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europe/fr.json
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{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "<p>France today is one of the most modern countries in the world and is a leader among European nations. It plays an influential global role as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, NATO, the G-7, the G-20, the EU, and other multilateral organizations. France rejoined NATO's integrated military command structure in 2009, reversing then President Charles DE GAULLE's 1966 decision to withdraw French forces from NATO. Since 1958, it has constructed a hybrid presidential-parliamentary governing system resistant to the instabilities experienced in earlier, more purely parliamentary administrations. In recent decades, its reconciliation and cooperation with Germany have proved central to the economic integration of Europe, including the introduction of a common currency, the euro, in January 1999. In the early 21st century, five French overseas entities -- French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion -- became French regions and were made part of France proper.</p>"
"text": "France today is one of the most modern countries in the world and is a leader among European nations. It plays an influential global role as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, NATO, the G-7, the G-20, the EU, and other multilateral organizations. France rejoined NATO's integrated military command structure in 2009, reversing then President Charles DE GAULLE's 1966 decision to withdraw French forces from NATO. Since 1958, it has constructed a hybrid presidential-parliamentary governing system resistant to the instabilities experienced in earlier, more purely parliamentary administrations. In recent decades, its reconciliation and cooperation with Germany have proved central to the economic integration of Europe, including the introduction of a common currency, the euro, in January 1999. In the early 21st century, five French overseas entities -- French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion -- became French regions and were made part of France proper."
}
},
"Geography": {
"Location": {
"text": "<p><strong>metropolitan France:</strong> Western Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay and English Channel, between Belgium and Spain, southeast of the UK; bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Italy and Spain; </p><p><strong>French Guiana:</strong> Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Brazil and Suriname; </p><p><strong>Guadeloupe:</strong> Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, southeast of Puerto Rico; </p><p><strong>Martinique:</strong> Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic Ocean, north of Trinidad and Tobago; </p><p><strong>Mayotte:</strong> Southern Indian Ocean, island in the Mozambique Channel, about halfway between northern Madagascar and northern Mozambique; </p><p><strong>Reunion:</strong> Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar</p>"
"text": "<strong>metropolitan France:</strong> Western Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay and English Channel, between Belgium and Spain, southeast of the UK; bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Italy and Spain<br><br><strong>French Guiana:</strong> Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Brazil and Suriname<br><br><strong>Guadeloupe:</strong> Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, southeast of Puerto Rico<br><br><strong>Martinique:</strong> Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic Ocean, north of Trinidad and Tobago<br><br><strong>Mayotte:</strong> Southern Indian Ocean, island in the Mozambique Channel, about halfway between northern Madagascar and northern Mozambique<br><br><strong>Reunion:</strong> Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar"
},
"Geographic coordinates": {
"text": "<p><strong>metropolitan France:</strong> 46 00 N, 2 00 E; </p><p><strong>French Guiana:</strong> 4 00 N, 53 00 W; </p><p><strong>Guadeloupe:</strong> 16 15 N, 61 35 W; </p><p><strong>Martinique:</strong> 14 40 N, 61 00 W; </p><p><strong>Mayotte:</strong> 12 50 S, 45 10 E; </p><p><strong>Reunion:</strong> 21 06 S, 55 36 E</p>"
"text": "<strong>metropolitan France:</strong> 46 00 N, 2 00 E <p><strong>French Guiana:</strong> 4 00 N, 53 00 W</p> <p><strong>Guadeloupe:</strong> 16 15 N, 61 35 W</p> <p><strong>Martinique:</strong> 14 40 N, 61 00 W</p> <p><strong>Mayotte:</strong> 12 50 S, 45 10 E</p> <strong>Reunion:</strong> 21 06 S, 55 36 E"
},
"Map references": {
"text": "<p><strong>metropolitan France:</strong> Europe; </p><p><strong>French Guiana:</strong> South America; </p><p><strong>Guadeloupe:</strong> Central America and the Caribbean; </p><p><strong>Martinique:</strong> Central America and the Caribbean; </p><p><strong>Mayotte:</strong> Africa; </p><p><strong>Reunion:</strong> World</p>"
"text": "<strong>metropolitan France:</strong> Europe <p><strong>French Guiana:</strong> South America</p> <p><strong>Guadeloupe:</strong> Central America and the Caribbean</p> <p><strong>Martinique:</strong> Central America and the Caribbean</p> <p><strong>Mayotte:</strong> Africa</p> <strong>Reunion:</strong> World"
},
"Area": {
"total ": {
@ -124,7 +124,7 @@
"text": "much of the population is concentrated in the north and southeast; although there are many urban agglomerations throughout the country, Paris is by far the largest city, with Lyon ranked a distant second"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p><strong>metropolitan France:</strong> flooding; avalanches; midwinter windstorms; drought; forest fires in south near the Mediterranean;</p> <p><strong>overseas departments:</strong> hurricanes (cyclones); flooding;</p> <p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Montagne Pelee (1,394 m) on the island of Martinique in the Caribbean is the most active volcano of the Lesser Antilles arc, it last erupted in 1932; a catastrophic eruption in May 1902 destroyed the city of St. Pierre, killing an estimated 30,000 people; La Soufriere (1,467 m) on the island of Guadeloupe in the Caribbean last erupted from July 1976 to March 1977; these volcanoes are part of the volcanic island arc of the Lesser Antilles that extends from Saba in the north to Grenada in the south</p>"
"text": "<strong>metropolitan France:</strong> flooding; avalanches; midwinter windstorms; drought; forest fires in south<br><br><strong>overseas departments:</strong> hurricanes (cyclones); flooding<br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> Montagne Pelée (1,394 m) on the island of Martinique in the Caribbean is the most active volcano of the Lesser Antilles arc, although it last erupted in 1932; a catastrophic eruption in 1902 destroyed the city of St. Pierre, killing an estimated 30,000 people; La Soufrière (1,467 m) on the island of Guadeloupe has also had explosive eruptions in recent years"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "largest Western European nation; most major French rivers -- the Meuse, Seine, Loire, Charente, Dordogne, and Garonne -- flow northward or westward into the Atlantic Ocean, only the Rhone flows southward into the Mediterranean Sea"
@ -708,7 +708,8 @@
"text": "no official date of independence: 486 (Frankish tribes unified under Merovingian kingship); 10 August 843 (Western Francia established from the division of the Carolingian Empire); 14 July 1789 (French monarchy overthrown); 22 September 1792 (First French Republic established); 4 October 1958 (Fifth French Republic established)"
},
"National holiday": {
"text": "Fête de la Fédération, 14 July (1790); note - often incorrectly referred to as Bastille Day, the celebration commemorates the holiday held on the first anniversary of the storming of the Bastille (on 14 July 1789) and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy; other names for the holiday are <em>la Fête nationale</em> (National Holiday) and <em>le Quatorze Juillet</em> (14th of July)"
"text": "Fête de la Fédération, 14 July (1790)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> often incorrectly referred to as Bastille Day, the celebration commemorates the storming of the Bastille prison on 14 July 1789 and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy; other names for the holiday are <em>la Fête nationale</em> (National Holiday) and <em>le Quatorze Juillet</em> (14th of July)"
},
"Flag description": {
"text": "three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as the <em>le tricolore</em> (tricolor), the flag dates to 1790 and the French Revolution, when the traditional color of white was combined with the blue and red of the Paris militia; serves as the official flag for all French dependencies",
@ -720,7 +721,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "blue, white, red"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"La Marseillaise\" (The Song of Marseille)"
},
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},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1795, restored 1870; originally known as \"Le Chant de Guerre pour l&rsquo;Arm&eacute;e du Rhin\" (War Song for the Army of the Rhine), the National Guard of Marseille made the song famous by singing it while marching into Paris in 1792 during the French Revolutionary Wars"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1795, restored 1870; originally known as \"Le Chant de Guerre pour l’Armée du Rhin\" (War Song for the Army of the Rhine), the National Guard of Marseille made the song famous by singing it while marching into Paris in 1792 during the French Revolutionary Wars"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {