RODAS]; Warrior's Spirit Movement [Jaime NEBOT]"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador or CONAIE [Humberto CHOLANGO]; Federation of Indigenous Evangelists of Ecuador or FEINE [Manuel CHUGCHILAN, president]; National Federation of Indigenous Afro-Ecuatorianos and Peasants or FENOCIN; National Teacher's Union or UNE [Mariana PALLASCO]"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "CAN, CD, CELAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Saskia Nathalie CELY Suarez",
"chancery": "1050 30th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20007",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 465-8140",
"fax": "[1] (202) 333-2893",
"consulates_general": "Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Haven (CT), New Orleans, New York, Newark (NJ), Phoenix, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico)"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Adam NAMM",
"embassy": "Avenida Avigiras E12-170 y Avenida Eloy Alfaro, Quito",
"mailing_address": "Avenida Guayacanes N52-205 y Avenida Avigiras",
"telephone": "[593] (2) 398-5000",
"fax": "[593] (2) 398-5100",
"consulates_general": "Guayaquil"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and red with the coat of arms superimposed at the center of the flag; the flag retains the three main colors of the banner of Gran Columbia, the South American republic that broke up in 1830; the yellow color represents sunshine, grain, and mineral wealth, blue the sky, sea, and rivers, and red the blood of patriots spilled in the struggle for freedom and justice",
"note": "similar to the flag of Colombia, which is shorter and does not bear a coat of arms"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "Andean condor"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Salve, Oh Patria!\" (We Salute You Our Homeland)",
"lyrics_music": "Juan Leon MERA/Antonio NEUMANE",
"note": "adopted 1948; Juan Leon MERA wrote the lyrics in 1865; only the chorus and second verse are sung"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Ecuador is substantially dependent on its petroleum resources, which have accounted for more than half of the country's export earnings and approximately two-fifths of public sector revenues in recent years. In 1999/2000, Ecuador's economy suffered from a banking crisis, with GDP contracting by 5.3% and poverty increasing significantly. In March 2000, the Congress approved a series of structural reforms that also provided for the adoption of the US dollar as legal tender. Dollarization stabilized the economy, and positive growth returned in the years that followed, helped by high oil prices, remittances, and increased non-traditional exports. From 2002-06 the economy grew an average of 4.3% per year, the highest five-year average in 25 years. After moderate growth in 2007, the economy reached a growth rate of 6.4% in 2008, buoyed by high global petroleum prices and increased public sector investment. President Rafael CORREA, who took office in January 2007, defaulted in December 2008 on Ecuador's sovereign debt, which, with a total face value of approximately US$3.2 billion, represented about 30% of Ecuador's public external debt. In May 2009, Ecuador bought back 91% of its \"defaulted\" bonds via an international reverse auction. Economic policies under the CORREA administration - for example, an announcement in late 2009 of its intention to terminate 13 bilateral investment treaties, including one with the United States - have generated economic uncertainty and discouraged private investment. The Ecuadorian economy slowed to 1% growth in 2009 due to the global financial crisis and to the sharp decline in world oil prices and remittance flows. Growth picked up to a 3.3% rate in 2010 and nearly 8% in 2011, before falling to 5% in 2012. China has become Ecuador's largest foreign lender since Quito defaulted in 2008, allowing the government to maintain a high rate of social spending; Ecuador contracted with the Chinese government for more than $9 billion in oil for cash and project loans as of December 2012."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$155.8 billion (2012 est.); $148.4 billion (2011 est.); $137.4 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$80.93 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "5% (2012 est.); 8% (2011 est.); 3.3% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$10,200 (2012 est.); $9,900 (2011 est.); $9,300 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "26.8% of GDP (2012 est.); 27.5% of GDP (2011 est.); 24.6% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "61.3%",
"government_consumption": "13.5%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "26.5%",
"investment_in_inventories": "0.6%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "31%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-33% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "5.9%",
"industry": "35.6%",
"services": "58.5% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "bananas, coffee, cocoa, rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca), plantains, sugarcane; cattle, sheep, pigs, beef, pork, dairy products; fish, shrimp; balsa wood"
},
"industries": {
"text": "petroleum, food processing, textiles, wood products, chemicals"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "5.8%",
"note": "excludes oil refining (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "6.779 million (December 2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "27.6%",
"industry": "18.8%",
"services": "53.6% (2010)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "4.9% (2012 est.); 4.2% (December 2011 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "27.3% (December 2012 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "1.4%",
"highest_10%": "38.3%",
"note": "data for urban households only (2010 est.)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "47.7 (December 2012); 50.5 (2006)",
"note": "data are for urban households"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$34.53 billion",
"expenditures": "$35.48 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "42.7% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-1.2% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "20.9% of GDP (2012 est.); 17.6% of GDP (2011 est.)"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "5.1% (2012 est.); 4.5% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "8.17% (31 December 2011); 8.68% (31 December 2010)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "8.17% (31 December 2012 est.); 8.35% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$7.754 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $6.943 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$26.55 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $22.18 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$22.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $20.05 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$5.779 billion (31 December 2011); $5.263 billion (31 December 2010); $4.248 billion (31 December 2009)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "-$1.387 billion (2012 est.); -$238.4 million (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$24.65 billion (2012 est.); $23.08 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "petroleum, bananas, cut flowers, shrimp, cacao, coffee, wood, fish"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "US 37%, Chile 8.1%, Peru 7.1%, Colombia 4.6%, Japan 4.5%, Russia 4.4% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$24.58 billion (2012 est.); $23.24 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "industrial materials, fuels and lubricants, nondurable consumer goods"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "US 28%, China 11.2%, Colombia 9.3%, Peru 4.9% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$2.483 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $2.958 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$17.71 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $16.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$17.29 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $16.71 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$6.33 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $6.33 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "the US dollar became Ecuador's currency in 2001"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "21.84 billion kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "14.92 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "14.1 million kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "1.3 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "4.939 million kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "56.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "41.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "2.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "504,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "366,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "154,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "6.573 billion bbl (1 January 2013 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "198,700 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "280,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "28,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "111,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "330 million cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "330 million cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "25,000 cu m (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "7.985 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "24.43 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "2.211 million (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "15.333 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "elementary fixed-line service, but increasingly sophisticated mobile-cellular network",
"domestic": "fixed-line services provided by multiple telecommunications operators; fixed-line teledensity stands at about 15 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular use has surged and subscribership has reached 100 per 100 persons",
"international": "country code - 593; landing points for the PAN-AM and South America-1 submarine cables that provide links to the west coast of South America, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, and extending onward to Aruba and the US Virgin Islands in the Caribbean; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "Ecuador has multiple TV networks and many local channels, as well as more than 300 radio stations; many TV and radio stations are privately owned; the government owns or controls 5 national TV stations and multiple radio stations; broadcast media required by law to give the government free air time to broadcast programs produced by the state (2007)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".ec"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "170,538 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "3.352 million (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "432 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "104",
"over_3_047_m": "4",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "5",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "18",
"914_to_1_523_m": "26",
"under_914_m": "51 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "328",
"914_to_1_523_m": "37",
"under_914_m": "291 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "2 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "extra heavy crude 527 km; gas 71 km; oil 2,131 km; refined products 1,526 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "965 km",
"narrow_gauge": "965 km 1.067-m gauge (2008)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "43,670 km",
"paved": "6,472 km",
"unpaved": "37,198 km (2007)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "1,500 km (most inaccessible) (2012)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "44",
"by_type": "cargo 1, chemical tanker 4, liquefied gas 1, passenger 9, petroleum tanker 28, refrigerated cargo 1",
"registered_in_other_countries": "4 (Panama 3, Peru 1) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"major_seaports": "Esmeraldas, Manta, Puerto Bolivar",
"river_ports": "Guayaquil (Guayas)"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Ecuadorian Armed Forces: Ecuadorian Land Force (Fuerza Terrestre Ecuatoriana, FTE), Ecuadorian Navy (Fuerza Naval del Ecuador (FNE), includes Naval Infantry, Naval Aviation, Coast Guard), Ecuadorian Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Ecuatoriana, FAE) (2012)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for selective conscript military service; conscription has been suspended; 18 years of age for voluntary military service; Air Force 18-22 years of age, Ecadorian birth requirement; 1-year service obligation (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "3,728,906",
"females_age_16_49": "3,844,918 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "2,834,213",
"females_age_16_49": "3,269,535 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "152,593",
"female": "147,143 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "2.3% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia penetrate across Ecuador's shared border, which thousands of Colombians also cross to escape the violence in their home country"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"refugees_country_of_origin": "122,964 (Colombia) (2012)"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "significant transit country for cocaine originating in Colombia and Peru, with much of the US-bound cocaine passing through Ecuadorian Pacific waters; importer of precursor chemicals used in production of illicit narcotics; attractive location for cash-placement by drug traffickers laundering money because of dollarization and weak anti-money-laundering regime; increased activity on the northern frontier by trafficking groups and Colombian insurgents\r\n (2008)"
}
}
}

612
south-america/gy-guyana.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,612 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "Originally a Dutch colony in the 17th century, by 1815 Guyana had become a British possession. The abolition of slavery led to black settlement of urban areas and the importation of indentured servants from India to work the sugar plantations. The resulting ethnocultural divide has persisted and has led to turbulent politics. Guyana achieved independence from the UK in 1966, and since then it has been ruled mostly by socialist-oriented governments. In 1992, Cheddi JAGAN was elected president in what is considered the country's first free and fair election since independence. After his death five years later, his wife, Janet JAGAN, became president but resigned in 1999 due to poor health. Her successor, Bharrat JAGDEO, was reelected in 2001 and again in 2006. Donald RAMOTAR was elected president in 2011."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Suriname and Venezuela"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "5 00 N, 59 00 W"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "South America"
},
"area": {
"total": "214,969 sq km",
"land": "196,849 sq km",
"water": "18,120 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly smaller than Idaho"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "2,949 km",
"border_countries": "Brazil 1,606 km, Suriname 600 km, Venezuela 743 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "459 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "12 nm",
"exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm",
"continental_shelf": "200 nm or to the outer edge of the continental margin"
},
"climate": {
"text": "tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons (May to August, November to January)"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "mostly rolling highlands; low coastal plain; savanna in south"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m",
"highest_point": "Mount Roraima 2,835 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber, shrimp, fish"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "1.95%",
"permanent_crops": "0.13%",
"other": "97.92% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "1,501 sq km (2003)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "241 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "1.64 cu km/yr (4%/1%/94%)",
"per_capita": "2,222 cu m/yr (2010)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "flash flood threat during rainy seasons"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "water pollution from sewage and agricultural and industrial chemicals; deforestation"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "the third-smallest country in South America after Suriname and Uruguay; substantial portions of its western and eastern territories are claimed by Venezuela and Suriname respectively"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Guyanese (singular and plural)",
"adjective": "Guyanese"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "East Indian 43.5%, black (African) 30.2%, mixed 16.7%, Amerindian 9.1%, other 0.5% (2002 census)"
},
"languages": {
"text": "English, Amerindian dialects, Creole, Caribbean Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), Urdu"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Protestant 30.5% (Pentecostal 16.9%, Anglican 6.9%, Seventh-Day Adventist 5%, Methodist 1.7%), Hindu 28.4%, Roman Catholic 8.1%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1.1%, Muslim 7.2%, other Christian 17.7%, other 4.3%, none 4.3% (2002 census)"
},
"demographic_profile": {
"text": "Guyana is the only English-speaking country in South America and shares cultural and historical bonds with the Anglophone Caribbean. Guyana's two largest ethnic groups are the Afro-Guyanese (descendants of African slaves) and the Indo-Guyanese (descendants of Indian indentured laborers), which together comprise about three quarters of Guyana's population. Tensions periodically have boiled over between the two groups, which back ethnically based political parties and vote along ethnic lines. Poverty reduction has stagnated since the late 1990s. About one-third of the Guyanese population lives below the poverty line; indigenous people are disproportionately affected. Although Guyana's literacy rate is reported to be among the highest in the Western Hemisphere, the level of functional literacy is considerably lower, which has been attributed to poor education quality, teacher training, and infrastructure. Guyana's emigration rate is among the highest in the world - more than 55% of its citizens reside abroad - and it is one of the largest recipients of remittances relative to GDP among Latin American and Caribbean counties. Although remittances are a vital source of income for most citizens, the pervasive emigration of skilled workers deprives Guyana of professionals in healthcare and other key sectors. More than 80% of Guyanese nationals with tertiary level educations have emigrated. Brain drain and the concentration of limited medical resources in Georgetown hamper Guyana's ability to meet the health needs of its predominantly rural population. Guyana has one of the highest HIV prevalence rates in the region and continues to rely on international support for its HIV treatment and prevention programs."
},
"population": {
"text": "739,903 (July 2013 est.)",
"note": "estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "30.2% (male 113,724/female 109,643)",
"15_24_years": "20.7% (male 78,798/female 74,202)",
"25_54_years": "36.9% (male 138,167/female 134,695)",
"55_64_years": "7.2% (male 22,772/female 30,358)",
"65_years_and_over": "5.1% (male 15,276/female 22,268) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "65.3 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "59.6 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "5.7 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "17.7 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "24.5 years",
"male": "23.7 years",
"female": "25.3 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "-0.21% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "16.31 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "7.18 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "-11.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "29% of total population (2010)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "0.5% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "GEORGETOWN (capital) 132,000 (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.06 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "1.02 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.75 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.69 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "0.99 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "20.8",
"note": "Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2009 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "280 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "34.45 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "38.59 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "30.09 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "67.68 years",
"male": "63.83 years",
"female": "71.72 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "2.21 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "42.5% (2009)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "5.4% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "0.59 physicians/1,000 population (2009)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "2.51 beds/1,000 population (2009)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 98% of population; rural: 93% of population; total: 94% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 2% of population; rural: 7% of population; total: 6% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 88% of population; rural: 82% of population; total: 84% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 12% of population; rural: 18% of population; total: 16% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "1.2% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "5,900 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "fewer than 500 (2009 est.)"
},
"major_infectious_diseases": {
"degree_of_risk": "very high",
"food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever",
"vectorborne_diseases": "dengue fever and malaria (2013)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "17.2% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "11.1% (2009)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "3.6% of GDP (2011)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over has ever attended school",
"total_population": "91.8%",
"male": "92%",
"female": "91.6% (2002 Census)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "11 years",
"male": "10 years",
"female": "11 years (2011)"
},
"child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
"total_number": "30,255",
"percentage": "16 % (2006 est.)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "46.05%",
"male": "43.59%",
"female": "50% (2011)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Cooperative Republic of Guyana",
"conventional_short_form": "Guyana",
"former": "British Guiana"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "republic"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Georgetown",
"geographic_coordinates": "6 48 N, 58 09 W",
"time_difference": "UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "10 regions; Barima-Waini, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Demerara-Mahaica, East Berbice-Corentyne, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Mahaica-Berbice, Pomeroon-Supenaam, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper Demerara-Berbice, Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo"
},
"independence": {
"text": "26 May 1966 (from the UK)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Republic Day, 23 February (1970)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "6 October 1980"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "common law system, based on the English model, with some Roman-Dutch civil law influence"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Donald RAMOTAR (since 03 December 2011);",
"head_of_government": "Prime Minister Samuel HINDS (since October 1992, except for a period as chief of state after the death of President Cheddi JAGAN on 6 March 1997)",
"cabinet": "Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president, responsible to the legislature",
"elections": "president elected by popular vote as leader of a party list in parliamentary elections, which must be held at least every five years (no term limits); elections last held on 28 November 2011 (next to be called by December 2016); prime minister appointed by the president",
"election_results": "Donald RAMOTAR elected president, percent of vote 48.6%"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "unicameral National Assembly (65 seats; members elected by popular vote, also not more than 4 non-elected non-voting ministers and 2 non-elected non-voting parliamentary secretaries appointed by the president; members to serve five-year terms)",
"elections": "last held on 28 November 2011 (next to be held by November 2016)",
"election_results": "percent of vote by party - PPP/C 48.6%, APNU 40%, AFC 10.3%, other 1.1%; seats by party - PPP/C 32, APNU 26, AFC 7"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Judicature (consists of the Court of Appeal with a chief justice and 3 justices, and the High Court with a chief justice and 10 justices organized into 3- or 5-judge panels) note - in 2009, Guyana ceased final appeals in civil and criminal cases to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London), replacing it with the Caribbean Court of Justice, the judicial organ of the Caribbean Community",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Court of Appeal and High Court chief justices appointed by the president; other judges of both courts appointed by the Judicial Service Commission, a body appointed by the president; judges appointed for life with retirement at age 65",
"subordinate_courts": "Land Court; magistrates' courts"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Alliance for Change or AFC [Khemraj RAMJATTAN]; Justice for All Party [C.N. SHARMA]; A Partnership for National Unity or APNU [David GRANGER]; People's Progressive Party/Civic or PPP/C [Donald RAMOTAR]; Rise, Organize, and Rebuild or ROAR [Ravi DEV]; The United Force or TUF [Manzoor NADIR]; The Unity Party [Joey JAGAN]; Vision Guyana [Peter RAMSAROOP]"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "Amerindian People's Association; Guyana Bar Association; Guyana Citizens Initiative; Guyana Human Rights Association; Guyana Public Service Union or GPSU; Private Sector Commission; Trades Union Congress"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ACP, AOSIS, C, Caricom, CD, CDB, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OIC, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, Petrocaribe, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Bayney KARRAN",
"chancery": "2490 Tracy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 265-6900",
"fax": "[1] (202) 232-1297",
"consulates_general": "New York"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador D. Brent HARDT",
"embassy": "US Embassy, 100 Young and Duke Streets, Kingston, Georgetown",
"mailing_address": "P. O. Box 10507, Georgetown; US Embassy, 3170 Georgetown Place, Washington DC 20521-3170",
"telephone": "[592] 225-4900 through 4909",
"fax": "[592] 225-8497"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "green, with a red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed on a long, yellow arrowhead; there is a narrow, black border between the red and yellow, and a narrow, white border between the yellow and the green; green represents forest and foliage; yellow stands for mineral resources and a bright future; white symbolizes Guyana's rivers; red signifies zeal and the sacrifice of the people; black indicates perseverance"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "Canje pheasant (hoatzin); jaguar"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Dear Land of Guyana, of Rivers and Plains\"",
"lyrics_music": "Archibald Leonard LUKERL/Robert Cyril Gladstone POTTER",
"note": "adopted 1966"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "The Guyanese economy exhibited moderate economic growth in recent years and is based largely on agriculture and extractive industries. The economy is heavily dependent upon the export of six commodities - sugar, gold, bauxite, shrimp, timber, and rice - which represent nearly 60% of the country's GDP and are highly susceptible to adverse weather conditions and fluctuations in commodity prices. Guyana's entrance into the Caricom Single Market and Economy (CSME) in January 2006 has broadened the country''s export market, primarily in the raw materials sector. Guyana has experienced positive growth almost every year over the past decade. Inflation has been kept under control. Recent years have seen the government''s stock of debt reduced significantly - with external debt now less than half of what it was in the early 1990s. Chronic problems include a shortage of skilled labor and a deficient infrastructure. Despite recent improvements, the government is still juggling a sizable external debt against the urgent need for expanded public investment. In March 2007, the Inter-American Development Bank, Guyana''s principal donor, canceled Guyana''s nearly $470 million debt, equivalent to 21% of GDP, which along with other Highly Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) debt forgiveness brought the debt-to-GDP ratio down from 183% in 2006 to 120% in 2007. Guyana became heavily indebted as a result of the inward-looking, state-led development model pursued in the 1970s and 1980s. Growth slowed in 2009 as a result of the world recession, but picked up in 2010-11, before slowing again in 2012, as a result of a second recession, this focused mainly in Europe. The slowdown in the domestic economy and lower import costs has helped to narrow the country''s current account deficit, despite generally lower earnings from exports."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$6.256 billion (2012 est.); $6.054 billion (2011 est.); $5.741 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$2.788 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "3.3% (2012 est.); 5.4% (2011 est.); 4.4% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$8,100 (2012 est.); $7,800 (2011 est.); $7,400 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "10.1% of GDP (2012 est.); 11.7% of GDP (2011 est.); 18.3% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "82.2%",
"government_consumption": "14.5%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "21.6%",
"investment_in_inventories": "-9.1%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "63.5%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-72.7% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "20%",
"industry": "34.8%",
"services": "45.2% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "sugarcane, rice, edible oils; beef, pork, poultry; shrimp, fish"
},
"industries": {
"text": "bauxite, sugar, rice milling, timber, textiles, gold mining"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "6% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "313,100 (2009 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "NA%",
"industry": "NA%",
"services": "NA%"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "11% (2007)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "35% (2006)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "1.3%",
"highest_10%": "33.8% (1999)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "44.6 (2007); 43.2 (1999)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$641 million",
"expenditures": "$806.4 million (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "23% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-5.9% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "66.1% of GDP (2012 est.); 62.1% of GDP (2011 est.)"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "3% (2012 est.); 2.6% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "5.5% (31 December 2011 est.); 4.25% (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "13.9% (31 December 2012 est.); 14.45% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$550.4 million (31 December 2012 est.); $477.4 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$1.696 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $1.499 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$1.223 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.122 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$440.4 million (31 December 2011); $339.8 million (31 December 2010); $287 million (31 December 2009)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "-$324.8 million (2012 est.); -$307.2 million (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$1.311 billion (2012 est.); $1.182 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "sugar, gold, bauxite, alumina, rice, shrimp, molasses, rum, timber"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "US 29.7%, Canada 27.8%, UK 5.9%, Trinidad and Tobago 4.2%, Jamaica 4.1% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$2.065 billion (2012 est.); $1.772 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "manufactures, machinery, petroleum, food"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "Trinidad and Tobago 23.2%, US 21.3%, China 11.8%, Cuba 6.4%, Suriname 4.3% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$864 million (31 December 2012 est.); $801.8 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$1.846 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $1.234 billion (31 December 2010)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "Guyanese dollars (GYD) per US dollar -; 204.36 (2012 est.); 204.02 (2011 est.); 203.64 (2010 est.); 203.95 (2009); 203.86 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "817 million kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "683 million kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "343,000 kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "99.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "0.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "10,910 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "10,680 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "1.52 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "152,600 (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "528,800 (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "fair system for long-distance service; microwave radio relay network for trunk lines; many areas still lack fixed-line telephone services",
"domestic": "fixed-line teledensity is about 20 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity about 70 per 100 persons in 2011",
"international": "country code - 592; tropospheric scatter to Trinidad; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "government-dominated broadcast media; the National Communications Network (NCN) TV is state-owned; a few private TV stations relay satellite services; the state owns and operates 2 radio stations broadcasting on multiple frequencies capable of reaching the entire country; government limits on licensing of new private radio stations continue to constrain competition in broadcast media (2007)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".gy"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "24,936 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "189,600 (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "117 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "11",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "2",
"914_to_1_523_m": "1",
"under_914_m": "8 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "106",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "1",
"914_to_1_523_m": "16",
"under_914_m": "89 (2013)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "7,970 km",
"paved": "590 km",
"unpaved": "7,380 km (2000)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "330 km (the Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo rivers are navigable by oceangoing vessels for 150 km, 100 km, and 80 km respectively) (2012)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "10",
"by_type": "cargo 7, petroleum tanker 2, refrigerated cargo 1",
"registered_in_other_countries": "3 (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2, unknown 1) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"major_seaports": "Georgetown"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Guyana Defense Force: Army (includes Air Corps, Coast Guard) (2012)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "16 years of age or younger for voluntary military service; no conscription (2013)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "189,840 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "133,239",
"females_age_16_49": "147,719 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "8,849",
"female": "8,460 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "1.9% of GDP (2011)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "all of the area west of the Essequibo River is claimed by Venezuela preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana has expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims before UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) that Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with Venezuela extends into their waters; Suriname claims a triangle of land between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in a historic dispute over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks arbitration under provisions of the UNCLOS to resolve the long-standing dispute with Suriname over the axis of the territorial sea boundary in potentially oil-rich waters"
},
"trafficking_in_persons": {
"current_situation": "Guyana is a source and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; Guyanese and foreign women and girls are forced into prostitution in Guyana; experts are concerned that Guyanese children are subjected to exploitive labor practices in the mining, agriculture, and forestry sectors; Indonesian workers are victims of forced labor on Guyanese-flagged fishing boats",
"tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List - Guyana does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; despite some progress in identifying and assisting some trafficking victims, the government has failed to increase its efforts to hold trafficking offenders accountable with jail time, creating an enabling environment for human trafficking; public comments from the government downplaying the scope of Guyana's trafficking problem diminishes the potential impact of its awareness campaigns; authorities operate a hotline for trafficking victims and conduct several awareness and sensitization sessions that target vulnerable communities (2013)"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "transshipment point for narcotics from South America - primarily Venezuela - to Europe and the US; producer of cannabis; rising money laundering related to drug trafficking and human smuggling"
}
}
}

640
south-america/pe-peru.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,640 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by Spanish conquistadors in 1533. Peruvian independence was declared in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces were defeated in 1824. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980, but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in 1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity. Nevertheless, the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian measures and an economic slump in the late 1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his regime, which led to his ouster in 2000. A caretaker government oversaw new elections in the spring of 2001, which installed Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique as the new head of government - Peru's first democratically elected president of indigenous Quechuan ethnicity. The presidential election of 2006 saw the return of Alan GARCIA Perez who, after a disappointing presidential term from 1985 to 1990, oversaw a robust economic rebound. In June 2011, former army officer Ollanta HUMALA Tasso was elected president, defeating Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi, the daughter of Alberto FUJIMORI. Since his election, HUMALA has carried on the sound, market-oriented economic policies of the three preceding administrations."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "10 00 S, 76 00 W"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "South America"
},
"area": {
"total": "1,285,216 sq km",
"land": "1,279,996 sq km",
"water": "5,220 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly smaller than Alaska"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "7,461 km",
"border_countries": "Bolivia 1,075 km, Brazil 2,995 km, Chile 171 km, Colombia 1,800 km, Ecuador 1,420 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "2,414 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "200 nm",
"continental_shelf": "200 nm"
},
"climate": {
"text": "varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Pacific Ocean 0 m",
"highest_point": "Nevado Huascaran 6,768 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "2.84%",
"permanent_crops": "0.66%",
"other": "96.5% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "11,960 sq km (2003)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "1,913 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "19.34 cu km/yr (8%/10%/82%)",
"per_capita": "727.6 cu m/yr (2005)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity",
"volcanism": "volcanic activity in the Andes Mountains; Ubinas (elev. 5,672 m), which last erupted in 2009, is the country's most active volcano; other historically active volcanoes include El Misti, Huaynaputina, Sabancaya, and Yucamane"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia; a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316 m peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon River"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Peruvian(s)",
"adjective": "Peruvian"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Spanish (official) 84.1%, Quechua (official) 13%, Aymara (official) 1.7%, Ashaninka 0.3%, other native languages (includes a large number of minor Amazonian languages) 0.7%, other 0.2% (2007 Census)"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Roman Catholic 81.3%, Evangelical 12.5%, other 3.3%, unspecified or none 2.9% (2007 Census)"
},
"demographic_profile": {
"text": "Peru's urban and coastal communities have benefited much more from recent economic growth than rural, Afro-Peruvian, indigenous, and poor populations of the Amazon and mountain regions. The poverty rate has dropped substantially during the last decade but remains stubbornly high at about 30% (more than 55% in rural areas). After remaining almost static for about a decade, Peru's malnutrition rate began falling in 2005, when the government introduced a coordinated strategy focusing on hygiene, sanitation, and clean water. School enrollment has improved, but achievement scores reflect ongoing problems with educational quality. Many poor children temporarily or permanently drop out of school to help support their families. About a quarter to a third of Peruvian children aged 6 to 14 work, often putting in long hours at hazardous mining or construction sites. Peru was a country of immigration in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but has become a country of emigration in the last few decades. Beginning in the 19th century, Peru brought in Asian contract laborers mainly to work on coastal plantations. Populations of Chinese and Japanese descent - among the largest in Latin America - are economically and culturally influential in Peru today. Peruvian emigration began rising in the 1980s due to an economic crisis and a violent internal conflict, but outflows have stabilized in the last few years as economic conditions have improved. Nonetheless, more than 2 million Peruvians have emigrated in the last decade, principally to the US, Spain, and Argentina."
},
"population": {
"text": "29,849,303 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "27.6% (male 4,197,698/female 4,053,852)",
"15_24_years": "19.4% (male 2,894,420/female 2,891,714)",
"25_54_years": "39.2% (male 5,633,249/female 6,056,017)",
"55_64_years": "7.1% (male 1,039,975/female 1,086,428)",
"65_years_and_over": "6.7% (male 947,349/female 1,048,601) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "54.2 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "44.4 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "9.9 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "10.1 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "26.7 years",
"male": "26 years",
"female": "27.4 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "1% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "18.85 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "5.97 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "-2.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "77% of total population (2010)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "1.6% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "LIMA (capital) 8.769 million; Arequipa 778,000 (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "0.93 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.96 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.9 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "0.97 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "22.3",
"note": "Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2011 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "67 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "20.85 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "23.1 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "18.49 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "72.98 years",
"male": "71.01 years",
"female": "75.05 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "2.25 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "68.9% (2011)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "5.1% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "0.92 physicians/1,000 population (2009)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "1.5 beds/1,000 population (2010)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 91% of population; rural: 65% of population; total: 85% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 9% of population; rural: 35% of population; total: 15% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 81% of population; rural: 37% of population; total: 71% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 19% of population; rural: 63% of population; total: 29% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "0.4% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "75,000 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "5,000 (2009 est.)"
},
"major_infectious_diseases": {
"degree_of_risk": "very high",
"food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever",
"vectorborne_disease": "dengue fever, malaria, and Bartonellosis (Oroya fever) (2013)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "15.7% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "4.5% (2008)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "2.6% of GDP (2011)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "89.6%",
"male": "94.9%",
"female": "84.6% (2007 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "13 years",
"male": "13 years",
"female": "13 years (2010)"
},
"child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
"total_number": "2,545,855",
"percentage": "34 %",
"note": "data represents children ages 5-17 (2007 est.)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "16.2% (2011)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Republic of Peru",
"conventional_short_form": "Peru",
"local_long_form": "Republica del Peru",
"local_short_form": "Peru"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "constitutional republic"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Lima",
"geographic_coordinates": "12 03 S, 77 03 W",
"time_difference": "UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "25 regions (regiones, singular - region) and 1 province* (provincia); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali",
"note": "Callao, the largest port in Peru, is also referred to as a constitutional province, the only province of the the Callao region"
},
"independence": {
"text": "28 July 1821 (from Spain)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day, 28 July (1821)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "29 December 1993"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "civil law system"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal and compulsory until the age of 70"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Ollanta HUMALA Tasso (since 28 July 2011); First Vice President Marisol ESPINOZA Cruz (since 28 July 2011); Second Vice President (vacant); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government",
"head_of_government": "President Ollanta HUMALA Tasso (since 28 July 2011); First Vice President Marisol ESPINOZA Cruz (since 28 July 2011); Second Vice President (vacant)",
"note": "Prime Minister Juan Federico JIMENEZ Mayor (since 23 July 2012) does not exercise executive power; this power rests with the president",
"cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president",
"elections": "president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for nonconsecutive reelection); presidential and congressional elections last held on 10 April 2011 with runoff election held on 6 June 2011 (next to be held in April 2016)",
"election_results": "Ollanta HUMALA Tasso elected president in runoff election; percent of vote - Ollanta HUMALA Tasso 51.5%, Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi 48.5%"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru or Congreso de la Republica del Peru (130 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)",
"elections": "last held on 10 April 2011 (next to be held in April 2016)",
"election_results": "percent of vote by party - Gana Peru 25.3%, Fuerza 2011 23%, PP 14.8%, Alliance for Great Change 14.4%, National Solidarity 10.2%, Peruvian Aprista Party 6.4%, other 5.9%; seats by party - Gana Peru 47, Fuerza 2011 37, PP 21, Alliance for Great Change 12, National Solidarity 9, Peruvian Aprista Party 4; note - defections by members of National Assembly are commonplace, resulting in frequent changes in the numbers of seats held by the various parties"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of 16 judges and divided into civil, criminal, and constitutional-social sectors)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "justices proposed by the National Council of the Judiciary or National Judicial Council (a 7-member independent body), nominated by the president, and confirmed by the Congress (all appointments reviewed by the Council every 7 years; justices appointed for life or until age 70",
"subordinate_courts": "Court of Constitutional Guarantees; Superior Courts or Cortes Superiores; specialized civil, criminal, and mixed courts; two types of peace courts in which professional judges and selected members of the local communities preside"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Alliance for Great Change (Alianza por el Gran Cambio) (a coalition of the Alliance for Progress, Humanist Party, National Restoration Party, and Popular Christian Party) [Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI]; Fuerza 2011 [Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi]; Gana Peru (a coalition of Lima Para Todos, Peruvian Communist Party, Peruvian Nationalist Party, and Peruvian Socialist Party) [Ollanta HUMALA Tasso]; National Solidarity (Solidaridad Nacional) or SN (a coalition of Cambio 90, Siempre Unidos, Todos por el Peru, and Union for Peru or UPP) [Luis CASTANEDA Lossio]; Peru Posible or PP (a coalition of Accion Popular and Somos Peru) [Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique]; Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista Peruano) or PAP [Alan GARCIA Perez] (also referred to by its original name Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana or APRA)"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "General Workers Confederation of Peru (Confederacion General de Trabajadores del Peru) or CGTP [Mario HUAMAN]; Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) or SL [Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso (imprisoned), Victor QUISPE Palomino (top leader at-large)] (leftist guerrilla group)"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "APEC, BIS, CAN, CD, CELAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Harold Winston FORSYTH Mejia",
"chancery": "1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869",
"fax": "[1] (202) 659-8124",
"consulates_general": "Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Hartford (CT), Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (NJ), San Francisco"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Rose M. LIKINS",
"embassy": "Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17 s/n, Surco, Lima 33",
"mailing_address": "P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima), APO AA 34031-5000",
"telephone": "[51] (1) 618-2000",
"fax": "[51] (1) 618-2397"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna (representing fauna), a cinchona tree (the source of quinine, signifying flora), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out coins (denoting mineral wealth); red recalls blood shed for independence, white symbolizes peace"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "vicuna (a camelid related to the llama)"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Himno Nacional del Peru\" (National Anthem of Peru)",
"lyrics_music": "Jose DE LA TORRE Ugarte/Jose Bernardo ALZEDO",
"note": "adopted 1822; the song won a national contest for an anthem"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Peru's economy reflects its varied geography - an arid lowland coastal region, the central high sierra of the Andes, the dense forest of the Amazon, with tropical lands bordering Colombia and Brazil. A wide range of important mineral resources are found in the mountainous and coastal areas, and Peru's coastal waters provide excellent fishing grounds. The Peruvian economy has been growing by an average of 6.4% per year since 2002 with a stable/slightly appreciating exchange rate and low inflation, which in 2013 is expected to be below the upper limit of the Central Bank target range of 1 to 3%. Growth has been in the 6-9% range for the last three years, due partly to a leap in private investment, especially in the extractive sector, which accounts for more than 60% of Peru's total exports. Despite Peru's strong macroeconomic performance, dependence on minerals and metals exports and imported foodstuffs subjects the economy to fluctuations in world prices. Poor infrastructure hinders the spread of growth to Peru's non-coastal areas. Peru's rapid expansion coupled with cash transfers and other programs have helped to reduce the national poverty rate by 23 percentage points since 2002, but inequality persists and continues to pose a challenge for the new Ollanta HUMALA administration, which has championed a policy of social inclusion and a more equitable distribution of income. Peru's free trade policy has continued under the HUMALA administration; since 2006, Peru has signed trade deals with the US, Canada, Singapore, China, Korea, Mexico, Japan, the European Free Trade Association, Chile, and four other countries; concluded negotiations with Venezuela, Costa Rica, and Guatemala; and begun trade talks with two other Central American countries and the Trans-Pacific Partnership. Peru also has signed a trade pact with Chile, Colombia, and Mexico called the Pacific Alliance that rivals Mercosur in combined population, GDP, and trade. The US-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement entered into force 1 February 2009, opening the way to greater trade and investment between the two economies. Although Peru has continued to attract foreign investment, political activism and protests are hampering development of some projects related to natural resource extraction."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$332 billion (2012 est.); $312.4 billion (2011 est.); $292.2 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$199 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "6.3% (2012 est.); 6.9% (2011 est.); 8.8% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$10,900 (2012 est.); $10,400 (2011 est.); $9,900 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "23.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 23.4% of GDP (2011 est.); 22.8% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "61.7%",
"government_consumption": "10.5%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "26.6%",
"investment_in_inventories": "0.2%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "25.5%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-24.5% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "6.4%",
"industry": "36.3%",
"services": "57.3% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "asparagus, coffee, cocoa, cotton, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, corn, plantains, grapes, oranges, pineapples, guavas, bananas, apples, lemons, pears, coca, tomatoes, mangoes, barley, medicinal plants, palm oil, marigold, onion, wheat, dry beans; poultry, beef, pork, dairy products; guinea pigs; fish"
},
"industries": {
"text": "mining and refining of minerals; steel, metal fabrication; petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas and natural gas liquefaction; fishing and fish processing, cement, glass, textiles, clothing, food processing, beer, soft drinks, rubber, machinery, electrical machinery, chemicals, furniture"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "6% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "16.2 million",
"note": "individuals older than 14 years of age (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "0.7%",
"industry": "23.8%",
"services": "75.5% (2005)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "6.8% (2012 est.); 7.7% (2011 est.)",
"note": "data are for metropolitan Lima; widespread underemployment"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "27.8% (2011 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "1.4%",
"highest_10%": "36.1% (2010 est.)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "46 (2010); 51 (2005)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$62.19 billion",
"expenditures": "$57.9 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "31.2% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "2.2% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "16.6% of GDP (2012 est.); 19.9% of GDP (2011 est.)",
"note": "data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued by government entities other than the treasury; the data exclude treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "3.7% (2012 est.); 3.4% (2011 est.)",
"note": "data are for metropolitan Lima, annual average"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "5.05% (31 December 2012); 5.05% (31 December 2011)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "19.23% (31 December 2012 est.); 18.69% (31 December 2011 est.)",
"note": "domestic currency lending rate, 90 day maturity"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$32.66 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $25.35 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$73.97 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $64.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$37.15 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $33.37 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$153.4 billion (31 December 2012); $121.6 billion (31 December 2011); $160.9 billion (31 December 2010)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "-$7.136 billion (2012 est.); -$3.341 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$45.64 billion (2012 est.); $46.27 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "copper, gold, lead, zinc, tin, iron ore, molybdenum, silver; crude petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas; coffee, asparagus and other vegetables, fruit, apparel and textiles, fishmeal, fish, chemicals, fabricated metal products and machinery, alloys"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "China 19.7%, US 15.5%, Canada 9.4%, Japan 6.5%, Spain 5.2%, Chile 4.8% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$41.11 billion (2012 est.); $36.97 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, plastics, machinery, vehicles, color TV sets, power shovels, front-end loaders, telephones and telecommunication equipment, iron and steel, wheat, corn, soybean products, paper, cotton, vaccines and medicines"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "US 24.4%, China 13.9%, Brazil 6.3%, Argentina 5.4%, Chile 4.7%, Ecuador 4.5%, Colombia 4.2% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$64.17 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $48.93 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$52.59 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $43.52 billion (31 December 2011 est.)",
"note": "public debt component of total: $20.6 billion (31 December 2009)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$63.51 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $51.21 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$3.041 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $3.099 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "nuevo sol (PEN) per US dollar -; 2.6376 (2012 est.); 2.7541 (2011 est.); 2.8251 (2010 est.); 3.0115 (2009); 2.91 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "38.7 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "34.25 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "6 million kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "7.982 million kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "59% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "41% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "152,600 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "18,880 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "99,590 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "586.1 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "173,700 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "172,600 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "60,720 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "38,390 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "31.12 billion cu m (2011)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "5.41 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "3.59 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2011)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "352.8 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "41.88 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "3.688 million (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "32.461 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "adequate for most requirements; nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations",
"domestic": "fixed-line teledensity is only about 12 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity, spurred by competition among multiple providers, exceeds 100 telephones per 100 persons",
"international": "country code - 51; the South America-1 (SAM-1) and Pan American (PAN-AM) submarine cable systems provide links to parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2010)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "10 major TV networks of which only one, Television Nacional de Peru, is state-owned; multi-channel cable TV services are available; in excess of 2,000 radio stations including a substantial number of indigenous language stations (2010)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".pe"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "234,102 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "9.158 million (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "191 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "59",
"over_3_047_m": "5",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "21",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "16",
"914_to_1_523_m": "12",
"under_914_m": "5 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "132",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "1",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "19",
"914_to_1_523_m": "30",
"under_914_m": "82 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "5 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "extra heavy crude 786 km; gas 1,526 km; liquid petroleum gas 679 km; oil 1,033 km; refined products 15 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "1,907 km",
"standard_gauge": "1,772 km 1.435-m gauge",
"narrow_gauge": "135 km 0.914-m gauge (2012)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "140,672 km (of which 18,698 km are paved)",
"note": "includes 24,593 km of national roads (of which 14,748 km are paved), 24,235 km of departmental roads (2,340 km paved), and 91,844 km of local roads (1,611 km paved) (2012)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "8,808 km (there are 8,600 km of navigable tributaries on the Amazon system and 208 km on Lago Titicaca) (2011)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "22",
"by_type": "cargo 2, chemical tanker 5, liquefied gas 2, petroleum tanker 13",
"foreign_owned": "8 (Chile 6, Ecuador 1, Spain 1)",
"registered_in_other_countries": "9 (Panama 9) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"text": "Callao, Iquitos, Matarani, Paita, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas; note - Iquitos, Pucallpa, and Yurimaguas are on the upper reaches of the Amazon and its tributaries",
"oil_terminals": "Conchan oil terminal, La Pampilla oil terminal"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Peruvian Army (Ejercito Peruano), Peruvian Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru, MGP; includes naval air, naval infantry, and Coast Guard), Air Force of Peru (Fuerza Aerea del Peru, FAP) (2013)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18-50 years of age for male and 18-45 years of age for female voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "7,385,588",
"females_age_16_49": "7,727,623 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "5,788,629",
"females_age_16_49": "6,565,097 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "304,094",
"female": "298,447 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "1% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "Chile and Ecuador rejected Peru's November 2005 unilateral legislation to shift the axis of their joint treaty-defined maritime boundaries along the parallels of latitude to equidistance lines which favor Peru; organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia have penetrated Peru's shared border; Peru rejects Bolivia's claim to restore maritime access through a sovereign corridor through Chile along the Peruvian border"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"idps": "150,000 (civil war from 1980-2000; most IDPs are indigenous peasants in Andean and Amazonian regions; as of 2011, no new information on the situation of these IDPs) (2011)"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer, Peru is now the world's second largest producer of coca leaf, though it lags far behind Colombia; cultivation of coca in Peru was estimated at 40,000 hectares in 2009, a slight decrease over 2008; second largest producer of cocaine, estimated at 225 metric tons of potential pure cocaine in 2009; finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports to the international drug market; increasing amounts of base and finished cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia for use in the Southern Cone or transshipment to Europe and Africa; increasing domestic drug consumption"
}
}
}

617
south-america/py-paraguay.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,617 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "Paraguay achieved its independence from Spain in 1811. In the disastrous War of the Triple Alliance (1865-70) - between Paraguay and Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay - Paraguay lost two-thirds of all its adult males and much of its territory. The country stagnated economically for the next half century. Following the Chaco War of 1932-35 with Bolivia, Paraguay gained a large part of the Chaco lowland region. The 35-year military dictatorship of Alfredo STROESSNER ended in 1989, and, despite a marked increase in political infighting in recent years, Paraguay has held relatively free and regular presidential elections since the country's return to democracy."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Central South America, northeast of Argentina, southwest of Brazil"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "23 00 S, 58 00 W"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "South America"
},
"area": {
"total": "406,752 sq km",
"land": "397,302 sq km",
"water": "9,450 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly smaller than California"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "3,995 km",
"border_countries": "Argentina 1,880 km, Bolivia 750 km, Brazil 1,365 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "0 km (landlocked)"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"text": "none (landlocked)"
},
"climate": {
"text": "subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "grassy plains and wooded hills east of Rio Paraguay; Gran Chaco region west of Rio Paraguay mostly low, marshy plain near the river, and dry forest and thorny scrub elsewhere"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "junction of Rio Paraguay and Rio Parana 46 m",
"highest_point": "Cerro Pero 842 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "hydropower, timber, iron ore, manganese, limestone"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "9.59%",
"permanent_crops": "0.22%",
"other": "90.19% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "670 sq km (2003)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "336 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "0.49 cu km/yr (20%/8%/71%)",
"per_capita": "88.05 cu m/yr (2000)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "local flooding in southeast (early September to June); poorly drained plains may become boggy (early October to June)"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "deforestation; water pollution; inadequate means for waste disposal pose health risks for many urban residents; loss of wetlands"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "landlocked; lies between Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil; population concentrated in southern part of country"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Paraguayan(s)",
"adjective": "Paraguayan"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "mestizo (mixed Spanish and Amerindian) 95%, other 5%"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Spanish (official), Guarani (official)"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Roman Catholic 89.6%, Protestant 6.2%, other Christian 1.1%, other or unspecified 1.9%, none 1.1% (2002 census)"
},
"demographic_profile": {
"text": "Paraguay falls below the Latin American average in several socioeconomic categories, including immunization rates, potable water, sanitation, and secondary school enrollment, and has greater rates of income inequality and child and maternal mortality. Paraguay's poverty rate has declined in recent years but remains high, especially in rural areas, with more than a third of the population below the poverty line. However, the well-being of the poor in many regions has improved in terms of housing quality and access to clean water, telephone service, and electricity. The fertility rate continues to drop, declining sharply from an average 4.3 births per woman in the late 1990s to about 2 in 2013, as a result of the greater educational attainment of women, increased use of contraception, and a desire for smaller families among young women. Paraguay is a country of emigration; it has not attracted large numbers of immigrants because of political instability, civil wars, years of dictatorship, and the greater appeal of neighboring countries. Paraguay first tried to encourage immigration in 1870 in order to rebound from the heavy death toll it suffered during the War of the Triple Alliance, but it received few European and Middle Eastern immigrants. In the 20th century, limited numbers of immigrants arrived from Lebanon, Japan, South Korea, and China, as well as Mennonites from Canada, Russia, and Mexico. Large flows of Brazilian immigrants have been arriving since the 1960s, mainly to work in agriculture. Paraguayans continue to emigrate to Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, the United States, Italy, Spain, and France."
