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central-asia/kg.json
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@ -644,7 +644,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, yellow"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Kyrgyz Respublikasynyn Mamlekettik Gimni\" (National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic)"
},
@ -653,8 +653,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1992"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1992"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

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central-asia/kz.json
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@ -695,7 +695,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "blue, yellow"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Menin Qazaqstanim\" (My Kazakhstan)"
},
@ -704,8 +704,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 2006; President Nursultan NAZARBAYEV played a role in revising the lyrics"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 2006; President Nursultan NAZARBAYEV played a role in revising the lyrics"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

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central-asia/rs.json
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@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
"text": "population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country, extending from the Baltic Sea south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable population pockets are isolated and generally found in the south"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of European Russia</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> significant volcanic activity on the Kamchatka Peninsula and Kuril Islands; the peninsula alone is home to some 29 historically active volcanoes, with dozens more in the Kuril Islands; Kliuchevskoi (4,835 m), which erupted in 2007 and 2010, is Kamchatka's most active volcano; Avachinsky and Koryaksky volcanoes, which pose a threat to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Bezymianny, Chikurachki, Ebeko, Gorely, Grozny, Karymsky, Ketoi, Kronotsky, Ksudach, Medvezhia, Mutnovsky, Sarychev Peak, Shiveluch, Tiatia, Tolbachik, and Zheltovsky; see note 2 under \"Geography - note\"</p>"
"text": "permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires in Siberia and parts of European Russia <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> Kamchatka Peninsula is home to 29 historically active volcanoes, with dozens more in the Kuril Islands; Kliuchevskoi (4,835 m) is Kamchatka's most active volcano; Avachinsky and Koryaksky volcanoes, which pose a threat to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Bezymianny, Chikurachki, Ebeko, Gorely, Grozny, Karymsky, Ketoi, Kronotsky, Ksudach, Medvezhia, Mutnovsky, Sarychev Peak, Shiveluch, Tiatia, Tolbachik, and Zheltovsky; see note 2 under \"Geography - note\""
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "<p><strong>note 1:</strong> largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in relation to major sea lanes; despite its size, much of the country lacks the soil and climate (either too cold or too dry) for agriculture</p> <p><strong>note 2:</strong> Russia's far east, particularly the Kamchatka Peninsula, lies along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire</p> <p><strong>note 3:</strong> Mount El'brus is Europe's tallest peak; Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world, is estimated to hold one fifth of the world's fresh surface water<br><br><strong>note 4:</strong> Kaliningrad oblast is an exclave annexed from Germany after World War II; its capital city of Kaliningrad -- formerly Koenigsberg -- is the only Baltic port in Russia that remains ice-free in the winter</p>"
@ -578,7 +578,7 @@
"text": "15-17 March 2024"
},
"election results": {
"text": "<br><em>2024</em>: Vladimir PUTIN reelected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN (independent) 88.5%, Nikolay KHARITONOV (Communist Party) 4.4%, Vladislav DAVANKOV (New People party) 3.9%, Leonid SLUTSKY (Liberal Democrats) 3.2%<br><br><em>2018: V</em>ladimir PUTIN reelected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN (independent) 77.5%, Pavel GRUDININ (CPRF) 11.9%, Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY (LDPR) 5.7%, other 4.9%; Mikhail MISHUSTIN (independent) approved as premier by Duma; vote - 383 to 0<em><br><br></em>"
"text": "<br><em>2024</em>: Vladimir PUTIN reelected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN (independent) 88.5%, Nikolay KHARITONOV (Communist Party) 4.4%, Vladislav DAVANKOV (New People party) 3.9%, Leonid SLUTSKY (Liberal Democrats) 3.2%<br><br><em>2018: V</em>ladimir PUTIN reelected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN (independent) 77.5%, Pavel GRUDININ (CPRF) 11.9%, Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY (LDPR) 5.7%, other 4.9%; Mikhail MISHUSTIN (independent) approved as premier by Duma; vote - 383 to 0"
},
"expected date of next election": {
"text": "2030"
@ -698,7 +698,8 @@
"text": "25 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union; Russian SFSR renamed Russian Federation); notable earlier dates: 1157 (Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal created); 16 January 1547 (Tsardom of Muscovy established); 22 October 1721 (Russian Empire proclaimed); 30 December 1922 (Soviet Union established)"
},
"National holiday": {
"text": "Russia Day, 12 June (1990); note - commemorates the adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR)"
"text": "Russia Day, 12 June (1990)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> commemorates the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR)"
},
"Flag description": {
"text": "three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red; created when Russia built its first naval vessels, and was used mostly as a naval ensign until the 19th century; colors may have been based on the Dutch flag, but no official meaning is assigned; inspired several other Slavic countries to adopt horizontal tricolors of the same colors in different arrangements"
@ -712,7 +713,7 @@
"National coat of arms": {
"text": "the current coat of arms of Russia was adopted by presidential decree on 30 November 1993; the double-headed eagle was adopted as a Russian symbol in 1472 when Ivan III married Sophia Palaiologina, niece of the last Byzantine emperor in Constantinople -- the eagle was her family's emblem"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii\" (National Anthem of the Russian Federation)"
},
@ -721,15 +722,14 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "in 2000, Russia adopted the tune of the Soviet Union's anthem (composed in 1939), as well as new lyrics; MIKHALKOV, who wrote the new lyrics, also authored the Soviet lyrics in 1943"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> in 2000, Russia adopted the tune of the Soviet Union's anthem (composed in 1939), as well as new lyrics; MIKHALKOV, who wrote the new lyrics, also authored the Soviet lyrics in 1943"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {
"text": "32 (21 cultural, 11 natural)"
},
"selected World Heritage Site locales": {
"text": "<p>Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments (c); Kizhi Pogost (c); Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow (c); Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings (c); White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal (c); Architectural Ensemble of the Trinity Sergius Lavra in Sergiev Posad (c); Church of the Ascension, Kolomenskoye (c); Lake Baikal (n); Volcanoes of Kamchatka (n); Ensemble of the Ferapontov Monastery (c); Historic and Architectural Complex of the Kazan Kremlin (c); Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent (c); Uvs Nuur Basin (n); Ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent (c); Natural System of Wrangel Island Reserve (n); Historical Centre of the City of Yaroslavl (c); Lena Pillars Nature Park (n); Bolgar Historical and Archaeological Complex (c); Assumption Cathedral and Monastery of the town-island of Sviyazhsk (c); Churches of the Pskov School of Architecture (c); Petroglyphs of Lake Onega and the White Sea (c)</p>"
"text": "Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments (c); Kizhi Pogost (c); Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow (c); Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings (c); White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal (c); Architectural Ensemble of the Trinity Sergius Lavra in Sergiev Posad (c); Church of the Ascension, Kolomenskoye (c); Lake Baikal (n); Volcanoes of Kamchatka (n); Ensemble of the Ferapontov Monastery (c); Historic and Architectural Complex of the Kazan Kremlin (c); Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent (c); Uvs Nuur Basin (n); Ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent (c); Natural System of Wrangel Island Reserve (n); Historical Centre of the City of Yaroslavl (c); Lena Pillars Nature Park (n); Bolgar Historical and Archaeological Complex (c); Assumption Cathedral and Monastery of the town-island of Sviyazhsk (c); Churches of the Pskov School of Architecture (c); Petroglyphs of Lake Onega and the White Sea (c)"
}
}
},
@ -1269,7 +1269,7 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Russia is also assessed to have thousands of paramilitary security personnel and private military contractors deployed in Africa, including in Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Libya, Mali, Niger, and Sudan"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "the Russian military is a mixed force of conscripts and professionals (contract servicemen) that is capable of conducting the full range of air, land, maritime, and strategic missile operations; it is also active in the areas of cyber warfare, electronic warfare, and space; in addition to protecting Russia’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, the military supports Moscow’s national security objectives, which include maintaining and projecting influence and power outside Russia, particularly in the former Soviet republics, and deterring perceived external threats from the US and NATO<br><br>in recent years, the Russian military has conducted combat operations in both Ukraine and Syria; in February 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, and the military continues to be heavily engaged there in what is the largest war in Europe since World War II ended in 1945; Russia has occupied Ukraine’s province of Crimea and backed separatist forces in the Donbas region of Ukraine since 2014 with arms, equipment, and training, as well as Russian military troops, although Moscow denied their presence prior to 2022; Russia intervened in the Syrian civil war at the request of the ASAD government in September 2015 in what was Moscow’s first overseas expeditionary operation since the Soviet era; Russian assistance has included air support, arms and equipment, intelligence, military advisors, private military contractors, special operations forces, and training<br><br>prior to its military operations in Syria and Ukraine, Russia seized the Georgian regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia by force in 2008 (2024)"
"text": "the Russian military is responsible for protecting the country's sovereignty and territorial integrity, providing maritime security, and supporting Moscow's national security objectives, including projecting influence and power abroad and deterring perceived external threats; its missions include air, land, maritime, strategic missile, and expeditionary operations; it is also active in the areas of cyber warfare, electronic warfare, and space; the Russian military's focus is its ongoing war on Ukraine and the perceived threat from NATO and the US<br><br>in February 2022, Russia launched a full-scale military invasion of Ukraine, beginning what is the largest war in Europe since World War II ended in 1945; Russian military forces occupied Ukraine’s province of Crimea in 2014, and Moscow subsequently backed separatist forces in the Donbas region of Ukraine with arms, equipment, and training, as well as Russian military troops, although Moscow denied their presence prior to 2022<br><br>Russia intervened in the Syrian civil war at the request of the Syrian Government from September 2015 until the collapse of the ASAD regime in December 2024; it was Moscow’s first overseas military expeditionary operation since the Soviet era; Russian assistance included air support, arms and equipment, intelligence, military advisors, private military contractors, special operations forces, and training; Russia seized the Georgian regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia by force in 2008 (2025)"
}
},
"Space": {

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central-asia/ti.json
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@ -664,7 +664,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, white, green"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Surudi milli\" (National Anthem)"
},
@ -673,8 +673,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1991; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan kept the music of its Soviet-era anthem but adopted new lyrics"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1991; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan kept the music of its Soviet-era anthem but adopted new lyrics"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

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central-asia/tx.json
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@ -596,7 +596,7 @@
},
"Political parties": {
"text": "Agrarian Party of Turkmenistan or APT<br>Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT<br>Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs or PIE",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> all of these parties support President BERDIMUHAMEDOV; a law authorizing the registration of political parties went into effect in January 2012; unofficial, small opposition movements exist abroad"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> all parties support President BERDIMUHAMEDOV; unofficial, small opposition movements exist abroad"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
@ -653,7 +653,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "green, white"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Garaşsyz, Bitarap T&uuml;rkmenistanyň\" (Independent, Neutral, Turkmenistan State Anthem)"
},
@ -662,8 +662,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1997; lyrics revised in 2008 to eliminate references to deceased President Saparmurat NYYAZOW"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1997; lyrics revised in 2008 to eliminate references to deceased President Saparmurat NYYAZOW"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

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central-asia/uz.json
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@ -687,7 +687,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "blue, white, red, green"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"O'zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat Madhiyasi\" (National Anthem of the Republic of Uzbekistan)"
},
@ -696,8 +696,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1992; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Uzbekistan kept the music of its Soviet-era anthem but adopted new lyrics"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1992; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Uzbekistan kept the music of its Soviet-era anthem but adopted new lyrics"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {