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auto-update week 31
This commit is contained in:
Yo Robot
parent
40adf5f885
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@ -508,7 +508,7 @@
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"text": "34 provinces (<em>welayat</em>, singular - <em>welayat</em>); Badakhshan, Badghis, Baghlan, Balkh, Bamyan, Daykundi, Farah, Faryab, Ghazni, Ghor, Helmand, Herat, Jowzjan, Kabul, Kandahar, Kapisa, Khost, Kunar, Kunduz, Laghman, Logar, Nangarhar, Nimroz, Nuristan, Paktika, Paktiya, Panjshir, Parwan, Samangan, Sar-e Pul, Takhar, Uruzgan, Wardak, Zabul"
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},
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"Legal system": {
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"text": "<p>the Taliban is implementing its own interpretation of Islamic law, which is partially based on the Hanifi school of Islamic jurisprudence and have enforced strict punishments; before the Taliban takeover, Afghanistan had a mixed legal system of civil, customary, and Islamic law</p> (2021)"
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"text": "the Taliban is implementing its own interpretation of Islamic law, which is partially based on the Hanifi school of Islamic jurisprudence and have enforced strict punishments; before the Taliban takeover, Afghanistan had a mixed legal system of civil, customary, and Islamic law (2021)"
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},
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"Constitution": {
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"history": {
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@ -595,7 +595,7 @@
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"National color(s)": {
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"text": "red, green, black"
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},
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"National anthem": {
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"National anthem(s)": {
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"title": {
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"text": "\"Milli Surood\" (National Anthem)"
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},
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@ -604,8 +604,7 @@
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},
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"history": {
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"text": "adopted 2006"
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},
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 2006"
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}
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},
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"National heritage": {
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"total World Heritage Sites": {
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
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{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "<p>The huge delta region at the confluence of the Ganges and Brahmaputra River systems -- now referred to as Bangladesh -- was a loosely incorporated outpost of various empires for much of the first millennium A.D. Muslim conversions and settlement in the region began in the 10th century, primarily from Arab and Persian traders and preachers. Europeans established trading posts in the area in the 16th century. Eventually the area known as Bengal, which is primarily Hindu in the western section and mostly Muslim in the eastern half, became part of British India. After the partition of India in 1947, the Muslim-majority area became East Pakistan. Calls for greater autonomy and animosity between the eastern and western areas of Pakistan led to a Bengali independence movement. That movement, led by the Awami League (AL) and supported by India, won the independence war for Bangladesh in 1971.</p> <p>The military overthrew the post-independence AL government in 1975, the first of a series of military coups that resulted in a military-backed government and the subsequent creation of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) that took power in 1979. That government also ended in a coup in 1981, followed by military-backed rule until democratic elections were held in 1991. The BNP and AL alternated in power from 1991 to 2008, with the exception of a military-backed, emergency caretaker regime in 2007. The country returned to fully democratic rule in 2008 with the election of the AL and Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA. With the help of international development assistance, Bangladesh is on track to graduate from the UN’s Least Developed Countries (LDC) list in 2026. <br><br>The economy has grown at an annual average of about 6.25% for the last two decades. Poverty declined from 11.8 percent in 2010 to 5.0 percent in 2022, based on the international poverty line of $2.15 a day (using 2017 Purchasing Power Parity exchange rate). Moreover, human development outcomes improved along many dimensions. The country made a rapid recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, but faces several economic challenges.</p> <p> </p>"
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"text": "The huge delta region at the confluence of the Ganges and Brahmaputra River systems -- now referred to as Bangladesh -- was a loosely incorporated outpost of various empires for much of the first millennium A.D. Muslim conversions and settlement in the region began in the 10th century, primarily from Arab and Persian traders and preachers. Europeans established trading posts in the area in the 16th century. Eventually the area known as Bengal, which is primarily Hindu in the western section and mostly Muslim in the eastern half, became part of British India. After the partition of India in 1947, the Muslim-majority area became East Pakistan. Calls for greater autonomy and animosity between the eastern and western areas of Pakistan led to a Bengali independence movement. That movement, led by the Awami League (AL) and supported by India, won the independence war for Bangladesh in 1971. <br><br>The military overthrew the post-independence AL government in 1975, the first of a series of military coups that resulted in a military-backed government and the subsequent creation of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) that took power in 1979. That government also ended in a coup in 1981, followed by military-backed rule until democratic elections were held in 1991. The BNP and AL alternated in power from 1991 to 2008, with the exception of a military-backed, emergency caretaker regime in 2007. The country returned to fully democratic rule in 2008 with the election of the AL and Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA. With the help of international development assistance, Bangladesh is on track to graduate from the UN’s Least Developed Countries (LDC) list in 2026. <br><br>The economy has grown at an annual average of about 6.25% for the last two decades. Poverty declined from 11.8 percent in 2010 to 5.0 percent in 2022, based on the international poverty line of $2.15 a day (using 2017 Purchasing Power Parity exchange rate). The country made a rapid recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, but still faces economic challenges."