},
"population": {
"text": "6,623,252 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "26.8% (male 903,578/female 873,079)",
"15_24_years": "20.8% (male 692,006/female 684,297)",
"25_54_years": "39% (male 1,294,037/female 1,290,376)",
"55_64_years": "6.9% (male 234,803/female 224,862)",
"65_years_and_over": "6.4% (male 198,529/female 227,685) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "61 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "52.2 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "8.8 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "11.4 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "26.3 years",
"male": "26.1 years",
"female": "26.5 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.23% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "16.95 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "4.61 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "-0.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "61% of total population (2010)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "2.5% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "ASUNCION (capital) 1.977 million (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.01 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "1 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.87 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "1.01 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "22.9",
"note": "Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2008 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "99 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "21.48 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "25.21 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "17.57 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "76.6 years",
"male": "73.97 years",
"female": "79.35 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "2.01 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "79.4%",
"note": "percent of women aged 15-44 (2008)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "5.9% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "1.11 physicians/1,000 population (2002)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "1.3 beds/1,000 population (2010)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 99% of population; rural: 66% of population; total: 86% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 1% of population; rural: 34% of population; total: 14% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 90% of population; rural: 40% of population; total: 71% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 10% of population; rural: 60% of population; total: 29% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "0.3% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "13,000 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "fewer than 500 (2009 est.)"
},
"major_infectious_diseases": {
"degree_of_risk": "intermediate",
"food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever",
"vectorborne_disease": "dengue fever (2013)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "17.9% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "3.4% (2005)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "4.1% of GDP (2010)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "93.9%",
"male": "94.8%",
"female": "92.9% (2010 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "12 years",
"male": "12 years",
"female": "12 years (2010)"
},
"child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
"total_number": "205,297",
"percentage": "15 % (2004 est.)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "17.8%",
"male": "9.7%",
"female": "13% (2011)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Republic of Paraguay",
"conventional_short_form": "Paraguay",
"local_long_form": "Republica del Paraguay",
"local_short_form": "Paraguay"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "constitutional republic"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Asuncion",
"geographic_coordinates": "25 16 S, 57 40 W",
"time_difference": "UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)",
"daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins first Sunday in October; ends fourth Sunday in March"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "17 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 capital city*; Alto Paraguay, Alto Parana, Amambay, Asuncion*, Boqueron, Caaguazu, Caazapa, Canindeyu, Central, Concepcion, Cordillera, Guaira, Itapua, Misiones, Neembucu, Paraguari, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro"
},
"independence": {
"text": "14 May 1811 (from Spain)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day, 14 May 1811 (observed 15 May)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "promulgated 20 June 1992"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "civil law system with influences from Argentine, Spanish, Roman, and French civil law models; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court of Justice"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal and compulsory until the age of 75"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Horacio CARTES (since 15 August 2013); Vice President Juan AFARA (since 15 August 2013); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government",
"head_of_government": "President Horacio CARTES (since 15 August 2013); Vice President Juan AFARA (since 15 August 2013)",
"cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president",
"elections": "president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for a single five-year term; election last held on 21 April 2013 (next to be held in April 2018)",
"election_results": "Horacio CARTES elected president; percent of vote - Horacio CARTES 45.8%, Efrain ALEGRE 36.94%, Mario FERREIRO 5.88%, Anibal CARRILLO 3.32%, other 8.06%"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of the Chamber of Senators or Camara de Senadores (45 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (80 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)",
"elections": "Chamber of Senators - last held on 21 April 2013 (next to be held in April 2018); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 21 April 2013 (next to be held in April 2018)",
"election_results": "Chamber of Senators - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - ANR 19, PLRA 12, FG 5, PDP 3, Avanza Pais 2, UNACE 2, PEN 1, PPQ 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - ANR 44, PLRA 27, Avanza Pais 2, PEN 2, UNACE 2, FG 1, PPQ 1, other 1"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (consists of 9 justices divided 3 each into the Constitutional Court, Civil and Commercial Chamber, and Criminal Division",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "justices proposed by the Council of Magistrates or Consejo de la Magistratura, a 6-member independent body, and appointed by the Chamber of Senators with presidential concurrence; judges appointed until mandatory retirement at age 75",
"subordinate_courts": "appellate courts; first instance courts; minor courts, including justices of the peace"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Alianza Patriotica por el Cambio (Patriotic Alliance for Change) or APC; Asociacion Nacional Republicana - Colorado Party or ANR [Lilian SAMANIEGO]; Avanza Pais coalition [Mario FERREIRO]; Broad Front coalition (Frente Guazu) or FG [Fernando Armindo LUGO Mendez]; Movimiento Popolar Tekojoja or Tekojoja [Sixto PEREIRA]; Movimiento Union Nacional de Ciudadanos Eticos or UNACE; Patria Querida (Beloved Fatherland Party) or PPQ [Sebastian ACHA]; Partido del Movimiento al Socialismo or P-MAS [Camilo Ernesto SOARES Machado]; Partido Democratica Progresista or PDP [Rafael Augusto FILIZZOLA Serra]; Partido Encuentro Nacional or PEN [Fernando CAMACHO Paredes]; Partido Liberal Radical Autentico or PLRA [Blas Antonio LLANO Ramos]; Partido Pais Solidario or PPS [Carlos Alberto FILIZZOLA Pallares]"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "Ahorristas Estafados or AE; National Coordinating Board of Campesino Organizations or MCNOC [Luis AGUAYO]; National Federation of Campesinos or FNC [Odilon ESPINOLA]; National Workers Central or CNT [Secretary General Juan TORRALES]; Paraguayan Workers Confederation or CPT; Roman Catholic Church; Unitary Workers Central or CUT [Jorge Guzman ALVARENGA Malgarejo]"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "CAN (associate), CD, CELAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (suspended), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Fernando Antonio PFANNL Caballero",
"chancery": "2400 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 483-6960 through 6962",
"fax": "[1] (202) 234-4508",
"consulates_general": "Los Angeles, Miami, New York"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"text": "Ambassador James H. THESSIN",
"embassy": "1776 Avenida Mariscal Lopez, Casilla Postal 402, Asuncion",
"mailing_address": "Unit 4711, DPO AA 34036-0001",
"telephone": "[595] (21) 213-715",
"fax": "[595] (21) 213-728"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with an emblem centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the emblem is different on each side; the obverse (hoist side at the left) bears the national coat of arms (a yellow five-pointed star within a green wreath capped by the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles); the reverse (hoist side at the right) bears a circular seal of the treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of Liberty and the words PAZ Y JUSTICIA (Peace and Justice)); red symbolizes bravery and patriotism, white represents integrity and peace, and blue denotes liberty and generosity",
"note": "the three color bands resemble those on the flag of the Netherlands; one of only three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides - the others are Moldova and Saudi Arabia"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "lion"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Paraguayos, Republica o muerte!\" (Paraguayans, The Republic or Death!)",
"lyrics_music": "Francisco Esteban ACUNA de Figueroa/disputed",
"note": "adopted 1934, in use since 1846; the anthem was officially adopted following its re-arrangement in 1934"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Landlocked Paraguay has a market economy distinguished by a large informal sector, featuring re-export of imported consumer goods to neighboring countries, as well as the activities of thousands of microenterprises and urban street vendors. A large percentage of the population, especially in rural areas, derives its living from agricultural activity, often on a subsistence basis. Because of the importance of the informal sector, accurate economic measures are difficult to obtain. On a per capita basis, real income has stagnated at 1980 levels. The economy grew rapidly between 2003 and 2008 as growing world demand for commodities combined with high prices and favorable weather to support Paraguay's commodity-based export expansion. Paraguay is the sixth largest soy producer in the world. Drought hit in 2008, reducing agricultural exports and slowing the economy even before the onset of the global recession. The economy fell 3.8% in 2009, as lower world demand and commodity prices caused exports to contract. The government reacted by introducing fiscal and monetary stimulus packages. Growth resumed at a 13% level in 2010, the highest in South America, but slowed to about 4% in 2011 as the stimulus subsided. In 2012, severe drought and outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease led to a drop in beef and other agricultural exports and the economy contracted about 0.5%. Political uncertainty, corruption, limited progress on structural reform, and deficient infrastructure are the main obstacles to long-term growth."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$41.55 billion (2012 est.); $42.05 billion (2011 est.); $40.3 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$26 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "-1.2% (2012 est.); 4.3% (2011 est.); 13.1% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$6,200 (2012 est.); $6,400 (2011 est.); $6,300 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "72.8%",
"government_consumption": "12.2%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "14.6%",
"investment_in_inventories": "0.3%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "46.8%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-46.7% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "15.9%",
"industry": "17.3%",
"services": "66.8% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "cotton, sugarcane, soybeans, corn, wheat, tobacco, cassava (tapioca), fruits, vegetables; beef, pork, eggs, milk; timber"
},
"industries": {
"text": "sugar, cement, textiles, beverages, wood products, steel, metallurgic, electric power"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "4.4% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "3.137 million (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "26.5%",
"industry": "18.5%",
"services": "55% (2008)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "6.9% (2012 est.); 6.6% (2011 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "34.7% (2010 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "1%",
"highest_10%": "41.1% (2010 est.)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "53.2 (2009); 57.7 (1998)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$4.665 billion",
"expenditures": "$5.109 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "17.9% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-1.7% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "14.1% of GDP (2012 est.); 12.37% of GDP (2011 est.)"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "3.7% (2012 est.); 8.3% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "5.5% (31 December 2012 est.); 6% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "29.1% (31 December 2012 est.); 28.94% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$4.135 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $3.642 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$10.11 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $8.452 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$9.747 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $7.786 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$958.1 million (31 December 2011); $42 million (31 December 2010); $409.1 million (31 December 2006)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "-$1.17 billion (2012 est.); -$549.9 million (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$9.743 billion (2012 est.); $10.39 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "soybeans, feed, cotton, meat, edible oils, wood, leather"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "Uruguay 18.3%, Argentina 16.3%, Brazil 16.2%, Russia 11.8% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$11.24 billion (2012 est.); $12.07 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "road vehicles, consumer goods, tobacco, petroleum products, electrical machinery, tractors, chemicals, vehicle parts"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "Brazil 24.1%, China 19.4%, Argentina 19.2%, US 11.4% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$4.995 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $4.983 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$5.957 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $6.013 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$4.425 million (31 December 2012); $3.86 million (31 December 2011)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "guarani (PYG) per US dollar -; 4,424.9 (2012 est.); 4,191.4 (2011 est.); 4,735.5 (2010 est.); 4,965.4 (2009); 4,337.7 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "54.41 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "6.237 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "43.38 billion kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "8.816 million kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "0.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "99.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "0.01 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "0 bbl (1 January 2013 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "26,820 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "23,810 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "4.394 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "372,400 (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "6.529 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "the fixed-line market is a state monopoly and fixed-line telephone service is meager; principal switching center is in Asuncion",
"domestic": "deficiencies in provision of fixed-line service have resulted in a rapid expansion of mobile-cellular services fostered by competition among multiple providers",
"international": "country code - 595; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2010)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "6 privately owned TV stations; about 75 commercial and community radio stations; 1 state-owned radio network (2010)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".py"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "280,658 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "1.105 million (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "799 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "15",
"over_3_047_m": "3",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "7",
"914_to_1_523_m": "5 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "784",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "23",
"914_to_1_523_m": "290",
"under_914_m": "471 (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "36 km",
"standard_gauge": "36 km 1.435-m gauge (2008)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "29,500 km",
"paved": "14,986 km",
"unpaved": "14,514 km (2000)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "3,100 km (primarily on the Paraguay and Paraná river systems) (2012)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "19",
"by_type": "cargo 13, container 3, passenger 1, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1",
"foreign_owned": "6 (Argentina 5, Netherlands 1) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"text": "Asuncion, Villeta, San Antonio, Encarnacion"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Armed Forces Command (Commando de las Fuerzas Militares): Army, National Navy (Armada Nacional, includes Marine Corps, Naval Aviation, and Coast Guard), Paraguayan Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Paraguay, FAP), Logistics Command, War Materiel Directorate (2012)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation is 12 months for Army, 24 months for Navy; volunteers for the Air Force must be younger than 22 years of age with a secondary school diploma (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "1,678,335",
"females_age_16_49": "1,675,352 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "1,409,859",
"females_age_16_49": "1,433,037 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "73,367",
"female": "71,801 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "1.5% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "major illicit producer of cannabis, most or all of which is consumed in Brazil, Argentina, and Chile; transshipment country for Andean cocaine headed for Brazil, other Southern Cone markets, and Europe; weak border controls, extensive corruption and money-laundering activity, especially in the Tri-Border Area; weak anti-money-laundering laws and enforcement"
}
}
}

587
south-america/sr-suriname.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,587 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "First explored by the Spaniards in the 16th century and then settled by the English in the mid-17th century, Suriname became a Dutch colony in 1667. With the abolition of African slavery in 1863, workers were brought in from India and Java. Independence from the Netherlands was granted in 1975. Five years later the civilian government was replaced by a military regime that soon declared a socialist republic. It continued to exert control through a succession of nominally civilian administrations until 1987, when international pressure finally forced a democratic election. In 1990, the military overthrew the civilian leadership, but a democratically elected government - a four-party coalition - returned to power in 1991. The coalition expanded to eight parties in 2005 and ruled until August 2010, when voters returned former military leader Desire BOUTERSE and his opposition coalition to power."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between French Guiana and Guyana"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "4 00 N, 56 00 W"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "South America"
},
"area": {
"total": "163,820 sq km",
"land": "156,000 sq km",
"water": "7,820 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly larger than Georgia"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "1,703 km",
"border_countries": "Brazil 593 km, French Guiana 510 km, Guyana 600 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "386 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "12 nm",
"exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm"
},
"climate": {
"text": "tropical; moderated by trade winds"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "mostly rolling hills; narrow coastal plain with swamps"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "unnamed location in the coastal plain -2 m",
"highest_point": "Juliana Top 1,230 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "timber, hydropower, fish, kaolin, shrimp, bauxite, gold, and small amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, iron ore"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "0.36%",
"permanent_crops": "0.04%",
"other": "99.6% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "511.8 sq km (2003)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "122 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "0.67 cu km/yr (6%/4%/90%)",
"per_capita": "1,396 cu m/yr (2006)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "NA"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "deforestation as timber is cut for export; pollution of inland waterways by small-scale mining activities"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "smallest independent country on South American continent; mostly tropical rain forest; great diversity of flora and fauna that, for the most part, is increasingly threatened by new development; relatively small population, mostly along the coast"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Surinamer(s)",
"adjective": "Surinamese"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Hindustani (also known locally as \"East Indians\"; their ancestors emigrated from northern India in the latter part of the 19th century) 37%, Creole (mixed white and black) 31%, Javanese 15%, \"Maroons\" (their African ancestors were brought to the country in the 17th and 18th centuries as slaves and escaped to the interior) 10%, Amerindian 2%, Chinese 2%, white 1%, other 2%"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Dutch (official), English (widely spoken), Sranang Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki, is native language of Creoles and much of the younger population and is lingua franca among others), Caribbean Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), Javanese"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Hindu 27.4%, Protestant 25.2% (predominantly Moravian), Roman Catholic 22.8%, Muslim 19.6%, indigenous beliefs 5%"
},
"demographic_profile": {
"text": "Suriname is a pluralistic society consisting primarily of Creoles (persons of mixed African and European heritage), the descendants of escaped African slaves known as Maroons, and the descendants of Indian and Javanese contract workers. The country overall is in full, post-industrial demographic transition, with a low fertility rate, a moderate mortality rate, and a rising life expectancy. However, the Maroon population of the rural interior lags behind because of lower educational attainment and contraceptive use, higher malnutrition, and significantly less access to electricity, potable water, sanitation, infrastructure, and health care. Some 350,000 people of Surinamese descent live in the Netherlands, Suriname's former colonial ruler. In the 19th century, better-educated, largely Dutch-speaking Surinamese began emigrating to the Netherlands. World War II interrupted the outflow, but it resumed after the war when Dutch labor demands grew - emigrants included all segments of the Creole population. Suriname still is strongly influenced by the Netherlands because most Surinamese have relatives living there and it is the largest supplier of development aid. Other emigration destinations include French Guiana and the United States. Suriname's immigration rules are flexible, and the country is easy to enter illegally because rainforests obscure its borders. Since the mid-1980s, Brazilians have settled in Suriname's capital, Paramaribo, or eastern Suriname, where they mine gold. This immigration is likely to slowly re-orient Suriname toward its Latin American roots."
},
"population": {
"text": "566,846 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "26.8% (male 77,404/female 74,477)",
"15_24_years": "17.5% (male 50,745/female 48,718)",
"25_54_years": "43.8% (male 126,399/female 121,930)",
"55_64_years": "6.2% (male 17,123/female 18,246)",
"65_years_and_over": "5.6% (male 13,770/female 18,034) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "51.6 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "41.5 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "10.1 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "9.9 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "28.2 years",
"male": "27.8 years",
"female": "28.5 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.15% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "17.1 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "6.15 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "0.57 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "69% of total population (2010)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "1.5% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "PARAMARIBO (capital) 259,000 (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.93 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.77 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "1.01 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "130 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "27.99 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "32.54 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "23.21 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "71.41 years",
"male": "69.05 years",
"female": "73.88 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "2.04 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "45.6% (2006)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "7% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "0.45 physicians/1,000 population (2000)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "2.6 beds/1,000 population (2009)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 97% of population; rural: 81% of population; total: 92% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 3% of population; rural: 19% of population; total: 8% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 90% of population; rural: 66% of population; total: 83% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 10% of population; rural: 34% of population; total: 17% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "1% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "3,700 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "fewer than 200 (2009 est.)"
},
"major_infectious_diseases": {
"degree_of_risk": "very high",
"food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever",
"vectorborne_disease": "dengue fever and malaria (2013)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "25.1% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "7.5% (2006)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "NA"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "94.7%",
"male": "95.4%",
"female": "94% (2010 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "12 years (2002)"
},
"child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
"total_number": "6,094",
"percentage": "6 % (2006 est.)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "21.5% (2004)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Republic of Suriname",
"conventional_short_form": "Suriname",
"local_long_form": "Republiek Suriname",
"local_short_form": "Suriname",
"former": "Netherlands Guiana, Dutch Guiana"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "constitutional democracy"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Paramaribo",
"geographic_coordinates": "5 50 N, 55 10 W",
"time_difference": "UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "10 districts (distrikten, singular - distrikt); Brokopondo, Commewijne, Coronie, Marowijne, Nickerie, Para, Paramaribo, Saramacca, Sipaliwini, Wanica"
},
"independence": {
"text": "25 November 1975 (from the Netherlands)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day, 25 November (1975)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "ratified 30 September 1987; effective 30 October 1987"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "civil law system influenced by Dutch civil law; note - the Commissie Nieuw Surinaamse Burgerlijk Wetboek completed drafting a new civil code in February 2009"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Desire Delano BOUTERSE (since 12 August 2010); Vice President Robert AMEERALI (since 12 August 2010); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government",
"head_of_government": "President Desire Delano BOUTERSE (since 12 August 2010); Vice President Robert AMEERALI (since 12 August 2010)",
"cabinet": "Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president",
"elections": "president and vice president elected by the National Assembly or, if no presidential or vice presidential candidate receives a two-thirds constitutional majority in the National Assembly after two votes, by a simple majority in the larger United People's Assembly (893 representatives from the national, local, and regional councils), for five-year terms (no term limits); election last held on 19 July 2010 (next to be held in 2015)",
"election_results": "Desire Delano BOUTERSE elected president; percent of vote - Desire Delano BOUTERSE 70.6%, Chandrikapersad SATOKHI 25.5%, other 3.9%"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "unicameral National Assembly or Nationale Assemblee (51 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)",
"elections": "last held on 25 May 2010 (next to be held in May 2015)",
"election_results": "percent of vote by party - Mega Combination 45.1%, New Front 27.5%, A-Com 13.7%, People's Alliance 11.8%, DOE 1.9%; seats by party - Mega Combination 23, New Front 14, A-Com 7, People's Alliance 6, DOE 1"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "High Court of Justice of Suriname (consists of the court president, vice president, and 4 judges) note - Suriname can appeal beyond its High Court to the Caribbean Court of Justice, with final appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "court judges appointed by the national president after consultation with the High Court; judges appointed for life",
"subordinate_courts": "cantonal courts"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "A-Combination (a coalition that includes the General Liberation and Development Party ABOP [Ronnie BRUNSWIJK], and SEEKA [Paul ABENA]); Basic Party for Renewal and Democracy or BVD [Dilip SARDJOE]; Basic Party for Renewal and Democracy or PVF [Soedeschand JAIRAM]; Democratic Union Suriname or DUS [Japhet DIEKO]; Mega Combination Coalition (a coalition that joined with A-Combination and the PL to form a majority in Parliament in 2010 - includes the National Democratic Party or NDP [Desire Delano BOUTERSE] (largest party in the coalition), Progressive Worker and Farmer's Union or PALU [Jim HOK], Party for National Unity and Solidarity of the Highest Order or KTPI [Willy SOEMITA], DNP-2000 [Jules WIJDENBOSCH], Union of Brotherhood and Unity in Politics BEP [Caprino ALENDY], and New Suriname or NS [Nanan PANDAY]); National Union or NU [P. VAN LEEUWAARDE]; New Front for Democracy and Development or NF (a coalition made up of the National Party of Suriname or NPS [Runaldo VENETIAAN], United Reform Party or VHP [Ramdien SARDJOE], Democratic Alternative 1991 or DA-91 - an independent, business-oriented party [Winston JESSURUN], Surinamese Labor Party or SPA [Siegfried GILDS]); Party for Democracy and Development in Unity or DOE [Carl BREEVELD]; Party for the Permanent Prosperity Republic Suriname or PVRS; People's Alliance, Pertjaja Luhur's or PL [Paul SOMOHARDJO](includes D-21 [Soewarta MOESTADJA] and Pendawa Lima [Raymond SAPEON], which merged with PL in 2010)",
"note": "BVD and PVF participated in the elections as a coalition (BVD/PVF) in the most recent elections, but separated after the election"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "Association of Indigenous Village Chiefs [Ricardo PANE]; Association of Saramaccan Authorities or Maroon [Head Captain WASE]; Women's Parliament Forum or PVF [Iris GILLIAD]"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ACP, AOSIS, Caricom, CD, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OIC, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, Petrocaribe, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Subhas-Chandra MUNGRA",
"chancery": "Suite 460, 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 244-7488",
"fax": "[1] (202) 244-5878",
"consulates_general": "Miami"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Jay N. ANANIA",
"embassy": "Dr. Sophie Redmondstraat 129, Paramaribo",
"mailing_address": "US Department of State, PO Box 1821, Paramaribo",
"telephone": "[597] 472-900",
"fax": "[597] 410-972"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white, red (quadruple width), white, and green (double width); a large, yellow, five-pointed star is centered in the red band; red stands for progress and love; green symbolizes hope and fertility; white signifies peace, justice, and freedom; the star represents the unity of all ethnic groups; from its yellow light the nation draws strength to bear sacrifices patiently while working toward a golden future"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"God zij met ons Suriname!\" (God Be With Our Suriname)",
"lyrics_music": "Cornelis Atses HOEKSTRA and Henry DE ZIEL/Johannes Corstianus DE PUY",
"note": "adopted 1959; the anthem, originally adapted from a Sunday school song written in 1893, contains lyrics in both Dutch and Sranang Tongo"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "The economy is dominated by the mining industry, with exports of alumina, gold, and oil accounting for about 85% of exports and 25% of government revenues, making the economy highly vulnerable to mineral price volatility. Economic growth, which reached about 7% in 2008, owing to sizeable foreign investment in mining and oil, slowed to 2.2% in 2009 as investment waned and the country earned less from its commodity exports when global prices for most commodities fell. Trade picked up, boosting Suriname's economic growth about 4% per year in 2010-12, but the government's budget remained strained. Inflation rose from 1.3% in 2009 to 17.7% in 2011. In January 2011, the government devalued the currency by 20% and raised taxes to reduce the budget deficit. As a result of these measures, inflation receded to 6% in 2012. Suriname''s economic prospects for the medium term will depend on continued commitment to responsible monetary and fiscal policies and to the introduction of structural reforms to liberalize markets and promote competition."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$6.874 billion (2012 est.); $6.58 billion (2011 est.); $6.285 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$4.738 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "4.5% (2012 est.); 4.7% (2011 est.); 4.1% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$12,600 (2012 est.); $12,200 (2011 est.); $11,800 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "81%",
"government_consumption": "18.4%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "19.7%",
"investment_in_inventories": "-19.8%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "53.9%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-53.2% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "10.6%",
"industry": "38.3%",
"services": "51.2% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "rice, bananas, palm kernels, coconuts, plantains, peanuts; beef, chickens; shrimp; forest products"
},
"industries": {
"text": "bauxite and gold mining, alumina production; oil, lumbering, food processing, fishing"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "5% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "165,600 (2007)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "8%",
"industry": "14%",
"services": "78% (2004)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "9% (2008); 12.1% (2006)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "70% (2002 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "NA%",
"highest_10%": "NA%"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$826.6 million",
"expenditures": "$939.7 million (2010 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "17.4% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-2.4% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "5% (2012 est.); 17.7% (2011 est.)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "11.7% (31 December 2012 est.); 11.75% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$1.132 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.075 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$2.3 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $2.033 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$1.364 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.026 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "$577.2 million (2012 est.); $251.1 million (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$2.563 billion (2012 est.); $2.467 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "alumina, gold, crude oil, lumber, shrimp and fish, rice, bananas"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "US 26.1%, Belgium 17.6%, UAE 12.1%, Canada 10.4%, Guyana 6.5%, France 5.6%, Barbados 4.7% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$1.782 billion (2012 est.); $1.679 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton, consumer goods"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "US 25.8%, Netherlands 15.8%, China 9.8%, UAE 7.9%, Antigua and Barbuda 7.3%, Netherlands Antilles 5.4%, Japan 4.2% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$1.008 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $816.9 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$905 million (31 December 2012 est.); $869 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "Surinamese dollars (SRD) per US dollar -; 3.3 (2012 est.); 3.2683 (2011 est.); 2.7454 (2010 est.); 2.745 (2009); 2.745 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "1.603 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "1.463 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "389,000 kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "51.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "48.6% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "16,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "72 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "7,407 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "14,100 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "1,058 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "6,430 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "0 cu m (1 January 2011 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "2.343 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "85,500 (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "947,000 (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "international facilities are good",
"domestic": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity 185 telephones per 100 persons; microwave radio relay network",
"international": "country code - 597; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2010)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "2 state-owned TV stations; 1 state-owned radio station; multiple private radio and TV stations (2007)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".sr"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "188 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "163,000 (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "55 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "6",
"over_3_047_m": "1",
"under_914_m": "5 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "49",
"914_to_1_523_m": "4",
"under_914_m": "45 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "oil 50 km (2013)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "4,304 km",
"paved": "1,130 km",