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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@ -578,7 +578,7 @@
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}
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},
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"Political parties": {
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"text": "<p>Awami League or AL<br>Bangladesh Jamaat-i-Islami or JIB<br>Bangladesh Nationalist Party or BNP<br>Islami Andolan Bangladesh<br>Jatiya Party or JP (Ershad faction)<br>Jatiya Party or JP (Manju faction)<br>National Socialist Party (Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal) or JSD<br>Workers Party or WP</p> <p> </p>"
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"text": "Awami League or AL<br>Bangladesh Jamaat-i-Islami or JIB<br>Bangladesh Nationalist Party or BNP<br>Islami Andolan Bangladesh<br>Jatiya Party or JP (Ershad faction)<br>Jatiya Party or JP (Manju faction)<br>National Socialist Party (Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal) or JSD<br>Workers Party or WP"
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},
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"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
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"chief of mission": {
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@ -627,7 +627,8 @@
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"text": "16 December 1971 (from Pakistan)"
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},
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"National holiday": {
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"text": "Independence Day, 26 March (1971); Victory Day, 16 December (1971); note - 26 March 1971 is the date of the Awami League's declaration of an independent Bangladesh, and 16 December (Victory Day) memorializes the military victory over Pakistan and the official creation of the state of Bangladesh"
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"text": "Independence Day, 26 March (1971); Victory Day, 16 December (1971)",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 26 March 1971 is the date of the Awami League's declaration of an independent Bangladesh, and 16 December (Victory Day) memorializes the military victory over Pakistan and the official creation of the state of Bangladesh"
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},
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"Flag description": {
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"text": "green field with a large red disk shifted slightly to the hoist side; the red disk represents the rising sun and the sacrifice to achieve independence; the green field symbolizes the lush vegetation of Bangladesh"
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@ -641,7 +642,7 @@
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"National coat of arms": {
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"text": "the water lily is the national flower and symbolizes promise, aesthetics, and elegance; the water under the lily, the rice sheaves on the sides, and the jute leaves at the top represent the Bangladeshi landscape and economy; the four stars represent the aims and ambition of the nation"
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},
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"National anthem": {
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"National anthem(s)": {
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"title": {
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"text": "\"Amar Shonar Bangla\" (My Golden Bengal)"
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},
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@ -650,8 +651,7 @@
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},
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"history": {
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"text": "adopted 1971; Rabindranath TAGORE, a Nobel laureate, also wrote India's national anthem"
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},
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1971; Rabindranath TAGORE, a Nobel laureate, also wrote India's national anthem"
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}
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},
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"National heritage": {
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"total World Heritage Sites": {
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
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{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "<p>After Britain’s victory in the 1865 Duar War, Britain and Bhutan signed the Treaty of Sinchulu, under which Bhutan would receive an annual subsidy in exchange for ceding land to British India. Ugyen WANGCHUCK -- who had served as the de facto ruler of an increasingly unified Bhutan and had improved relations with the British toward the end of the 19th century -- was named king in 1907. Three years later, a treaty was signed whereby the British agreed not to interfere in Bhutanese internal affairs, and Bhutan allowed Britain to direct its foreign affairs. Bhutan negotiated a similar arrangement with independent India in 1949. The Indo-Bhutanese Treaty of Friendship returned to Bhutan a small piece of the territory annexed by the British, formalized the annual subsidies the country received, and defined India's responsibilities in defense and foreign relations. Under a succession of modernizing monarchs beginning in the 1950s, Bhutan joined the UN in 1971 and slowly continued its engagement beyond its borders.</p> <p>In 2005, King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK unveiled the draft of Bhutan's first constitution -- which introduced major democratic reforms -- and held a national referendum for its approval. The King abdicated the throne in 2006 in favor of his son, Jigme Khesar Namgyel WANGCHUCK. In 2007, India and Bhutan renegotiated their treaty, eliminating the clause that stated that Bhutan would be \"guided by\" India in conducting its foreign policy, although Thimphu continues to coordinate closely with New Delhi. In 2008, Bhutan held its first parliamentary election in accordance with the constitution. Bhutan experienced a peaceful turnover of power following a parliamentary election in 2013, which resulted in the defeat of the incumbent party. In 2018, the incumbent party again lost the parliamentary election. In 2024, of the more than 100,000 ethnic Nepali -- predominantly Lhotshampa -- refugees who fled or were forced out of Bhutan in the 1990s, about 6,500 remain displaced in Nepal.</p>"