"unpaved": "3,174 km (2003)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "1,200 km (most navigable by ships with drafts up to 7 m) (2011)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"text": "Paramaribo, Wageningen"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Suriname Armed Forces: Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air Forces (2010)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription; personnel drawn almost exclusively from the Creole community (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "134,218",
"females_age_16_49": "134,439 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "109,445",
"females_age_16_49": "112,538 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "4,119",
"female": "4,106 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "1.2% of GDP (2011)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "area claimed by French Guiana between Riviere Litani and Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa); Suriname claims a triangle of land between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in a historic dispute over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea arbitration to resolve the longstanding dispute with Suriname over the axis of the territorial sea boundary in potentially oil-rich waters"
},
"trafficking_in_persons": {
"current_situation": "Suriname is a source, destination, and transit country for women, men, and children who are subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; women and girls from Suriname, Guyana, Brazil, and the Dominican Republic are subjected to sex trafficking in the country, sometimes around mining camps; debt bondage and sex trafficking are reported to occur within the Chinese migrant community; migrant workers in agriculture and on fishing boats and children working in informal urban sectors and gold mines are vulnerable to forced labor",
"tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List - Suriname does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government has prosecuted an increased number of sex trafficking cases and identified an increased number of child sex trafficking victims; accountability for trafficking offenses continues to be a problem as no offenders have been convicted and the complicity of local officials remains a concern; authorities do not have a formal system for referring victims to NGOs that provide services but reported doing so on an ad hoc basis; the government's interagency anti-trafficking working group drafted an anti-trafficking policy in 2012 (2013)"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "growing transshipment point for South American drugs destined for Europe via the Netherlands and Brazil; transshipment point for arms-for-drugs dealing"
}
}
}

626
south-america/uy-uruguay.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,626 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "Montevideo, founded by the Spanish in 1726 as a military stronghold, soon took advantage of its natural harbor to become an important commercial center. Claimed by Argentina but annexed by Brazil in 1821, Uruguay declared its independence four years later and secured its freedom in 1828 after a three-year struggle. The administrations of President Jose BATLLE in the early 20th century established widespread political, social, and economic reforms that established a statist tradition. A violent Marxist urban guerrilla movement named the Tupamaros, launched in the late 1960s, led Uruguay's president to cede control of the government to the military in 1973. By yearend, the rebels had been crushed, but the military continued to expand its hold over the government. Civilian rule was not restored until 1985. In 2004, the left-of-center Frente Amplio Coalition won national elections that effectively ended 170 years of political control previously held by the Colorado and Blanco parties. Uruguay's political and labor conditions are among the freest on the continent."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Argentina and Brazil"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "33 00 S, 56 00 W"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "South America"
},
"area": {
"total": "176,215 sq km",
"land": "175,015 sq km",
"water": "1,200 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly smaller than the state of Washington"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "1,648 km",
"border_countries": "Argentina 580 km, Brazil 1,068 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "660 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "12 nm",
"contiguous_zone": "24 nm",
"exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm",
"continental_shelf": "200 nm or edge of continental margin"
},
"climate": {
"text": "warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "mostly rolling plains and low hills; fertile coastal lowland"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m",
"highest_point": "Cerro Catedral 514 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "arable land, hydropower, minor minerals, fish"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "10.25%",
"permanent_crops": "0.22%",
"other": "89.52% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "1,810 sq km (2003)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "139 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "3.66 cu km/yr (11%/2%/87%)",
"per_capita": "1,101 cu m/yr (2000)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "seasonally high winds (the pampero is a chilly and occasional violent wind that blows north from the Argentine pampas), droughts, floods; because of the absence of mountains, which act as weather barriers, all locations are particularly vulnerable to rapid changes from weather fronts"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "water pollution from meat packing/tannery industry; inadequate solid/hazardous waste disposal"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "second-smallest South American country (after Suriname); most of the low-lying landscape (three-quarters of the country) is grassland, ideal for cattle and sheep raising"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Uruguayan(s)",
"adjective": "Uruguayan"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian (practically nonexistent)"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Spanish (official), Portunol, Brazilero (Portuguese-Spanish mix on the Brazilian frontier)"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Roman Catholic 47.1%, non-Catholic Christians 11.1%, nondenominational 23.2%, Jewish 0.3%, atheist or agnostic 17.2%, other 1.1% (2006)"
},
"demographic_profile": {
"text": "Uruguay rates high for most development indicators and is known for its secularism, liberal social laws, and well-developed social security, health, and educational systems. It is one of the few countries in Latin America and the Caribbean where the entire population has access to clean water. Uruguay's provision of free primary through university education has contributed to the country's high levels of literacy and educational attainment. However, the emigration of human capital has diminished the state's return on its investment in education. Remittances from the roughly 18% of Uruguayans abroad amount to less than 1 percent of national GDP. The emigration of young adults and a low birth rate are causing Uruguay's population to age rapidly. In the 1960s, Uruguayans for the first time emigrated en masse - primarily to Argentina and Brazil - because of economic decline and the onset of more than a decade of military dictatorship. Economic crises in the early 1980s and 2002 also triggered waves of emigration, but since 2002 more than 70% of Uruguayan emigrants have selected the US and Spain as destinations because of better job prospects. Uruguay had a tiny population upon its independence in 1828 and welcomed thousands of predominantly Italian and Spanish immigrants, but the country has not experienced large influxes of new arrivals since the aftermath of World War II. More recent immigrants include Peruvians and Arabs."
},
"population": {
"text": "3,324,460 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "21.4% (male 361,589/female 349,257)",
"15_24_years": "16% (male 269,649/female 262,582)",
"25_54_years": "38.8% (male 635,252/female 655,518)",
"55_64_years": "9.9% (male 155,192/female 174,976)",
"65_years_and_over": "13.9% (male 183,450/female 276,995) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "56.2 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "34.1 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "22 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "4.5 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "34.1 years",
"male": "32.4 years",
"female": "35.7 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "0.25% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "13.28 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "9.52 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "-1.26 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "92% of total population (2010)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "0.4% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "MONTEVIDEO (capital) 1.633 million (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.03 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "0.97 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.89 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.66 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "0.93 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "29 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "9.2 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "10.2 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "8.17 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "76.61 years",
"male": "73.47 years",
"female": "79.86 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "1.86 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "77%",
"note": "percent of women aged 15-50 (2004)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "8.4% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "3.74 physicians/1,000 population (2008)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "1.2 beds/1,000 population (2010)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 99% of population; total: 100% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 0% of population; rural: 1% of population; total: 0% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "0.5% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "9,900 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "NA"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "24.8% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "6% (2004)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "2.9% of GDP (2006)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "98.1%",
"male": "97.6%",
"female": "98.5% (2010 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "16 years",
"male": "14 years",
"female": "17 years (2010)"
},
"child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
"total_number": "51,879",
"percentage": "7 % (2006 est.)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "17.4%",
"male": "14.4%",
"female": "21.7% (2011)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Oriental Republic of Uruguay",
"conventional_short_form": "Uruguay",
"local_long_form": "Republica Oriental del Uruguay",
"local_short_form": "Uruguay",
"former": "Banda Oriental, Cisplatine Province"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "constitutional republic"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Montevideo",
"geographic_coordinates": "34 51 S, 56 10 W",
"time_difference": "UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)",
"daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins first Sunday in October; ends second Sunday in March"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Artigas, Canelones, Cerro Largo, Colonia, Durazno, Flores, Florida, Lavalleja, Maldonado, Montevideo, Paysandu, Rio Negro, Rivera, Rocha, Salto, San Jose, Soriano, Tacuarembo, Treinta y Tres"
},
"independence": {
"text": "25 August 1825 (from Brazil)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day, 25 August (1825)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "27 November 1966; effective 15 February 1967; suspended 27 June 1973; revised 26 November 1989 and 7 January 1997"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "civil law system based on the Spanish civil code"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal and compulsory"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Jose \"Pepe\" MUJICA Cordano (since 1 March 2010); Vice President Danilo ASTORI Saragoza (since 1 March 2010); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government",
"head_of_government": "President Jose \"Pepe\" MUJICA Cordano (since 1 March 2010); Vice President Danilo ASTORI Saragoza (since 1 March 2010)",
"cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president with parliamentary approval",
"elections": "president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for five-year terms (may not serve consecutive terms); election last held on 29 November 2009 (next to be held in October 2014)",
"election_results": "Jose \"Pepe\" MUJICA Cordano elected president; percent of vote - Jose \"Pepe\" MUJICA Cordano 54.8%, Luis Alberto LACALLE 45.2%"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "bicameral General Assembly or Asamblea General consists of Chamber of Senators or Camara de Senadores (30 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms; vice president has one vote in the Senate) and Chamber of Representatives or Camara de Representantes (99 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)",
"elections": "Chamber of Senators - last held on 25 October 2009 (next to be held in October 2014); Chamber of Representatives - last held on 25 October 2009 (next to be held in October 2014)",
"election_results": "Chamber of Senators - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Frente Amplio 16, Blanco 9, Colorado Party 5; Chamber of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Frente Amplio 50, Blanco 30, Colorado Party 17, Independent Party 2"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Justice (consists of 5 judges)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "judges nominated by the president and appointed in joint conference of the General Assembly; judges appointed for 10-year terms, with re-election after a lapse of 5 years following the previous term",
"subordinate_courts": "Courts of Appeal; District Courts (Juzagados Letrados); Peace Courts (Juzagados de Paz); Rural Courts (Juzgados Rurales)"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Broad Front (Frente Amplio) - formerly known as the Progressive Encounter/Broad Front Coalition or EP-FA [Monica XAVIER] (a broad governing coalition that includes Popular Participation Movement (MPP), New Space Party (Nuevo Espacio) [Rafael MICHELINI], Progressive Alliance (Alianza Progresista) [Rodolfo NIN NOVOA], Socialist Party [vacant], Communist Party [Eduardo LORIER], Uruguayan Assembly (Asamblea Uruguay) [Danilo ASTORI Saragoza], and Vertiente Artiguista [Enrique RUBIO]); Colorado Party (Vamos Uruguay) [Martha MONTANER]; Independent Party [Pablo MIERES]; National Party or Blanco [Luis Alberto HEBER]"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "Chamber of Commerce and Export of Agriproducts; Chamber of Industries (manufacturer's association); Exporters Union of Uruguay; National Chamber of Commerce and Services; PIT/CNT (powerful federation of Uruguayan Unions - umbrella labor organization); Rural Association of Uruguay (rancher's association); Uruguayan Network of Political Women; ",
"other": "B'nai Brith; Catholic Church; students"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "CAN (associate), CD, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNMOGIP, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Carlos Alberto GIANELLI Derois",
"chancery": "1913 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20006",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 331-1313 through 1316",
"fax": "[1] (202) 331-8142",
"consulates_general": "Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New York"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Thomas H. LLOYD",
"embassy": "Lauro Muller 1776, Montevideo 11200",
"mailing_address": "APO AA 34035",
"telephone": "[598] (2) 1770-2000",
"fax": "[598] (2) 1770-2128"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) alternating with blue; a white square in the upper hoist-side corner with a yellow sun bearing a human face known as the Sun of May with 16 rays that alternate between triangular and wavy; the stripes represent the nine original departments of Uruguay; the sun symbol evokes the legend of the sun breaking through the clouds on 25 May 1810 as independence was first declared from Spain (Uruguay subsequently won its independence from Brazil)",
"note": "the banner was inspired by the national colors of Argentina and by the design of the US flag"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "Sun of May (a sun-with-face symbol)"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Himno Nacional\" (National Anthem of Uruguay)",
"lyrics_music": "Francisco Esteban ACUNA de Figueroa/Francisco Jose DEBALI",
"note": "adopted 1848; the anthem is also known as \"Orientales, la Patria o la tumba!\" (\"Uruguayans, the Fatherland or Death!\"); it is the world's longest national anthem in terms of music (105 bars; almost five minutes); generally only the first verse and chorus are sung"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Uruguay has a free market economy characterized by an export-oriented agricultural sector, a well-educated work force, and high levels of social spending. Following financial difficulties in the late 1990s and early 2000s, economic growth for Uruguay averaged 8% annually during the period 2004-08. The 2008-09 global financial crisis put a brake on Uruguay's vigorous growth, which decelerated to 2.6% in 2009. Nevertheless, the country managed to avoid a recession and keep positive growth rates, mainly through higher public expenditure and investment, and GDP growth reached 8.9% in 2010 but fell to about 3.5% in 2012, the result of a renewed slowdown in the global economy and in Uruguay's main trade partners and Common Market of the South (Mercosur) counterparts, Argentina and Brazil. Uruguay has sought to expand trade within Mercosur and with non-Mercosur members. Uruguay''s total merchandise trade with Mercosur since 2006 has increased by nearly 70% to more than $5 billion while its total trade with the world has almost doubled to roughly $20 billion."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$54.67 billion (2012 est.); $52.67 billion (2011 est.); $49.83 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$49.4 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "3.8% (2012 est.); 5.7% (2011 est.); 8.9% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$16,200 (2012 est.); $15,600 (2011 est.); $14,800 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "16.5% of GDP (2012 est.); 16.3% of GDP (2011 est.); 16.4% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "68.5%",
"government_consumption": "12.9%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "21.4%",
"investment_in_inventories": "0.4%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "26.1%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-29.4% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "8.2%",
"industry": "21.6%",
"services": "70.3% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "soybeans, rice, wheat; beef, dairy products; fish; lumber, cellulose"
},
"industries": {
"text": "food processing, electrical machinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products, textiles, chemicals, beverages"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "3.5% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "1.691 million (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "13%",
"industry": "14%",
"services": "73% (2010 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "6.1% (2012 est.); 6% (2011 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "18.6% (2010 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "1.9%",
"highest_10%": "34.4% (2010 est.)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "45.3 (2010); 44.8 (1999)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$14.25 billion",
"expenditures": "$15.63 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "28.8% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-2.8% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "58.5% of GDP (2012 est.); 59.6% of GDP (2011 est.)",
"note": "data cover general government debt, and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions."
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "8.1% (2012 est.); 8.1% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "9% (31 December 2012); 8.75% (31 December 2011)",
"note": "Uruguay's central bank uses the benchmark interest rate, rather than the discount rate, to conduct monetary policy; the rates shown here are the benchmark rates"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "11.2% (31 December 2012 est.); 9.78% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$5.32 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $4.749 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$16.97 billion (31 December 2010 est.); $14.22 billion (31 December 2009 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$16.63 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $13.67 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$231 million (31 December 2011); $238 million (31 December 2010); $219 million (31 December 2009)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "-$1.189 billion (2012 est.); -$875.9 million (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$9.907 billion (2012 est.); $9.276 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "beef, soybeans, cellulose, rice, wheat, wood, dairy products; wool"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "Brazil 18.5%, China 17.9%, Argentina 6.8%, Germany 4.3% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$12.22 billion (2012 est.); $10.7 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "refined oil, crude oil, passenger and other transportation vehicles, vehicle parts, cellular phones"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "China 16.1%, Argentina 15.8%, Brazil 14.6%, US 8.9%, Paraguay 7.6% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$13.6 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $10.3 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$21.07 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $14.35 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$15.2 billion (31 December 2011); $14.8 billion (31 December 2010)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$345 million (31 December 2010 est.); $300 million (31 December 2009 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "Uruguayan pesos (UYU) per US dollar -; 20.311 (2012 est.); 19.314 (2011 est.); 20.059 (2010 est.); 22.568 (2009); 20.936 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "9.5 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "7.96 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "18.9 million kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "470 million kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "2.516 million kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "38.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "61.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "38,720 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "0 bbl (1 January 2009 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "43,370 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "51,100 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "6,093 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "22,060 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "0 cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "80 million cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "86.4 million cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "7.265 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "964,900 (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "4.757 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "fully digitalized",
"domestic": "most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo; nationwide microwave radio relay network; overall fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity has reached 170 telephones per 100 persons",
"international": "country code - 598; the UNISOR submarine cable system provides direct connectivity to Brazil and Argentina; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "mixture of privately owned and state-run broadcast media; more than 100 commercial radio stations and about 20 TV channels; cable TV is available; many community radio and TV stations; adopted the hybrid Japanese/Brazilian HDTV standard (ISDB-T) in December 2010 (2010)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".uy"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "1.036 million (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "1.405 million (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "133 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "11",
"over_3_047_m": "1",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "4",
"914_to_1_523_m": "4",
"under_914_m": "2 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "122",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "3",
"914_to_1_523_m": "40",
"under_914_m": "79 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "gas 257 km; oil 160 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "1,641 km",
"standard_gauge": "1,641 km 1.435-m gauge (1,200 km operational) (2010)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "77,732 km",
"paved": "7,743 km",
"unpaved": "69,989 km (2010)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "1,600 km (2011)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "16",
"by_type": "bulk carrier 1, cargo 2, chemical tanker 3, passenger/cargo 6, petroleum tanker 3, roll on/roll off 1",
"foreign_owned": "8 (Argentina 1, Denmark 1, Greece 1, Spain 5)",
"registered_in_other_countries": "1 (Liberia 1) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"text": "Montevideo"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Uruguayan Armed Forces: Uruguayan National Army (Ejercito Nacional Uruguaya, ENU), Uruguayan National Navy (Armada Nacional del Uruguay; includes naval air arm, Naval Rifle Corps (Cuerpo de Fusileros Navales, Fusna), Maritime Prefecture in wartime), Uruguayan Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Uruguaya, FAU) (2012)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18-30 years of age (18-22 years of age for Navy) for male or female voluntary military service; up to 40 years of age for specialists; enlistment is voluntary in peacetime, but the government has the authority to conscript in emergencies; minimum 6-year education (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "771,159",
"females_age_16_49": "780,932 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "649,025",
"females_age_16_49": "654,903 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "27,564",
"female": "26,811 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "0.9% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "in 2010, the ICJ ruled in favor of Uruguay's operation of two paper mills on the Uruguay River, which forms the border with Argentina; the two countries formed a joint pollution monitoring regime; uncontested boundary dispute between Brazil and Uruguay over Braziliera/Brasiliera Island in the Quarai/Cuareim River leaves the tripoint with Argentina in question; smuggling of firearms and narcotics continues to be an issue along the Uruguay-Brazil border"
},
"trafficking_in_persons": {
"current_situation": "Uruguay is a source country for women and children subjected to sex trafficking and, to a lesser extent, a destination country for men, women, and children exploited in forced labor; most victims are women and girls exploited in sex trafficking; some Uruguayan women lured by fraudulent employment offers in Spain, Italy, and Argentina are forced into prostitution; foreign workers in domestic service and agriculture are vulnerable to forced labor in Uruguay; some human trafficking cases are reportedly linked to crime rings",
"tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List - Uruguay does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government investigated and prosecuted several trafficking cases during 2012 but reported no convictions; authorities have increased funding and staffing for the national women's institute unit that is focused on sex trafficking and domestic violence, but specialized services remain inadequate and victim care services outside the capital are uneven; officials lack formal procedures for identifying trafficking victims (2013)"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "small-scale transit country for drugs mainly bound for Europe, often through sea-borne containers; law enforcement corruption; money laundering because of strict banking secrecy laws; weak border control along Brazilian frontier; increasing consumption of cocaine base and synthetic drugs"
}
}
}

638
south-america/ve-venezuela.json Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,638 @@
{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "Venezuela was one of three countries that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others being Ecuador and New Granada, which became Colombia). For most of the first half of the 20th century, Venezuela was ruled by generally benevolent military strongmen, who promoted the oil industry and allowed for some social reforms. Democratically elected governments have held sway since 1959. Hugo CHAVEZ, president from 1999 to 2013, sought to implement his \"21st Century Socialism,\" which purported to alleviate social ills while at the same time attacking capitalist globalization and existing democratic institutions. Current concerns include: a weakening of democratic institutions, political polarization, a politicized military, rampant violent crime, overdependence on the petroleum industry with its price fluctuations, and irresponsible mining operations that are endangering the rain forest and indigenous peoples."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, between Colombia and Guyana"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "8 00 N, 66 00 W"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "South America"
},
"area": {
"total": "912,050 sq km",
"land": "882,050 sq km",
"water": "30,000 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly more than twice the size of California"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "4,993 km",
"border_countries": "Brazil 2,200 km, Colombia 2,050 km, Guyana 743 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "2,800 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "12 nm",
"contiguous_zone": "15 nm",
"exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm",
"continental_shelf": "200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation"
},
"climate": {
"text": "tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "Andes Mountains and Maracaibo Lowlands in northwest; central plains (llanos); Guiana Highlands in southeast"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Caribbean Sea 0 m",
"highest_point": "Pico Bolivar 5,007 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower, diamonds"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "2.85%",
"permanent_crops": "0.71%",
"other": "96.44% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "10,550 sq km (2008)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "1,233 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "9.06 cu km/yr (23%/4%/74%)",
"per_capita": "358.6 cu m/yr (2008)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "sewage pollution of Lago de Valencia; oil and urban pollution of Lago de Maracaibo; deforestation; soil degradation; urban and industrial pollution, especially along the Caribbean coast; threat to the rainforest ecosystem from irresponsible mining operations"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "on major sea and air routes linking North and South America; Angel Falls in the Guiana Highlands is the world's highest waterfall"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Venezuelan(s)",
"adjective": "Venezuelan"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, indigenous people"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects"
},
"religions": {
"text": "nominally Roman Catholic 96%, Protestant 2%, other 2%"
},
"demographic_profile": {
"text": "Although poverty in Venezuela has declined during the CHAVEZ administration, dropping from nearly 50% in 1999 to about 27% in 2011, it remains high and some experts question how much of a role social expenditures have played in this poverty reduction. Progress in lowering poverty, income inequality, and unemployment may in fact be more closely linked to the rise and fall of prices for oil, Venezuela's dominant export. In the long-run, education and healthcare spending may increase economic growth and reduce income inequality, but rising costs and the staffing of new healthcare jobs with foreigners are slowing development. In the meantime, social investment has led to better living standards, including increased school enrollment, a substantial reduction in infant and child mortality, and greater access to potable water and sanitation. Since CHAVEZ came to power in 1999, more than a million predominantly middle- and upper-class Venezuelans are estimated to have emigrated. The brain drain is attributed to a repressive political system, lack of economic opportunities, steep inflation, a high crime rate, and corruption. Thousands of oil engineers emigrated to Canada, Colombia, and the United States following CHAVEZ's firing of over 20,000 employees of the state-owned petroleum company during a 2002-2003 oil strike. Additionally, thousands of Venezuelans of European descent have taken up residence in their ancestral homelands. Nevertheless, Venezuela continues to attract immigrants from South America and southern Europe because of its lenient migration policy and the availability of education and healthcare. Venezuela also has been a fairly accommodating host to more than 200,000 Colombian refugees."
},
"population": {
"text": "28,459,085 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "28.6% (male 4,144,958/female 3,989,521)",
"15_24_years": "18.8% (male 2,686,366/female 2,664,062)",
"25_54_years": "39.5% (male 5,520,689/female 5,727,432)",
"55_64_years": "7.3% (male 993,176/female 1,094,586)",
"65_years_and_over": "5.8% (male 722,234/female 916,061) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "53.2 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "43.7 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "9.5 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "10.6 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "26.6 years",
"male": "25.9 years",
"female": "27.3 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.44% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "19.66 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "5.23 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "93% of total population (2010)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "1.7% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "CARACAS (capital) 3.051 million; Maracaibo 2.153 million; Valencia 1.738 million; Barquisimeto 1.159 million; Maracay 1.04 million (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.01 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "0.96 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.91 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.79 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "0.98 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "92 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "19.75 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "23.18 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "16.14 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "74.23 years",
"male": "71.12 years",
"female": "77.5 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "2.37 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "70.3% (1998)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "4.9% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "1.94 physicians/1,000 population (2001)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "1.1 beds/1,000 population (2009)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 94% of population; rural: 74% of population; total: 92% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 6% of population; rural: 26% of population; total: 8% of population (2000 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 93% of population; rural: 54% of population; total: 89% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 7% of population; rural: 46% of population; total: 11% of population (2000 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "NA; note - no country specific models provided"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "NA"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "NA"
},
"major_infectious_diseases": {
"degree_of_risk": "high",
"food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A",
"vectorborne_diseases": "dengue fever and malaria (2013)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "30.3% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "3.7% (2007)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "3.6% of GDP (2007)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "95.5%",
"male": "95.7%",
"female": "95.4% (2009 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "14.3 years (2009)"
},
"child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
"total_number": "404,092",
"percentage": "8 % (2000 est.)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "17.5%",
"male": "15.1%",
"female": "22% (2011)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela",
"conventional_short_form": "Venezuela",
"local_long_form": "Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela",
"local_short_form": "Venezuela"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "federal republic"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Caracas",
"geographic_coordinates": "10 29 N, 66 52 W",
"time_difference": "UTC-4.5 (half an hour ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "23 states (estados, singular - estado), 1 capital district* (distrito capital), and 1 federal dependency** (dependencia federal); Amazonas, Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias Federales (Federal Dependencies)**, Distrito Capital (Capital District)*, Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Vargas, Yaracuy, Zulia",
"note": "the federal dependency consists of 11 federally controlled island groups with a total of 72 individual islands"
},
"independence": {
"text": "5 July 1811 (from Spain)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day, 5 July (1811)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "30 December 1999; amended 15 February 2009"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "civil law system based on the Spanish civil code"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; state party to the ICCT"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Nicolas MADURO Moros (since 8 March 2013); Executive Vice President Jorge Alberto ARREAZA Montserrat (since 8 March 2013); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government; former Executive Vice President Nicolas MADURO Moros assumed presidential responsibilites after the death of President Hugo CHAVEZ Frias on 5 March 2013, and was officially sworn in on 8 March 2013",
"head_of_government": "President Nicolas MADURO Moros (since 8 March 2013); Executive Vice President Jorge Alberto ARREAZA Montserrat (since 8 March 2013)",
"cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president",
"elections": "president elected by popular vote for a six-year term (eligible for unlimited reelection); election last held on 14 April 2013; note - this was a special election held following the death of President Hugo CHAVEZ Frias on 5 March 2013; the next scheduled election after this is expected to be held in October 2018 pending official convocation by the country's electoral body)",
"note": "in 1999, a National Constituent Assembly drafted a new constitution that increased the presidential term to six years; an election was subsequently held on 30 July 2000 under the terms of this constitution; in 2009, a national referendum approved the elimination of term limits on all elected officials, including the presidency",
"election_results": "Nicolas MADURO Moros elected president; percent of vote - Nicolas MADURO Moros 50.08%, Henrique CAPRILES Radonski 49%, other 0.92%; note - official results pending"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "unicameral National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional (165 seats; members elected by popular vote on a proportional basis to serve five-year terms; three seats reserved for the indigenous peoples of Venezuela)",
"elections": "last held on 26 September 2010 (next to be held in 2015)",
"election_results": "percent of vote by party - pro-government 48.9%, opposition coalition 47.9%, other 3.2%; seats by party - pro-government 98, opposition 65, other 2"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Tribunal of Justice (consists of 32 judges organized into six divisions - constitutional, political administrative, electoral, civil appeals, criminal appeals, and social (mainly agrarian and labor issues)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "judges proposed by the Committee of Judicial Postulation (an independent body of organizations dealing with legal issues and of the organs of citizen power) and appointed by the National Assembly; judges serve non-renewable 12-year terms",
"subordinate_courts": "Superior or Appeals Courts (Tribunales Superiores); District Tribunals (Tribunales de Distrito); Courts of First Instance (Tribunales de Primera Instancia); Parish Courts (Tribunales de Parroquia); Justices of the Peace (Justicia de Paz) Network"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "A New Time or UNT [Omar BARBOZA]; Brave People's Alliance or ABP [Antonio LEDEZMA]; Christian Democrats or COPEI [Roberto ENRIQUEZ]; Communist Party of Venezuela or PCV [Oscar FIGUERA]; Democratic Action or AD [Henry RAMOS ALLUP]; Fatherland for All or PPT [Rafael UZCATEGUI]; For Social Democracy or PODEMOS [Ismael GARCIA]; Justice First [Julio BORGES]; Movement Toward Socialism or MAS [Nicolas SOSA]; Popular Will or VP [Leopoldo LOPEZ]; Progressive Wave or AP [Henri FALCON]; The Democratic Unity Table or MUD [Ramon Guillermo AVELEDO]; The Radical Cause [Daniel SANTOLO]; United Socialist Party of Venezuela or PSUV [Hugo CHAVEZ]; Venezuelan Progressive Movement or MPV [Simon CALZADILLA]; Venezuela Project or PV [Henrique SALAS ROMER]"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "Bolivarian and Socialist Workers' Union (a ruling party labor union); Confederacion Venezolana de Industriales or Coindustria (a conservative business group); Consejos Comunales (pro-Chavez local cooperatives); FEDECAMARAS (a conservative business group); Union of Oil Workers of Venezuela or FUTPV; Venezuelan Confederation of Workers or CTV (opposition-oriented labor organization); various civil society groups and human rights organizations"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "Caricom (observer), CD, CDB, CELAC, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, LAS (observer), Mercosur, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, Petrocaribe, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Calixto Antonio ORTEGA Rios",
"chancery": "1099 30th Street NW, Washington, DC 20007",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 342-2214",
"fax": "[1] (202) 342-6820",
"consulates_general": "Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico)"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires James M. DERHAM",
"embassy": "Calle F con Calle Suapure, Urbanizacion Colinas de Valle Arriba, Caracas 1080",
"mailing_address": "P. O. Box 62291, Caracas 1060-A; APO AA 34037",
"telephone": "[58] (212) 975-6411, 907-8400 (after hours)",
"fax": "[58] (212) 907-8199"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of eight white five-pointed stars centered in the blue band; the flag retains the three equal horizontal bands and three main colors of the banner of Gran Colombia, the South American republic that broke up in 1830; yellow is interpreted as standing for the riches of the land, blue for the courage of its people, and red for the blood shed in attaining independence; the seven stars on the original flag represented the seven provinces in Venezuela that united in the war of independence; in 2006, President Hugo CHAVEZ ordered an eighth star added to the star arc - a decision that sparked much controversy - to conform with the flag proclaimed by Simon Bolivar in 1827 and to represent the province of Guayana"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "troupial (bird)"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Gloria al bravo pueblo\" (Glory to the Brave People)",
"lyrics_music": "Vicente SALIAS/Juan Jose LANDAETA",
"note": "adopted 1881; the lyrics were written in 1810, the music some years later; both SALIAS and LANDAETA were executed in 1814 during Venezuela's struggle for independence"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Venezuela remains highly dependent on oil revenues, which account for roughly 95% of export earnings, about 45% of federal budget revenues, and around 12% of GDP. Fueled by high oil prices, record government spending helped to boost GDP growth by 4.2% in 2011, after a sharp drop in oil prices caused an economic contraction in 2009-10. Government spending, minimum wage hikes, and improved access to domestic credit created an increase in consumption which combined with supply problems to cause higher inflation - roughly 26% in 2011 and 21% in 2012. President Hugo CHAVEZ's efforts to increase the government's control of the economy by nationalizing firms in the agribusiness, financial, construction, oil, and steel sectors have hurt the private investment environment, reduced productive capacity, and slowed non-petroleum exports. In the first half of 2010 Venezuela faced the prospect of lengthy nationwide blackouts when its main hydroelectric power plant - which provides more than 35% of the country's electricity - nearly shut down. In May 2010, CHAVEZ closed the unofficial foreign exchange market - the \"parallel market\" - in an effort to stem inflation and slow the currency's depreciation. In June 2010, the government created the \"Transaction System for Foreign Currency Denominated Securities\" to replace the \"parallel\" market. In December 2010, CHAVEZ eliminated the dual exchange rate system and unified the exchange rate at 4.3 bolivars per dollar. In January 2011, CHAVEZ announced the second devaluation of the bolivar within twelve months. In December 2010, the National Assembly passed a package of five organic laws designed to complete the transformation of the Venezuelan economy in line with CHAVEZ's vision of 21st century socialism. In 2012, Venezuela continued to wrestle with a housing crisis, high inflation, an electricity crisis, and rolling food and goods shortages - all of which were fallout from the government's unorthodox economic policies. The budget deficit for the entire government reached 17% of GDP in 2012, and public debt as a percent of GDP climbed steeply to 49%, despite record oil prices."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$408.5 billion (2012 est.); $387.1 billion (2011 est.); $371.5 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$382.4 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "5.5% (2012 est.); 4.2% (2011 est.); -1.5% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$13,800 (2012 est.); $13,300 (2011 est.); $13,000 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "28.9% of GDP (2012 est.); 30.8% of GDP (2011 est.); 24.2% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "58.9%",
"government_consumption": "12.2%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "19.9%",
"investment_in_inventories": "6.1%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "25.8%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-22.9% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "3.7%",
"industry": "35.5%",
"services": "60.8% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "corn, sorghum, sugarcane, rice, bananas, vegetables, coffee; beef, pork, milk, eggs; fish"
},
"industries": {
"text": "petroleum, construction materials, food processing, textiles; iron ore mining, steel, aluminum; motor vehicle assembly, chemical products, paper products"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "4.7% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "13.49 million (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "7.3%",
"industry": "21.8%",
"services": "70.9% (4th quarter, 2011 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "7.8% (2012 est.); 8.2% (2011 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "31.6% (2011 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "1.7%",
"highest_10%": "32.7% (2006)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "39 (2011); 49.5 (1998)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$109.8 billion",
"expenditures": "$165.3 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "28.7% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-14.5% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "26.8% of GDP (2012 est.); 25.1% of GDP (2011 est.)",
"note": "data cover central government debt, as well as the debt of state-owned oil company PDVSA; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include some debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; some debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "21.1% (2012 est.); 26.1% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "29.5% (31 December 2010); 29.5% (31 December 2009)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "16.38% (31 December 2012 est.); 17.15% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$163 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $110.8 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$188.2 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $115.9 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$147.1 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $92.82 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$5.143 billion (31 December 2011); $3.991 billion (31 December 2010); $8.86 billion (31 December 2010)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "$20.6 billion (2012 est.); $27.21 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$97.34 billion (2012 est.); $92.81 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "petroleum, bauxite and aluminum, minerals, chemicals, agricultural products, basic manufactures"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "US 39.3%, China 14.4%, India 12%, Netherlands Antilles 7.6%, Cuba 4.5% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$59.31 billion (2012 est.); $46.78 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "agricultural products, livestock, raw materials, machinery and equipment, transport equipment, construction materials, medical equipment, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, iron and steel products"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "US 31.2%, China 16.5%, Brazil 8.9% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$29.89 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $29.89 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$75.75 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $67.91 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$47.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $45.2 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$21.25 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $19.81 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "bolivars (VEB) per US dollar -; 4.289 (2012 est.); 4.289 (2011 est.); 2.5821 (2010 est.); 2.147 (2009); 2.147 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "127.6 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "85.05 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "633 million kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "260 million kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "27.5 million kW (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "35.7% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "64.3% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "2.47 million bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "1.645 million bbl/day (2010 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "209.4 billion bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "1.176 million bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "571,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "638,000 bbl/day (2010 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "16,660 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "31.2 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "33.1 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "1.446 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "5.524 trillion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "158.4 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "7.332 million (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "28.782 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "modern and expanding",
"domestic": "domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations; recent substantial improvement in telephone service in rural areas; substantial increase in digitalization of exchanges and trunk lines; installation of a national interurban fiber-optic network capable of digital multimedia services; combined fixed and mobile-cellular telephone subscribership 130 per 100 persons",
"international": "country code - 58; submarine cable systems provide connectivity to the Caribbean, Central and South America, and US; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 PanAmSat; participating with Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia in the construction of an international fiber-optic network; constructing submarine cable to provide connectivity to Cuba with an estimated date of completion in late 2011 (2010)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "government supervises a mixture of state-run and private broadcast media; 1 state-run TV network, 4 privately owned TV networks, a privately owned news channel with limited national coverage, and a government-backed pan-American channel; state-run radio network includes 65 news stations and roughly another 30 stations targeted at specific audiences; state-sponsored community broadcasters include 244 radio stations and 36 TV stations; the number of private broadcast radio stations has been declining, but many still remain in operation (2010)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".ve"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "1.016 million (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "8.918 million (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "444 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "127",
"over_3_047_m": "6",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "9",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "33",
"914_to_1_523_m": "62",
"under_914_m": "17 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "317",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "3",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "57",
"914_to_1_523_m": "127",
"under_914_m": "130 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "3 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "extra heavy crude 981 km; gas 5,941 km; oil 7,588 km; refined products 1,778 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "806 km",
"standard_gauge": "806 km 1.435-m gauge (41 km electrified) (2008)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "96,155 km",
"paved": "32,308 km",
"unpaved": "63,847 km (2002)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "7,100 km (the Orinoco River (400 km) and Lake de Maracaibo are navigable by oceangoing vessels) (2011)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "53",
"by_type": "bulk carrier 4, cargo 12, chemical tanker 1, liquefied gas 5, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 14, petroleum tanker 16",
"foreign_owned": "9 (Denmark 1, Estonia 1, Germany 1, Greece 4, Mexico 1, Spain 1)",
"registered_in_other_countries": "14 (Panama 13, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"text": "La Guaira, Maracaibo, Puerto Cabello, Punta Cardon",
"oil_terminals": "Jose terminal"
},
"transportation_note": {
"text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Caribbean Sea as a significant risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; numerous vessels, including commercial shipping and pleasure craft, have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; crews have been robbed and stores or cargoes stolen"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Bolivarian National Armed Forces (Fuerza Armada Nacional Bolivariana, FANB): Bolivarian Army (Ejercito Bolivariano, EB), Bolivarian Navy (Armada Bolivariana, AB; includes Naval Infantry, Coast Guard, Naval Aviation), Bolivarian Military Aviation (Aviacion Militar Bolivariana, AMB; includes Air National Guard), Bolivarian National Guard (Guardia Nacional Bolivaria, GNB) (2013)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18-30 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; 30-month conscript service obligation; Navy requires 6th-grade education for enlisted personnel; all citizens of military service age (18-60 years old) are obligated to register for military service (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "7,013,854",
"females_age_16_49": "7,165,661 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "5,614,743",
"females_age_16_49": "6,074,834 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "277,210",
"female": "273,353 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "0.7% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "claims all of the area west of the Essequibo River in Guyana, preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana has expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims before the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea that Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with Venezuela extends into their waters; dispute with Colombia over maritime boundary and Venezuelan administered Los Monjes islands near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian organized illegal narcotics and paramilitary activities penetrate Venezuela's shared border region; in 2006, an estimated 139,000 Colombians sought protection in 150 communities along the border in Venezuela; US, France, and the Netherlands recognize Venezuela's granting full effect to Aves Island, thereby claiming a Venezuelan Economic Exclusion Zone/continental shelf extending over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea; Dominica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines protest Venezuela's full effect claim"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"refugees_country_of_origin": "203,563 (Colombia) (2012)"
},
"trafficking_in_persons": {
"current_situation": "Venezuela is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; Venezuelan women and girls are trafficked within the country for sexual exploitation, lured from the nation's interior to urban and tourist areas; women from Colombia, Peru, Haiti, China, and South Africa are also reported to have been sexually exploited in Venezuela; some Venezuelan women are transported to Caribbean islands, particularly Aruba, Curacao, and Trinidad & Tobago, where they are subjected to forced prostitution; some Venezuelan children are forced to beg on the streets or work as domestic servants, while Ecuadorian children, who are often from indigenous communities, are subjected to forced labor",
"tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List - Venezuela does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government has increased the investigation of forced labor crimes but has not publicly document progress on prosecutions and convictions of trafficking offenders or on victim identification or assistance; the government also does not report on the existence of formal procedures for identifying trafficking victims and referring them to victim services; authorities provide limited funding to some NGOs providing victim services; public service announcements and an awareness campaign on human trafficking have continued (2013)"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "small-scale illicit producer of opium and coca for the processing of opiates and coca derivatives; however, large quantities of cocaine, heroin, and marijuana transit the country from Colombia bound for US and Europe; significant narcotics-related money-laundering activity, especially along the border with Colombia and on Margarita Island; active eradication program primarily targeting opium; increasing signs of drug-related activities by Colombian insurgents on border"
}
}
}