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"text": "After Britain’s victory in the 1865 Duar War, Britain and Bhutan signed the Treaty of Sinchulu, under which Bhutan would receive an annual subsidy in exchange for ceding land to British India. Ugyen WANGCHUCK -- who had served as the de facto ruler of an increasingly unified Bhutan and had improved relations with the British toward the end of the 19th century -- was named king in 1907. Three years later, a treaty was signed whereby the British agreed not to interfere in Bhutanese internal affairs, and Bhutan allowed Britain to direct its foreign affairs. Bhutan negotiated a similar arrangement with independent India in 1949. The Indo-Bhutanese Treaty of Friendship returned to Bhutan a small piece of the territory annexed by the British, formalized the annual subsidies the country received, and defined India's responsibilities in defense and foreign relations. Under a succession of modernizing monarchs beginning in the 1950s, Bhutan joined the UN in 1971 and slowly continued its engagement beyond its borders. <br><br>In 2005, King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK unveiled the draft of Bhutan's first constitution -- which introduced major democratic reforms -- and held a national referendum for its approval. The King abdicated the throne in 2006 in favor of his son, Jigme Khesar Namgyel WANGCHUCK. In 2007, India and Bhutan renegotiated their treaty, eliminating the clause that stated that Bhutan would be \"guided by\" India in conducting its foreign policy, although Thimphu continues to coordinate closely with New Delhi. In 2008, Bhutan held its first parliamentary election in accordance with the constitution. Bhutan experienced a peaceful turnover of power following a parliamentary election in 2013, which resulted in the defeat of the incumbent party. In 2018, the incumbent party again lost the parliamentary election. In 2024, of the more than 100,000 ethnic Nepali -- predominantly Lhotshampa -- refugees who fled or were forced out of Bhutan in the 1990s, about 6,500 remain displaced in Nepal."
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Supreme Court has sole jurisdiction in constitutional matters"
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},
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"Political parties": {
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"text": "<p>Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party (Druk Phuensum Tshogpa) or DPT<br>Bhutan Tendrel Party or BTP<br>Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa or DTT<br>People's Democratic Party or PDP<br>United Party of Bhutan (Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa) or DNT</p>"
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"text": "Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party (Druk Phuensum Tshogpa) or DPT<br>Bhutan Tendrel Party or BTP<br>Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa or DTT<br>People's Democratic Party or PDP<br>United Party of Bhutan (Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa) or DNT"
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},
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"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
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"chief of mission": {
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@ -632,7 +632,7 @@
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"National color(s)": {
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"text": "orange, yellow"
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},
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"National anthem": {
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"National anthem(s)": {
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"title": {
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"text": "\"Druk tsendhen\" (The Thunder Dragon Kingdom)"
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},
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@ -641,8 +641,7 @@
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},
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"history": {
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"text": "adopted 1953"
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},
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1953"
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}
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}
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},
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"Economy": {
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@ -662,7 +662,7 @@
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"National color(s)": {
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"text": "maroon, yellow"
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},
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"National anthem": {
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"National anthem(s)": {
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"title": {
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"text": "\"Sri Lanka Matha\" (Mother Sri Lanka)"
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},
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},
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"history": {
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"text": "adopted 1951"
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},
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1951"
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}
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},
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"National heritage": {
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"total World Heritage Sites": {
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"text": "a very high population density exists throughout most of the country, with the notable exception of the deserts in the northwest and the mountain fringe in the north; the core of the population is in the north along the banks of the Ganges, with other river valleys and southern coastal areas also having large population concentrations"
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},
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"Natural hazards": {
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"text": "<p>droughts; flash floods, as well as widespread and destructive flooding from monsoonal rains; severe thunderstorms; earthquakes</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Barren Island (354 m) in the Andaman Sea has been active in recent years</p>"
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"text": "droughts; flash floods, as well as widespread and destructive flooding from monsoonal rains; severe thunderstorms; earthquakes <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> Barren Island (354 m) in the Andaman Sea has been active in recent years"
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},
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"Geography - note": {
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"text": "dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Ocean trade routes; Kanchenjunga, third tallest mountain in the world, lies on the border with Nepal"
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@ -715,7 +715,7 @@
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"National color(s)": {
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"text": "saffron, white, green"
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},
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"National anthem": {
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"National anthem(s)": {
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"title": {
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"text": "\"Jana-Gana-Mana\" (Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People)"
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},
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@ -724,8 +724,7 @@
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},
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"history": {
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"text": "adopted 1950; Rabindranath TAGORE, a Nobel laureate, also wrote Bangladesh's national anthem"
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},
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1950; Rabindranath TAGORE, a Nobel laureate, also wrote Bangladesh's national anthem"
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}
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},
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"National heritage": {
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"total World Heritage Sites": {
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{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "<p>Formerly administered as part of the British Crown Colony of Mauritius, the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) was established as an overseas territory of the UK in 1965. A number of the islands in the territory were later transferred to the Seychelles when it gained independence in 1976. Subsequently, BIOT has consisted of the six main island groups that make up the Chagos Archipelago. Only Diego Garcia, the largest and most southerly of the islands, is inhabited. It contains a joint UK-US naval support facility and hosts one of four dedicated ground antennas that assist in the operation of the Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation system -- the others are on Kwajalein (Marshall Islands); at Cape Canaveral, Florida (US); and on Ascension Island (Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha). The US Air Force also operates a telescope array on Diego Garcia as part of the Ground-Based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance System (GEODSS) for tracking orbital debris, which can be a hazard to spacecraft and astronauts.</p> <p>Between 1967 and 1973, the former agricultural workers who lived on the islands were relocated, primarily to Mauritius but also to the Seychelles. Negotiations with the UK between 1971 and 1982 resulted in the establishment of a trust fund to compensate the displaced islanders, known as Chagossians. Beginning in 1998, the islanders pursued a series of lawsuits against the British Government, seeking further compensation and the right to return to the territory. British court rulings in 2006 and 2007 invalidated immigration policies that had excluded the islanders from the archipelago, but in 2008, the House of Lords -- the final court of appeal in the UK -- ruled in favor of the British Government by overturning the lower court rulings and finding no right of return for the Chagossians. In 2015, the Permanent Court of Arbitration unanimously held that the marine protected area that the UK declared around the Chagos Archipelago in 2010 violated the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.<br><br>In 2019, the International Court of Justice ruled in an advisory opinion that Britain’s decolonization of Mauritius was not lawful because of continued Chagossian claims. A non-binding 2019 UN General Assembly vote demanded that Britain end its “colonial administration” of the Chagos Archipelago and that it be returned to Mauritius. On 22 May 2025, the United Kingdom and Mauritius signed an agreement that will lead to the transfer of sovereignty of the Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius. Under the agreement, the United Kingdom will lease Diego Garcia from Mauritius for 99 years and maintain full operational control of the joint UK-US military base.</p>"
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"text": "Formerly administered as part of the British Crown Colony of Mauritius, the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) was established as an overseas territory of the UK in 1965. A number of the islands in the territory were later transferred to the Seychelles when it gained independence in 1976. Subsequently, BIOT has consisted of the six main island groups that make up the Chagos Archipelago. Only Diego Garcia, the largest and most southerly of the islands, is inhabited. It contains a joint UK-US naval support facility and hosts one of four dedicated ground antennas that assist in the operation of the Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation system -- the others are on Kwajalein (Marshall Islands); at Cape Canaveral, Florida (US); and on Ascension Island (Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha). The US Air Force also operates a telescope array on Diego Garcia as part of the Ground-Based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance System (GEODSS) for tracking orbital debris, which can be a hazard to spacecraft and astronauts. <br><br>Between 1967 and 1973, the former agricultural workers who lived on the islands were relocated, primarily to Mauritius but also to the Seychelles. Negotiations with the UK between 1971 and 1982 resulted in the establishment of a trust fund to compensate the displaced islanders, known as Chagossians. Beginning in 1998, the islanders pursued a series of lawsuits against the British Government, seeking further compensation and the right to return to the territory. British court rulings in 2006 and 2007 invalidated immigration policies that had excluded the islanders from the archipelago, but in 2008, the House of Lords -- the final court of appeal in the UK -- ruled in favor of the British Government by overturning the lower court rulings and finding no right of return for the Chagossians. In 2015, the Permanent Court of Arbitration unanimously held that the marine protected area that the UK declared around the Chagos Archipelago in 2010 violated the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.<br><br>In 2019, the International Court of Justice ruled in an advisory opinion that Britain’s decolonization of Mauritius was not lawful because of continued Chagossian claims. A non-binding 2019 UN General Assembly vote demanded that Britain end its “colonial administration” of the Chagos Archipelago and that it be returned to Mauritius. On 22 May 2025, the United Kingdom and Mauritius signed an agreement that will lead to the transfer of sovereignty of the Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius. Under the agreement, the United Kingdom will lease Diego Garcia from Mauritius for 99 years and maintain full operational control of the joint UK-US military base."
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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"text": "archipelago in the Indian Ocean, south of India, about halfway between Africa and Indonesia"
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},
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"Geographic coordinates": {
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"text": "6 00 S, 71 30 E;note - Diego Garcia 7 20 S, 72 25 E"
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"text": "6 00 S, 71 30 E",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Diego Garcia 7 20 S, 72 25 E"
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},
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"Map references": {
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"text": "Political Map of the World"
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"Flag description": {
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"text": "white with six blue, wavy, horizontal stripes; the UK flag is in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the striped section has a palm tree and yellow crown (the symbols of the territory) centered on the outer half of the flag; the wavy stripes represent the Indian Ocean; although not officially described, the six blue stripes may stand for the six main atolls of the archipelago"
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},
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"National anthem": {
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"National anthem(s)": {
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"title": {
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"text": "\"God Save the King\""
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},
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},
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"history": {
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"text": "official anthem, as a UK overseas territory"
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},
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> \"God Save the King\" is the official anthem for BIOT, as an overseas territory of the United Kingdom (see United Kingdom)"
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}
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}
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},
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"Economy": {
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}
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},
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"Political parties": {
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"text": "<p>Adhaalath (Justice) Party or AP<br>Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party or DRP<br>Maldives Development Alliance or MDA<br>Maldivian Democratic Party or MDP<br>Maldives Third Way Democrats or MTD<br>People's National Congress or PNC<br>People's National Front<br>Republican (Jumhooree) Party or JP</p>"
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"text": "Adhaalath (Justice) Party or AP<br>Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party or DRP<br>Maldives Development Alliance or MDA<br>Maldivian Democratic Party or MDP<br>Maldives Third Way Democrats or MTD<br>People's National Congress or PNC<br>People's National Front<br>Republican (Jumhooree) Party or JP"
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},
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"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
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"chief of mission": {
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"National color(s)": {
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"text": "red, green, white"
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},
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"National anthem": {
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"National anthem(s)": {
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"title": {
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"text": "\"Gaumee Salaam\" (National Salute)"
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},
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},
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"history": {
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"text": "lyrics adopted 1948, music adopted 1972; between 1948 and 1972, the lyrics were sung to the tune of \"Auld Lang Syne\""
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},
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> lyrics adopted 1948, music adopted 1972; between 1948 and 1972, the lyrics were sung to the tune of \"Auld Lang Syne\""
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}
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}
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},
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"Economy": {
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@ -625,7 +625,7 @@
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}
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},
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"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) or CPN-MC<br>Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) or CPN-UML<br>Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist) or CPN-US<br>Janamat Party<br>Janata Samajbaadi Party or JSP<br>Loktantrik Samajwadi Party or LSP<br>Naya Shakti Party, Nepal<br>Nepali Congress or NC<br>Nepal Mazdoor Kisan Party (Nepal Workers' and Peasants' Party) or NWPP<br>Rastriya Janamorcha (National People's Front)<br>Rastriya Prajatantra Party (National Democratic Party) or RPP<br>Rastriya Swatantra Party or RSP</p>"
|
||||
"text": "Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) or CPN-MC<br>Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) or CPN-UML<br>Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist) or CPN-US<br>Janamat Party<br>Janata Samajbaadi Party or JSP<br>Loktantrik Samajwadi Party or LSP<br>Naya Shakti Party, Nepal<br>Nepali Congress or NC<br>Nepal Mazdoor Kisan Party (Nepal Workers' and Peasants' Party) or NWPP<br>Rastriya Janamorcha (National People's Front)<br>Rastriya Prajatantra Party (National Democratic Party) or RPP<br>Rastriya Swatantra Party or RSP"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -674,7 +674,8 @@
|
|||
"text": "1768 (unified by Prithvi Narayan SHAH)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"National holiday": {
|
||||
"text": "Constitution Day, 20 September (2015); note - marks the promulgation of Nepal’s constitution in 2015 and replaces the previous 28 May Republic Day as the official national day in Nepal; the Gregorian day fluctuates based on Nepal’s Hindu calendar"
|
||||
"text": "Constitution Day, 20 September (2015)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> replaces the previous Republic Day on 28 May as the official national day in Nepal; the Gregorian date fluctuates based on Nepal’s Hindu calendar"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Flag description": {
|
||||
"text": "crimson red with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping right triangles; the smaller upper triangle has a white stylized moon, and the larger, lower triangle displays a white 12-pointed sun; the color red represents the rhododendron (the national flower) and victory and bravery, and the blue border signifies peace and harmony; the two triangles are a combination of two pennants that originally symbolized the Himalaya Mountains, but today they refer to Hinduism and Buddhism, the country's two main religions; the moon stands for the serenity of the people and the Himalayan shade and cool weather, and the sun for the heat and higher temperatures of the rest of the country",
|
||||
|
|
@ -686,7 +687,7 @@
|
|||
"National color(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "red"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"National anthem": {
|
||||
"National anthem(s)": {
|
||||
"title": {
|
||||
"text": "\"Sayaun Thunga Phool Ka\" (Hundreds of Flowers)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -695,8 +696,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "adopted 2007, replacing a previous anthem that praised the king; the monarchy was abolished in 2006"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 2007, replacing a previous anthem that praised the king; the monarchy was abolished in 2006"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"National heritage": {
|
||||
"total World Heritage Sites": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -550,7 +550,8 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Suffrage": {
|
||||
"text": "18 years of age; universal; note - there are joint electorates and reserved parliamentary seats for women and non-Muslims"
|
||||
"text": "18 years of age; universal",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> women and non-Muslims have joint electorates and reserved parliamentary seats"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Executive branch": {
|
||||
"chief of state": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -701,7 +702,8 @@
|
|||
"text": "14 August 1947 (from British India)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"National holiday": {
|
||||
"text": "Pakistan Day (also referred to as Pakistan Resolution Day or Republic Day), 23 March (1940); note - commemorates both the adoption of the Lahore Resolution by the All-India Muslim League during its 22-24 March 1940 session, which called for the creation of independent Muslim states, and the adoption of the first constitution of Pakistan on 23 March 1956 during the transition to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan"
|
||||
"text": "Pakistan Day (also referred to as Pakistan Resolution Day or Republic Day), 23 March (1940, 1956)",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> commemorates the All-India Muslim League adopting the Lahore Resolution during its 22-24 March 1940 session, which called for the creation of independent Muslim states, and also the adoption of Pakistan's first constitution on 23 March 1956, during the transition to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Flag description": {
|
||||
"text": "green with a vertical white band on the hoist side, symbolizing the role of religious minorities; a large white crescent and star are centered in the green field, all of which are traditional Islamic symbols"
|
||||
|
|
@ -712,7 +714,7 @@
|
|||
"National color(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "green, white"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"National anthem": {
|
||||
"National anthem(s)": {
|
||||
"title": {
|
||||
"text": "\"Qaumi Tarana\" (National Anthem)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -721,8 +723,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "adopted 1954; also known as \"Pak sarzamin shad bad\" (Blessed Be the Sacred Land)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1954; also known as \"Pak sarzamin shad bad\" (Blessed Be the Sacred Land)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"National heritage": {
|
||||
"total World Heritage Sites": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1258,7 +1259,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "1,300 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 290 South Sudan (UNMISS); 590 Sudan (UNISFA) (2024)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "the Pakistan military is responsible for external defense but also has a domestic security role; its chief external focus is India; the military is the lead security agency in many areas of the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and has conducted counterinsurgency operations for decades against various internal militant groups; it is also one of the longest serving and largest contributors to UN peacekeeping missions; China is its closest security partner<br><br>the military operates largely independently and without effective civilian oversight; it has ruled the country for more than 30 years since independence in 1947 and continues to play a significant role in Pakistan's political arena; it also has a large stake in the country’s economic sector and is involved in a diverse array of commercial activities, including banking, construction of public projects, employment services, energy and power generation, fertilizer, food, housing, real estate, and security services<br><br>Pakistan has fought four wars and several skirmishes with India; three of the wars have been over the disputed region of Jammu and Kashmir, the status of which has been unsettled since the UK's 1947 withdrawal and the partition and independence of India and Pakistan; a fragile cease-fire was reached in 2003, revised in 2018, and reaffirmed in 2021, although the militarized Line of Control which serves as the border remains contested, and India has accused Pakistan of backing armed separatists and terrorist organizations in the territory New Delhi controls; in the Spring of 2025, Indian held Pakistan responsible for a terrorist attack in India-controlled Kashmir and retaliated, sparking a brief cross-border conflict involving aircraft, artillery, drone, and missile strikes<br><br>the Kashmir dispute also includes the Siachen Glacier, located in the Karakoram Mountain Range, which was seized by India in 1984 with Pakistan attempting to retake the area several times between 1985 and 1995; despite the 2003 cease-fire, both sides continue to maintain a permanent military presence there with outposts at altitudes above 20,000 feet (over 6,000 meters) where most casualties are due to extreme weather and the hazards of operating in the high mountain terrain of the world’s highest conflict, including avalanches, exposure, and altitude sickness (2025)"
|
||||
"text": "the Pakistan military is responsible for external defense but also has a domestic security role; its chief external focus is India; the military is the lead security agency in many areas of the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and has for decades conducted operations against various internal militant groups; it is also one of the longest serving and largest contributors to UN peacekeeping missions; China is its closest security partner<br><br>the military operates largely independently and without effective civilian oversight; it has ruled the country for more than 30 years since independence in 1947 and continues to play a significant role in Pakistan's political arena; it also has a large stake in the country’s economic sector and is involved in a diverse array of commercial activities, including banking, construction of public projects, employment services, energy and power generation, fertilizer, food, housing, real estate, and security services<br><br>Pakistan has fought four wars and several skirmishes with India; three of the wars have been over the disputed region of Jammu and Kashmir, the status of which has been unsettled since the UK's 1947 withdrawal and the partition and independence of India and Pakistan; a fragile cease-fire was reached in 2003, revised in 2018, and reaffirmed in 2021, although the militarized Line of Control which serves as the border remains contested, and India has accused Pakistan of backing armed separatists and terrorist organizations in the territory New Delhi controls; in the Spring of 2025, Indian held Pakistan responsible for a terrorist attack in India-controlled Kashmir and retaliated, sparking a brief cross-border conflict involving aircraft, artillery, drone, and missile strikes<br><br>the Kashmir dispute also includes the Siachen Glacier, located in the Karakoram Mountain Range, which was seized by India in 1984 with Pakistan attempting to retake the area several times between 1985 and 1995; despite the 2003 cease-fire, both sides continue to maintain a permanent military presence there with outposts at altitudes above 20,000 feet (over 6,000 meters) where most casualties are due to extreme weather and the hazards of operating in the high mountain terrain of the world’s highest conflict, including avalanches, exposure, and altitude sickness (2025)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Space": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue