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africa/ag.json
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@ -679,7 +679,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "green, white, red"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Kassaman\" (We Pledge)"
},
@ -688,8 +688,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1962; ZAKARIAH wrote \"Kassaman\" as a poem while imprisoned in Algiers by French colonial forces"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1962; ZAKARIAH wrote \"Kassaman\" as a poem while imprisoned in Algiers by French colonial forces"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

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africa/ao.json
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@ -646,7 +646,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, black, yellow"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Angola Avante\" (Forward Angola)"
},
@ -655,8 +655,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1975"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1975"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

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africa/bc.json
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{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "In the early 1800s, multiple political entities in what is now Botswana were destabilized or destroyed by a series of conflicts and population movements in southern Africa. By the end of this period, the Tswana ethnic group, who also live across the border in South Africa, had become the most prominent group in the area. In 1852, Tswana forces halted the expansion of white Afrikaner settlers who were seeking to expand their territory northwards into what is now Botswana. In 1885, Great Britain claimed territory that roughly corresponds with modern day Botswana as a protectorate called Bechuanaland. Upon independence in 1966, the British protectorate of Bechuanaland adopted the new name of Botswana, which means \"land of the Tswana.\" <br><br>More than five decades of uninterrupted civilian leadership, progressive social policies, and significant capital investment have created an enduring democracy and upper-middle-income economy. The ruling Botswana Democratic Party has won every national election since independence; President Mokgweetsi Eric Keabetswe MASISI assumed the presidency in 2018 after the retirement of former President Ian KHAMA due to constitutional term limits. MASISI won his first election as president in 2019, and he is Botswana’s fifth president since independence. Mineral extraction, principally diamond mining, dominates economic activity, though tourism is a growing sector due to the country's conservation practices and extensive nature preserves. Botswana has one of the world's highest rates of HIV/AIDS infection but also one of Africa's most progressive and comprehensive programs for dealing with the disease. <p> </p> <p> </p>"
"text": "In the early 1800s, multiple political entities in what is now Botswana were destabilized or destroyed by a series of conflicts and population movements in southern Africa. By the end of this period, the Tswana ethnic group, who also live across the border in South Africa, had become the most prominent group in the area. In 1852, Tswana forces halted the expansion of white Afrikaner settlers who were seeking to expand their territory northwards into what is now Botswana. In 1885, Great Britain claimed territory that roughly corresponds with modern day Botswana as a protectorate called Bechuanaland. Upon independence in 1966, the British protectorate of Bechuanaland adopted the new name of Botswana, which means \"land of the Tswana.\" <br><br>More than five decades of uninterrupted civilian leadership, progressive social policies, and significant capital investment have created an enduring democracy and upper-middle-income economy. The ruling Botswana Democratic Party has won every national election since independence; President Mokgweetsi Eric Keabetswe MASISI assumed the presidency in 2018 after the retirement of former President Ian KHAMA due to constitutional term limits. MASISI won his first election as president in 2019, and he is Botswana’s fifth president since independence. Mineral extraction, principally diamond mining, dominates economic activity, though tourism is a growing sector due to the country's conservation practices and extensive nature preserves. Botswana has one of the world's highest rates of HIV/AIDS infection but also one of Africa's most progressive and comprehensive programs for dealing with the disease."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -640,7 +640,7 @@
"National coat of arms": {
"text": "the two zebras, the country’s national symbol, support an elephant tusk that represents the country's fauna and a head of sorghum that signifies agriculture; the three wavy blue bands stand for the country’s reliance on water, the cog wheels for industry, and the bull’s head for the cattle industry; the coat of arms also features the national colors of light blue, white, and black; the motto reflects the scarcity of rain in the country: <em>pula </em>means “let there be rain” in Setswana, the national language"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Fatshe leno la rona\" (Our Land)"
},
@ -649,8 +649,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1966"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1966"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

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africa/bn.json
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@ -666,7 +666,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "green, yellow, red"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"L'Aube Nouvelle\" (The Dawn of a New Day)"
},
@ -675,8 +675,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1960"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1960"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

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africa/by.json
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "<p>Established in the 1600s, the Burundi Kingdom has had borders similar to those of modern Burundi since the 1800s. Burundi’s two major ethnic groups, the majority Hutu and minority Tutsi, share a common language and culture and largely lived in peaceful cohabitation under Tutsi monarchs in pre-colonial Burundi. Regional, class, and clan distinctions contributed to social status in the Burundi Kingdom, yielding a complex class structure. German colonial rule in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and Belgian rule after World War I preserved Burundi’s monarchy. Seeking to simplify administration, Belgian colonial officials reduced the number of chiefdoms and eliminated most Hutu chiefs from positions of power. In 1961, the Burundian Tutsi king’s oldest son, Louis RWAGASORE, was murdered by a competing political faction shortly before he was set to become prime minister, triggering increased political competition that contributed to later instability. <br><br>Burundi gained its independence from Belgium in 1962 as the Kingdom of Burundi. Revolution in neighboring Rwanda stoked ethnic polarization as the Tutsi increasingly feared violence and loss of political power. A failed Hutu-led coup in 1965 triggered a purge of Hutu officials and set the stage for Tutsi officers to overthrow the monarchy in 1966 and establish a Tutsi-dominated republic. A Hutu rebellion in 1972 resulted in the deaths of several thousand Tutsi civilians and sparked brutal Tutsi-led military reprisals against Hutu civilians which ultimately killed 100,000-200,000 people. International pressure led to a new constitution in 1992 and democratic elections in 1993. Tutsi military officers feared Hutu domination and assassinated Burundi's first democratically elected president, Hutu Melchior NDADAYE, in 1993 after only 100 days in office, sparking a civil war. In 1994, his successor, Cyprien NTARYAMIRA, died when the Rwandan president’s plane he was traveling on was shot down, which triggered the Rwandan genocide and further entrenched ethnic conflict in Burundi. The internationally brokered Arusha Agreement, signed in 2000, and subsequent cease-fire agreements with armed movements ended the 1993-2005 civil war. Burundi’s second democratic elections were held in 2005, resulting in the election of Pierre NKURUNZIZA as president. He was reelected in 2010 and again in 2015 after a controversial court decision allowed him to circumvent a term limit. President Evariste NDAYISHIMIYE -- from NKURUNZIZA’s ruling party -- was elected in 2020.</p>"
"text": "Established in the 1600s, the Burundi Kingdom has had borders similar to those of modern Burundi since the 1800s. Burundi’s two major ethnic groups, the majority Hutu and minority Tutsi, share a common language and culture and largely lived in peaceful cohabitation under Tutsi monarchs in pre-colonial Burundi. Regional, class, and clan distinctions contributed to social status in the Burundi Kingdom, yielding a complex class structure. German colonial rule in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and Belgian rule after World War I preserved Burundi’s monarchy. Seeking to simplify administration, Belgian colonial officials reduced the number of chiefdoms and eliminated most Hutu chiefs from positions of power. In 1961, the Burundian Tutsi king’s oldest son, Louis RWAGASORE, was murdered by a competing political faction shortly before he was set to become prime minister, triggering increased political competition that contributed to later instability. <br><br>Burundi gained its independence from Belgium in 1962 as the Kingdom of Burundi. Revolution in neighboring Rwanda stoked ethnic polarization as the Tutsi increasingly feared violence and loss of political power. A failed Hutu-led coup in 1965 triggered a purge of Hutu officials and set the stage for Tutsi officers to overthrow the monarchy in 1966 and establish a Tutsi-dominated republic. A Hutu rebellion in 1972 resulted in the deaths of several thousand Tutsi civilians and sparked brutal Tutsi-led military reprisals against Hutu civilians which ultimately killed 100,000-200,000 people. International pressure led to a new constitution in 1992 and democratic elections in 1993. Tutsi military officers feared Hutu domination and assassinated Burundi's first democratically elected president, Hutu Melchior NDADAYE, in 1993 after only 100 days in office, sparking a civil war. In 1994, his successor, Cyprien NTARYAMIRA, died when the Rwandan president’s plane he was traveling on was shot down, which triggered the Rwandan genocide and further entrenched ethnic conflict in Burundi. The internationally brokered Arusha Agreement, signed in 2000, and subsequent cease-fire agreements with armed movements ended the 1993-2005 civil war. Burundi’s second democratic elections were held in 2005, resulting in the election of Pierre NKURUNZIZA as president. He was reelected in 2010 and again in 2015 after a controversial court decision allowed him to circumvent a term limit. President Evariste NDAYISHIMIYE -- from NKURUNZIZA’s ruling party -- was elected in 2020."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -690,7 +690,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, white, green"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Burundi Bwacu\" (Our Beloved Burundi)"
},
@ -699,8 +699,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1962"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1962"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

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africa/cd.json
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@ -626,7 +626,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties": {
"text": "Chadian Convention for Peace and Development or CTPD<br>Federation Action for the Republic or FAR<br>National Rally for Development and Progress or Viva-RNDP<br>National Union for Democracy and Renewal or UNDR<br>Party for Unity and Reconstruction or PUR<br>Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS <br>Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP<br>Rally of Chadian Nationalists/Awakening or RNDT/Le Reveil<br>Social Democratic Party for a Change-over of Power or PDSA<br>Union for Democracy and the Republic or UDR<br>Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD<br>Transformers<strong><br></strong>",
"text": "Chadian Convention for Peace and Development or CTPD<br>Federation Action for the Republic or FAR<br>National Rally for Development and Progress or Viva-RNDP<br>National Union for Democracy and Renewal or UNDR<br>Party for Unity and Reconstruction or PUR<br>Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS <br>Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP<br>Rally of Chadian Nationalists/Awakening or RNDT/Le Reveil<br>Social Democratic Party for a Change-over of Power or PDSA<br>Union for Democracy and the Republic or UDR<br>Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD<br>Transformers",
"note": "<strong>note 1: </strong> 19 additional parties each contributed one member<br><strong><br>note 2: </strong> on 5 October 2021, Interim President Mahamat Idriss DEBY appointed 93 members to the interim National Transitional Council (NTC); 30% of the NTC members were retained from parties previously represented in the National Assembly"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
@ -685,7 +685,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "blue, yellow, red"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"La Tchadienne\" (The Chadian)"
},
@ -694,8 +694,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1960"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1960"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

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africa/cf.json
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@ -682,7 +682,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "green, yellow, red"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"La Congolaise\" (The Congolese)"
},
@ -691,8 +691,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "originally adopted 1959, restored 1991"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> originally adopted 1959, restored 1991"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

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africa/cg.json
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "<p>Bantu, Sudanic, and other migrants from West and Northeastern Africa arrived in the Congo River Basin between 2000 B.C. and A.D. 500. The territory that is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo has more than 200 ethnic groups that trace their histories to many communal organizations and kingdoms. The Kingdom of Kongo, for example, ruled the area around the mouth of the Congo River from the 14th to 19th centuries. Meanwhile, the Kingdoms of Luba and Lunda, located to the south and east, were also notable political groupings in the territory and ruled from the 16th and 17th centuries to the 19th century. European prospectors in the Congo Basin invaded and splintered these kingdoms in the late 1800’s, sponsored by King LEOPOLD II of Belgium, and the kingdoms were eventually forced to grant Leopold the rights to the Congo territory as his private property. During this period, known as the Congo Free State, the king's private colonial military forced the local population to produce rubber. From 1885 to 1908, millions of Congolese people died as a result of disease and inhumane treatment. International condemnation finally forced LEOPOLD to cede the land to the state of Belgium, creating the Belgian Congo.<br><br>The Republic of the Congo gained its independence from Belgium in 1960, but its early years were marred by instability. Col. Joseph MOBUTU seized power and declared himself president in a 1965 coup. He subsequently changed his name to MOBUTU Sese Seko and the country's name to Zaire. MOBUTU retained his position for 32 years, using sham elections and brute force. In 1994, a massive inflow of refugees from conflict in neighboring Rwanda and Burundi sparked ethnic strife and civil war. A rebellion backed by Rwanda and Uganda and fronted by Laurent KABILA toppled the MOBUTU regime in 1997. KABILA renamed the country the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). In 1998, another insurrection -- again backed by Rwanda and Uganda -- challenged the KABILA regime, but troops from Angola, Chad, Namibia, Sudan, and Zimbabwe helped quell the uprising. <br><br>In 2001, KABILA was assassinated, and his son, Joseph KABILA, was named head of state. In 2002, the new president negotiated the withdrawal of Rwandan forces occupying the eastern DRC; the remaining warring parties subsequently signed the Pretoria Accord to end the fighting and establish a government of national unity. KABILA was elected as president in 2006 and 2011. The DRC constitution barred him from running for a third term, so in 2016, the DRC Government delayed national elections for two years. This fueled significant civil and political unrest, with sporadic street protests and exacerbation of tensions in the eastern DRC regions. </p> <p>The results of the 2018 elections were disputed, but opposition candidate Felix TSHISEKEDI, son of long-time opposition leader Etienne TSHISEKEDI, was announced as the election winner. This was the first transfer of power to an opposition candidate without significant violence or a coup since 1960. In December 2023, the DRC held its fourth electoral cycle since independence; TSHISEKEDI was proclaimed the winner despite some allegations of fraud, with his Sacred Union alliance retaining a large parliamentary majority.  </p> <p>The DRC continues to experience violence -- particularly in the East -- perpetrated by more than 100 armed groups active in the region, including the March 23 (M23) rebel group, the ISIS-affiliated Allied Democratic Forces (ADF, or ISIS-DRC), the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), and assorted local militias known as Mai Mai militias. The UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the DRC (MONUSCO) has operated in the region since 1999 and is the largest and most expensive UN peacekeeping mission in the world.</p> <p> </p>"
"text": "Bantu, Sudanic, and other migrants from West and Northeastern Africa arrived in the Congo River Basin between 2000 B.C. and A.D. 500. The territory that is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo has more than 200 ethnic groups that trace their histories to many communal organizations and kingdoms. The Kingdom of Kongo, for example, ruled the area around the mouth of the Congo River from the 14th to 19th centuries. Meanwhile, the Kingdoms of Luba and Lunda, located to the south and east, were also notable political groupings in the territory and ruled from the 16th and 17th centuries to the 19th century. European prospectors in the Congo Basin invaded and splintered these kingdoms in the late 1800’s, sponsored by King LEOPOLD II of Belgium, and the kingdoms were eventually forced to grant Leopold the rights to the Congo territory as his private property. During this period, known as the Congo Free State, the king's private colonial military forced the local population to produce rubber. From 1885 to 1908, millions of Congolese people died as a result of disease and inhumane treatment. International condemnation finally forced LEOPOLD to cede the land to the state of Belgium, creating the Belgian Congo.<br><br>The Republic of the Congo gained its independence from Belgium in 1960, but its early years were marred by instability. Col. Joseph MOBUTU seized power and declared himself president in a 1965 coup. He subsequently changed his name to MOBUTU Sese Seko and the country's name to Zaire. MOBUTU retained his position for 32 years, using sham elections and brute force. In 1994, a massive inflow of refugees from conflict in neighboring Rwanda and Burundi sparked ethnic strife and civil war. A rebellion backed by Rwanda and Uganda and fronted by Laurent KABILA toppled the MOBUTU regime in 1997. KABILA renamed the country the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). In 1998, another insurrection -- again backed by Rwanda and Uganda -- challenged the KABILA regime, but troops from Angola, Chad, Namibia, Sudan, and Zimbabwe helped quell the uprising. <br><br>In 2001, KABILA was assassinated, and his son, Joseph KABILA, was named head of state. In 2002, the new president negotiated the withdrawal of Rwandan forces occupying the eastern DRC; the remaining warring parties subsequently signed the Pretoria Accord to end the fighting and establish a government of national unity. KABILA was elected as president in 2006 and 2011. The DRC constitution barred him from running for a third term, so in 2016, the DRC Government delayed national elections for two years. This fueled significant civil and political unrest, with sporadic street protests and exacerbation of tensions in the eastern DRC regions.  <br><br>The results of the 2018 elections were disputed, but opposition candidate Felix TSHISEKEDI, son of long-time opposition leader Etienne TSHISEKEDI, was announced as the election winner. This was the first transfer of power to an opposition candidate without significant violence or a coup since 1960. In 2023, the DRC held its fourth electoral cycle since independence; TSHISEKEDI was proclaimed the winner despite some allegations of fraud, with his Sacred Union alliance retaining a large parliamentary majority.  <br><br>The DRC continues to experience violence -- particularly in the East -- perpetrated by more than 100 armed groups active in the region, including the March 23 (M23) rebel group, the ISIS-affiliated Allied Democratic Forces (ADF, or ISIS-DRC), the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), and assorted local militias known as Mai Mai militias. The UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the DRC (MONUSCO) has operated in the region since 1999 and is the largest and most expensive UN peacekeeping mission in the world."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
"text": "urban clusters are spread throughout the country, particularly in the northeast along the border with Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi; the largest city is the capital, Kinshasha, located in the west along the Congo River; the south is least densely populated, as shown in this population distribution map"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>periodic droughts in south; Congo River floods (seasonal); active volcanoes in the east along the Great Rift Valley</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Nyiragongo (3,470 m), which erupted in 2002 and is experiencing ongoing activity, poses a major threat to the city of Goma, home to a quarter million people; the volcano produces unusually fast-moving lava, known to travel up to 100 km /hr; Nyiragongo has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; its neighbor, Nyamuragira, which erupted in 2010, is Africa's most active volcano; Visoke is the only other historically active volcano</p>"
"text": "periodic droughts in south; Congo River floods (seasonal); active volcanoes in the east along the Great Rift Valley <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> the active volcano Nyiragongo (3,470 m) poses a major threat to the city of Goma, home to a quarter of a million people; it produces unusually fast-moving lava, known to travel up to 100 km/hr; Nyiragongo has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; its neighbor Nyamuragira is Africa's most active volcano; Visoke is the only other historically active volcano"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "<p><strong>note 1:</strong> second-largest country in Africa (after Algeria) and largest country in sub-Saharan Africa; straddles the equator; dense tropical rain forest in central river basin and eastern highlands; the narrow strip of land that controls the lower Congo River is the DRC's only outlet to the South Atlantic Ocean</p> <p><strong>note 2:</strong> the Congo River, most of which flows through the DRC, has never been accurately measured along much of its length because of its speed, cataracts, rapids, and turbulence; nonetheless, it is conceded to be the deepest river in the world, with estimates of the point of greatest depth varying between 220 and 250 meters</p>"
@ -709,7 +709,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "sky blue, red, yellow"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Debout Congolaise\" (Arise, Congolese)"
},
@ -718,8 +718,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1960; replaced when the country was known as Zaire, but readopted in 1997"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1960; replaced when the country was known as Zaire, but readopted in 1997"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

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africa/cm.json
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@ -105,7 +105,7 @@
"text": "population concentrated in the west and north, with the interior of the country sparsely populated, as shown in this population distribution map"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>volcanic activity with periodic releases of poisonous gases from Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun volcanoes</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Mt. Cameroon (4,095 m), which last erupted in 2000, is the most frequently active volcano in West Africa; lakes in Oku volcanic field have released fatal levels of gas on occasion, killing some 1,700 people in 1986</p>"
"text": "volcanic activity with periodic releases of poisonous gases from Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun volcanoes <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> Mt. Cameroon (4,095 m), which last erupted in 2000, is the most frequently active volcano in West Africa; lakes in the Oku volcanic field sometimes release fatal levels of gas, which killed about 1,700 people in 1986"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "sometimes referred to as the hinge of Africa because of its central location on the continent and its position at the west-south juncture of the Gulf of Guinea; areas of thermal springs and indications of current or prior volcanic activity; Mount Cameroon, the highest mountain in Sub-Saharan west Africa, is an active volcano"
@ -703,7 +703,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "green, red, yellow"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"O Cameroun, Berceau de Nos Anc&ecirc;tres\" (O Cameroon, Cradle of Our Forefathers)"
},
@ -712,8 +712,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1957; the anthem, also known as \"Le Chant de Ralliement\" (The Rallying Song), has been used unofficially since 1948; has French and English versions with different lyrics"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1957; the anthem, also known as \"Le Chant de Ralliement\" (The Rallying Song), has been used unofficially since 1948; has French and English versions with different lyrics"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

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africa/cn.json
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@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
"text": "the capital city of Maroni, on the western side of the island of Grande Comore, is the country's largest city; however, Anjouan is the most densely populated of the three islands that comprise Comoros, as shown in this population distribution map"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>cyclones possible during rainy season (December to April); volcanic activity on Grand Comore</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Karthala (2,361 m) on Grand Comore Island last erupted in 2007; a 2005 eruption forced thousands of people to be evacuated and produced a large ash cloud</p>"
"text": "cyclones possible during rainy season (December to April); volcanic activity on Grand Comore <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> Karthala (2,361 m) on Grand Comore Island last erupted in 2007; a 2005 eruption forced thousands of people to be evacuated and produced a large ash cloud"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "important location at northern end of Mozambique Channel; the only Arab League country that lies entirely in the Southern Hemisphere"
@ -569,8 +569,7 @@
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "Court of Appeals (in Moroni); Tribunal de premi&egrave;re instance; island village (community) courts; religious courts"
},
"note": "<br>   <br><br> "
}
},
"Political parties": {
"text": "Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros or CRC<br>Juwa Party (Parti Juwa) or PJ<br>Orange Party (2020)"
@ -619,7 +618,7 @@
"National coat of arms": {
"text": "the coat of arms is in the national colors of green and white; was adopted in 1978; the crescent and stars represent Islam, with the four stars also symbolizing the archipelago&rsquo;s four main islands: Grande Comore, Moh&eacute;li, Anjouan, and Mayotte (the last of which is a French department claimed by Comoros); above and below the sun&rsquo;s rays is the name of the nation written in French and Arabic; two olive branches, representing peace, are connected by a banner with the national motto in French, which translates as \"Unity, Solidarity, Development\""
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Udzima wa ya Masiwa\" (The Union of the Great Islands)"
},
@ -628,8 +627,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1978"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1978"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

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africa/ct.json
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{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "<p>The Central African Republic (CAR) is a perennially weak state that sits at the crossroads of ethnic and linguistic groups in the center of the African continent. Among the last areas of Sub-Saharan Africa to be drawn into the world economy, its introduction into trade networks around the early 1700s fostered significant competition among its population. The local population sought to benefit from the lucrative Atlantic, trans-Saharan, and Indian Ocean trade in enslaved people and ivory. Slave raids aided by the local populations fostered animosity between ethnic groups that remains today. The territory was established as a French colony named Ubangui-Shari in 1903, and France modeled its administration of the colony after the Belgian Congo, subcontracting control of the territory to private companies that collected rubber and ivory. Although France banned the domestic slave trade in CAR in the 1910s, the private companies continued to exploit the population through forced labor. The colony of Ubangi-Shari gained independence from France as the Central African Republic in 1960, but the death of independence leader Barthelemy BOGANDA six months prior led to an immediate struggle for power.</p> <p>CAR’s political history has since been marred by a series of coups, the first of which brought Jean-Bedel BOKASSA to power in 1966. Widespread corruption and intolerance for any political opposition characterized his regime. In an effort to prolong his mandate, BOKASSA named himself emperor in 1976 and changed the country’s name to the Central African Empire. His regime’s economic mismanagement culminated in widespread student protests in 1979 that were violently suppressed by security forces. BOKASSA fell out of favor with the international community and was overthrown in a French-backed coup in 1979. After BOKASSA’s departure, the country’s name once again became the Central African Republic.</p> <p>CAR’s fifth coup in 2013 unseated President Francois BOZIZE after the Seleka, a mainly Muslim rebel coalition, seized the capital and forced BOZIZE to flee the country. The Seleka's widespread abuses spurred the formation of mainly Christian self-defense groups that called themselves the anti-Balaka, which have also committed human rights abuses against Muslim populations in retaliation. Since the rise of these groups, conflict in CAR has become increasingly ethnoreligious, although focused on identity rather than religious ideology. Elections in 2016 installed independent candidate Faustin-Archange TOUADERA as president; he was reelected in 2020. A peace agreement signed in 2019 between the government and the main armed factions has had little effect, and armed groups remain in control of large swaths of the country's territory. TOUADERA's United Hearts Movement has governed the country since 2016, and a new constitution approved by referendum on 30 July 2023 effectively ended term limits, creating the potential for TOUADERA to extend his rule. </p>"
"text": "The Central African Republic (CAR) is a perennially weak state that sits at the crossroads of ethnic and linguistic groups in the center of the African continent. Among the last areas of Sub-Saharan Africa to be drawn into the world economy, its introduction into trade networks around the early 1700s fostered significant competition among its population. The local population sought to benefit from the lucrative Atlantic, trans-Saharan, and Indian Ocean trade in enslaved people and ivory. Slave raids aided by the local populations fostered animosity between ethnic groups that remains today. The territory was established as a French colony named Ubangui-Shari in 1903, and France modeled its administration of the colony after the Belgian Congo, subcontracting control of the territory to private companies that collected rubber and ivory. Although France banned the domestic slave trade in CAR in the 1910s, the private companies continued to exploit the population through forced labor. The colony of Ubangi-Shari gained independence from France as the Central African Republic in 1960, but the death of independence leader Barthelemy BOGANDA six months prior led to an immediate struggle for power. <br><br>CAR’s political history has since been marred by a series of coups, the first of which brought Jean-Bedel BOKASSA to power in 1966. Widespread corruption and intolerance for any political opposition characterized his regime. In an effort to prolong his mandate, BOKASSA named himself emperor in 1976 and changed the country’s name to the Central African Empire. His regime’s economic mismanagement culminated in widespread student protests in 1979 that were violently suppressed by security forces. BOKASSA fell out of favor with the international community and was overthrown in a French-backed coup in 1979. After BOKASSA’s departure, the country’s name once again became the Central African Republic. <br><br>CAR’s fifth coup in 2013 unseated President Francois BOZIZE after the Seleka, a mainly Muslim rebel coalition, seized the capital and forced BOZIZE to flee the country. The Seleka's widespread abuses spurred the formation of mainly Christian self-defense groups that called themselves the anti-Balaka, which have also committed human rights abuses against Muslim populations in retaliation. Since the rise of these groups, conflict in CAR has become increasingly ethnoreligious, although focused on identity rather than religious ideology. Elections in 2016 installed independent candidate Faustin-Archange TOUADERA as president; he was reelected in 2020. A peace agreement signed in 2019 between the government and the main armed factions has had little effect, and armed groups remain in control of large swaths of the country's territory. TOUADERA's United Hearts Movement has governed the country since 2016, and a new constitution approved by referendum on 30 July 2023 effectively ended term limits, creating the potential for TOUADERA to extend his rule."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -640,7 +640,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "blue, white, green, yellow, red"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"La Renaissance\" (The Renaissance)"
},
@ -649,8 +649,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1960; BOGANDA wrote the anthem's lyrics and was the first prime minister of the autonomous French territory"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1960; BOGANDA wrote the anthem's lyrics and was the first prime minister of the autonomous French territory"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

7
africa/cv.json
View file

@ -92,7 +92,7 @@
"text": "among the nine inhabited islands, population distribution is variable; islands in the east are very dry and are only sparsely settled; the more southerly islands receive more precipitation and support larger populations; approximately half of the population lives on Sao Tiago Island, which is the location of the capital of Praia; Mindelo, on the northern island of Sao Vicente, also has a large urban population, as shown in this population distribution map"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>prolonged droughts; seasonal harmattan wind produces obscuring dust; volcanically and seismically active</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Fogo (2,829 m), which last erupted in 1995, is Cabo Verde's only active volcano</p>"
"text": "prolonged droughts; seasonal harmattan wind produces obscuring dust; volcanically and seismically active <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> Fogo (2,829 m), which last erupted in 1995, is Cabo Verde's only active volcano"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "strategic location 500 km from west coast of Africa near major north-south sea routes; one of four North Atlantic archipelagos that make up Macaronesia; the others are Azores (Portugal), Canary Islands (Spain), and Madeira (Portugal)"
@ -640,7 +640,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "blue, white, red, yellow"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Cantico da Liberdade\" (Song of Freedom)"
},
@ -649,8 +649,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1996"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1996"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

9
africa/dj.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "<p>Present-day Djibouti was the site of the medieval Ifat and Adal Sultanates. In the late 19th century, the Afar sultans signed treaties with the French that allowed the latter to establish the colony of French Somaliland in 1862. The French signed additional treaties with the ethnic Somali in 1885.</p> Tension between the ethnic Afar and Somali populations increased over time, as the ethnic Somalis perceived that the French unfairly favored the Afar and gave them disproportionate influence in local governance. In 1958, the French held a referendum that provided residents of French Somaliland the option to either continue their association with France or to join neighboring Somalia as it established its independence. Ethnic Somali protested the vote, because French colonial leaders did not recognize many Somali as residents, which gave the Afar outsized influence in the decision to uphold ties with France. After a second referendum in 1967, the French changed the territory’s name to the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas, in part to underscore their relationship with the ethnic Afar and downplay the significance of the ethnic Somalis. A final referendum in 1977 established Djibouti as an independent nation and granted ethnic Somalis Djiboutian nationality, formally resetting the balance of power between the majority ethnic Somalis and minority ethnic Afar residents. Upon independence, the country was named after its capital city of Djibouti. Hassan Gouled APTIDON, an ethnic Somali leader, installed an authoritarian one-party state and served as president until 1999. Unrest between the Afar minority and Somali majority culminated in a civil war during the 1990s that ended in 2001 with a peace accord between Afar rebels and the Somali Issa-dominated government. In 1999, Djibouti's first multiparty presidential election resulted in the election of Ismail Omar GUELLEH as president; he was reelected to a second term in 2005 and extended his tenure in office via a constitutional amendment, which allowed him to serve his third and fourth terms, and to begin a fifth term in 2021. <br><br>Djibouti occupies a strategic geographic location at the intersection of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Its ports handle 95% of Ethiopia’s trade. Djibouti’s ports also service transshipments between Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. The government has longstanding ties to France, which maintains a military presence in the country, as do the US, Japan, Italy, Germany, Spain, and China."
"text": "Present-day Djibouti was the site of the medieval Ifat and Adal Sultanates. In the late 19th century, the Afar sultans signed treaties with the French that allowed the latter to establish the colony of French Somaliland in 1862. The French signed additional treaties with the ethnic Somali in 1885. <br><br>Tension between the ethnic Afar and Somali populations increased over time, as the ethnic Somalis perceived that the French unfairly favored the Afar and gave them disproportionate influence in local governance. In 1958, the French held a referendum that provided residents of French Somaliland the option to either continue their association with France or to join neighboring Somalia as it established its independence. Ethnic Somali protested the vote, because French colonial leaders did not recognize many Somali as residents, which gave the Afar outsized influence in the decision to uphold ties with France. After a second referendum in 1967, the French changed the territory’s name to the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas, in part to underscore their relationship with the ethnic Afar and downplay the significance of the ethnic Somalis. A final referendum in 1977 established Djibouti as an independent nation and granted ethnic Somalis Djiboutian nationality, formally resetting the balance of power between the majority ethnic Somalis and minority ethnic Afar residents. Upon independence, the country was named after its capital city of Djibouti. Hassan Gouled APTIDON, an ethnic Somali leader, installed an authoritarian one-party state and served as president until 1999. Unrest between the Afar minority and Somali majority culminated in a civil war during the 1990s that ended in 2001 with a peace accord between Afar rebels and the Somali Issa-dominated government. In 1999, Djibouti's first multiparty presidential election resulted in the election of Ismail Omar GUELLEH as president; he was reelected to a second term in 2005 and extended his tenure in office via a constitutional amendment, which allowed him to serve his third and fourth terms, and to begin a fifth term in 2021. <br><br>Djibouti occupies a strategic geographic location at the intersection of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Its ports handle 95% of Ethiopia’s trade. Djibouti’s ports also service transshipments between Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. The government has longstanding ties to France, which maintains a military presence in the country, as do the US, Japan, Italy, Germany, Spain, and China."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -102,7 +102,7 @@
"text": "most densely populated areas are in the east; the largest city is Djibouti, and the other cities in the country are a fraction of its size, as shown in this population distribution map"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>earthquakes; droughts; occasional cyclonic disturbances from the Indian Ocean bring heavy rains and flash floods</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> experiences limited volcanic activity; Ardoukoba (298 m) last erupted in 1978; Manda-Inakir, located along the Ethiopian border, is also historically active</p>"
"text": "earthquakes; droughts; occasional cyclonic disturbances from the Indian Ocean bring heavy rains and flash floods <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> experiences limited volcanic activity; Ardoukoba (298 m) last erupted in 1978; Manda-Inakir, located along the Ethiopian border, is also historically active"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "strategic location near world's busiest shipping lanes and close to Arabian oilfields; Lac Assal (Lake Assal) is the lowest point in Africa and the saltiest lake in the world"
@ -629,7 +629,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "light blue, green, white, red"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Jabuuti\" (Djibouti)"
},
@ -638,8 +638,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1977"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1977"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

7
africa/eg.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "<p>The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great civilizations in Egypt. A unified kingdom arose circa 3200 B.C., and a series of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last native dynasty fell to the Persians in 341 B.C., who in turn were replaced by the Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines. Arab conquerors introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the 7th century and ruled for the next six centuries. The Mamluks, a local military caste, took control around 1250 and continued to govern after the Ottoman Turks conquered Egypt in 1517.<br><br>Completion of the Suez Canal in 1869 elevated Egypt as an important world transportation hub. Ostensibly to protect its investments, Britain seized control of Egypt's government in 1882, but the country's nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914. Egypt gained partial independence from the UK in 1922 and full sovereignty in 1952. British forces evacuated the Suez Canal Zone in 1956. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have reaffirmed the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society. The government has struggled to meet the demands of Egypt's fast-growing population as it implements large-scale infrastructure projects, energy cooperation, and foreign direct investment appeals.</p> <p>Inspired by the 2010 Tunisian revolution, Egyptian opposition groups led demonstrations and labor strikes countrywide, culminating in President Hosni MUBARAK's ouster in 2011. Egypt's military assumed national leadership until a new legislature was in place in early 2012; later that same year, Muslim Brotherhood candidate Mohamed MORSI won the presidential election. Following protests throughout the spring of 2013 against MORSI's government and the Muslim Brotherhood, the Egyptian Armed Forces intervened and removed MORSI from power in July 2013 and replaced him with interim president Adly MANSOUR. Simultaneously, the government began enacting laws to limit freedoms of assembly and expression. In 2014, voters approved a new constitution by referendum and then elected former defense minister Abdel Fattah EL-SISI president. EL-SISI was reelected to a second four-year term in 2018 and a third term in December 2023. </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>"
"text": "The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great civilizations in Egypt. A unified kingdom arose circa 3200 B.C., and a series of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last native dynasty fell to the Persians in 341 B.C., who in turn were replaced by the Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines. Arab conquerors introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the 7th century and ruled for the next six centuries. The Mamluks, a local military caste, took control around 1250 and continued to govern after the Ottoman Turks conquered Egypt in 1517.<br><br>Completion of the Suez Canal in 1869 elevated Egypt as an important world transportation hub. Ostensibly to protect its investments, Britain seized control of Egypt's government in 1882, but the country's nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914. Egypt gained partial independence from the UK in 1922 and full sovereignty in 1952. British forces evacuated the Suez Canal Zone in 1956. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have reaffirmed the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society. The government has struggled to meet the demands of Egypt's fast-growing population as it implements large-scale infrastructure projects, energy cooperation, and foreign direct investment appeals. <br><br>Inspired by the 2010 Tunisian revolution, Egyptian opposition groups led demonstrations and labor strikes countrywide, culminating in President Hosni MUBARAK's ouster in 2011. Egypt's military assumed national leadership until a new legislature was in place in early 2012; later that same year, Muslim Brotherhood candidate Mohamed MORSI won the presidential election. Following protests throughout the spring of 2013 against MORSI's government and the Muslim Brotherhood, the Egyptian Armed Forces intervened and removed MORSI from power in July 2013 and replaced him with interim president Adly MANSOUR. Simultaneously, the government began enacting laws to limit freedoms of assembly and expression. In 2014, voters approved a new constitution by referendum and then elected former defense minister Abdel Fattah EL-SISI president. EL-SISI was reelected to a second four-year term in 2018 and a third term in December 2023."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -717,7 +717,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, white, black"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Bilady, Bilady, Bilady\" (My Homeland, My Homeland, My Homeland)"
},
@ -726,8 +726,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1979; the current anthem, less militaristic than the previous one, was written after the 1979 peace treaty was signed with Israel; Sayed DARWISH, the composer, is widely considered the father of modern Egyptian music"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1979; the current anthem, less militaristic than the previous one, was written after the 1979 peace treaty was signed with Israel; Sayed DARWISH, the composer, is widely considered the father of modern Egyptian music"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

9
africa/ek.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "<p>Equatorial Guinea consists of a continental territory and five inhabited islands; it is one of the smallest countries by area and population in Africa. The mainland region was most likely predominantly inhabited by Pygmy ethnic groups prior to the migration of various Bantu-speaking ethnic groups around the second millennium BC. The island of Bioko, the largest of Equatorial Guinea’s five inhabited islands and the location of the country’s capital of Malabo, has been occupied since at least 1000 B.C. In the early 1470s, Portuguese explorers landed on Bioko Island, and Portugal soon after established control of the island and other areas of modern Equatorial Guinea. In 1778, Portugal ceded its colonial hold over present-day Equatorial Guinea to Spain in the Treaty of El Pardo. The borders of modern-day Equatorial Guinea would evolve between 1778 and 1968 as the area remained under European colonial rule.<br><br>In 1968, Equatorial Guinea was granted independence from Spain and elected Francisco MACIAS NGUEMA as its first president. MACIAS consolidated power soon after his election and ruled brutally for over a decade. Under his regime, Equatorial Guinea experienced mass suppression, purges, and killings. Some estimates indicate that a third of the population either went into exile or was killed under MACIAS’ rule. In 1979, present-day President OBIANG Nguema Mbasogo, then a senior military officer, deposed MACIAS in a violent coup. OBIANG has ruled since and has been elected in non-competitive contests several times, most recently in 2022. The president exerts near-total control over the political system. <br><br>Equatorial Guinea experienced rapid economic growth in the early years of the 21st century due to the discovery of large offshore oil reserves in 1996. Production peaked in 2004 and has declined since. The country's economic windfall from oil production resulted in massive increases in government revenue, a significant portion of which was earmarked for infrastructure development. Systemic corruption, however, has hindered socio-economic development, and the population has seen only limited improvements to living standards. Equatorial Guinea continues to seek to diversify its economy, increase foreign investment, and assume a greater role in regional and international affairs. </p> <p> </p>"
"text": "Equatorial Guinea consists of a continental territory and five inhabited islands; it is one of the smallest countries by area and population in Africa. The mainland region was most likely predominantly inhabited by Pygmy ethnic groups prior to the migration of various Bantu-speaking ethnic groups around the second millennium BC. The island of Bioko, the largest of Equatorial Guinea’s five inhabited islands and the location of the country’s capital of Malabo, has been occupied since at least 1000 B.C. In the early 1470s, Portuguese explorers landed on Bioko Island, and Portugal soon after established control of the island and other areas of modern Equatorial Guinea. In 1778, Portugal ceded its colonial hold over present-day Equatorial Guinea to Spain in the Treaty of El Pardo. The borders of modern-day Equatorial Guinea would evolve between 1778 and 1968 as the area remained under European colonial rule.<br><br>In 1968, Equatorial Guinea was granted independence from Spain and elected Francisco MACIAS NGUEMA as its first president. MACIAS consolidated power soon after his election and ruled brutally for over a decade. Under his regime, Equatorial Guinea experienced mass suppression, purges, and killings. Some estimates indicate that a third of the population either went into exile or was killed under MACIAS’ rule. In 1979, present-day President OBIANG Nguema Mbasogo, then a senior military officer, deposed MACIAS in a violent coup. OBIANG has ruled since and has been elected in non-competitive contests several times, most recently in 2022. The president exerts near-total control over the political system. <br><br>Equatorial Guinea experienced rapid economic growth in the early years of the 21st century due to the discovery of large offshore oil reserves in 1996. Production peaked in 2004 and has declined since. The country's economic windfall from oil production resulted in massive increases in government revenue, a significant portion of which was earmarked for infrastructure development. Systemic corruption, however, has hindered socio-economic development, and the population has seen only limited improvements to living standards. Equatorial Guinea continues to seek to diversify its economy, increase foreign investment, and assume a greater role in regional and international affairs.&amp;nbsp"
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
"text": "the two large cities are Bata on the mainland and the capital Malabo on the island of Bioko; small communities are scattered throughout the mainland and the five inhabited islands, as shown in this population distribution map"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>violent windstorms; flash floods</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Santa Isabel (3,007 m), which last erupted in 1923, is the country's only historically active volcano; Santa Isabel, along with two dormant volcanoes, form Bioko Island in the Gulf of Guinea</p>"
"text": "violent windstorms; flash floods <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> Santa Isabel (3,007 m), which last erupted in 1923, is the country's only historically active volcano; Santa Isabel and two dormant volcanoes form Bioko Island in the Gulf of Guinea"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "insular and continental regions widely separated; despite its name, no part of the equator passes through Equatorial Guinea -- the mainland part of the country is located just north of the equator"
@ -626,7 +626,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "green, white, red, blue"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Caminemos pisando la senda\" (Let Us Tread the Path)"
},
@ -635,8 +635,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1968"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1968"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

9
africa/er.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "<p>Eritrea won independence from Italian colonial control in 1941, but the UN only established it as an autonomous region within the Ethiopian federation in 1952, after a decade of British administrative control. Ethiopia's full annexation of Eritrea as a province 10 years later sparked a violent 30-year conflict for independence that ended in 1991 with Eritrean fighters defeating government forces. Eritreans overwhelmingly approved independence in a 1993 referendum. ISAIAS Afwerki has been Eritrea's only president since independence; his rule, particularly since 2001, has been characterized by highly autocratic and repressive actions. His government has created a highly militarized society by instituting an unpopular program of mandatory conscription into national service -- divided between military and civilian service -- of indefinite length. <br><br>A two-and-a-half-year border war with Ethiopia that erupted in 1998 ended under UN auspices in 2000. Ethiopia rejected a subsequent 2007 Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC) demarcation. More than a decade of a tense “no peace, no war” stalemate ended in 2018 when the newly elected Ethiopian prime minister accepted the EEBC’s 2007 ruling, and the two countries signed declarations of peace and friendship. Eritrean leaders then engaged in intensive diplomacy around the Horn of Africa, bolstering regional peace, security, and cooperation, as well as brokering rapprochements between governments and opposition groups. In 2018, the UN Security Council lifted an arms embargo that had been imposed on Eritrea since 2009, after the UN Somalia-Eritrea Monitoring Group reported they had not found evidence of Eritrean support in recent years for al-Shabaab. The country’s rapprochement with Ethiopia led to a resumption of economic ties, but the level of air transport, trade, and tourism have remained roughly the same since late 2020. <br><br>The Eritrean economy remains agriculture-dependent, and the country is still one of Africa’s poorest nations. Eritrea faced new international condemnation and US sanctions in mid-2021 for its participation in the war in Ethiopia’s Tigray Regional State, where Eritrean forces were found to have committed war crimes and crimes against humanity. As most Eritrean troops were departing northern Ethiopia in January 2023, ISAIAS began a series of diplomatic engagements aimed at bolstering Eritrea’s foreign partnerships and regional influence. Despite the country's improved relations with its neighbors, ISAIAS has not let up on repression, and conscription and militarization continue.</p>"
"text": "Eritrea won independence from Italian colonial control in 1941, but the UN only established it as an autonomous region within the Ethiopian federation in 1952, after a decade of British administrative control. Ethiopia's full annexation of Eritrea as a province 10 years later sparked a violent 30-year conflict for independence that ended in 1991 with Eritrean fighters defeating government forces. Eritreans overwhelmingly approved independence in a 1993 referendum. ISAIAS Afwerki has been Eritrea's only president since independence; his rule, particularly since 2001, has been characterized by highly autocratic and repressive actions. His government has created a highly militarized society by instituting an unpopular program of mandatory conscription into national service -- divided between military and civilian service -- of indefinite length. <br><br>A two-and-a-half-year border war with Ethiopia that erupted in 1998 ended under UN auspices in 2000. Ethiopia rejected a subsequent 2007 Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC) demarcation. More than a decade of a tense “no peace, no war” stalemate ended in 2018 when the newly elected Ethiopian prime minister accepted the EEBC’s 2007 ruling, and the two countries signed declarations of peace and friendship. Eritrean leaders then engaged in intensive diplomacy around the Horn of Africa, bolstering regional peace, security, and cooperation, as well as brokering rapprochements between governments and opposition groups. In 2018, the UN Security Council lifted an arms embargo that had been imposed on Eritrea since 2009, after the UN Somalia-Eritrea Monitoring Group reported they had not found evidence of Eritrean support in recent years for al-Shabaab. The country’s rapprochement with Ethiopia led to a resumption of economic ties, but the level of air transport, trade, and tourism have remained roughly the same since late 2020. <br><br>The Eritrean economy remains agriculture-dependent, and the country is still one of Africa’s poorest nations. Eritrea faced new international condemnation and US sanctions in mid-2021 for its participation in the war in Ethiopia’s Tigray Regional State, where Eritrean forces were found to have committed war crimes and crimes against humanity. As most Eritrean troops were departing northern Ethiopia in January 2023, ISAIAS began a series of diplomatic engagements aimed at bolstering Eritrea’s foreign partnerships and regional influence. Despite the country's improved relations with its neighbors, ISAIAS has not let up on repression, and conscription and militarization continue."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
"text": "density is highest in the center of the country, in and around the cities of Asmara (capital) and Keren; smaller settlements exist in the north and south, as shown in this population distribution map"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>frequent droughts, rare earthquakes and volcanoes; locust swarms</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Dubbi (1,625 m), which last erupted in 1861, was the country's only historically active volcano until Nabro (2,218 m) came to life on 12 June 2011</p>"
"text": "frequent droughts, rare earthquakes and volcanoes; locust swarms <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> Dubbi (1,625 m), which last erupted in 1861, was the country's only historically active volcano until Nabro (2,218 m) came to life in 2011"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "strategic geopolitical position along world's busiest shipping lanes"
@ -605,7 +605,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "green, red, blue"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Ertra, Ertra, Ertra\" (Eritrea, Eritrea, Eritrea)"
},
@ -614,8 +614,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1993, after gaining independence from Ethiopia"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1993, after gaining independence from Ethiopia"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

9
africa/et.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "<p>The area that is modern-day Ethiopia is rich in cultural and religious diversity with more than 80 ethnic groups. The oldest hominid yet found comes from Ethiopia, and Ethiopia was the second country to officially adopt Christianity in the 4th century A.D. A series of monarchies ruled the area that is now Ethiopia from 980 B.C. to 1855, when the Amhara kingdoms of northern Ethiopia united in an empire under Tewodros II. Many Ethiopians still speak reverently about the Battle of Adwa in 1896, when they defeated Italian forces and won their freedom from colonial rule. <br><br>Emperor Haile SELASSIE became an internationally renowned figure in 1935, when he unsuccessfully appealed to the League of Nations to prevent Italy from occupying Ethiopia from 1936 to 1941. SELASSIE survived an attempted coup in 1960, annexed modern-day Eritrea in 1962, and played a leading role in establishing the Organization of African Unity in 1963. However, in 1974, a military junta called the Derg deposed him and established a socialist state. Torn by bloody coups, uprisings, drought, and massive displacement, the Derg regime was toppled in 1991 by a coalition of opposing forces, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). The EPRDF became an ethno-federalist political coalition that ruled Ethiopia from 1991 until its dissolution in 2019. Ethiopia adopted its constitution in 1994 and held its first multiparty elections in 1995. <br><br>A two-and-a-half-year border war with Eritrea in the late 1990s ended with a peace treaty in 2000. Ethiopia subsequently rejected the 2007 Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission demarcation. This resulted in more than a decade of a tense “no peace, no war” stalemate between the two countries. In 2012, longtime Prime Minister MELES Zenawi died in office and was replaced by his Deputy Prime Minister HAILEMARIAM Desalegn, marking the first peaceful transition of power in decades. Following a wave of popular dissent and anti-government protest that began in 2015, HAILEMARIAM resigned in 2018, and ABIY Ahmed Ali took office the same year as Ethiopia's first ethnic Oromo prime minister. In 2018, ABIY promoted a rapprochement between Ethiopia and Eritrea that was marked with a peace agreement and a reopening of their shared border. In 2019, Ethiopia's nearly 30-year ethnic-based ruling coalition, the EPRDF, merged into a single unity party called the Prosperity Party; however, the lead coalition party, the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF), declined to join. In 2020, a military conflict erupted between forces aligned with the TPLF and the Ethiopian military. The conflict -- which was marked by atrocities committed by all parties -- ended in 2022 with a cessation of hostilities agreement between the TPLF and the Ethiopian Government. However, Ethiopia continues to experience ethnic-based violence as other groups -- including the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) and Amhara militia Fano -- seek concessions from the Ethiopian Government.</p>"
"text": "The area that is modern-day Ethiopia is rich in cultural and religious diversity with more than 80 ethnic groups. The oldest hominid yet found comes from Ethiopia, and Ethiopia was the second country to officially adopt Christianity in the 4th century A.D. A series of monarchies ruled the area that is now Ethiopia from 980 B.C. to 1855, when the Amhara kingdoms of northern Ethiopia united in an empire under Tewodros II. Many Ethiopians still speak reverently about the Battle of Adwa in 1896, when they defeated Italian forces and won their freedom from colonial rule. <br><br>Emperor Haile SELASSIE became an internationally renowned figure in 1935, when he unsuccessfully appealed to the League of Nations to prevent Italy from occupying Ethiopia from 1936 to 1941. SELASSIE survived an attempted coup in 1960, annexed modern-day Eritrea in 1962, and played a leading role in establishing the Organization of African Unity in 1963. However, in 1974, a military junta called the Derg deposed him and established a socialist state. Torn by bloody coups, uprisings, drought, and massive displacement, the Derg regime was toppled in 1991 by a coalition of opposing forces, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). The EPRDF became an ethno-federalist political coalition that ruled Ethiopia from 1991 until its dissolution in 2019. Ethiopia adopted its constitution in 1994 and held its first multiparty elections in 1995. <br><br>A two-and-a-half-year border war with Eritrea in the late 1990s ended with a peace treaty in 2000. Ethiopia subsequently rejected the 2007 Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission demarcation. This resulted in more than a decade of a tense “no peace, no war” stalemate between the two countries. In 2012, longtime Prime Minister MELES Zenawi died in office and was replaced by his Deputy Prime Minister HAILEMARIAM Desalegn, marking the first peaceful transition of power in decades. Following a wave of popular dissent and anti-government protest that began in 2015, HAILEMARIAM resigned in 2018, and ABIY Ahmed Ali took office the same year as Ethiopia's first ethnic Oromo prime minister. In 2018, ABIY promoted a rapprochement between Ethiopia and Eritrea that was marked with a peace agreement and a reopening of their shared border. In 2019, Ethiopia's nearly 30-year ethnic-based ruling coalition, the EPRDF, merged into a single unity party called the Prosperity Party; however, the lead coalition party, the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF), declined to join. In 2020, a military conflict erupted between forces aligned with the TPLF and the Ethiopian military. The conflict -- which was marked by atrocities committed by all parties -- ended in 2022 with a cessation of hostilities agreement between the TPLF and the Ethiopian Government. However, Ethiopia continues to experience ethnic-based violence as other groups -- including the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) and Amhara militia Fano -- seek concessions from the Ethiopian Government."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
"text": "highest density is found in the highlands of the north and middle areas of the country, particularly around the centrally located capital city of Addis Ababa; the far east and southeast are sparsely populated, as shown in this population distribution map"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; frequent droughts</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> volcanic activity in the Great Rift Valley; Erta Ale (613 m), which has caused frequent lava flows in recent years, is the country's most active volcano; Dabbahu became active in 2005, forcing evacuations; other historically active volcanoes include Alayta, Dalaffilla, Dallol, Dama Ali, Fentale, Kone, Manda Hararo, and Manda-Inakir</p>"
"text": "geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; frequent droughts <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> volcanic activity in the Great Rift Valley; Erta Ale (613 m) is the country's most active volcano; Dabbahu became active in 2005, forcing evacuations; other historically active volcanoes include Alayta, Dalaffilla, Dallol, Dama Ali, Fentale, Kone, Manda Hararo, and Manda-Inakir"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "the most populous landlocked country in the world; the Blue Nile, the chief headstream of the Nile by water volume, rises in T'ana Hayk (Lake Tana) in northwest Ethiopia"
@ -699,7 +699,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "green, yellow, red"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Whedefit Gesgeshi Woud Enat Ethiopia\" (March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia)"
},
@ -708,8 +708,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1992"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1992"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

7
africa/ga.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "<p>In the 10th century, Muslim merchants established some of The Gambia’s earliest large settlements as trans-Saharan trade hubs. These settlements eventually grew into major export centers sending slaves, gold, and ivory across the Sahara. Between the 16th and 17th centuries, European colonial powers began establishing trade with The Gambia. In 1664, the United Kingdom established a colony in The Gambia focused on exporting enslaved people across the Atlantic. During the roughly 300 years of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, the UK and other European powers may have exported as many as 3 million people from The Gambia.</p> <p>The Gambia gained its independence from the UK in 1965. Geographically surrounded by Senegal, it formed the short-lived confederation of Senegambia between 1982 and 1989. In 1994, Yahya JAMMEH led a military coup overthrowing the president and banning political activity. He subsequently won every presidential election until 2016, when he lost to Adama BARROW, who headed an opposition coalition during free and fair elections. BARROW won reelection in 2021. The Gambia is the only member of the Economic Community of West African States that does not have presidential term limits. Since the 2016 election, The Gambia and the US have enjoyed improved relations. US assistance to the country has supported democracy-strengthening activities, capacity building, economic development, and security sector education and training programs. </p> <br> <p> </p> <p> </p>"
"text": "In the 10th century, Muslim merchants established some of The Gambia’s earliest large settlements as trans-Saharan trade hubs. These settlements eventually grew into major export centers sending slaves, gold, and ivory across the Sahara. Between the 16th and 17th centuries, European colonial powers began establishing trade with The Gambia. In 1664, the United Kingdom established a colony in The Gambia focused on exporting enslaved people across the Atlantic. During the roughly 300 years of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, the UK and other European powers may have exported as many as 3 million people from The Gambia. <br><br>The Gambia gained its independence from the UK in 1965. Geographically surrounded by Senegal, it formed the short-lived confederation of Senegambia between 1982 and 1989. In 1994, Yahya JAMMEH led a military coup overthrowing the president and banning political activity. He subsequently won every presidential election until 2016, when he lost to Adama BARROW, who headed an opposition coalition during free and fair elections. BARROW won reelection in 2021. The Gambia is the only member of the Economic Community of West African States that does not have presidential term limits. Since the 2016 election, The Gambia and the US have enjoyed improved relations. US assistance to the country has supported democracy-strengthening activities, capacity building, economic development, and security sector education and training programs."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -643,7 +643,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, blue, green, white"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"For The Gambia, Our Homeland\""
},
@ -652,8 +652,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1965; the music is an adaptation of the traditional Mandinka song \"Foday Kaba Dumbuya\""
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1965; the music is an adaptation of the traditional Mandinka song \"Foday Kaba Dumbuya\""
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

7
africa/gb.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "<p>Gabon, a sparsely populated country known for its dense rainforests and vast petroleum reserves, is one of the most prosperous and stable countries in central Africa. Approximately 40 ethnic groups are represented, the largest of which is the Fang, a group that covers the northern third of Gabon and expands north into Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon. From about the early 1300s, various kingdoms emerged in present-day Gabon and the surrounding area, including the Kingdoms of Loango and Orungu. Because most early Bantu languages spoken in these kingdoms did not have a written form, much of Gabon's early history was lost over time. Portuguese traders who arrived in the mid-1400s gave the area its name of Gabon. At that time, indigenous trade networks began to engage with European traders, exchanging goods such as ivory and wood. For a century beginning in the 1760s, trade came to focus mostly on enslaved people. While many groups in Gabon participated in the slave trade, the Fang were a notable exception. As the slave trade declined in the late 1800s, France colonized the country and directed a widespread extraction of Gabonese resources. Anti-colonial rhetoric by Gabon’s educated elites increased significantly in the early 1900s, but no widespread rebellion materialized. French decolonization after World War II led to the country’s independence in 1960.</p> <p>Within a year of independence, the government changed from a parliamentary to a presidential system, and Leon M’BA won the first presidential election in 1961. El Hadj Omar BONGO Ondimba was M’BA’s vice president and assumed the presidency after M’BA’s death in 1967. BONGO went on to dominate the country's political scene for four decades (1967-2009). In 1968, he declared Gabon a single-party state and created the still-dominant Parti Democratique Gabonais (PDG). In the early 1990s, he reintroduced a multiparty system under a new constitution in response to growing political opposition. He was reelected by wide margins in 1995, 1998, 2002, and 2005 against a divided opposition and amidst allegations of fraud. After BONGO's death in 2009, a new election brought his son, Ali BONGO Ondimba, to power, and he was reelected in 2016. He won a third term in the August 2023 election but was overthrown in a military coup a few days later. Gen. Brice OLIGUI Nguema led a military group called the Committee for the Transition and Restoration of Institutions that arrested BONGO, canceled the election results, and dissolved state institutions. In September 2023, OLIGUI was sworn in as transitional president of Gabon.</p> <p> </p>"
"text": "Gabon, a sparsely populated country known for its dense rainforests and vast petroleum reserves, is one of the most prosperous and stable countries in central Africa. Approximately 40 ethnic groups are represented, the largest of which is the Fang, a group that covers the northern third of Gabon and expands north into Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon. From about the early 1300s, various kingdoms emerged in present-day Gabon and the surrounding area, including the Kingdoms of Loango and Orungu. Because most early Bantu languages spoken in these kingdoms did not have a written form, much of Gabon's early history was lost over time. Portuguese traders who arrived in the mid-1400s gave the area its name of Gabon. At that time, indigenous trade networks began to engage with European traders, exchanging goods such as ivory and wood. For a century beginning in the 1760s, trade came to focus mostly on enslaved people. While many groups in Gabon participated in the slave trade, the Fang were a notable exception. As the slave trade declined in the late 1800s, France colonized the country and directed a widespread extraction of Gabonese resources. Anti-colonial rhetoric by Gabon’s educated elites increased significantly in the early 1900s, but no widespread rebellion materialized. French decolonization after World War II led to the country’s independence in 1960. <br><br>Within a year of independence, the government changed from a parliamentary to a presidential system, and Leon M’BA won the first presidential election in 1961. El Hadj Omar BONGO Ondimba was M’BA’s vice president and assumed the presidency after M’BA’s death in 1967. BONGO went on to dominate the country's political scene for four decades (1967-2009). In 1968, he declared Gabon a single-party state and created the still-dominant Parti Democratique Gabonais (PDG). In the early 1990s, he reintroduced a multiparty system under a new constitution in response to growing political opposition. He was reelected by wide margins in 1995, 1998, 2002, and 2005 against a divided opposition and amidst allegations of fraud. After BONGO's death in 2009, a new election brought his son, Ali BONGO Ondimba, to power, and he was reelected in 2016. He won a third term in the August 2023 election but was overthrown in a military coup a few days later. Gen. Brice OLIGUI Nguema led a military group called the Committee for the Transition and Restoration of Institutions that arrested BONGO, canceled the election results, and dissolved state institutions. In September 2023, OLIGUI was sworn in as transitional president of Gabon."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -650,7 +650,7 @@
"National coat of arms": {
"text": "the panthers represent vigilance and courage, and they support a shield with a ship and an okoume tree, which is a symbol of the timber trade; the ribbon below the shield has the national motto in French, <em>Union, Travail, Justice</em> (\"Union, Work, Justice\"), and the ribbon above the shield has the Latin phrase <em>Uniti Progrediemur</em> (\"We shall go forward united\")"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"La Concorde\" (The Concorde)"
},
@ -659,8 +659,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1960"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1960"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

5
africa/gh.json
View file

@ -657,7 +657,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, yellow, green, black"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"God Bless Our Homeland Ghana\""
},
@ -666,8 +666,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "music adopted 1957, lyrics adopted 1966; the lyrics were changed twice, in 1960 when a republic was declared and after a 1966 coup"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> music adopted 1957, lyrics adopted 1966; the lyrics were changed twice, in 1960 when a republic was declared and after a 1966 coup"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

5
africa/gv.json
View file

@ -642,7 +642,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, yellow, green"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Libert&eacute;\" (Liberty)"
},
@ -651,8 +651,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1958"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1958"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

7
africa/iv.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "<p>Various small kingdoms ruled the area of Cote d'Ivoire between the 15th and 19th centuries, when European explorers arrived and then began to expand their presence. In 1844, France established a protectorate. During this period, many of these kingdoms and tribes fought to maintain their cultural identities -- some well into the 20th century. For example, the Sanwi kingdom -- originally founded in the 17th century -- tried to break away from Cote d’Ivoire and establish an independent state in 1969.  <br><br>Cote d’Ivoire achieved independence from France in 1960 but has maintained close ties. Foreign investment and the export and production of cocoa drove economic growth that led Cote d’Ivoire to become one of the most prosperous states in West Africa. Then in 1999, a military coup overthrew the government, and a year later, junta leader Robert GUEI held rigged elections and declared himself the winner. Popular protests forced him to step aside, and Laurent GBAGBO was elected. Ivoirian dissidents and members of the military launched a failed coup in 2002 that developed into a civil war. In 2003, a cease-fire resulted in rebels holding the north, the government holding the south, and peacekeeping forces occupying a buffer zone in the middle. In 2007, President GBAGBO and former rebel leader Guillaume SORO signed an agreement in which SORO joined GBAGBO's government as prime minister. The two agreed to reunite the country by dismantling the buffer zone, integrating rebel forces into the national armed forces, and holding elections. <br><br>In 2010, Alassane Dramane OUATTARA won the presidential election, but GBAGBO refused to hand over power, resulting in five months of violent conflict. Armed OUATTARA supporters and UN and French troops eventually forced GBAGBO to step down in 2011. OUATTARA won a second term in 2015 and a controversial third term in 2020 -- despite the two-term limit in the Ivoirian constitution -- in an election boycotted by the opposition. Through political compromise with OUATTARA, the opposition participated peacefully in 2021 legislative elections and won a substantial minority of seats. Also in 2021, the International Criminal Court in The Hague ruled on a final acquittal for GBAGBO, who was on trial for crimes against humanity, paving the way for GBAGBO’s return to Abidjan the same year. GBAGBO has publicly met with OUATTARA since his return as a demonstration of political reconciliation. </p>"
"text": "Various small kingdoms ruled the area of Cote d'Ivoire between the 15th and 19th centuries, when European explorers arrived and then began to expand their presence. In 1844, France established a protectorate. During this period, many of these kingdoms and tribes fought to maintain their cultural identities -- some well into the 20th century. For example, the Sanwi kingdom -- originally founded in the 17th century -- tried to break away from Cote d’Ivoire and establish an independent state in 1969.  <br><br>Cote d’Ivoire achieved independence from France in 1960 but has maintained close ties. Foreign investment and the export and production of cocoa drove economic growth that led Cote d’Ivoire to become one of the most prosperous states in West Africa. Then in 1999, a military coup overthrew the government, and a year later, junta leader Robert GUEI held rigged elections and declared himself the winner. Popular protests forced him to step aside, and Laurent GBAGBO was elected. Ivoirian dissidents and members of the military launched a failed coup in 2002 that developed into a civil war. In 2003, a cease-fire resulted in rebels holding the north, the government holding the south, and peacekeeping forces occupying a buffer zone in the middle. In 2007, President GBAGBO and former rebel leader Guillaume SORO signed an agreement in which SORO joined GBAGBO's government as prime minister. The two agreed to reunite the country by dismantling the buffer zone, integrating rebel forces into the national armed forces, and holding elections. <br><br>In 2010, Alassane Dramane OUATTARA won the presidential election, but GBAGBO refused to hand over power, resulting in five months of violent conflict. Armed OUATTARA supporters and UN and French troops eventually forced GBAGBO to step down in 2011. OUATTARA won a second term in 2015 and a controversial third term in 2020 -- despite the two-term limit in the Ivoirian constitution -- in an election boycotted by the opposition. Through political compromise with OUATTARA, the opposition participated peacefully in 2021 legislative elections and won a substantial minority of seats. Also in 2021, the International Criminal Court in The Hague ruled on a final acquittal for GBAGBO, who was on trial for crimes against humanity, paving the way for GBAGBO’s return to Abidjan the same year. GBAGBO has publicly met with OUATTARA since his return as a demonstration of political reconciliation."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -701,7 +701,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "orange, white, green"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"L'Abidjanaise\" (Song of Abidjan)"
},
@ -710,8 +710,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1960; named after the former capital city of Abidjan"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1960; named after the former capital city of Abidjan"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

14
africa/ke.json
View file

@ -111,7 +111,7 @@
"text": "population heavily concentrated in the west along the shore of Lake Victoria; other areas of high density include the capital of Nairobi, and in the southeast along the Indian Ocean coast, as shown in this population distribution map"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>recurring drought; flooding during rainy seasons</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> limited volcanic activity; the Barrier (1,032 m) last erupted in 1921; South Island is the only other historically active volcano</p>"
"text": "recurring drought; flooding during rainy seasons <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> limited volcanic activity; the Barrier (1,032 m) last erupted in 1921; South Island is the only other historically active volcano"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa; glaciers are found on Mount Kenya, Africa's second-highest peak; unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife of scientific and economic value; Lake Victoria, the world's largest tropical lake and the second-largest freshwater lake, is shared among three countries: Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda"
@ -633,7 +633,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties": {
"text": "<p>Azimio La Umoja–One Kenya Coalition Party<br>Amani National Congress or ANC<br>Chama Cha Kazi or CCK<br>Democratic Action Party or DAP-K<br>Democratic Party or DP<br>Forum for the Restoration of Democracy–Kenya or FORD-Kenya<br>Grand Dream Development Party or GDDP         <br>Jubilee Party or JP<br>Kenya African National Union or KANU<br>Kenya Kwanza coalition<br>Kenya Union Party or KUP<br>Maendeleo Chap Chap Party or MCC<br>Movement for Democracy and Growth or MDG<br>National Agenda Party or NAP-K                       <br>National Ordinary People Empowerment Union or NOPEU<br>Orange Democratic Movement or ODM<br>Pamoja African Alliance or PAA]<br>The Service Party or TSP<br>United Democratic Alliance or UDA<br>United Democratic Movement or UDM<br>United Democratic Party or UDP<br>United Party of Independent Alliance or UPIA                                      <br>United Progressive Alliance or UPA                                        <br>Wiper Democratic Movement-Kenya or WDM-K</p>"
"text": "Azimio La Umoja–One Kenya Coalition Party<br>Amani National Congress or ANC<br>Chama Cha Kazi or CCK<br>Democratic Action Party or DAP-K<br>Democratic Party or DP<br>Forum for the Restoration of Democracy–Kenya or FORD-Kenya<br>Grand Dream Development Party or GDDP         <br>Jubilee Party or JP<br>Kenya African National Union or KANU<br>Kenya Kwanza coalition<br>Kenya Union Party or KUP<br>Maendeleo Chap Chap Party or MCC<br>Movement for Democracy and Growth or MDG<br>National Agenda Party or NAP-K                       <br>National Ordinary People Empowerment Union or NOPEU<br>Orange Democratic Movement or ODM<br>Pamoja African Alliance or PAA]<br>The Service Party or TSP<br>United Democratic Alliance or UDA<br>United Democratic Movement or UDM<br>United Democratic Party or UDP<br>United Party of Independent Alliance or UPIA                                      <br>United Progressive Alliance or UPA                                        <br>Wiper Democratic Movement-Kenya or WDM-K"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
@ -682,7 +682,8 @@
"text": "12 December 1963 (from the UK)"
},
"National holiday": {
"text": "Jamhuri Day (Independence Day), 12 December (1963); note - Madaraka Day, 1 June (1963) marks the day Kenya attained internal self-rule"
"text": "Jamhuri Day (Independence Day), 12 December (1963)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Madaraka Day, 1 June (1963), marks the day Kenya attained internal self-rule"
},
"Flag description": {
"text": "three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a large Maasai warrior's shield covering crossed spears is at the center; black stands for the majority population, red for the blood shed in the struggle for freedom, green for natural wealth, and white for peace; the shield and crossed spears symbolize the defense of freedom"
@ -696,7 +697,7 @@
"National coat of arms": {
"text": "the two lions symbolize protection as they hold a traditional East African shield and spears in defense of freedom and unity; the shield features the national colors: black for the people, green for agriculture and natural resources, red for the struggle for freedom, and white for unity and peace; on the shield, a rooster greets the new day, and the axe represents both authority and the Kenya Africa National Union (KANU) that led the country to independence; at the base of the shield is Mount Kenya, Africa’s second-highest peak; the scroll has the Swahili word <em>Harambee</em>, meaning “all for one” or “pulling together”"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu\" (O God of All Creation)"
},
@ -705,15 +706,14 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1963; based on a traditional Kenyan folk song"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1963; based on a traditional Kenyan folk song"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {
"text": "8(5 cultural, 3 natural)"
},
"selected World Heritage Site locales": {
"text": "<p>Lake Turkana National Parks (n); Mount Kenya National Park/Natural Forest (n); Lamu Old Town (c); Sacred Mijikenda Kaya Forests (c); Fort Jesus, Mombasa (c); Kenya Lake System in the Great Rift Valley (n); Thimlich Ohinga Archaeological Site (c); The Historic Town and Archaeological Site of Gedi (c)</p>"
"text": "Lake Turkana National Parks (n); Mount Kenya National Park/Natural Forest (n); Lamu Old Town (c); Sacred Mijikenda Kaya Forests (c); Fort Jesus, Mombasa (c); Kenya Lake System in the Great Rift Valley (n); Thimlich Ohinga Archaeological Site (c); The Historic Town and Archaeological Site of Gedi (c)"
}
}
},

5
africa/li.json
View file

@ -663,7 +663,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, white, blue"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"All Hail, Liberia, Hail!\""
},
@ -672,8 +672,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "lyrics adopted 1847, music adopted 1860; the anthem's author later became the third president of Liberia"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> lyrics adopted 1847, music adopted 1860; the anthem's author later became the third president of Liberia"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

5
africa/lt.json
View file

@ -668,7 +668,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "blue, white, green, black"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Lesotho fatse la bo ntat'a rona\" (Lesotho, Land of Our Fathers)"
},
@ -677,8 +677,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1967; music derives from an 1823 Swiss songbook"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1967; music derives from an 1823 Swiss songbook"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

8
africa/ly.json
View file

@ -522,9 +522,6 @@
"text": "Libya's judicial system consists of a supreme court, central high courts (in Tripoli, Benghazi, and Sabha), and a series of lower courts"
}
},
"Political parties": {
"text": "NA<br>"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d'Affaires Fadil S M OMAR (since 17 July 2023)"
@ -578,7 +575,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, black, green"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Libya, Libya, Libya\""
},
@ -587,8 +584,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1951, but replaced in 1969 when QADHAFI came to power; readopted 2011 with some modification to the lyrics; also known as \"Ya Beladi\" (O My Country)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1951, but replaced in 1969 when QADHAFI came to power; readopted 2011 with some modification to the lyrics; also known as \"Ya Beladi\" (O My Country)"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

9
africa/ma.json
View file

@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
"text": "most of population lives on the eastern half of the island; significant clustering is found in the central highlands and eastern coastline, as shown in this population distribution map"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>periodic cyclones; drought; and locust infestation</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Madagascar's volcanoes have not erupted in historical times</p>"
"text": "periodic cyclones; drought; and locust infestation <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> Madagascar's volcanoes have not erupted in recorded history"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "world's fourth-largest island; strategic location along Mozambique Channel; despite Madagascar&rsquo;s close proximity to the African continent, ocean currents isolate the island, resulting in high rates of endemic plant and animal species; approximately 90% of the flora and fauna on the island are found nowhere else"
@ -618,7 +618,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties": {
"text": "<p>Group of Young Malagasy Patriots (Groupe des Jeunes Malgaches Patriotes) or GJMP<br>I Love Madagascar (Tiako I Madagasikara) or TIM<br>Isika Rehetra Miaraka amin'i Andry Rajoelina coalition or IRD<br>Malagasy Aware (Malagasy Tonga Saina) or MTS<br>Malagasy Tia Tanindrazana or MATITA or ANGADY<br>Movement for Democracy in Madagascar (Mouvement pour la Démocratie à Madagascar) or MDM<br>Rally for Democratic Socialism (Rassemblement pour Socialisme Démocratique - Nouveau) or RPSD Vaovao<br>Young Malagasies Determined (Tanora Malagasy Vonona) or TGV</p>"
"text": "Group of Young Malagasy Patriots (Groupe des Jeunes Malgaches Patriotes) or GJMP<br>I Love Madagascar (Tiako I Madagasikara) or TIM<br>Isika Rehetra Miaraka amin'i Andry Rajoelina coalition or IRD<br>Malagasy Aware (Malagasy Tonga Saina) or MTS<br>Malagasy Tia Tanindrazana or MATITA or ANGADY<br>Movement for Democracy in Madagascar (Mouvement pour la Démocratie à Madagascar) or MDM<br>Rally for Democratic Socialism (Rassemblement pour Socialisme Démocratique - Nouveau) or RPSD Vaovao<br>Young Malagasies Determined (Tanora Malagasy Vonona) or TGV"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
@ -675,7 +675,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, green, white"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Ry Tanindraza nay malala o\" (O Our Beloved Fatherland)"
},
@ -684,8 +684,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1959"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1959"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

8
africa/mi.json
View file

@ -643,7 +643,8 @@
"text": "6 July 1964 (from the UK)"
},
"National holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day, 6 July (1964); note - also called Republic Day since 6 July 1966"
"text": "Independence Day, 6 July (1964)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> also called Republic Day since 6 July 1966"
},
"Flag description": {
"text": "three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green, with a rising red sun centered on the black band; black represents ethnic groups, red the blood shed in their struggle for freedom, and green the color of nature; the sun represents the hope of freedom for the continent of Africa"
@ -654,7 +655,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "black, red, green"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Mulungu dalitsa Malawi\" (O God, Bless Our Land of Malawi)"
},
@ -663,8 +664,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1964"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1964"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

9
africa/ml.json
View file

@ -596,7 +596,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties": {
"text": "<p>African Solidarity for Democracy and Independence or SADI<br>Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP-Maliba<br>Alliance for Democracy in Mali-Pan-African Party for Liberty, Solidarity, and Justice or ADEMA-PASJ<br>Alliance for the Solidarity of Mali-Convergence of Patriotic Forces or ASMA-CFP<br>Convergence for the Development of Mali or CODEM <br>Democratic Alliance for Peace or ADP-Maliba<br>Movement for Mali or MPM<br>Party for National Renewal (also Rebirth or Renaissance or PARENA)<br>Rally for Mali or RPM <br>Social Democratic Convention or CDS<br>Union for Democracy and Development or UDD<br>Union for Republic and Democracy or URD<br>Yéléma</p>",
"text": "African Solidarity for Democracy and Independence or SADI<br>Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP-Maliba<br>Alliance for Democracy in Mali-Pan-African Party for Liberty, Solidarity, and Justice or ADEMA-PASJ<br>Alliance for the Solidarity of Mali-Convergence of Patriotic Forces or ASMA-CFP<br>Convergence for the Development of Mali or CODEM <br>Democratic Alliance for Peace or ADP-Maliba<br>Movement for Mali or MPM<br>Party for National Renewal (also Rebirth or Renaissance or PARENA)<br>Rally for Mali or RPM <br>Social Democratic Convention or CDS<br>Union for Democracy and Development or UDD<br>Union for Republic and Democracy or URD<br>Yéléma",
"note": "<strong>note 1:  </strong>only parties with 2 or more seats in the last National Assembly parliamentary elections (30 March and 19 April 2020) included<br><strong><br>note 2:</strong>  the National Assembly was dissolved on 18 August 2020 following a military coup and replaced with a National Transition Council; currently 121 members, party affiliations unknown"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
@ -655,7 +655,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "green, yellow, red"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Le Mali\" (Mali)"
},
@ -664,8 +664,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1962; also known as \"Pour l'Afrique et pour toi, Mali\" (For Africa and for You, Mali) and \"A ton appel, Mali\" (At Your Call, Mali)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1962; also known as \"Pour l'Afrique et pour toi, Mali\" (For Africa and for You, Mali) and \"A ton appel, Mali\" (At Your Call, Mali)"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {
@ -1101,7 +1100,7 @@
"text": "<strong>note 1: </strong>in 2024, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger announced they were forming joint force of 5,000 troops to combat extremist groups in the Sahel<strong><br><br>note 2:</strong> until announcing its withdrawal in May of 2022, Mali was part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Burkina Faso, Chad, Mauritania, and Niger; Mali had committed 1,100 troops and 200 gendarmes to the force"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "the FAMa is responsible for the defense of the country’s sovereignty and territory, but also has some domestic security duties, including the maintenance of public order and support to law enforcement; it also participates in socio-economic development projects; the military has traditionally played a large role in Mali’s politics; prior to the coup in August 2020 and military takeover in May 2021, it had intervened in the political arena at least five times since the country gained independence in 1960 (1968, 1976, 1978, 1991, 2012)<br><br>the FAMa and other security forces are actively engaged in counterterrorism and counterinsurgency operations against several insurgent/terrorist groups affiliated with al-Qa'ida and the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS), as well as other armed rebel organizations, communal militias, and criminal bands spread across the central, northern, and southern regions of the country; a large portion of the country--up to 50% by some estimates--is outside of government control<br><br>the FAMa and the remainder of the security forces collapsed in 2012 during the fighting against Tuareg rebels and Islamic militants and were rebuilt beginning in 2013 with external assistance from the EU and the UN; the UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) and the EU Training Mission in Mali (EUTM) ended their missions in 2023 and 2024, respectively; France intervened militarily in Mali in 2013 to assist with regaining the northern half of the country from rebel and Islamic militant groups; French troops withdrew in 2022; since 2021, Mali has increased security ties with Russia, which has provided equipment, training, and other forms of military support (2025)"
"text": "the FAMa is responsible for the defense of the country’s sovereignty and territory, but also has some domestic security duties, including the maintenance of public order and support to law enforcement; it also participates in socio-economic development projects; the military has traditionally played a large role in Mali’s politics; prior to the coup in August 2020 and military takeover in May 2021, it had intervened in the political arena at least five times since the country gained independence in 1960 (1968, 1976, 1978, 1991, 2012)<br><br>the FAMa and other security forces are actively engaged in combat operations against several insurgent/terrorist groups affiliated with al-Qa'ida and the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS), as well as other armed rebel organizations, communal militias, and criminal bands spread across the central, northern, and southern regions of the country; a large portion of the country--up to 50% by some estimates--is outside of government control<br><br>the FAMa and the remainder of the security forces collapsed in 2012 during the fighting against Tuareg rebels and Islamic militants and were rebuilt beginning in 2013 with external assistance from the EU and the UN; the UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) and the EU Training Mission in Mali (EUTM) ended their missions in 2023 and 2024, respectively; France intervened militarily in Mali in 2013 to assist with regaining the northern half of the country from rebel and Islamic militant groups; French troops withdrew in 2022; since 2021, Mali has increased security ties with Russia, which has provided equipment, training, and other forms of military support (2025)"
}
},
"Terrorism": {

5
africa/mo.json
View file

@ -704,7 +704,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, green"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Hymne Cherifien\" (Hymn of the Sharif)"
},
@ -713,8 +713,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "music adopted 1956, lyrics adopted 1970"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> music adopted 1956, lyrics adopted 1970"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

10
africa/mp.json
View file

@ -522,7 +522,7 @@
"text": "7 November 2019"
},
"election results": {
"text": "<em><br>2019</em>: Prithvirajsing ROOPUN (MSM) elected president by the National Assembly - unanimous vote<br><br><em>2015</em>: Ameenah GURIB-FAKIM (independent) elected president by the National Assembly - unanimous vote<br>"
"text": "<em><br>2019</em>: Prithvirajsing ROOPUN (MSM) elected president by the National Assembly - unanimous vote<br><br>2015: Ameenah GURIB-FAKIM (independent) elected president by the National Assembly - unanimous vote"
},
"expected date of next election": {
"text": "2024"
@ -622,7 +622,8 @@
"text": "12 March 1968 (from the UK)"
},
"National holiday": {
"text": "Independence and Republic Day, 12 March (1968 & 1992); note - became independent and a republic on the same date in 1968 and 1992 respectively"
"text": "Independence and Republic Day, 12 March (1968, 1992)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> became independent and a republic on the same date in 1968 and 1992, respectively"
},
"Flag description": {
"text": "four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and green; red stands for self-determination and independence, blue for the Indian Ocean, yellow for the new light of independence, golden sunshine, or the bright future, and green for agriculture or the island's lush vegetation",
@ -634,7 +635,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, blue, yellow, green"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Motherland\""
},
@ -643,8 +644,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1968"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1968"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

5
africa/mr.json
View file

@ -671,7 +671,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "green, yellow"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Bilāda l-ʾubāti l-hudāti l-kirām\" (Land of the Proud, Guided by Noblemen)"
},
@ -680,8 +680,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 28 November 2017"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 28 November 2017<br><br>"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

5
africa/mz.json
View file

@ -661,7 +661,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "green, black, yellow, white, red"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Patria Amada\" (Lovely Fatherland)"
},
@ -670,8 +670,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 2002"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 2002"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

20
africa/ng.json
View file

@ -506,9 +506,9 @@
"text": "several previous; passed by referendum 31 October 2010, entered into force 25 November 2010"
},
"amendment process": {
"text": "formerly proposed by the president of the republic or by the National Assembly; consideration of amendments requires at least three-fourths majority vote by the Assembly; passage requires at least four-fifths majority vote; if disapproved, the proposed amendment is dropped or submitted to a referendum; constitutional articles on the form of government, the multiparty system, the separation of state and religion, disqualification of Assembly members, amendment procedures, and amnesty of participants in the 2010 coup cannot be amended"
"text": "formerly proposed by the president of the republic or the National Assembly; consideration of amendments requires at least three-fourths majority vote by the Assembly; passage requires at least four-fifths majority vote; if disapproved, the proposed amendment is dropped or submitted to a referendum; constitutional articles on the form of government, the multiparty system, the separation of state and religion, disqualification of Assembly members, amendment procedures, and amnesty of participants in the 2010 coup cannot be amended"
},
"note": "<strong>Note: </strong>on 26 July 2023, the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland, a military junta which took control of Niger's government, dissolved the country's constitution"
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>on 26 July 2023, the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland, a military junta which took control of Niger's government, dissolved the country's constitution"
},
"International law organization participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
@ -590,8 +590,8 @@
}
},
"Political parties": {
"text": "<p>Alliance for Democracy and the Republic<br>Alliance for Democratic Renewal or ARD-Adaltchi-Mutuntchi <br>Alliance of Movements for the Emergence of Niger or AMEN AMIN<br>Congress for the Republic or CPR-Inganci<br>Democratic Alternation for Equity in Niger<br>Democratic and Republican Renewal-RDR-Tchanji<br>Democratic Movement for the Emergence of Niger Falala<br>Democratic Patriots' Rally or RPD Bazara<br>National Movement for the Development of Society-Nassara or MNSD-Nassara<br>Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Progress-Zaman Lahiya or ANDP-Zaman Lahiya<br>Nigerien Democratic Movement for an African Federation or MODEN/FA Lumana<br>Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism or PNDS-Tarrayya<br>Nigerien Patriotic Movement or MPN-Kishin Kassa<br>Nigerien Rally for Democracy and Peace<br>Patriotic Movement for the Republic or MPR-Jamhuriya<br>Peace, Justice, Progress–Generation Doubara<br>Rally for Democracy and Progress-Jama'a or RDP-Jama'a<br>Rally for Peace and Progress or RPP Farilla<br>Social Democratic Rally or RSD-Gaskiyya<br>Social Democratic Party or PSD-Bassira</p>",
"note": "<strong>Note:</strong> after the 26 July 2023 military coup, the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland dissolved the National Assembly and prohibited all political party activity "
"text": "Alliance for Democracy and the Republic<br>Alliance for Democratic Renewal or ARD-Adaltchi-Mutuntchi <br>Alliance of Movements for the Emergence of Niger or AMEN AMIN<br>Congress for the Republic or CPR-Inganci<br>Democratic Alternation for Equity in Niger<br>Democratic and Republican Renewal-RDR-Tchanji<br>Democratic Movement for the Emergence of Niger Falala<br>Democratic Patriots' Rally or RPD Bazara<br>National Movement for the Development of Society-Nassara or MNSD-Nassara<br>Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Progress-Zaman Lahiya or ANDP-Zaman Lahiya<br>Nigerien Democratic Movement for an African Federation or MODEN/FA Lumana<br>Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism or PNDS-Tarrayya<br>Nigerien Patriotic Movement or MPN-Kishin Kassa<br>Nigerien Rally for Democracy and Peace<br>Patriotic Movement for the Republic or MPR-Jamhuriya<br>Peace, Justice, Progress–Generation Doubara<br>Rally for Democracy and Progress-Jama'a or RDP-Jama'a<br>Rally for Peace and Progress or RPP Farilla<br>Social Democratic Rally or RSD-Gaskiyya<br>Social Democratic Party or PSD-Bassira",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> after the 26 July 2023 military coup, the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland dissolved the National Assembly and prohibited all political party activity"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
@ -637,7 +637,8 @@
"text": "3 August 1960 (from France)"
},
"National holiday": {
"text": "Republic Day, 18 December (1958); note - commemorates the founding of the Republic of Niger which predated independence from France in 1960"
"text": "Republic Day, 18 December (1958)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> commemorates the founding of the Republic of Niger, which predated independence from France in 1960"
},
"Flag description": {
"text": "three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green, with a small orange disk centered in the white band; the orange stands for the northern Sahara regions, white for purity and innocence, and green for hope and the fertile and productive southern and western areas, as well as the Niger River; the orange disc represents the sun and the people's sacrifices ",
@ -649,7 +650,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "orange, white, green"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"L'Honneur de la Patrie\" (The Honor of the Fatherland)"
},
@ -657,9 +658,8 @@
"text": "a government-appointed committee wrote both the lyrics and the music"
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 2023"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 2023; replaced previous national anthem, \"La Nigérienne\" (The Nigerien), that was adopted in 1961"
"text": "adopted 2023; replaced previous national anthem, \"La Nig&eacute;rienne\" (The Nigerien), that was adopted in 1961"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {
@ -1100,7 +1100,7 @@
"text": "<strong>note:</strong> in 2024, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger announced they were forming a joint force of 5,000 troops to combat extremist groups in the Sahel"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "the military of Niger is responsible for ensuring external security, but most of its focus is on internal counterinsurgency, counterterrorism, and border security operations; the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Greater Sahara (ISIS-GS) and the al-Qaida affiliate Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) terrorist groups are active in western Niger and in adjacent strongholds in Burkina Faso and Mali, while the Nigeria-based Boko Haram and ISIS-West Africa groups threaten southeast Niger; parts of Niger also face spillover from communal, criminal, and vigilante violence in neighboring Nigeria; since the 2023 coup, some former ethnic separatist rebels have taken up arms in support of deposed President BAZOUM<br><br>the military has played a significant role in Niger's domestic politics since its establishment in 1960-61; prior to seizing control of the government in 2023, it attempted coups in 1974, 1996, 1999, 2010, and 2021, and ruled the country for much of the period before 1999 (2025)"
"text": "the military of Niger is responsible for territorial defense, but most of its focus is on internal and border security operations; the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Greater Sahara (ISIS-GS) and the al-Qaida affiliate Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) terrorist groups are active in western Niger and in adjacent strongholds in Burkina Faso and Mali, while the Nigeria-based Boko Haram and ISIS-West Africa groups threaten southeast Niger; parts of Niger also face spillover from communal, criminal, and vigilante violence in neighboring Nigeria; since the 2023 coup, some former ethnic separatist rebels have taken up arms in support of deposed President BAZOUM<br><br>the military has played a significant role in Niger's domestic politics since its establishment in 1960-61; prior to seizing control of the government in 2023, it attempted coups in 1974, 1996, 1999, 2010, and 2021, and ruled the country for much of the period before 1999 (2025)"
}
},
"Terrorism": {

4
africa/ni.json
View file

@ -538,7 +538,7 @@
"text": "25 February 2023"
},
"election results": {
"text": "<br><em>2023:</em> Bola Ahmed Adekunle TINUBU elected president; percent of vote - Bola Ahmed Adekunle TINUBU (APC) 36.6%, Atiku ABUBAKAR (PDP) 29.1%, Peter OBI (LP) 25.4%, Rabiu KWANKWASO (NNPP) 6.4%, other 2.5%<br><br><em>2019: </em>Muhammadu BUHARI elected president; percent of vote - Muhammadu BUHARI (APC) 53%, Atiku ABUBAKAR (PDP) 39%, other 8% <p> </p>"
"text": "<br><em>2023:</em> Bola Ahmed Adekunle TINUBU elected president; percent of vote - Bola Ahmed Adekunle TINUBU (APC) 36.6%, Atiku ABUBAKAR (PDP) 29.1%, Peter OBI (LP) 25.4%, Rabiu KWANKWASO (NNPP) 6.4%, other 2.5%<br><br><em>2019: </em>Muhammadu BUHARI elected president; percent of vote - Muhammadu BUHARI (APC) 53%, Atiku ABUBAKAR (PDP) 39%, other 8%"
},
"expected date of next election": {
"text": "27 February 2027"
@ -686,7 +686,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "green, white"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Nigeria, We Hail Thee\""
},

9
africa/od.json
View file

@ -527,7 +527,7 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> in mid-2022, the Government of South Sudan inaugurated an ad-hoc judiciary committee, a 12-member body led by two eminent jurists, that is charged with reviewing relevant laws, advising on judicial reform, and restructuring the judiciary"
},
"Political parties": {
"text": "<p>Democratic Change or DC<br>Democratic Forum or DF<br>Labour Party or LPSS<br>South Sudan Opposition Alliance or SSOA<br>Sudan African National Union or SANU<br>Sudan People's Liberation Movement or SPLM<br>Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-In Opposition or SPLM-IO<br>United Democratic Salvation Front or UDSF    <br>United South Sudan African Party or USSAP<br>United South Sudan Party or USSP</p>"
"text": "Democratic Change or DC<br>Democratic Forum or DF<br>Labour Party or LPSS<br>South Sudan Opposition Alliance or SSOA<br>Sudan African National Union or SANU<br>Sudan People's Liberation Movement or SPLM<br>Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-In Opposition or SPLM-IO<br>United Democratic Salvation Front or UDSF    <br>United South Sudan African Party or USSAP<br>United South Sudan Party or USSP"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
@ -582,17 +582,16 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, green, blue, yellow, black, white"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"South Sudan Oyee!\" (Hooray!)"
"text": "\"South Sudan Oyee!\" (South Sudan, Hooray!)"
},
"lyrics/music": {
"text": "collective of 49 poets/Juba University students and teachers"
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 2011; anthem selected in a national contest"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 2011; anthem selected in a national contest"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

5
africa/pu.json
View file

@ -620,7 +620,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, yellow, green, black"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Esta e a Nossa Patria Bem Amada\" (This is Our Beloved Country)"
},
@ -629,8 +629,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1974; a delegation from Portuguese Guinea visited China in 1963 and heard music by XIAO He; Amilcar Lopes CABRAL, the leader of Guinea-Bissau's independence movement, asked the composer to create a piece that would inspire his people to fight for independence"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1974; a delegation from Portuguese Guinea visited China in 1963 and heard music by XIAO He; Amilcar Lopes CABRAL, the leader of Guinea-Bissau's independence movement, asked the composer to create a piece that would inspire his people to fight for independence"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

18
africa/rw.json
View file

@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
"text": "one of Africa's most densely populated countries; large concentrations tend to be in the central regions and along the shore of Lake Kivu in the west, as shown in this population distribution map"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga Mountains are in the northwest along the border with Democratic Republic of the Congo</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Visoke (3,711 m), located on the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is the country's only historically active volcano</p>"
"text": "periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga Mountains are in the northwest along the border with Democratic Republic of the Congo <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> Visoke (3,711 m), on the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is the country's only historically active volcano"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "landlocked; most of the country is intensively cultivated and rugged, with the population predominantly rural"
@ -541,7 +541,7 @@
"text": "President Paul KAGAME (since 22 April 2000)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Edouard NGIRENTE (since 30 August 2017)"
"text": "Prime Minister Justin NSENGIYUMVA (since 23 July 2025)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president"
@ -629,9 +629,8 @@
"text": "Supreme Court judges nominated by the president after consultation with the Cabinet and the Superior Council of the Judiciary (SCJ), a 27-member body of judges, other judicial officials, and legal professionals, and approved by the Senate; chief and deputy chief justices appointed for 8-year nonrenewable terms; tenure of judges NA; High Court president and vice president appointed by the president of the republic upon approval by the Senate; judges appointed by the Supreme Court chief justice upon approval of the SCJ; judge tenure NA"
},
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "High Court of the Republic; commercial courts including the High Commercial Court; intermediate courts; primary courts; and military specialized courts<strong><br></strong>"
},
"note": "<strong> </strong>"
"text": "High Court of the Republic; commercial courts including the High Commercial Court; intermediate courts; primary courts; and military specialized courts"
}
},
"Political parties": {
"text": "Democratic Green Party of Rwanda or DGPR <br>Liberal Party or PL <br>Party for Progress and Concord or PPC <br>Rwandan Patriotic Front or RPF <br>Rwandan Patriotic Front Coalition (includes RPF, PPC, PSP, UDPR, PDI, PSR, PDC) <br>Social Democratic Party or PSD <br>Social Party Imberakuri or PS-Imberakuri "
@ -691,7 +690,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "blue, yellow, green"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Rwanda nziza\" (Rwanda, Our Beautiful Country)"
},
@ -700,8 +699,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 2001"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 2001"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {
@ -1144,10 +1142,10 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> as of 2022, women comprised approximately 6% of the Rwanda Defense Force"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "approximately 3,200 Central African Republic (about 2,200 under MINUSCA, plus some 700 police; approximately 1,000 under a bi-lateral agreement); estimated 3,000 Democratic Republic of the Congo; estimated 3,000 Mozambique (bilateral agreement to assist with combating an insurgency; includes both military and police forces); 2,600 (plus about 450 police) South Sudan (UNMISS) (2025)"
"text": "approximately 3,200 Central African Republic (about 2,200 under MINUSCA, plus some 700 police; approximately 1,000 under a bi-lateral agreement); estimated 3-4,000 Democratic Republic of the Congo; estimated 3,000 Mozambique (bilateral agreement to assist with combating an insurgency; includes both military and police forces); 2,600 (plus about 450 police) South Sudan (UNMISS) (2025)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "the RDF is widely regarded as one of East Africa’s best trained and most experienced militaries; its principle responsibilities are ensuring territorial integrity and national sovereignty and preventing infiltrations of illegal armed groups from neighboring countries, particularly the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC); since 2021, Rwanda has deployed troops to the border region with the DRC to combat the rebel Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), which it has accused the DRC of backing; the RDF has been accused by the DRC, the UN, and the US of making military incursions into the DRC and providing material support to the March 23 Movement (M23, aka Congolese Revolutionary Army) rebel group, which has been fighting with DRC troops and UN peacekeeping forces; the RDF also participates in UN and regional military operations, as well as multinational exercises<br><br>the Rwandan Armed Forces (FAR) were established following independence in 1962; after the 1990-1994 civil war and genocide, the victorious Tutsi-dominated Rwandan Patriotic Front's military wing, the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA), became the country's military force; the RPA participated in the First (1996-1997) and Second (1998-2003) Congolese Wars; the RPA was renamed the Rwanda Defense Force (RDF) in 2003, by which time it had assumed a more national character with the inclusion of many former Hutu officers as well as newly recruited soldiers (2024)"
"text": "the principle responsibilities of the Rwanda Defense Force (RDF) are ensuring territorial integrity and national sovereignty and preventing infiltrations of illegal armed groups from neighboring countries, particularly the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC); since 2021, Rwanda has deployed RDF troops to the border region with the DRC to combat the rebel Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), which it has accused the DRC of backing; Rwanda has been accused by the DRC, the UN, and the US of deploying RDF troops in the DRC and providing material support to the March 23 Movement (M23, aka Congolese Revolutionary Army) rebel group; the RDF also participates in UN and regional military operations, as well as multinational exercises; it has deployed several thousand RDF troops and police personnel to Mozambique to assist in combating an insurgency since 2021; Rwanda has mutual defense treaties with Kenya and Uganda <br><br>the Rwandan Armed Forces (FAR) were established following independence in 1962; after the 1990-1994 civil war and genocide, the victorious Tutsi-dominated Rwandan Patriotic Front's military wing, the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA), became the country's military force; the RPA participated in the First (1996-1997) and Second (1998-2003) Congolese Wars; the RPA was renamed the Rwanda Defense Force (RDF) in 2003, by which time it had assumed a more national character with the inclusion of many former Hutu officers as well as newly recruited soldiers (2025)"
}
},
"Space": {

10
africa/se.json
View file

@ -609,7 +609,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "blue, yellow, red, white, green"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Koste Seselwa\" (Seychellois Unite)"
},
@ -618,8 +618,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1996"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1996"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {
@ -1023,8 +1022,7 @@
},
"Military and Security": {
"Military and security forces": {
"text": "Seychelles People's Defense Forces (SPDF; aka Seychelles Defense Forces, SDF): Army (includes infantry, special forces, and a presidential security unit), Coast Guard, and Air Force<br><br>Ministry of Internal Affairs: Seychelles Police Force (2025)",
"note": "<br>  "
"text": "Seychelles People's Defense Forces (SPDF; aka Seychelles Defense Forces, SDF): Army (includes infantry, special forces, and a presidential security unit), Coast Guard, and Air Force<br><br>Ministry of Internal Affairs: Seychelles Police Force (2025)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"Military Expenditures 2024": {
@ -1053,7 +1051,7 @@
"text": "18-28 (18-25 for officers) years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; 6-year initial commitment; no conscription (2023)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "formed in 1977, the SDF is one of the World's smallest militaries; its primary responsibility is maritime security, including countering illegal fishing, piracy, and drug smuggling; it was given police powers in 2022; the Seychelles has close security ties with India (2024)"
"text": "formed in 1977, the SDF is one of the World's smallest militaries; its primary responsibility is maritime security, including countering illegal fishing, piracy, and drug smuggling; it was given police powers in 2022; the Seychelles maintains close security ties with India, which has provided support to the SDF's maritime security operations (2025)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {

11
africa/sf.json
View file

@ -111,7 +111,7 @@
"text": "the population is concentrated along the southern and southeastern coast, and inland around Pretoria; the eastern half of the country is more densely populated than the west, as shown in this population distribution map"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>prolonged droughts</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> the volcano forming Marion Island in the Prince Edward Islands, which last erupted in 2004, is South Africa's only active volcano</p>"
"text": "prolonged droughts <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> the volcano that formed Marion Island in the Prince Edward Islands is South Africa's only active volcano"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "<strong>note 1:</strong> South Africa completely surrounds Lesotho and almost completely surrounds Eswatini<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> sometimes mistaken for the southernmost point of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope is more accurately described as the southwestern-most point of the African continent; Cape Agulhas, the meeting point of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, is the southernmost point of the African continent"
@ -643,7 +643,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d&rsquo;Affaires Ismail ESAU (since 18 March 2025)"
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d&rsquo;Affaires Ismail ESAU (since 17 March 2025)"
},
"chancery": {
"text": "3051 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008"
@ -703,7 +703,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, green, blue, yellow, black, white"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"National Anthem of South Africa\""
},
@ -712,15 +712,14 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1994; a combination of \"N'kosi Sikelel' iAfrica\" (God Bless Africa) and \"Die Stem van Suid Afrika\" (The Call of South Africa), which were respectively the anthems of the non-white and white communities under apartheid; official lyrics contain a mixture of Xhosa, Zulu, Sesotho, Afrikaans, and English (the five most widely spoken of South Africa's 11 official languages); music incorporates the melody used in the Tanzanian and Zambian anthems"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1994; a combination of \"N'kosi Sikelel' iAfrica\" (God Bless Africa) and \"Die Stem van Suid Afrika\" (The Call of South Africa), which were respectively the anthems of the non-white and white communities under apartheid; official lyrics contain a mixture of Xhosa, Zulu, Sesotho, Afrikaans, and English (the five most widely spoken of South Africa's 11 official languages); music incorporates the melody used in the Tanzanian and Zambian anthems"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {
"text": "12 (7 cultural, 4 natural, 1 mixed)"
},
"selected World Heritage Site locales": {
"text": "<p>Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa (c); iSimangaliso Wetland Park (n); Robben Island (c); Maloti-Drakensberg Park (m); Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape (c); Cape Floral Region Protected Areas (n); Vredefort Dome (n); Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape (c); Khomani Cultural Landscape (c); Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains (n); Human Rights, Liberation and Reconciliation: Nelson Mandela Legacy Sites (c); The Emergence of Modern Human Behaviour: The Pleistocene Occupation Sites of South Africa (c)</p>"
"text": "Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa (c); iSimangaliso Wetland Park (n); Robben Island (c); Maloti-Drakensberg Park (m); Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape (c); Cape Floral Region Protected Areas (n); Vredefort Dome (n); Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape (c); Khomani Cultural Landscape (c); Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains (n); Human Rights, Liberation and Reconciliation: Nelson Mandela Legacy Sites (c); The Emergence of Modern Human Behaviour: The Pleistocene Occupation Sites of South Africa (c)"
}
}
},

11
africa/sg.json
View file

@ -557,7 +557,7 @@
"text": "24 March 2024"
},
"election results": {
"text": "<em><br>2024:</em> Bassirou Diomaye FAYE elected president in first round; percent of vote - Bassirou Diomaye FAYE (PASTEF) 54%, Amadou BA (APR) 36%, other 10%<br><em><em><br>2019:</em></em> Macky SALL reelected president in first round; percent of vote - Macky SALL (APR) 58.3%, Idrissa SECK (Rewmi) 20.5%, Ousmane SONKO (PASTEF) 15.7%, other 5.5% <p> </p>"
"text": "<em><br>2024:</em> Bassirou Diomaye FAYE elected president in first round; percent of vote - Bassirou Diomaye FAYE (PASTEF) 54%, Amadou BA (APR) 36%, other 10%<br><em><em><br>2019:</em></em> Macky SALL reelected president in first round; percent of vote - Macky SALL (APR) 58.3%, Idrissa SECK (Rewmi) 20.5%, Ousmane SONKO (PASTEF) 15.7%, other 5.5%"
},
"expected date of next election": {
"text": "March 2029"
@ -665,17 +665,16 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "green, yellow, red"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Pincez Tous vos Koras, Frappez les Balafons\" (Pluck Your Koras, Strike the Balafons)"
"text": "\"Pincez tous vos koras, frappez les balafons\" (Pluck Your Koras, Strike the Balafons)"
},
"lyrics/music": {
"text": "Leopold Sedar SENGHOR/Herbert PEPPER"
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1960; lyrics written by Leopold Sedar SENGHOR, Senegal's first president; the anthem sometimes played incorporating the koras (harp-like stringed instruments) and balafons (types of xylophones) mentioned in the title"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1960; lyrics written by Leopold Sedar SENGHOR, Senegal's first president; the anthem sometimes played incorporating the koras (harp-like stringed instruments) and balafons (types of xylophones) mentioned in the title"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {
@ -1155,7 +1154,7 @@
"text": "200 Central African Republic (MINUSCA; plus about 525 police); 800 (ECOWAS Military Intervention in The Gambia--ECOMIG); 500 (ECOWAS Stabilization Support Mission in Guinea-Bissau--EESMGB); 450 police Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) (2024)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "despite limited resources, the Senegalese military is considered to be a well-equipped, experienced, and effective force; the military has a tradition of non-interference in the country’s political process and positive relations with civil authorities; it participates in foreign deployments and multinational exercises and has received assistance from France, which maintains a military presence in the country, as well as Germany, Spain, the UK, and the US; the military’s primary focuses are border, internal, and maritime security; it also works with the civilian government in areas such as preventive healthcare, infrastructure development, environmental protection, and disaster response<br><br>Senegal's security concerns include the prevalence of multiple active terrorist groups across the region and political instability in neighboring Mali and Guinea; Senegal has recently established new military and gendarmerie camps along its eastern border with Mali<br><br>Senegalese security forces have been engaged in a low-level counterinsurgency campaign in the southern Casamance region against various factions of the separatist Movement of Democratic Forces of the Casamance (MDFC) since 1982; the conflict is one of longest running low-level insurgencies in the World, having claimed more than 5,000 lives while leaving another 60,000 displaced; in May 2023, a faction of the MFDC agreed to a peace deal (2024)"
"text": "the Senegalese military is responsible for both territorial defense and internal security; it also assists the civilian government in such areas as preventive healthcare, infrastructure development, environmental protection, and disaster response; key areas of focus for the military include a low-level insurgency in the country's south, maritime security, and securing the border against smuggling and Sahel-based Islamist insurgent groups affiliated with al-Qa'ida and the Islamic State; the military participates in foreign peacekeeping deployments and multinational exercises; its closest security partner is France, which has long maintained a military presence in Senegal  <br><br>Senegalese security forces have been engaged in a low-level counterinsurgency campaign in the southern Casamance region against factions of the separatist Movement of Democratic Forces of the Casamance (MDFC) since 1982; the conflict is one of longest running low-level insurgencies in the World, having claimed more than 5,000 lives while leaving another 60,000 displaced; in recent years, nearly all of the MDFC factions have agreed to cease hostilities (2025)"
}
},
"Space": {

13
africa/sh.json
View file

@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
"text": "islands in the South Atlantic Ocean, about midway between South America and Africa; Ascension Island lies 1,300 km (800 mi) northwest of Saint Helena; Tristan da Cunha lies 4,300 km (2,700 mi) southwest of Saint Helena"
},
"Geographic coordinates": {
"text": "<p><strong>Saint Helena:</strong> 15 57 S, 5 42 W; </p><p><strong>Ascension Island:</strong> 7 57 S, 14 22 W; </p><p><strong>Tristan da Cunha island group:</strong> 37 15 S, 12 30 W</p>"
"text": "<strong>Saint Helena:</strong> 15 57 S, 5 42 W <p><strong>Ascension Island:</strong> 7 57 S, 14 22 W</p> <strong>Tristan da Cunha island group:</strong> 37 15 S, 12 30 W"
},
"Map references": {
"text": "Africa"
@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
}
},
"Climate": {
"text": "<p><strong>Saint Helena:</strong> tropical marine; mild, tempered by trade winds</p> <p><strong>Ascension Island:</strong> tropical marine; mild, semi-arid</p> <p><strong>Tristan da Cunha:</strong> temperate marine; mild, tempered by trade winds (tends to be cooler than Saint Helena)</p>"
"text": "<strong>Saint Helena:</strong> tropical marine; mild, tempered by trade winds <br><br><strong>Ascension Island:</strong> tropical marine; mild, semi-arid <br><br><strong>Tristan da Cunha:</strong> temperate marine; mild, tempered by trade winds (tends to be cooler than Saint Helena)"
},
"Terrain": {
"text": "<p>the islands of this group are of volcanic origin associated with the Atlantic Mid-Ocean Ridge</p><p><strong>Saint Helena:</strong> rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plains; </p><p><strong>Ascension:</strong> surface covered by lava flows and cinder cones of 44 dormant volcanoes; terrain rises to the east; </p><p><strong>Tristan da Cunha:</strong> sheer cliffs line the coastline of the nearly circular island; the flanks of the central volcanic peak are deeply dissected; narrow coastal plain lies between The Peak and the coastal cliffs</p>"
@ -89,7 +89,7 @@
"text": "<em>Saint Helena:</em> population is concentrated in and around the capital of Jamestown in the northwest, with another significant cluster in the interior Longwood area<br><br><em>Ascension:</em> most of the population lives in and around Georgetown<br><br><em>Tristan da Cunha:</em> most of the nearly 300 inhabitants live in the northern coastal town of Edinburgh of the Seven Seas"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>active volcanism on Tristan da Cunha</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> the island volcanoes of Tristan da Cunha (2,060 m) and Nightingale Island (365 m) experience volcanic activity; Tristan da Cunha erupted in 1962 and Nightingale in 2004</p>"
"text": "active volcanism<br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> the volcanoes of Tristan da Cunha (2,060 m) and Nightingale Island (365 m) are active"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "Saint Helena harbors at least 40 species of plants unknown elsewhere in the world; Ascension is a breeding ground for sea turtles and sooty terns; Queen Mary's Peak on Tristan da Cunha is the highest island mountain in the South Atlantic and a prominent landmark on the sea lanes around southern Africa"
@ -283,7 +283,7 @@
"text": "development threatens wildlife on Saint Helena"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "<p><strong>Saint Helena:</strong> tropical marine; mild, tempered by trade winds</p> <p><strong>Ascension Island:</strong> tropical marine; mild, semi-arid</p> <p><strong>Tristan da Cunha:</strong> temperate marine; mild, tempered by trade winds (tends to be cooler than Saint Helena)</p>"
"text": "<strong>Saint Helena:</strong> tropical marine; mild, tempered by trade winds <br><br><strong>Ascension Island:</strong> tropical marine; mild, semi-arid <br><br><strong>Tristan da Cunha:</strong> temperate marine; mild, tempered by trade winds (tends to be cooler than Saint Helena)"
},
"Land use": {
"agricultural land": {
@ -422,7 +422,7 @@
"National coat of arms": {
"text": "the coat of arms of Saint Helena was officially granted on January 30, 1984; the national bird, the Saint Helena plover (<em>Charadrius sanctaehelenae</em>), is at the top of the shield; the lower part of the shield shows a three-masted sailing ship with the mountainous island to the left; below the shield is a scroll with the motto “Loyal and unshakable;” the crest shows an image of Saint Helena, holding a cross and a flower"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"God Save the King\""
},
@ -431,8 +431,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "official anthem, as a UK overseas territory"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> as an overseas territory of the UK, \"God Save the King\" is official (see United Kingdom)"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

11
africa/sl.json
View file

@ -640,7 +640,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "green, white, blue"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"High We Exalt Thee, Realm of the Free\""
},
@ -649,8 +649,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1961"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1961"
}
}
},
"Economy": {
@ -1079,13 +1078,13 @@
"text": "estimated 10,000 active Armed Forces (2025)"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the RSLAF has a small inventory that includes a mix of Soviet-origin and other older foreign-supplied equipment; in recent years, it has received limited amounts of newer equipment, mostly as donations (2024)"
"text": "the RSLAF has a small inventory that includes a mix of Soviet-origin and other older foreign-supplied equipment; in recent years, it has received limited amounts of newer equipment, mostly as donations, such as patrol boats from China and South Korea (2024)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-30 for voluntary military service for men and women (25-40 for specialists); no conscription (2023)"
"text": "18-25 for voluntary military service for men and women; no conscription (2025)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "the RSLAF’s principle responsibilities are securing the borders and the country’s territorial waters, supporting civil authorities during emergencies and reconstruction efforts, and participating in peacekeeping missions; it is small, lightly armed, and has a limited budget; since being reduced in size and restructured with British assistance after the end of the civil war in 2002, it has received assistance from several foreign militaries, including those of Canada, China, France, the UK, and the US; the RSLAF has participated in peacekeeping operations in Somalia and Sudan<br><br>the RSLAF’s origins lie in the Sierra Leone Battalion of the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF), a multi-regiment force formed by the British colonial office in 1900 to garrison the West African colonies of Gold Coast (Ghana), Nigeria (Lagos and the protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria), Sierra Leone, and The Gambia; the RWAFF fought in both World Wars (2024)"
"text": "the RSLAF’s primary responsibilities are securing the country's borders and territorial waters, supporting civil authorities during internal emergencies, and participating in peacekeeping missions; since the end of the civil war in 2002, it has received assistance from several foreign militaries, including those of Canada, China, France, the UK, and the US<br><br>the RSLAF’s origins lie in the Sierra Leone Battalion of the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF), a multi-regiment force formed by the British colonial office in 1900 to garrison the West African colonies of Gold Coast (Ghana), Nigeria (Lagos and the protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria), Sierra Leone, and The Gambia; the RWAFF fought in both World Wars (2025)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {

7
africa/so.json
View file

@ -579,7 +579,7 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> under the terms of the 2004 Transitional National Charter, a Supreme Court based in Mogadishu and the Appeal Court were established, but most regions have reverted to local forms of conflict resolution, whether secular, Somali customary law, or Islamic law"
},
"Political parties": {
"text": "<p>Cosmopolitan Democratic Party<br>Green Party<br>Himilo Qaran Party<br>Ilays Party<br>Justice and Reconciliation Party<br>National Progressive Party<br>Peace and Unity Party<br>Qaransoor Party<br>Qiimo Qaran Party<br>Security and Justice Party<br>Social Justice Party<br>Somali Labour Party<br>Somali Republic Party<br>Somali Social Unity Party or SSUP<br>Union for Peace and Development Party or PDP<br>Wadajir Party</p>",
"text": "Cosmopolitan Democratic Party<br>Green Party<br>Himilo Qaran Party<br>Ilays Party<br>Justice and Reconciliation Party<br>National Progressive Party<br>Peace and Unity Party<br>Qaransoor Party<br>Qiimo Qaran Party<br>Security and Justice Party<br>Social Justice Party<br>Somali Labour Party<br>Somali Republic Party<br>Somali Social Unity Party or SSUP<br>Union for Peace and Development Party or PDP<br>Wadajir Party",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> in 2017 an independent electoral commission (the NIEC) was inaugurated with a mandate to oversee the process of registration of political parties in the country; as of 2021, the NIEC had registered a total of 110 parties"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
@ -631,7 +631,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "blue, white"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Qolobaa Calankeed\" (Every Nation Has Its Own Flag)"
},
@ -640,8 +640,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 2012; written in 1959"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 2012; written in 1959"
}
},
"Government - note": {
"text": "regional and local governing bodies continue to exist and control various areas of the country, including the self-declared Republic of Somaliland in northwestern Somalia"

9
africa/su.json
View file

@ -354,7 +354,7 @@
},
"Environment": {
"Environmental issues": {
"text": "<p>water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water; water scarcity and drought; overhunting; soil erosion; desertification; deforestation; loss of biodiversity</p> <p><strong> </strong></p>"
"text": "water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water; water scarcity and drought; overhunting; soil erosion; desertification; deforestation; loss of biodiversity"
},
"International environmental agreements": {
"party to": {
@ -533,7 +533,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties": {
"text": "<p>Democratic Unionist Party<br>Democratic Unionist Party or DUP<br>Federal Umma Party<br>Muslim Brotherhood or MB<br>National Congress Party or NCP<br>National Umma Party or NUP<br>Popular Congress Party or PCP<br>Reform Movement Now<br>Sudan National Front<br>Sudanese Communist Party or SCP<br>Sudanese Congress Party or SCoP<br>Umma Party for Reform and Development<br>Unionist Movement Party or UMP</p>",
"text": "Democratic Unionist Party<br>Democratic Unionist Party or DUP<br>Federal Umma Party<br>Muslim Brotherhood or MB<br>National Congress Party or NCP<br>National Umma Party or NUP<br>Popular Congress Party or PCP<br>Reform Movement Now<br>Sudan National Front<br>Sudanese Communist Party or SCP<br>Sudanese Congress Party or SCoP<br>Umma Party for Reform and Development<br>Unionist Movement Party or UMP",
"note": "<strong>note:  </strong>in November 2019, the transitional government banned the National Congress Party"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
@ -589,7 +589,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, white, black, green"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Nahnu Djundulla Djundulwatan\" (We Are the Army of God and of Our Land)"
},
@ -598,8 +598,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1956; originally served as the anthem of the Sudanese military"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1956; originally served as the anthem of the Sudanese military"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

7
africa/to.json
View file

@ -687,17 +687,16 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "green, yellow, red, white"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Salut a toi, pays de nos aieux\" (Hail to Thee, Land of Our Forefathers)"
"text": "\"Salut &agrave; toi, pays de nos aieux\" (Hail to Thee, Land of Our Forefathers)"
},
"lyrics/music": {
"text": "Alex CASIMIR-DOSSEH"
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1960, restored 1992; anthem was replaced during one-party rule between 1979 and 1992"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1960, restored 1992; anthem was replaced during one-party rule between 1979 and 1992"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

5
africa/tp.json
View file

@ -631,7 +631,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "green, yellow, red, black"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Independencia total\" (Total Independence)"
},
@ -640,8 +640,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1975"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1975"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

11
africa/ts.json
View file

@ -510,10 +510,10 @@
},
"Constitution": {
"history": {
"text": "<p>several previous; latest - draft published by the president 30 June 2022, approved by referendum 25 July 2022, and adopted 27 July 2022</p>"
"text": "several previous; latest draft published by the president 30 June 2022, approved by referendum 25 July 2022, and adopted 27 July 2022"
},
"amendment process": {
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by one third of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People membership; following review by the Constitutional Court, approval to proceed requires an absolute majority vote by the Assembly and final passage requires a two-thirds Assembly majority vote; the president can opt to submit an amendment to a referendum, which requires an absolute majority of votes cast for passage"
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic or one third of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People membership; following Constitutional Court review, approval to proceed requires an absolute majority vote in the Assembly, and final passage requires a two-thirds Assembly majority vote; the president can opt to submit an amendment to a referendum, which requires an absolute majority of votes cast for passage"
}
},
"International law organization participation": {
@ -553,7 +553,7 @@
"text": "6 October 2024"
},
"election results": {
"text": "<p><em>2024: </em>Kais SAIED reelected president in first round - Kais SAIED (independent) 90.7%, Ayachi ZAMMEL (Long Live Tunisia) 7.3%, Zouhair MAGHZAOUI (People's Movement) 2%<em><br><br>2019:</em> Kais SAIED elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Kais SAIED (independent) 18.4%, Nabil KAROUI (Heart of Tunisia) 15.6%, Abdelfattah MOUROU (Nahda Movement) 12.9%, Abdelkrim ZBIDI (independent) 10.7%, Youssef CHAHED (Long Live Tunisia) 7.4%, Safi SAID (independent) 7.1%, Lotfi MRAIHI (Republican People's Union) 6.6%, other 21.3%; percent of vote in second round - Kais SAIED 72.7%, Nabil KAROUI 27.3%</p>"
"text": "<br>2024: Kais SAIED reelected president in first round - Kais SAIED (independent) 90.7%, Ayachi ZAMMEL (Long Live Tunisia) 7.3%, Zouhair MAGHZAOUI (People's Movement) 2%<em><br><br>2019:</em> Kais SAIED elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Kais SAIED (independent) 18.4%, Nabil KAROUI (Heart of Tunisia) 15.6%, Abdelfattah MOUROU (Nahda Movement) 12.9%, Abdelkrim ZBIDI (independent) 10.7%, Youssef CHAHED (Long Live Tunisia) 7.4%, Safi SAID (independent) 7.1%, Lotfi MRAIHI (Republican People's Union) 6.6%, other 21.3%; percent of vote in second round - Kais SAIED 72.7%, Nabil KAROUI 27.3%"
},
"expected date of next election": {
"text": "2029"
@ -686,7 +686,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, white"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Humat Al Hima\" (Defenders of the Homeland)"
},
@ -695,8 +695,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1957, replaced 1958, restored 1987; Mohamad Abdel WAHAB also composed the music for the anthem of the United Arab Emirates"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1957, replaced 1958, restored 1987; Mohamad Abdel WAHAB also composed the music for the anthem of the United Arab Emirates"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

7
africa/tz.json
View file

@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
"text": "the largest and most populous East African country; population distribution is extremely uneven, but greater population clusters occur in the northern half of country and along the east coast, as shown in this population distribution map"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>flooding on the central plateau during the rainy season; drought</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> limited volcanic activity; Ol Doinyo Lengai (2,962 m) has emitted lava in recent years; other historically active volcanoes include Kieyo and Meru</p>"
"text": "flooding on the central plateau during the rainy season; drought <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> limited volcanic activity; Ol Doinyo Lengai (2,962 m) has emitted lava in recent years; other historically active volcanoes include Kieyo and Meru"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "Kilimanjaro is the highest point in Africa and one of only three mountain ranges on the continent that has glaciers (the others are Mount Kenya in Kenya and the Ruwenzori Mountains on the Uganda-Democratic Republic of the Congo border); Tanzania is bordered by three of the largest lakes on the continent: Lake Victoria (the world's second-largest freshwater lake) in the north, Lake Tanganyika (the world's second-deepest) in the west, and Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) in the southwest"
@ -679,7 +679,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "green, yellow, blue, black"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Mungu ibariki Afrika\" (God Bless Africa)"
},
@ -688,8 +688,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1961; the anthem, which is also a popular song in Africa, shares the melody of Zambia's anthem; the melody is also part of South Africa's anthem"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1961; the anthem, which is also a popular song in Africa, shares the melody of Zambia's anthem; the melody is also part of South Africa's anthem"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

5
africa/ug.json
View file

@ -635,7 +635,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "black, yellow, red"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"O Uganda, Land of Beauty!\""
},
@ -644,8 +644,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1962"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1962"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

23
africa/uv.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "<p>Many of Burkina Faso’s ethnic groups arrived in the region between the 12th and 15th centuries. The Gurma and Mossi peoples established several of the largest kingdoms in the area and used horse-mounted warriors in military campaigns. Of the various Mossi kingdoms, the most powerful were Ouagadougou and Yatenga. In the late 19th century, European states competed for control of the region. France eventually conquered the area and established it as a French protectorate.</p> The country achieved independence from France in 1960 and changed its name to Burkina Faso in 1984. Repeated military coups were common in the country’s first few decades. In 1987 Blaise COMPAORE deposed the president, established a government, and ruled for 27 years. In 2014, COMPAORE resigned after protests against his repeated efforts to amend the constitution's two-term presidential limit. An interim administration led a year-long transition, organizing presidential and legislative elections. In 2015, Roch Marc Christian KABORE was elected president, and he was reelected in 2020. In 2022, the military conducted two takeovers: In January, army colonel Paul Henri DAMIBA overthrew KABORE in a coup d'etat, and then in September, army captain Ibrahim TRAORE deposed DAMIBA and declared himself transition president. The transition government planned to hold elections by July 2024, but they may be delayed due to security concerns.<br><br>Terrorist groups -- including groups affiliated with Al-Qa’ida and the Islamic State -- began attacks in the country in 2016 and conducted attacks in the capital in 2016, 2017, and 2018. By early 2023, insecurity in Burkina Faso had displaced more than 2 million people and led to significant jumps in humanitarian needs and food insecurity. In addition to terrorism, the country faces a myriad of problems including high population growth, recurring drought, pervasive and perennial food insecurity, and limited natural resources. It is one of the world’s poorest countries.<br> <p> </p>"
"text": "Many of Burkina Faso’s ethnic groups arrived in the region between the 12th and 15th centuries. The Gurma and Mossi peoples established several of the largest kingdoms in the area and used horse-mounted warriors in military campaigns. Of the various Mossi kingdoms, the most powerful were Ouagadougou and Yatenga. In the late 19th century, European states competed for control of the region. France eventually conquered the area and established it as a French protectorate. <br><br>The country achieved independence from France in 1960 and changed its name to Burkina Faso in 1984. Repeated military coups were common in the country’s first few decades. In 1987 Blaise COMPAORE deposed the president, established a government, and ruled for 27 years. In 2014, COMPAORE resigned after protests against his repeated efforts to amend the constitution's two-term presidential limit. An interim administration led a year-long transition, organizing presidential and legislative elections. In 2015, Roch Marc Christian KABORE was elected president, and he was reelected in 2020. In 2022, the military conducted two takeovers: In January, army colonel Paul Henri DAMIBA overthrew KABORE in a coup d'etat, and then in September, army captain Ibrahim TRAORE deposed DAMIBA and declared himself transition president. The transition government planned to hold elections by July 2024, but they may be delayed due to security concerns.<br><br>Terrorist groups -- including groups affiliated with Al-Qa’ida and the Islamic State -- began attacks in the country in 2016 and conducted attacks in the capital in 2016, 2017, and 2018. By early 2023, insecurity in Burkina Faso had displaced more than 2 million people and led to significant jumps in humanitarian needs and food insecurity. In addition to terrorism, the country faces a myriad of problems including high population growth, recurring drought, pervasive and perennial food insecurity, and limited natural resources. It is one of the world’s poorest countries."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
"text": "none (landlocked)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "<p>three climate zones including a hot tropical savanna with a short rainy season in the southern half, a tropical hot semi-arid steppe climate typical of the Sahel region in the northern half, and small area of hot desert in the very north of the country bordering the Sahara Desert</p>"
"text": "three climate zones including a hot tropical savanna with a short rainy season in the southern half, a tropical hot semi-arid steppe climate typical of the Sahel region in the northern half, and small area of hot desert in the very north of the country bordering the Sahara Desert"
},
"Terrain": {
"text": "mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in the west and southeast; occupies an extensive plateau with savanna that is grassy in the north and gradually gives way to sparse forests in the south"
@ -92,7 +92,7 @@
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km), Volta (410,991 sq km)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": " <p>most of the population is located in the center and south; nearly one third of the population lives in cities, including the capital city of Ouagadougou (Ouaga), as shown in this population distribution map</p> (2019)"
"text": "most of the population is located in the center and south; nearly one third lives in cities, including the capital city of Ouagadougou (Ouaga), as shown in this population distribution map (2019)"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "recurring droughts"
@ -179,7 +179,7 @@
"text": "-0.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": " <p>most of the population is located in the center and south; nearly one third of the population lives in cities, including the capital city of Ouagadougou (Ouaga), as shown in this population distribution map</p> (2019)"
"text": "most of the population is located in the center and south; nearly one third lives in cities, including the capital city of Ouagadougou (Ouaga), as shown in this population distribution map (2019)"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
@ -393,7 +393,7 @@
}
},
"Climate": {
"text": "<p>three climate zones including a hot tropical savanna with a short rainy season in the southern half, a tropical hot semi-arid steppe climate typical of the Sahel region in the northern half, and small area of hot desert in the very north of the country bordering the Sahara Desert</p>"
"text": "three climate zones including a hot tropical savanna with a short rainy season in the southern half, a tropical hot semi-arid steppe climate typical of the Sahel region in the northern half, and small area of hot desert in the very north of the country bordering the Sahara Desert"
},
"Land use": {
"agricultural land": {
@ -641,7 +641,8 @@
"text": "5 August 1960 (from France)"
},
"National holiday": {
"text": "Republic Day, 11 December (1958); note - commemorates the day that Upper Volta became an autonomous republic in the French Community"
"text": "Republic Day, 11 December (1958)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> commemorates the day that Upper Volta became an autonomous republic in the French Community"
},
"Flag description": {
"text": "two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow five-pointed star in the center; red stands for the country's struggle for independence, green for hope and abundance, and yellow for the country's mineral wealth",
@ -653,7 +654,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, yellow, green"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Le Ditanye\" (Anthem of Victory)"
},
@ -662,8 +663,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1974; also known as \"Une Seule Nuit\" (Only One Night); written by the country's former president, an avid guitar player"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1974; also known as \"Une Seule Nuit\" (One Single Night); written by the country's former president, an avid guitar player"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {
@ -1086,8 +1086,7 @@
}
},
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
"text": "estimated 20,000 Armed Forces; estimated 50,000 Homeland Defense Volunteers (2025)",
"note": "<br><strong><br><br></strong>"
"text": "estimated 20,000 Armed Forces; estimated 50,000 Homeland Defense Volunteers (2025)"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the FABF has a mix of older, secondhand, and some modern equipment from a variety of suppliers, including China, Egypt, France, Russia, South Africa, Turkey, the UK, and the US (2024)"
@ -1100,7 +1099,7 @@
"text": "<strong>note:</strong> in 2024, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger announced they were forming joint force of 5,000 troops to combat extremist groups in the Sahel"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "the Armed Forces of Burkina Faso (FABF) are responsible for external defense but also have an internal security role and can be called out to assist internal security forces in restoring public order, combating crime, securing the border, and conducting counterterrorism/counterinsurgency operations<br><br>the FABF's primary focus is combatting militants affiliated with the al-Qa'ida and Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) terrorist groups, which have operated in the country for more than a decade and are estimated to control at least 30 percent of Burkina Faso as of 2025; Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM), a coalition of al-Qa'ida linked militant groups that act as al-Qa'ida in the Land of the Islamic Magreb's (AQIM) arm in the Sahel, is strongest in the north but active in nearly all of the country's 13 provinces, while ISIS in the Greater Sahara (aka ISIS-Sahel) operates in the eastern part of the country<br><br>the FABF has a history of involvement in the country’s politics, having conducted eight coups since its formation in 1960-61, including the most recent in September 2022; several combat units were disbanded in 2011 following mutinies (2025)"
"text": "the Armed Forces of Burkina Faso (FABF) are responsible for external defense but also have an internal security role and can be called out to assist internal security forces in restoring public order, combating crime, securing the border, and conducting counterterrorism/counterinsurgency/internal defense operations<br><br>the FABF's primary focus is combatting militants affiliated with the al-Qa'ida and Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) terrorist groups, which have operated in the country for more than a decade and are estimated to control at least 30 percent of Burkina Faso as of 2025; Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM), a coalition of al-Qa'ida linked militant groups that act as al-Qa'ida in the Land of the Islamic Magreb's (AQIM) arm in the Sahel, is strongest in the north but active in nearly all of the country's 13 provinces, while ISIS in the Greater Sahara (aka ISIS-Sahel) operates in the eastern part of the country<br><br>the FABF has a history of involvement in the country’s politics, having conducted eight coups since its formation in 1960-61, including the most recent in September 2022; several combat units were disbanded in 2011 following mutinies (2025)"
}
},
"Terrorism": {

5
africa/wa.json
View file

@ -661,7 +661,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "blue, red, green, white, yellow"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Namibia, Land of the Brave\""
},
@ -670,8 +670,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1991"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1991"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

7
africa/wz.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "<p>A Swazi kingdom was founded in the mid-18th century and ruled by a series of kings, including MSWATI II, a 19th century ruler whose name was adopted for the country and its predominant ethnic group. European countries defined the kingdom’s modern borders during the late-19th century, and Swaziland (as it became known) was administered as a UK high commission territory from 1903 until its independence in 1968. A new constitution that came into effect in 2005 included provisions for a more independent parliament and judiciary, but the legal status of political parties remains unclear, and the kingdom is still considered an absolute monarchy. King MSWATI III renamed the country from Swaziland to Eswatini in 2018 to reflect the name most commonly used by its citizens. <br><br>In 2021, MSWATI III used security forces to suppress prodemocracy protests. A national dialogue and reconciliation process agreed to in the wake of violence has not materialized. In November 2023, King MSWATI III appointed a new prime minister following peaceful national elections.  Despite its classification as a lower-middle income country, Eswatini suffers from severe poverty, corruption, and high unemployment. Eswatini has the world's highest HIV/AIDS prevalence rate, although recent years have shown marked declines in new infections. Eswatini is the only country in Africa that recognizes Taiwan.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>"
"text": "A Swazi kingdom was founded in the mid-18th century and ruled by a series of kings, including MSWATI II, a 19th century ruler whose name was adopted for the country and its predominant ethnic group. European countries defined the kingdom’s modern borders during the late-19th century, and Swaziland (as it became known) was administered as a UK high commission territory from 1903 until its independence in 1968. A new constitution that came into effect in 2005 included provisions for a more independent parliament and judiciary, but the legal status of political parties remains unclear, and the kingdom is still considered an absolute monarchy. King MSWATI III renamed the country from Swaziland to Eswatini in 2018 to reflect the name most commonly used by its citizens. <br><br>In 2021, MSWATI III used security forces to suppress prodemocracy protests. A national dialogue and reconciliation process agreed to in the wake of violence has not materialized. In November 2023, King MSWATI III appointed a new prime minister following peaceful national elections.  Despite its classification as a lower-middle income country, Eswatini suffers from severe poverty, corruption, and high unemployment. Eswatini has the world's highest HIV/AIDS prevalence rate, although recent years have shown marked declines in new infections. Eswatini is the only country in Africa that recognizes Taiwan."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -656,7 +656,7 @@
"National coat of arms": {
"text": "the national coat of arms was adopted in 1968 after independence from the United Kingdom; two national symbols, the lion (representing the king of Eswatini) and the elephant (representing the queen mother), support a traditional Nguni shield; above the shield is the king's <em>lidlabe</em>, or crown of feathers, and at the bottom is Eswatini's motto, <em>Siyinqaba</em>, or \"We are the fortress”"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Nkulunkulu Mnikati wetibusiso temaSwati\" (O God, Bestower of the Blessings of the Swazi)"
},
@ -665,8 +665,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1968; uses elements of both ethnic Swazi and Western music styles"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1968; uses elements of both ethnic Swazi and Western music styles"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

5
africa/za.json
View file

@ -639,7 +639,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "green, red, black, orange"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Lumbanyeni Zambia\" (Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free)"
},
@ -648,8 +648,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1964; the melody, which comes from the popular song \"God Bless Africa,\" is the same as Tanzania's anthem, but with different lyrics; the melody is also incorporated into South Africa's anthem"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1964; the melody, which comes from the popular song \"God Bless Africa,\" is the same as Tanzania's anthem, but with different lyrics; the melody is also incorporated into South Africa's anthem"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

5
africa/zi.json
View file

@ -687,7 +687,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "green, yellow, red, black, white"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Kalibusiswe Ilizwe leZimbabwe\" [Northern Ndebele language] \"Simudzai Mureza WeZimbabwe\" [Shona] (Blessed Be the Land of Zimbabwe)"
},
@ -696,8 +696,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1994"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1994"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

23
antarctica/fs.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "<p>In 2007, the Iles Eparses became an integral part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands (TAAF). The Southern Lands are now divided into five administrative districts, two of which are archipelagos, the Iles Crozet and Iles Kerguelen; the third is a district composed of two volcanic islands, Ile Saint-Paul and Ile Amsterdam; the fourth, Iles Eparses, consists of five scattered tropical islands around Madagascar. They contain no permanent inhabitants and are visited only by researchers studying the native fauna, scientists at the various scientific stations, fishermen, and military personnel. The fifth district is the Antarctic portion, which consists of \"Adelie Land,\" a thin slice of the Antarctic continent discovered and claimed by the French in 1840.</p> <p><strong>Ile Amsterdam:</strong> Discovered but not named in 1522 by the Spanish, the island subsequently received the appellation of Nieuw Amsterdam from a Dutchman; it was claimed by France in 1843. A short-lived attempt at cattle farming began in 1871. A French meteorological station established on the island in 1949 is still in use.</p> <p><strong>Ile Saint Paul:</strong> Claimed by France since 1893, the island was a fishing industry center from 1843 to 1914. In 1928, a spiny lobster cannery was established, but when the company went bankrupt in 1931, seven workers were abandoned. Only two survived until 1934 when rescue finally arrived.</p> <p><strong>Iles Crozet:</strong> A large archipelago formed from the Crozet Plateau, Iles Crozet is divided into two main groups: L'Occidental (the West), which includes Ile aux Cochons, Ilots des Apotres, Ile des Pingouins, and the reefs Brisants de l'Heroine; and L'Oriental (the East), which includes Ile d'Est and Ile de la Possession, the largest island of the Crozets. Discovered and claimed by France in 1772, the islands were used for seal hunting and as a base for whaling. Originally administered as a dependency of Madagascar, they became part of the TAAF in 1955.</p> <p><strong>Iles Kerguelen:</strong> This island group, discovered in 1772, consists of one large island (Ile Kerguelen) and about 300 smaller islands. A permanent group of 50 to 100 scientists resides at the main base at Port-aux-Francais.</p> <p><strong>Adelie Land:</strong> The only non-insular district of the TAAF is the Antarctic claim known as \"Adelie Land.\" The US Government does not recognize it as a French dependency.</p> <p><strong>Bassas da India:</strong> A French possession since 1897, this atoll is a volcanic rock surrounded by reefs and is awash at high tide.</p> <p><strong>Europa Island:</strong> This heavily wooded island has been a French possession since 1897; it is the site of a small military garrison that staffs a weather station.</p> <p><strong>Glorioso Islands:</strong> A French possession since 1892, the Glorioso Islands are composed of two lushly vegetated coral islands (Ile Glorieuse and Ile du Lys) and three rock islets. A military garrison operates a weather and radio station on Ile Glorieuse.</p> <p><strong>Juan de Nova Island:</strong> Named after a famous 15th-century Spanish navigator and explorer, the island has been a French possession since 1897. It has been exploited for its guano and phosphate. Presently a small military garrison oversees a meteorological station.</p> <p><strong>Tromelin Island:</strong> First explored by the French in 1776, the island came under the jurisdiction of Reunion in 1814. At present, it serves as a sea turtle sanctuary and is the site of an important meteorological station.</p>"
"text": "In 2007, the Iles Eparses became an integral part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands (TAAF). The Southern Lands are now divided into five administrative districts, two of which are archipelagos, the Iles Crozet and Iles Kerguelen; the third is a district composed of two volcanic islands, Ile Saint-Paul and Ile Amsterdam; the fourth, Iles Eparses, consists of five scattered tropical islands around Madagascar. They contain no permanent inhabitants and are visited only by researchers studying the native fauna, scientists at the various scientific stations, fishermen, and military personnel. The fifth district is the Antarctic portion, which consists of \"Adelie Land,\" a thin slice of the Antarctic continent discovered and claimed by the French in 1840. <br><br><strong>Ile Amsterdam:</strong> Discovered but not named in 1522 by the Spanish, the island subsequently received the appellation of Nieuw Amsterdam from a Dutchman; it was claimed by France in 1843. A short-lived attempt at cattle farming began in 1871. A French meteorological station established on the island in 1949 is still in use. <br><br><strong>Ile Saint Paul:</strong> Claimed by France since 1893, the island was a fishing industry center from 1843 to 1914. In 1928, a spiny lobster cannery was established, but when the company went bankrupt in 1931, seven workers were abandoned. Only two survived until 1934 when rescue finally arrived. <br><br><strong>Iles Crozet:</strong> A large archipelago formed from the Crozet Plateau, Iles Crozet is divided into two main groups: L'Occidental (the West), which includes Ile aux Cochons, Ilots des Apotres, Ile des Pingouins, and the reefs Brisants de l'Heroine; and L'Oriental (the East), which includes Ile d'Est and Ile de la Possession, the largest island of the Crozets. Discovered and claimed by France in 1772, the islands were used for seal hunting and as a base for whaling. Originally administered as a dependency of Madagascar, they became part of the TAAF in 1955. <br><br><strong>Iles Kerguelen:</strong> This island group, discovered in 1772, consists of one large island (Ile Kerguelen) and about 300 smaller islands. A permanent group of 50 to 100 scientists resides at the main base at Port-aux-Francais. <br><br><strong>Adelie Land:</strong> The only non-insular district of the TAAF is the Antarctic claim known as \"Adelie Land.\" The US Government does not recognize it as a French dependency. <br><br><strong>Bassas da India:</strong> A French possession since 1897, this atoll is a volcanic rock surrounded by reefs and is awash at high tide. <br><br><strong>Europa Island:</strong> This heavily wooded island has been a French possession since 1897; it is the site of a small military garrison that staffs a weather station. <br><br><strong>Glorioso Islands:</strong> A French possession since 1892, the Glorioso Islands are composed of two lushly vegetated coral islands (Ile Glorieuse and Ile du Lys) and three rock islets. A military garrison operates a weather and radio station on Ile Glorieuse. <br><br><strong>Juan de Nova Island:</strong> Named after a famous 15th-century Spanish navigator and explorer, the island has been a French possession since 1897. It has been exploited for its guano and phosphate. Presently a small military garrison oversees a meteorological station. <br><br><strong>Tromelin Island:</strong> First explored by the French in 1776, the island came under the jurisdiction of Reunion in 1814. At present, it serves as a sea turtle sanctuary and is the site of an important meteorological station."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -9,16 +9,16 @@
"text": "southeast and east of Africa, islands in the southern Indian Ocean, some near Madagascar and others about equidistant between Africa, Antarctica, and Australia; note - French Southern and Antarctic Lands include Ile Amsterdam, Ile Saint-Paul, Iles Crozet, Iles Kerguelen, Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, and Tromelin Island in the southern Indian Ocean, along with the French-claimed sector of Antarctica, \"Adelie Land\"; the US does not recognize the French claim to \"Adelie Land\""
},
"Geographic coordinates": {
"text": "<p><strong>Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul):</strong> 37 50 S, 77 32 E; </p><p><strong>Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul):</strong> 38 72 S, 77 53 E; </p><p><strong>Iles Crozet:</strong> 46 25 S, 51 00 E; </p><p><strong>Iles Kerguelen:</strong> 49 15 S, 69 35 E; </p><p><strong>Bassas da India (Iles Eparses):</strong> 21 30 S, 39 50 E; </p><p><strong>Europa Island (Iles Eparses):</strong> 22 20 S, 40 22 E; </p><p><strong>Glorioso Islands (Iles Eparses):</strong> 11 30 S, 47 20 E; </p><p><strong>Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses):</strong> 17 03 S, 42 45 E; </p><p><strong>Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses):</strong> 15 52 S, 54 25 E</p>"
"text": "<strong>Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul):</strong> 37 50 S, 77 32 E <p><strong>Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul):</strong> 38 72 S, 77 53 E</p> <p><strong>Iles Crozet:</strong> 46 25 S, 51 00 E</p> <p><strong>Iles Kerguelen:</strong> 49 15 S, 69 35 E</p> <p><strong>Bassas da India (Iles Eparses):</strong> 21 30 S, 39 50 E</p> <p><strong>Europa Island (Iles Eparses):</strong> 22 20 S, 40 22 E</p> <p><strong>Glorioso Islands (Iles Eparses):</strong> 11 30 S, 47 20 E</p> <p><strong>Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses):</strong> 17 03 S, 42 45 E</p> <strong>Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses):</strong> 15 52 S, 54 25 E"
},
"Map references": {
"text": "Antarctic RegionAfrica"
},
"Area": {
"text": "<strong>Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>total - 55 sq km; land - 55 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br> <strong>Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>total - 7 sq km; land - 7 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br> <strong>Iles Crozet: </strong>total - 352 sq km; land - 352 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br> <strong>Iles Kerguelen: </strong>total - 7,215 sq km; land - 7,215 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br> <strong>Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 80 sq km; land - 0.2 sq km; water - 79.8 sq km (lagoon)<br> <strong>Europa Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 28 sq km; land - 28 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br> <strong>Glorioso Islands (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 5 sq km; land - 5 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br> <strong>Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 4.4 sq km; land - 4.4 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br> <strong>Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 1 sq km; land - 1 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br> <strong>note: </strong>excludes \"Adelie Land\" claim of about 500,000 sq km in Antarctica that is not recognized by the US"
"text": "<strong>Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>total - 55 sq km; land - 55 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br><br><strong>Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>total - 7 sq km; land - 7 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br><br><strong>Iles Crozet: </strong>total - 352 sq km; land - 352 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br><br><strong>Iles Kerguelen: </strong>total - 7,215 sq km; land - 7,215 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br><br><strong>Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 80 sq km; land - 0.2 sq km; water - 79.8 sq km (lagoon)<br><br><strong>Europa Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 28 sq km; land - 28 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br><br><strong>Glorioso Islands (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 5 sq km; land - 5 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br><br><strong>Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 4.4 sq km; land - 4.4 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br><br><strong>Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 1 sq km; land - 1 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br><br><strong>note: </strong>excludes \"Adelie Land\" claim of about 500,000 sq km in Antarctica that is not recognized by the US"
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "<p><strong>Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul):</strong> less than one-half the size of Washington, D.C.;</p> <p><strong>Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul):</strong> more than 10 times the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.;</p> <p><strong>Iles Crozet:</strong> about twice the size of Washington, D.C.;</p> <p><strong>Iles Kerguelen:</strong> slightly larger than Delaware;</p> <p><strong>Bassas da India (Iles Eparses):</strong> land area about one-third the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.;</p> <p><strong>Europa Island (Iles Eparses):</strong> about one-sixth the size of Washington, D.C.;</p> <p><strong>Glorioso Islands (Iles Eparses):</strong> about eight times the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.;</p> <p><strong>Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses):</strong> about seven times the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.;</p> <p><strong>Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses):</strong> about 1.7 times the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.</p>"
"text": "<strong>Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul):</strong> less than one-half the size of Washington, D.C. <p><strong>Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul):</strong> more than 10 times the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.</p> <p><strong>Iles Crozet:</strong> about twice the size of Washington, D.C.</p> <p><strong>Iles Kerguelen:</strong> slightly larger than Delaware</p> <p><strong>Bassas da India (Iles Eparses):</strong> land area about one-third the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.</p> <p><strong>Europa Island (Iles Eparses):</strong> about one-sixth the size of Washington, D.C.</p> <p><strong>Glorioso Islands (Iles Eparses):</strong> about eight times the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.</p> <p><strong>Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses):</strong> about seven times the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.</p> <strong>Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses):</strong> about 1.7 times the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C."
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
}
},
"Climate": {
"text": "<p><strong>Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul:</strong> oceanic with persistent westerly winds and high humidity</p> <p><strong>Iles Crozet:</strong> windy, cold, wet, and cloudy</p> <p><strong>Iles Kerguelen:</strong> oceanic, cold, overcast, windy</p> <p><strong>Iles Eparses:</strong> tropical</p>"
"text": "<strong>Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul:</strong> oceanic with persistent westerly winds and high humidity <br><br><strong>Iles Crozet:</strong> windy, cold, wet, and cloudy <br><br><strong>Iles Kerguelen:</strong> oceanic, cold, overcast, windy <br><br><strong>Iles Eparses:</strong> tropical"
},
"Terrain": {
"text": "<p><strong>Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul):</strong> a volcanic island with steep coastal cliffs; the center floor of the volcano is a large plateau; </p><p><strong>Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul):</strong> triangular in shape, the island is the top of a volcano, rocky with steep cliffs on the eastern side; has active thermal springs; </p><p><strong>Iles Crozet:</strong> a large archipelago formed from the Crozet Plateau is divided into two groups of islands; </p><p><strong>Iles Kerguelen:</strong> the interior of the large island of Ile Kerguelen is composed of high mountains, hills, valleys, and plains with peninsulas stretching off its coasts; </p><p><strong>Bassas da India (Iles Eparses):</strong> atoll, awash at high tide; shallow (15 m) lagoon; </p><p><strong>Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island:</strong> low, flat, and sandy; </p><p><strong>Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses):</strong> low, flat, sandy; likely volcanic seamount</p>"
@ -56,10 +56,10 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> in the 1950's and 1960's, several species of trout were introduced to Iles Kerguelen of which two, brown trout and brook trout, survived to establish wild populations; reindeer were also introduced to Iles Kerguelen in 1956 as a source of fresh meat for whaling crews -- the herd today, one of two in the Southern Hemisphere, is estimated to number around 4,000"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul are inactive volcanoes; Iles Eparses subject to periodic cyclones; Bassas da India is a maritime hazard since it is under water for a period of three hours prior to and following the high tide and surrounded by reefs</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Reunion Island - Piton de la Fournaise (2,632 m), which has erupted many times in recent years including 2010, 2015, and 2017, is one of the world's most active volcanoes; although rare, eruptions outside the volcano's caldera could threaten nearby cities</p>"
"text": "Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul are inactive volcanoes; Iles Éparses are subject to periodic cyclones; Bassas da India is a maritime hazard because it is under water for three hours before and after high tide<br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> Reunion Island - Piton de la Fournaise (2,632 m), which has erupted many times in recent years, is one of the world's most active volcanoes; although rare, eruptions outside the volcano's caldera could threaten nearby cities"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "<p>islands are widely scattered across remote locations in the southern Indian Ocean</p> <p><strong>Bassas da India (Iles Éparses):</strong> atoll is a circular reef atop a long-extinct, submerged volcano</p> <p><strong>Europa Island and Juan de Nova Island (Iles Éparses):</strong> wildlife sanctuary for seabirds and sea turtles</p> <p><strong>Glorioso Island (Iles Éparses):</strong> islands and rocks are surrounded by an extensive reef system</p> <p><strong>Tromelin Island (Iles Éparses):</strong> climatologically important location for forecasting cyclones in the western Indian Ocean; wildlife sanctuary (seabirds, tortoises)</p>"
"text": "islands are widely scattered across remote locations in the southern Indian Ocean <br><br><strong>Bassas da India (Iles Éparses):</strong> atoll is a circular reef on top of a long-extinct, submerged volcano <br><br><strong>Europa Island and Juan de Nova Island (Iles Éparses):</strong> wildlife sanctuary for seabirds and sea turtles <br><br><strong>Glorioso Island (Iles Éparses):</strong> an extensive reef system surrounds the island<br><br><strong>Tromelin Island (Iles Éparses):</strong> climatologically important location for forecasting cyclones in the western Indian Ocean; wildlife sanctuary (seabirds, tortoises)"
}
},
"People and Society": {
@ -75,7 +75,7 @@
"text": "problems from introduction of foreign species on Iles Crozet; overfishing of Patagonian toothfish around Iles Crozet and Iles Kerguelen"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "<p><strong>Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul:</strong> oceanic with persistent westerly winds and high humidity</p> <p><strong>Iles Crozet:</strong> windy, cold, wet, and cloudy</p> <p><strong>Iles Kerguelen:</strong> oceanic, cold, overcast, windy</p> <p><strong>Iles Eparses:</strong> tropical</p>"
"text": "<strong>Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul:</strong> oceanic with persistent westerly winds and high humidity <br><br><strong>Iles Crozet:</strong> windy, cold, wet, and cloudy <br><br><strong>Iles Kerguelen:</strong> oceanic, cold, overcast, windy <br><br><strong>Iles Eparses:</strong> tropical"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -130,17 +130,16 @@
"Flag description": {
"text": "the flag of France is used"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"La Marseillaise\""
"text": "\"La Marseillaise\" (The Song of Marseille)"
},
"lyrics/music": {
"text": "Claude-Joseph ROUGET de Lisle"
},
"history": {
"text": "official anthem, as a French territory"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> \"La Marseillaise\" is the official anthem for the French Southern and Antarctic Lands, as a territory of France (see France)"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

9
australia-oceania/aq.json
View file

@ -86,7 +86,7 @@
"text": "0 sq km (2022)"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>cyclones common from December to March</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> limited volcanic activity on the Ofu and Olosega Islands; neither has erupted since the 19th century</p>"
"text": "cyclones common from December to March <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> limited volcanic activity on the Ofu and Olosega Islands; neither has erupted since the 19th century"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "Pago Pago has one of the best natural deepwater harbors in the South Pacific Ocean, sheltered by shape from rough seas and protected by peripheral mountains from high winds; strategic location in the South Pacific Ocean"
@ -354,7 +354,7 @@
}
},
"Citizenship": {
"text": "see United States<br>Note: in accordance with US Code Title 8, Section 1408, persons born in American Samoa are US nationals but not US citizens"
"text": "see United States<br><strong>note:</strong> in accordance with US Code Title 8, Section 1408, persons born in American Samoa are US nationals but not US citizens"
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
@ -426,7 +426,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, white, blue"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"The Star-Spangled Banner\""
},
@ -435,8 +435,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "official anthem, as a US territory"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> local anthem adopted 1950; as a territory of the United States, \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is the official anthem (see United States)"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

6
australia-oceania/as.json
View file

@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> includes Lord Howe Island and Macquarie Island"
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "slightly smaller than the US contiguous 48 states"
"text": "slightly smaller than the 48 contiguous US states"
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -116,7 +116,7 @@
"text": "population is primarily located on the periphery, with the highest concentration of people residing in the east and southeast; a secondary population center is located in and around Perth in the west; of the states and territories, New South Wales has, by far, the largest population; the interior, or \"outback,\" has a very sparse population"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>cyclones along the coast; severe droughts; forest fires</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> volcanic activity on Heard and McDonald Islands</p>"
"text": "cyclones along the coast; severe droughts; forest fires <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> volcanic activity on Heard and McDonald Islands"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "<strong>note 1:</strong> world's smallest continent but sixth-largest country; the largest country in Oceania, the largest country entirely in the Southern Hemisphere, and the largest country without land borders<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the Great Dividing Range that runs along eastern Australia is that continent’s longest mountain range and the third-longest land-based range in the world; the term \"Great Dividing Range\" refers to the fact that the mountains form a watershed crest from which all of the rivers of eastern Australia flow – east, west, north, and south<br><br><strong>note 3:</strong> Australia is the only continent without glaciers; it is the driest inhabited continent on earth; Perth on the west coast is home to the invigorating sea breeze known as the \"Fremantle Doctor,\" one of the most consistent winds in the world; Australia hosts 10% of the world's biodiversity, and a great number of its flora and fauna exist nowhere else in the world"
@ -691,7 +691,7 @@
"National coat of arms": {
"text": "King George V of the United Kingdom granted the current Commonwealth Coat of Arms to Australia on 19 September 1912; the center of the shield has the symbols of Australia&rsquo;s six states; the kangaroo and the emu symbolize a nation moving forward, since neither animal can move backward easily; the gold Commonwealth star sits above the shield, with six points representing the Australian states and the seventh representing the territories; the gold and blue in the wreath under the star are the livery, or identifying, colors for the coat of arms; Australia&rsquo;s floral emblem, the golden wattle, frames the shield"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"God Save the King\""
},

2
australia-oceania/at.json
View file

@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
},
"Geographic coordinates": {
"text": "12 25 S, 123 20 E",
"note": "<strong>note -</strong> Ashmore Reef - 12 14 S, 123 05 E; Cartier Islet - 12 32 S, 123 32 E"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Ashmore Reef - 12 14 S, 123 05 E; Cartier Islet - 12 32 S, 123 32 E"
},
"Map references": {
"text": "Southeast Asia"

11
australia-oceania/bp.json
View file

@ -92,7 +92,7 @@
"text": "most of the population lives along the coastal regions; about one in five live in urban areas, and of these about two thirds reside in Honiara, the largest town and chief port"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>tropical cyclones, but rarely destructive; geologically active region with frequent earthquakes, tremors, and volcanic activity; tsunamis</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Tinakula (851 m) has frequent eruption activity, while an eruption of Savo (485 m) could affect the capital Honiara on nearby Guadalcanal</p>"
"text": "tropical cyclones, but rarely destructive; geologically active region with frequent earthquakes, tremors, and volcanic activity; tsunamis <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> Tinakula (851 m) has frequent eruption activity, and an eruption of Savo (485 m) could affect the capital Honiara on nearby Guadalcanal"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "strategic location on sea routes between the South Pacific Ocean, the Solomon Sea, and the Coral Sea; Rennell Island, the southernmost in the Solomon Islands chain, is one of the world&rsquo;s largest raised coral atolls; the island&rsquo;s Lake Tegano, formerly a lagoon on the atoll, is the largest lake in the insular Pacific (15,500 hectares; 38,300 acres)"
@ -545,8 +545,8 @@
}
},
"Political parties": {
"text": "Democratic Alliance Party or DAP <br>Kadere Party of Solomon Islands or KAD <br>Ownership, Unity, and Responsibility Party (OUR Party) <br>People First Party or PFP <br>Solomon Islands Democratic Party or SIDP <br>Solomon Islands Party for Rural Advancement or SIPRA <br>Solomon Islands United Party or SIUP <br>United for Change Party or U4C<br> <br>Coalition for Accountability Reform and Empowerment (CARE) is comprised of DAP, SIDP, and U4C",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> in general, Solomon Islands politics is characterized by fluid coalitions"
"text": "Democratic Alliance Party or DAP <br>Kadere Party of Solomon Islands or KAD <br>Ownership, Unity, and Responsibility Party (OUR Party) <br>People First Party or PFP <br>Solomon Islands Democratic Party or SIDP <br>Solomon Islands Party for Rural Advancement or SIPRA <br>Solomon Islands United Party or SIUP <br>United for Change Party or U4C<br>Coalition for Accountability Reform and Empowerment (CARE) (includes DAP, SIDP, and U4C)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Solomon Islands politics is characterized by fluid coalitions"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
@ -597,7 +597,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "blue, yellow, green, white"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"God Save Our Solomon Islands\""
},
@ -606,8 +606,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1978"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1978"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

7
australia-oceania/ck.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "<p>British sea captain William KEELING discovered the Cocos (Keeling) Islands in 1609, and they were named for their coconut trees in 1622. Some maps began referring to them as the Keeling Islands in 1703. In 1825, Scottish trader John CLUNIES-ROSS was trying to get to Christmas Island but was blown off course and landed on Cocos (Keeling) Islands. The next year, a British trader hired CLUNIES-ROSS's brother to bring slaves and a harem of Malay women to create the first permanent settlement on the island. By the 1830s, the Clunies-Ross family had firmly established themselves as the leaders of the islands, and they ruled Cocos (Keeling) Islands in a feudal style until 1978.<br><br>The UK annexed the islands in 1857 and administered them from Ceylon after 1878 and from Singapore after 1886. The Cocos (Keeling) Islands hosted a cable relaying station and was attacked by the Germans in World War I. The Japanese similarly attacked the islands in World War II. The UK transferred the islands to Australia in 1955, when they were officially named the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and in 1978, Australia bought all the land held by the Clunies-Ross family, ending their control of the islands. In a referendum in 1984, most islanders voted to integrate with Australia, and Western Australian laws have applied on the islands since 1992.</p>"
"text": "British sea captain William KEELING discovered the Cocos (Keeling) Islands in 1609, and they were named for their coconut trees in 1622. Some maps began referring to them as the Keeling Islands in 1703. In 1825, Scottish trader John CLUNIES-ROSS was trying to get to Christmas Island but was blown off course and landed on Cocos (Keeling) Islands. The next year, a British trader hired CLUNIES-ROSS's brother to bring slaves and a harem of Malay women to create the first permanent settlement on the island. By the 1830s, the Clunies-Ross family had firmly established themselves as the leaders of the islands, and they ruled Cocos (Keeling) Islands in a feudal style until 1978.<br><br>The UK annexed the islands in 1857 and administered them from Ceylon after 1878 and from Singapore after 1886. The Cocos (Keeling) Islands hosted a cable relaying station and was attacked by the Germans in World War I. The Japanese similarly attacked the islands in World War II. The UK transferred the islands to Australia in 1955, when they were officially named the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and in 1978, Australia bought all the land held by the Clunies-Ross family, ending their control of the islands. In a referendum in 1984, most islanders voted to integrate with Australia, and Western Australian laws have applied on the islands since 1992."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -279,7 +279,7 @@
"Flag description": {
"text": "the flag of Australia is used"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"God Save the King\""
},
@ -288,8 +288,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "royal anthem, as an Australian territory"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> because the islands are a territory of Australia, \"Advance Australia Fair\" is the national anthem, and \"God Save the King\" serves as the royal anthem (see Australia)"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

12
australia-oceania/cq.json
View file

@ -378,17 +378,18 @@
"text": "see United States"
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal; note - indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections"
"text": "18 years of age; universal",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> inhabitants are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections"
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "President Donald J. TRUMP (since 20 January 2025)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Governor Arnold PALACIOS (since 9 January 2023)"
"text": "Governor David M. APATANG (since 24 July 2025)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the Senate"
"text": "Sworn in by CNMI Chief Justice Alexandro Castro on Thursday, 24 July 2025"
},
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president and vice president indirectly elected on the same ballot by an Electoral College of electors chosen from each state; president and vice president serve a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); under the US Constitution, residents of the Northern Mariana Islands do not vote in elections for US president and vice president; however, they may vote in Democratic and Republican party presidential primary elections; governor directly elected by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds, if needed"
@ -444,7 +445,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "blue, white"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"The Star-Spangled Banner\""
},
@ -453,8 +454,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "official anthem, as a US commonwealth"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1996; the Carolinian version of the song is known as \"Satil Matawal Pacifico;\" in addition to the local anthem, \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is the official anthem for the islands, as a US commonwealth (see United States)"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

4
australia-oceania/cr.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "<p>The widely scattered Coral Sea Islands were first charted in 1803, but they were too small to host permanent human habitation. The 1870s and 1880s saw attempts at guano mining, but these were soon abandoned. The islands became an Australian territory in 1969, and the boundaries were extended in 1997. A small meteorological staff has operated on the Willis Islets since 1921, and several other islands host unmanned weather stations, beacons, and lighthouses. Much of the territory lies within national marine nature reserves.</p> <p style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: 18.0pt; background: white;\"> </p>"
"text": "The widely scattered Coral Sea Islands were first charted in 1803, but they were too small to host permanent human habitation. The 1870s and 1880s saw attempts at guano mining, but these were soon abandoned. The islands became an Australian territory in 1969, and the boundaries were extended in 1997. A small meteorological staff has operated on the Willis Islets since 1921, and several other islands host unmanned weather stations, beacons, and lighthouses. Much of the territory lies within national marine nature reserves."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
"water": {
"text": "0 sq km"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> includes numerous small islands and reefs scattered over a sea area of about 780,000 sq km (300,000 sq mi) with the Willis Islets the most important"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> includes numerous small islands and reefs scattered over a sea area of about 780,000 sq km (300,000 sq mi), with the Willis Islets the most important"
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "about four times the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C."

7
australia-oceania/cw.json
View file

@ -541,7 +541,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "green, white"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Te Atua Mou E\" (To God Almighty)"
},
@ -549,9 +549,8 @@
"text": "Tepaeru Te RITO/Thomas DAVIS"
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1982; as prime minister, Sir Thomas DAVIS composed the anthem; his wife Pa Tepaeru Terito Ariki, who was a tribal chief, wrote the lyrics"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1982; as prime minister, Sir Thomas DAVIS composed the anthem; his wife Pa Tepaeru Terito Ariki, who was a tribal chief, wrote the lyrics"
"text": "adopted 1982; as prime minister, Sir Thomas DAVIS composed the anthem; Pa Tepaeru Terito Ariki, his wife and a tribal chief, wrote the lyrics"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

7
australia-oceania/fj.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "<p>Austronesians settled Fiji around 1000 B.C., followed by successive waves of Melanesians starting around the first century A.D. Fijians traded with Polynesian groups in Samoa and Tonga, and by about 900, much of Fiji was in the Tu’i Tongan Empire’s sphere of influence. The Tongan influence declined significantly by 1200, while Melanesian seafarers continued to periodically arrive in Fiji, further mixing Melanesian and Polynesian cultural traditions. The first European spotted Fiji in 1643 and by the 1800s, European merchants, missionaries, traders, and whalers frequented the islands. Rival kings and chiefs competed for power, at times aided by Europeans, and in 1865, Seru Epenisa CAKOBAU united many groups into the Confederacy of Independent Kingdoms of Viti. The arrangement proved weak, however, and in 1871 CAKOBAU formed the Kingdom of Fiji in an attempt to centralize power. Fearing a hostile takeover by a foreign power as the kingdom’s economy began to falter, CAKOBAU ceded Fiji to the UK in 1874.<br><br>The first British governor set up a plantation-style economy and brought in more than 60,000 Indians as indentured laborers, most of whom chose to stay in Fiji rather than return to India when their contracts expired. In the early 1900s, society was divided along ethnic lines, with iTaukei (indigenous Fijians), Europeans, and Indo-Fijians living in separate areas and maintaining their own languages and traditions. ITaukei fears of an Indo-Fijian takeover of government delayed independence through the 1960s; Fiji achieved independence in 1970 with agreements to allocate parliamentary seats by ethnic groups. After two coups in 1987, a new constitution in 1990 cemented iTaukei control of politics, leading thousands of Indo-Fijians to leave. A reformed constitution in 1997 was more equitable and led to the election of an Indo-Fijian prime minister in 1999, who was ousted in a coup the following year. In 2005, the new prime minister put forward a bill that would grant pardons to the coup perpetrators, leading Josaia Voreqe \"Frank\" BAINIMARAMA to launch a coup in 2006. BAINIMARAMA appointed himself prime minister in 2007 and retained the position after elections in 2014 and 2018 that international observers deemed credible. BAINIMARAMA's party lost control of the prime minister position after elections in 2022 with former opposition leader Sitiveni Ligamamada RABUKA winning the office by a narrow margin.<br><br></p>"
"text": "Austronesians settled Fiji around 1000 B.C., followed by successive waves of Melanesians starting around the first century A.D. Fijians traded with Polynesian groups in Samoa and Tonga, and by about 900, much of Fiji was in the Tu’i Tongan Empire’s sphere of influence. The Tongan influence declined significantly by 1200, while Melanesian seafarers continued to periodically arrive in Fiji, further mixing Melanesian and Polynesian cultural traditions. The first European spotted Fiji in 1643 and by the 1800s, European merchants, missionaries, traders, and whalers frequented the islands. Rival kings and chiefs competed for power, at times aided by Europeans, and in 1865, Seru Epenisa CAKOBAU united many groups into the Confederacy of Independent Kingdoms of Viti. The arrangement proved weak, however, and in 1871 CAKOBAU formed the Kingdom of Fiji in an attempt to centralize power. Fearing a hostile takeover by a foreign power as the kingdom’s economy began to falter, CAKOBAU ceded Fiji to the UK in 1874.<br><br>The first British governor set up a plantation-style economy and brought in more than 60,000 Indians as indentured laborers, most of whom chose to stay in Fiji rather than return to India when their contracts expired. In the early 1900s, society was divided along ethnic lines, with iTaukei (indigenous Fijians), Europeans, and Indo-Fijians living in separate areas and maintaining their own languages and traditions. ITaukei fears of an Indo-Fijian takeover of government delayed independence through the 1960s; Fiji achieved independence in 1970 with agreements to allocate parliamentary seats by ethnic groups. After two coups in 1987, a new constitution in 1990 cemented iTaukei control of politics, leading thousands of Indo-Fijians to leave. A reformed constitution in 1997 was more equitable and led to the election of an Indo-Fijian prime minister in 1999, who was ousted in a coup the following year. In 2005, the new prime minister put forward a bill that would grant pardons to the coup perpetrators, leading Josaia Voreqe \"Frank\" BAINIMARAMA to launch a coup in 2006. BAINIMARAMA appointed himself prime minister in 2007 and retained the position after elections in 2014 and 2018 that international observers deemed credible. BAINIMARAMA's party lost control of the prime minister position after elections in 2022 with former opposition leader Sitiveni Ligamamada RABUKA winning the office by a narrow margin."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -633,7 +633,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "light blue"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"God Bless Fiji\""
},
@ -642,8 +642,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1970; known in Fijian as \"Meda Dau Doka\" (Let Us Show Pride); adapted from the hymn, \"Dwelling in Beulah Land,\" the anthem's English lyrics are usually used, although they differ in meaning from the official Fijian lyrics"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1970; known in Fijian as \"Meda Dau Doka\" (Let Us Show Pride); adapted from the hymn, \"Dwelling in Beulah Land,\" the anthem's English lyrics are usually used, although they differ in meaning from the official Fijian lyrics"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

5
australia-oceania/fm.json
View file

@ -570,7 +570,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "light blue, white"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Patriots of Micronesia\""
},
@ -579,8 +579,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1991; also known as \"Across All Micronesia;\" the music is based on the 1820 German patriotic song \"Ich hab mich ergeben,\" which was the West German national anthem from 1949 to 1950"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1991; also known as \"Across All Micronesia;\" the music is based on the 1820 German patriotic song \"Ich hab mich ergeben,\" which was the West German national anthem from 1949 to 1950"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

10
australia-oceania/fp.json
View file

@ -477,7 +477,8 @@
"text": "none (overseas land of France)"
},
"National holiday": {
"text": "F&ecirc;te de la F&eacute;d&eacute;ration, 14 July (1790); note - the local holiday is Internal Autonomy Day, 29 June (1880)"
"text": "Fête de la Fédération, 14 July (1790)",
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> the local holiday is Internal Autonomy Day, 29 June (1880)<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> often incorrectly referred to as Bastille Day, France's national celebration commemorates the storming of the Bastille prison on 14 July 1789 and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy; other names for the holiday are <em>la Fête nationale</em> (National Holiday) and <em>le Quatorze Juillet</em> (14th of July)"
},
"Flag description": {
"text": "two red horizontal bands flank a wide white band in a 1:2:1 ratio; centered on the white band is a disk with a blue-and-white wave pattern depicting the sea on the lower half and a gold-and-white ray pattern depicting the sun on the upper half; a Polynesian canoe on the disk has a crew of five, represented by five stars that also symbolize the five island groups; red and white are traditional Polynesian colors",
@ -489,17 +490,16 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, white"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"La Marseillaise\""
"text": "\"La Marseillaise\" (The Song of Marseille)"
},
"lyrics/music": {
"text": "Claude-Joseph ROUGET de Lisle"
},
"history": {
"text": "official anthem, as a French territory"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1993; serves as a local anthem; \"La Marseillaise\" is the official anthem for French Polynesia, as a territory of France (see France)"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

8
australia-oceania/gq.json
View file

@ -380,7 +380,8 @@
"text": "see United States"
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal; note - Guamanians are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections"
"text": "18 years of age; universal",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Guamanians are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections"
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
@ -480,7 +481,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "deep blue, red"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"The Star-Spangled Banner\""
},
@ -489,8 +490,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "official anthem, as a US territory; usually played after \"Stand, Ye Guamanians\""
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1919; the local anthem is also known as \"Guam Hymn;\" because of Guam's status as a US territory, \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is the official anthem and is usually played after \"Stand, Ye Guamanians\" (see United States)"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

7
australia-oceania/kr.json
View file

@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
"water": {
"text": "0 sq km"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> includes three island groups - Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, and Phoenix Islands - dispersed over about 3.5 million sq km (1.35 million sq mi)"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> includes three island groups -- Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, and Phoenix Islands -- dispersed over about 3.5 million sq km (1.35 million sq mi)"
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "four times the size of Washington, D.C."
@ -613,7 +613,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, white, blue, yellow"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Teirake kaini Kiribati\" (Stand Up, Kiribati)"
},
@ -622,8 +622,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1979"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1979"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

7
australia-oceania/kt.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "<p>Although Europeans sighted Christmas Island in 1615, it was named for the day of its rediscovery in 1643. Steep cliffs and dense jungle hampered attempts to explore the island over the next two centuries. The discovery of phosphate on the island in 1887 led to the UK annexing it the following year. In 1898, 200 Chinese indentured servants were brought in to work the mines, along with Malays, Sikhs, and a small number of Europeans. The UK administered Christmas Island from Singapore.<br><br>Japan invaded the island in 1942, but islanders sabotaged Japanese mining operations, making the mines relatively unproductive. After World War II, Australia and New Zealand bought the company mining the phosphate, and in 1958, the UK transferred sovereignty from Singapore to Australia in exchange for $20 million to compensate for the loss of future phosphate income. In 1980, Australia set up the Christmas Island National Park and expanded its boundaries throughout the 1980s until it covered more than 60% of the island’s territory. The phosphate mine was closed in 1987 because of environmental concerns, and Australia has rejected several efforts to reopen it.<br><br>In the 1980s, boats of asylum seekers started landing on Christmas Island, and the migrants claimed refugee status because they were on Australian territory. In 2001, Australia declared Christmas Island to be outside the Australian migration zone and built an immigration detention center on the island. Completed in 2008, the controversial detention center was closed in 2018 but then reopened in 2019. In 2020, the center served as a coronavirus quarantine facility for Australian citizens evacuated from China.</p>"
"text": "Although Europeans sighted Christmas Island in 1615, it was named for the day of its rediscovery in 1643. Steep cliffs and dense jungle hampered attempts to explore the island over the next two centuries. The discovery of phosphate on the island in 1887 led to the UK annexing it the following year. In 1898, 200 Chinese indentured servants were brought in to work the mines, along with Malays, Sikhs, and a small number of Europeans. The UK administered Christmas Island from Singapore.<br><br>Japan invaded the island in 1942, but islanders sabotaged Japanese mining operations, making the mines relatively unproductive. After World War II, Australia and New Zealand bought the company mining the phosphate, and in 1958, the UK transferred sovereignty from Singapore to Australia in exchange for $20 million to compensate for the loss of future phosphate income. In 1980, Australia set up the Christmas Island National Park and expanded its boundaries throughout the 1980s until it covered more than 60% of the island’s territory. The phosphate mine was closed in 1987 because of environmental concerns, and Australia has rejected several efforts to reopen it.<br><br>In the 1980s, boats of asylum seekers started landing on Christmas Island, and the migrants claimed refugee status because they were on Australian territory. In 2001, Australia declared Christmas Island to be outside the Australian migration zone and built an immigration detention center on the island. Completed in 2008, the controversial detention center was closed in 2018 but then reopened in 2019. In 2020, the center served as a coronavirus quarantine facility for Australian citizens evacuated from China."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -282,7 +282,7 @@
"National symbol(s)": {
"text": "golden bosun bird"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"God Save the King\""
},
@ -291,8 +291,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "royal anthem, as an Australian territory"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> because the island is a territory of Australia, \"Advance Australia Fair\" is the national anthem, and \"God Save the King\" serves as the royal anthem (see Australia)"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

15
australia-oceania/nc.json
View file

@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
"text": "most of the populace lives in the southern part of the main island, in and around the capital of Noumea"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>cyclones, most frequent from November to March</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Matthew and Hunter Islands are historically active</p>"
"text": "cyclones, most frequent from November to March <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> Matthew and Hunter Islands are historically active"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "consists of the main island of New Caledonia (one of the largest in the Pacific Ocean), the archipelago of Iles Loyaut&eacute;, and numerous small, sparsely populated islands and atolls"
@ -474,7 +474,8 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> in three independence referenda, on 4 November 2018, 4 October 2020, and 12 December 2021, the majority voted to reject independence in favor of maintaining the status quo"
},
"National holiday": {
"text": "F&ecirc;te de la F&eacute;d&eacute;ration, 14 July (1790); note - the local holiday is New Caledonia Day, 24 September (1853)"
"text": "Fête de la Fédération, 14 July (1790)",
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> the local holiday is New Caledonia Day, 24 September (1853)<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> often incorrectly referred to as Bastille Day, France's national celebration commemorates the storming of the Bastille prison on 14 July 1789 and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy; other names for the holiday are <em>la Fête nationale</em> (National Holiday) and <em>le Quatorze Juillet</em> (14th of July)"
},
"Flag description": {
"text": "two official flags: the flag of France and the Kanak (ethnic Melanesian) flag have equal status; the latter consists of three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), red, and green; a large yellow disk shifted slightly to the hoist side is edged in black and displays a black <em>fleche faîtière</em> symbol, a native rooftop adornment"
@ -485,17 +486,19 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "grey, red"
},
"National anthem": {
"National coat of arms": {
"text": "the emblem features two symbols of the local Kanak people: the fl&egrave;che fa&icirc;ti&egrave;re, which is a common rooftop adornment on houses, and the nautilus shell, which represents the sea; the third part of the emblem is a stylized representation of a New Caledonia pine tree"
},
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"La Marseillaise\""
"text": "\"La Marseillaise\" (The Song of Marseille)"
},
"lyrics/music": {
"text": "Claude-Joseph ROUGET de Lisle"
},
"history": {
"text": "official anthem, as a self-governing French territory"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 2008; contains a mixture of lyrics in both French and Nengone (a local language); in addition to the local anthem, \"La Marseillaise\" is the official anthem for New Caledonia, as a self-governing territory of France (see France)"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

5
australia-oceania/ne.json
View file

@ -413,7 +413,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "yellow"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Ko e Iki he Lagi\" (The Lord in Heaven)"
},
@ -422,8 +422,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1974"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1974"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

5
australia-oceania/nf.json
View file

@ -301,7 +301,7 @@
"National coat of arms": {
"text": "Norfolk Island is part of the Commonwealth of Australia, and in 1980, Queen Elizabeth II granted it a separate coat of arms (pictured); in the center is the island&rsquo;s symbol, the Norfolk Island Pine, with Britain&rsquo;s lion and Australia&rsquo;s kangaroo supporting the shield; the island&rsquo;s motto, &ldquo;Inasmuch,&rdquo; comes from a verse in the Bible&rsquo;s Gospel of Matthew"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"God Save the King\""
},
@ -310,8 +310,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "official anthem, as an Australian overseas territory"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the local anthem, whose lyrics come from the Bible's Book of Matthew (25:34-36, 40), is also known as \"The Pitcairn Anthem;\" the island does not recognize \"Advance Australia Fair,\" Australia's national anthem that is used in other Australian territories; \"God Save the King\" is the official anthem (see United Kingdom)"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

7
australia-oceania/nh.json
View file

@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
"text": "three quarters of the population lives in rural areas; the urban populace lives primarily in two cities, Port-Vila and Lugenville; the three largest islands -- Espiritu Santo, Malakula, and Efate -- accommodate over half of the populace"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>tropical cyclones (January to April); volcanic eruption on Aoba (Ambae) island began on 27 November 2005, volcanism also causes minor earthquakes; tsunamis</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> significant volcanic activity with multiple eruptions in recent years; Yasur (361 m), one of the world's most active volcanoes, has experienced continuous activity in recent centuries; other historically active volcanoes include Aoba, Ambrym, Epi, Gaua, Kuwae, Lopevi, Suretamatai, and Traitor's Head</p>"
"text": "tropical cyclones (January to April); volcanic activity; volcanism also causes minor earthquakes; tsunamis <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> significant volcanic activity with multiple eruptions in recent years; Yasur (361 m), one of the world's most active volcanoes, has experienced continuous activity in recent centuries; other historically active volcanoes include Aoba, Ambrym, Epi, Gaua, Kuwae, Lopevi, Suretamatai, and Traitor's Head"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "a Y-shaped chain of four main islands and 80 smaller islands; several of the islands have active volcanoes, including several underwater volcanoes"
@ -606,7 +606,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, black, green, yellow"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Yumi, Yumi, Yumi\" (We, We, We)"
},
@ -615,8 +615,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1980; the anthem is written in Bislama, a Creole language"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1980; the anthem is written in Bislama, a Creole language"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

5
australia-oceania/nr.json
View file

@ -562,7 +562,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "blue, yellow, white"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Nauru Bwiema\" (Song of Nauru)"
},
@ -571,8 +571,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1968"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1968"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

7
australia-oceania/nz.json
View file

@ -103,7 +103,7 @@
"text": "over three quarters of New Zealanders, including the Maori, live on the North Island, primarily in urban areas"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>earthquakes are common, though usually not severe; volcanic activity</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> significant volcanism on North Island; Ruapehu (2,797 m), which last erupted in 2007, has a history of large eruptions in the past century; Taranaki has the potential to produce dangerous avalanches and lahars; other historically active volcanoes include Okataina, Raoul Island, Tongariro, and White Island; see note 2 under \"Geography - note\"</p>"
"text": "earthquakes are common, though usually not severe; volcanic activity <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> significant volcanism on North Island; Ruapehu (2,797 m) has a history of large eruptions in the past century; Taranaki has the potential to produce dangerous avalanches and lahars; other historically active volcanoes include Okataina, Raoul Island, Tongariro, and White Island; see note 2 under \"Geography - note\""
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "<p><strong>note 1:</strong> consists of two main islands and a number of smaller islands; South Island, the larger main island, is the 12th largest island in the world and is divided along its length by the Southern Alps; North Island is the 14th largest island in the world and is not as mountainous, but it is marked by volcanism</p> <p><strong>note 2:</strong> New Zealand lies along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire</p> <p><strong>note 3:</strong> almost 90% of the population lives in cities and over three-quarters on North Island; Wellington is the southernmost national capital in the world</p>"
@ -628,7 +628,8 @@
"text": "26 September 1907 (from the UK)"
},
"National holiday": {
"text": "Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand), 6 February (1840); Anzac Day (commemorated as the anniversary of the landing of troops of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps during World War I at Gallipoli, Turkey), 25 April (1915)"
"text": "Waitangi Day, 6 February (1840); Anzac Day, 25 April (1915)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand, and the second holiday commemorates the landing of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps in Gallipoli, Turkey, during World War I"
},
"Flag description": {
"text": "blue with the UK flag in the upper hoist-side quadrant, with four red five-pointed stars edged in white centered in the outer half of the flag; the stars represent the Southern Cross constellation"
@ -642,7 +643,7 @@
"National coat of arms": {
"text": "the first quarter of the shield shows four stars that represent the Southern Cross constellation and three ships that symbolize New Zealand's sea trade; in the second quarter, a fleece represents the sheep farming industry; the wheat sheaf in the third quarter represents the agricultural industry; the crossed hammers in the fourth quarter represent mining; the Māori chieftain holds a <em>taiaha </em>(a Māori war weapon) and a European woman holds the New Zealand flag; St. Edward's crown, shown above the shield, symbolizes the British monarch"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"God Save the King\""
},

7
australia-oceania/pc.json
View file

@ -182,7 +182,7 @@
"text": "see United Kingdom"
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal with three years residency"
"text": "18 years of age; universal with three years of residency"
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
@ -275,7 +275,7 @@
"Flag description": {
"text": "blue with the UK flag in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the green, yellow, and blue of the shield represents the island rising from the ocean; the green field features a yellow anchor with a Bible over it (both were found on the <em>HMS Bounty</em>); a Pitcairn Island wheelbarrow is on the crest, with a flowering twig of miro (a local plant)"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"God Save the King\""
},
@ -284,8 +284,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "official anthem, as a UK overseas territory"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> serves as a local anthem; \"God Save the King\" is the official anthem for the islands, as a UK overseas territory (see United Kingdom)"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

7
australia-oceania/ps.json
View file

@ -622,7 +622,7 @@
"text": "1 October 1994 (from the US-administered UN trusteeship)"
},
"National holiday": {
"text": "Constitution Day, 9 July (1981), day of a national referendum to pass the new constitution; Independence Day, 1 October (1994)"
"text": "Constitution Day, 9 July (1981); Independence Day, 1 October (1994)"
},
"Flag description": {
"text": "light blue with a large yellow disk shifted slightly to the hoist side; blue stands for the ocean, and the disk for the moon, which is considered a symbol of peace, love, and tranquility"
@ -633,7 +633,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "blue, yellow"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Belau rekid\" (Our Palau)"
},
@ -642,8 +642,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1980"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1980"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

7
australia-oceania/rm.json
View file

@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
"water": {
"text": "0 sq km"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the archipelago includes 11,673 sq km of lagoon waters and encompasses the atolls of Bikini, Enewetak, Kwajalein, Majuro, Rongelap, and Utirik"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the archipelago includes 11,673 sq km (4,507 sq mi) of lagoon and encompasses the atolls of Bikini, Enewetak, Kwajalein, Majuro, Rongelap, and Utirik"
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "about the size of Washington, D.C."
@ -611,7 +611,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "blue, white, orange"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Forever Marshall Islands\""
},
@ -620,8 +620,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1981"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1981"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

8
australia-oceania/tl.json
View file

@ -348,7 +348,8 @@
"text": "none (territory of New Zealand)"
},
"National holiday": {
"text": "Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand), 6 February (1840)"
"text": "Waitangi Day, 6 February (1840)",
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand"
},
"Flag description": {
"text": "a yellow stylized Tokelauan canoe on a dark blue field sails toward the Southern Cross constellation with four white five-pointed stars at the hoist side; the stars represent the role of Christianity in Tokelauan culture; the stars and canoe together symbolize the country navigating into the future; yellow stands for happiness and peace, and blue for the ocean"
@ -359,7 +360,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "blue, yellow, white"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"God Save the King\""
},
@ -368,8 +369,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "official anthem, as a territory of New Zealand; normally played only when a member of the royal family or the governor-general is present"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 2008; national contest was held to choose an anthem; as a territory of New Zealand, in addition to \"God Defend New Zealand,\" \"God Save the King\" serves as a royal anthem (see United Kingdom); \"God Save the King\" normally played only when a member of the royal family or the governor-general is present; in all other cases, \"God Defend New Zealand\" is played (see New Zealand)"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

10
australia-oceania/tn.json
View file

@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
"text": "over two thirds of the population lives on the island of Tongatapu; only 45 of the nation's 171 islands are occupied"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ou</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> moderate volcanic activity; Fonualei (180 m) has shown frequent activity in recent years, while Niuafo'ou (260 m), which last erupted in 1985, has forced evacuations; other historically active volcanoes include Late and Tofua</p>"
"text": "cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ou <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> moderate volcanic activity; Fonualei (180 m) has had frequent activity in recent years, and Niuafo'ou (260 m) has forced evacuations; other historically active volcanoes include Late and Tofua"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "the western islands (making up the Tongan Volcanic Arch) are all of volcanic origin; the eastern islands are nonvolcanic and are composed of coral limestone and sand"
@ -612,7 +612,8 @@
"text": "4 June 1970 (from UK protectorate status)"
},
"National holiday": {
"text": "Official Birthday of King TUPOU VI, 4 July (1959); note - actual birthday of the monarch is 12 July 1959, 4 July (2015) is the day the king was crowned; Constitution Day (National Day), 4 November (1875)"
"text": "Official Birthday of King TUPOU VI, 4 July (1959)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> actual birthday of the monarch is 12 July 1959, 4 July (2015) is the day the king was crowned; Constitution Day (National Day), 4 November (1875)"
},
"Flag description": {
"text": "red with a red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner; the cross stands for Christianity in Tonga, red for Christ's blood and sacrifice, and white for purity"
@ -623,7 +624,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, white"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Ko e fasi 'o e tu'i 'o e 'Otu Tonga\" (Song of the King of the Tonga Islands)"
},
@ -632,8 +633,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "in use since 1875; more commonly known as \"Fasi Fakafonua\" (National Song)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> in use since 1875; more commonly known as \"Fasi Fakafonua\" (National Song)"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

9
australia-oceania/tv.json
View file

@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
}
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "0.1 times the size of Washington, D.C."
"text": "about the size of Washington, D.C."
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -553,7 +553,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties": {
"text": "there are no political parties, but members of parliament usually align themselves in informal groupings"
"text": "<strong>note:</strong> no political parties, but members of parliament usually align in informal groupings"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
@ -596,7 +596,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "light blue, yellow"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Tuvalu mo te Atua\" (Tuvalu for the Almighty)"
},
@ -605,8 +605,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1978; the anthem's name is also the nation's motto"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1978; the anthem's name is also the nation's motto"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

18
australia-oceania/um.json
View file

@ -6,10 +6,10 @@
},
"Geography": {
"Location": {
"text": "<p>Oceania</p><p><strong>Baker Island:</strong> atoll in the North Pacific Ocean 3,390 km southwest of Honolulu, about halfway between Hawaii and Australia; </p><p><strong>Howland Island:</strong> island in the North Pacific Ocean 3,360 km southwest of Honolulu, about halfway between Hawaii and Australia; </p><p><strong>Jarvis Island:</strong> island in the South Pacific Ocean 2,415 km south of Honolulu, about halfway between Hawaii and Cook Islands; </p><p><strong>Johnston Atoll:</strong> atoll in the North Pacific Ocean 1,330 km southwest of Honolulu, about one-third of the way from Hawaii to the Marshall Islands; </p><p><strong>Kingman Reef:</strong> reef in the North Pacific Ocean 1,720 km south of Honolulu, about halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa; </p><p><strong>Midway Islands:</strong> atoll in the North Pacific Ocean 2,335 km northwest of Honolulu near the end of the Hawaiian Archipelago, about one-third of the way from Honolulu to Tokyo; </p><p><strong>Palmyra Atoll:</strong> atoll in the North Pacific Ocean 1,780 km south of Honolulu, about halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa</p>"
"text": "Oceania <p><strong>Baker Island:</strong> atoll in the North Pacific Ocean 3,390 km southwest of Honolulu, about halfway between Hawaii and Australia;</p> <p><strong>Howland Island:</strong> island in the North Pacific Ocean 3,360 km southwest of Honolulu, about halfway between Hawaii and Australia;</p> <p><strong>Jarvis Island:</strong> island in the South Pacific Ocean 2,415 km south of Honolulu, about halfway between Hawaii and Cook Islands;</p> <p><strong>Johnston Atoll:</strong> atoll in the North Pacific Ocean 1,330 km southwest of Honolulu, about one-third of the way from Hawaii to the Marshall Islands;</p> <p><strong>Kingman Reef:</strong> reef in the North Pacific Ocean 1,720 km south of Honolulu, about halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa;</p> <p><strong>Midway Islands:</strong> atoll in the North Pacific Ocean 2,335 km northwest of Honolulu near the end of the Hawaiian Archipelago, about one-third of the way from Honolulu to Tokyo;</p> <strong>Palmyra Atoll:</strong> atoll in the North Pacific Ocean 1,780 km south of Honolulu, about halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa"
},
"Geographic coordinates": {
"text": "<p><strong>Baker Island:</strong> 0 13 N, 176 28 W; </p><p><strong>Howland Island:</strong> 0 48 N, 176 38 W; </p><p><strong>Jarvis Island:</strong> 0 23 S, 160 01 W; </p><p><strong>Johnston Atoll:</strong> 16 45 N, 169 31 W; </p><p><strong>Kingman Reef:</strong> 6 23 N, 162 25 W; </p><p><strong>Midway Islands:</strong> 28 12 N, 177 22 W; </p><p><strong>Palmyra Atoll:</strong> 5 53 N, 162 05 W</p>"
"text": "<strong>Baker Island:</strong> 0 13 N, 176 28 W <p><strong>Howland Island:</strong> 0 48 N, 176 38 W</p> <p><strong>Jarvis Island:</strong> 0 23 S, 160 01 W</p> <p><strong>Johnston Atoll:</strong> 16 45 N, 169 31 W</p> <p><strong>Kingman Reef:</strong> 6 23 N, 162 25 W</p> <p><strong>Midway Islands:</strong> 28 12 N, 177 22 W</p> <strong>Palmyra Atoll:</strong> 5 53 N, 162 05 W"
},
"Map references": {
"text": "Oceania"
@ -18,10 +18,10 @@
"land": {
"text": "6,959.41 sq km (emergent land - 22.41 sq km; submerged - 6,937 sq km)"
},
"note": "<strong>Baker Island: </strong>total - 129.1 sq km; emergent land - 2.1 sq km; submerged - 127 sq km<br> <strong>Howland Island: </strong>total - 138.6 sq km; emergent land - 2.6 sq km; submerged - 136 sq km<br> <strong>Jarvis Island: </strong>total - 152 sq km; emergent land - 5 sq km; submerged - 147 sq km<br> <strong>Johnston Atoll: </strong>total - 276.6 sq km; emergent land - 2.6 sq km; submerged - 274 sq km<br> <strong>Kingman Reef: </strong>total - 1,958.01 sq km; emergent land - 0.01 sq km; submerged - 1,958 sq km<br> <strong>Midway Islands: </strong>total - 2,355.2 sq km; emergent land - 6.2 sq km; submerged - 2,349 sq km<br> <strong>Palmyra Atoll: </strong>total - 1,949.9 sq km; emergent land - 3.9 sq km; submerged - 1,946 sq km"
"note": "<strong>Baker Island: </strong>total - 129.1 sq km; emergent land - 2.1 sq km; submerged - 127 sq km<br><br><strong>Howland Island: </strong>total - 138.6 sq km; emergent land - 2.6 sq km; submerged - 136 sq km<br><br><strong>Jarvis Island: </strong>total - 152 sq km; emergent land - 5 sq km; submerged - 147 sq km<br><br><strong>Johnston Atoll: </strong>total - 276.6 sq km; emergent land - 2.6 sq km; submerged - 274 sq km<br><br><strong>Kingman Reef: </strong>total - 1,958.01 sq km; emergent land - 0.01 sq km; submerged - 1,958 sq km<br><br><strong>Midway Islands: </strong>total - 2,355.2 sq km; emergent land - 6.2 sq km; submerged - 2,349 sq km<br><br><strong>Palmyra Atoll: </strong>total - 1,949.9 sq km; emergent land - 3.9 sq km; submerged - 1,946 sq km"
},
"Area - comparative": {
"text": "<p><strong>Baker Island:</strong> about 2.5 times the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.;</p> <p><strong>Howland Island:</strong> about three times the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.;</p> <p><strong>Jarvis Island:</strong> about eight times the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.;</p> <p><strong>Johnston Atoll:</strong> about 4.5 times the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.;</p> <p><strong>Kingman Reef:</strong> a little more than 1.5 times the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.;</p> <p><strong>Midway Islands:</strong> about nine times the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.;</p> <p><strong>Palmyra Atoll:</strong> about 20 times the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.</p>"
"text": "<strong>Baker Island:</strong> about 2.5 times the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.; <p><strong>Howland Island:</strong> about three times the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.;</p> <p><strong>Jarvis Island:</strong> about eight times the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.;</p> <p><strong>Johnston Atoll:</strong> about 4.5 times the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.;</p> <p><strong>Kingman Reef:</strong> a little more than 1.5 times the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.;</p> <p><strong>Midway Islands:</strong> about nine times the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.;</p> <strong>Palmyra Atoll:</strong> about 20 times the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C."
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
}
},
"Climate": {
"text": "<p><strong>Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands:</strong> equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun</p> <p><strong>Johnston Atoll and Kingman Reef:</strong> tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation</p> <p><strong>Midway Islands:</strong> subtropical with cool, moist winters (December to February) and warm, dry summers (May to October); moderated by prevailing easterly winds; most of the 107 cm of annual rainfall occurs during the winter</p> <p><strong>Palmyra Atoll:</strong> equatorial, hot; located within the low pressure area of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) where the northeast and southeast trade winds meet, it is extremely wet with between 400-500 cm of rainfall each year</p>"
"text": "<strong>Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands:</strong> equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun <br><br><strong>Johnston Atoll and Kingman Reef:</strong> tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation <br><br><strong>Midway Islands:</strong> subtropical with cool, moist winters (December to February) and warm, dry summers (May to October); moderated by prevailing easterly winds; most of the 107 cm of annual rainfall occurs during the winter <br><br><strong>Palmyra Atoll:</strong> equatorial, hot; located within the low pressure area of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) where the northeast and southeast trade winds meet, it is extremely wet with between 400-500 cm of rainfall each year"
},
"Terrain": {
"text": "low and nearly flat sandy coral islands with narrow fringing reefs that have developed at the top of submerged volcanic mountains, which in most cases rise steeply from the ocean floor"
@ -62,10 +62,10 @@
}
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p><strong>Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands:</strong> the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island poses a maritime hazard; </p><p><strong>Kingman Reef:</strong> wet or awash most of the time, maximum elevation of less than 2 m makes Kingman Reef a maritime hazard; </p><p><strong>Midway Islands, Johnston, and Palmyra Atolls:</strong> NA</p>"
"text": "<strong>Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands:</strong> the narrow fringing reef around the island poses a maritime hazard <br><br><strong>Kingman Reef:</strong> wet or awash most of the time; maximum elevation of less than 2 m makes the reef a maritime hazard"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "<p><strong>Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands:</strong> scattered vegetation consisting of grasses, vines, and low-growing shrubs; primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and marine wildlife; closed to the public</p> <p><strong>Johnston Atoll:</strong> Johnston Island and Sand Island are natural islands that have been expanded by coral dredging; North Island (Akau) and East Island (Hikina) are manmade islands formed from coral dredging; the egg-shaped reef is 34 km (21 mi) in circumference; closed to the public</p> <p><strong>Kingman Reef:</strong> barren coral atoll with deep interior lagoon; closed to the public</p> <p><strong>Midway Islands:</strong> a coral atoll managed as a National Wildlife Refuge and open to the public for wildlife observation and photography</p> <p><strong>Palmyra Atoll:</strong> high rainfall and lush vegetation make the environment of this atoll unique among the US Pacific Island territories; supports a large undisturbed stand of Pisonia beach forest</p>"
"text": "<strong>Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands:</strong> scattered vegetation consisting of grasses, vines, and low-growing shrubs; primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and marine wildlife; closed to the public <br><br><strong>Johnston Atoll:</strong> Johnston Island and Sand Island are natural islands that have been expanded by coral dredging; North Island (Akau) and East Island (Hikina) are manmade islands formed from coral dredging; the egg-shaped reef is 34 km (21 mi) in circumference; closed to the public <br><br><strong>Kingman Reef:</strong> barren coral atoll with deep interior lagoon; closed to the public <br><br><strong>Midway Islands:</strong> a coral atoll managed as a National Wildlife Refuge and open to the public for wildlife observation and photography <br><br><strong>Palmyra Atoll:</strong> high rainfall and lush vegetation make the environment of this atoll unique among the US Pacific Island territories; supports a large undisturbed stand of Pisonia beach forest"
}
},
"People and Society": {
@ -75,10 +75,10 @@
},
"Environment": {
"Environmental issues": {
"text": "<p><strong>Baker Island: </strong>no natural freshwater resources<br><strong><br>Howland Island: </strong>no natural freshwater resources<br><br><strong>Jarvis Island</strong><strong>:</strong> no natural freshwater resources<br><strong><br>Johnston Atoll: </strong>no natural freshwater resources; invasion of non-native species<br><strong><br>Midway Islands:</strong>  pollution from plastic; predominantly non-native plant species </p> <p><strong>Kingman Reef:</strong> none<br><br><strong>Palmyra Atoll:</strong> none</p>"
"text": "<strong>Baker Island: </strong>no natural freshwater resources<br><strong><br>Howland Island: </strong>no natural freshwater resources<br><br><strong>Jarvis Island</strong><strong>:</strong> no natural freshwater resources<br><strong><br>Johnston Atoll: </strong>no natural freshwater resources; invasion of non-native species<br><strong><br>Midway Islands:</strong> pollution from plastic; predominantly non-native plant species <br><br><strong>Kingman Reef:</strong> none<br><br><strong>Palmyra Atoll:</strong> none"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "<p><strong>Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands:</strong> equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun</p> <p><strong>Johnston Atoll and Kingman Reef:</strong> tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation</p> <p><strong>Midway Islands:</strong> subtropical with cool, moist winters (December to February) and warm, dry summers (May to October); moderated by prevailing easterly winds; most of the 107 cm of annual rainfall occurs during the winter</p> <p><strong>Palmyra Atoll:</strong> equatorial, hot; located within the low pressure area of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) where the northeast and southeast trade winds meet, it is extremely wet with between 400-500 cm of rainfall each year</p>"
"text": "<strong>Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands:</strong> equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun <br><br><strong>Johnston Atoll and Kingman Reef:</strong> tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation <br><br><strong>Midway Islands:</strong> subtropical with cool, moist winters (December to February) and warm, dry summers (May to October); moderated by prevailing easterly winds; most of the 107 cm of annual rainfall occurs during the winter <br><br><strong>Palmyra Atoll:</strong> equatorial, hot; located within the low pressure area of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) where the northeast and southeast trade winds meet, it is extremely wet with between 400-500 cm of rainfall each year"
},
"Land use": {
"other": {

7
australia-oceania/wf.json
View file

@ -448,17 +448,16 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, white"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"La Marseillaise\""
"text": "\"La Marseillaise\" (The Song of Marseille)"
},
"lyrics/music": {
"text": "Claude-Joseph ROUGET de Lisle"
},
"history": {
"text": "official anthem, as a French territory"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> as a territory of France, \"La Marseillaise\" is official (see France)"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

10
australia-oceania/ws.json
View file

@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
"text": "about three quarters of the population lives on the island of Upolu"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>occasional cyclones; active volcanism</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Savai'I Island (1,858 m), which last erupted in 1911, is historically active</p>"
"text": "occasional cyclones; active volcanism <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> Savai'I Island (1,858 m) is historically active"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "occupies an almost central position within Polynesia"
@ -613,7 +613,8 @@
"text": "1 January 1962 (from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship)"
},
"National holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day Celebration, 1 June (1962); note - 1 January 1962 is the date of independence from the New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship, but it is observed in June"
"text": "Independence Day Celebration, 1 June (1962)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 1 January 1962 is the date of independence from the New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship, but it is observed in June"
},
"Flag description": {
"text": "red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant bearing five white, five-pointed stars that represent the Southern Cross constellation; red stands for courage, blue for freedom, and white for purity",
@ -625,7 +626,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, white, blue"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"O le Fu'a o le Sa'olotoga o Samoa\" (The Banner of Freedom)"
},
@ -634,8 +635,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1962; also known as \"Samoa Tula'i\" (Samoa Arise)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1962; also known as \"Samoa Tula'i\" (Samoa Arise)"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

5
central-america-n-caribbean/aa.json
View file

@ -500,7 +500,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "blue, yellow, red, white"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Het Wilhelmus\""
},
@ -509,8 +509,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "official anthem, as part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> local anthem adopted 1986; in addition to the local anthem, \"Het Wilhelmus\" is the official anthem for Aruba as part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (see Netherlands)"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

5
central-america-n-caribbean/ac.json
View file

@ -585,7 +585,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, white, blue, black, yellow"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"God Save the King\""
},
@ -594,8 +594,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "royal anthem, as a Commonwealth country"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1967; in addition to the national anthem, \"God Save the King\" serves as the royal anthem for the Commonwealth country (see United Kingdom)"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

5
central-america-n-caribbean/av.json
View file

@ -448,7 +448,7 @@
"National coat of arms": {
"text": "the Anguillan coat of arms features three interlocking dolphins jumping out of seawater; they represent endurance, unity, and strength, and their circular motion stands for continuity; the white background symbolizes peace and tranquility, and the turquoise-blue base represents the sea, as well as faith, youth, and hope"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"God Save the King\""
},
@ -457,8 +457,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "official anthem, as an overseas UK territory"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> local anthem adopted 1981; \"God Save the King\" is the official anthem for Anguilla as an overseas territory of the United Kingdom (see United Kingdom)"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

5
central-america-n-caribbean/bb.json
View file

@ -620,7 +620,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "blue, yellow, black"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"The National Anthem of Barbados\""
},
@ -629,8 +629,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1966; the anthem is also known as \"In Plenty and In Time of Need\""
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1966; the anthem is also known as \"In Plenty and In Time of Need\""
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

7
central-america-n-caribbean/bf.json
View file

@ -529,7 +529,7 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> The Bahamas is a member of the 15-member Caribbean Community but is not party to the agreement establishing the Caribbean Court of Justice as its highest appellate court; the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) serves as the final court of appeal for The Bahamas"
},
"Political parties": {
"text": "<p>Coalition of Independents Party or COI<br>Democratic National Alliance or DNA<br>Free National Movement or FNM<br>Progressive Liberal Party or PLP</p>"
"text": "Coalition of Independents Party or COI<br>Democratic National Alliance or DNA<br>Free National Movement or FNM<br>Progressive Liberal Party or PLP"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
@ -592,7 +592,7 @@
"National coat of arms": {
"text": "the motto on the Bahamas coat of arms is “Forward, Upward, Onward Together;” the flamingo and marlin supporting the shield are national animals that represent respectively the land and sea; the pink conch shell symbolizes the marine life of the islands, and the green palm fronds represent the natural vegetation; the <em>Santa Maria</em>, Christopher Columbus’s flagship, also appears; the sun signifies the world-famous climate and the bright future of the islands"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"God Save the King\""
},
@ -601,8 +601,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "royal anthem, as a Commonwealth country"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1973; in addition to the national anthem, \"God Save the King\" serves as the royal anthem for the Commonwealth country (see United Kingdom)"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

5
central-america-n-caribbean/bh.json
View file

@ -670,7 +670,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, blue"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"God Save the King\""
},
@ -679,8 +679,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "royal anthem, as a Commonwealth country"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1981; in addition to the national anthem, \"God Save the King\" serves as the royal anthem for the Commonwealth country (see United Kingdom)"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

5
central-america-n-caribbean/cj.json
View file

@ -463,7 +463,7 @@
"National coat of arms": {
"text": "the Queen of England approved the Cayman Islands' coat of arms -- which was designed with input from the public -- in 1958; the shield features the<em> </em>lion of England and three green stars that symbolize the three islands of Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac, and Little Cayman; the green turtle stands for the islands’ seafaring history, the rope under it for the thatch-rope industry, and the pineapple for historical ties with Jamaica; the motto comes from Psalms 24, acknowledging the Caymans’ Christian heritage"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"God Save the King\""
},
@ -472,8 +472,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "official anthem, as an overseas UK territory"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1993; served as an unofficial anthem since 1930; in addition to the local anthem, \"God Save the King\" is the  official anthem for the Caymans, as an overseas territory of the United Kingdom (see United Kingdom)"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

11
central-america-n-caribbean/cs.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "<p>Although explored by the Spanish early in the 16th century, initial attempts at colonizing Costa Rica proved unsuccessful due to a combination of factors, including disease from mosquito-infested swamps, brutal heat, resistance from Indigenous populations, and pirate raids. It was not until 1563 that a permanent settlement of Cartago was established in the cooler, fertile central highlands. The area remained a colony for some two-and-a-half centuries. In 1821, Costa Rica was one of several Central American provinces that jointly declared independence from Spain. Two years later it joined the United Provinces of Central America, but this federation disintegrated in 1838, at which time Costa Rica proclaimed its sovereignty and independence.</p> <p>Since the late 19th century, only two brief periods of violence have marred the country's democratic development. General Federico TINOCO Granados led a coup in 1917, but the threat of US intervention pushed him to resign in 1919. In 1948, landowner Jose FIGUERES Ferrer raised his own army and rebelled against the government. The brief civil war ended with an agreement to allow FIGUERES to remain in power for 18 months, then step down in favor of the previously elected Otilio ULATE. FIGUERES was later elected twice in his own right, in 1953 and 1970.</p> <p>Costa Rica experienced destabilizing waves of refugees from Central American civil wars in the 1970s and 1980s, but peace in the region has since helped the economy rebound.  Although it still maintains a large agricultural sector, Costa Rica has expanded its economy to include strong technology and tourism industries.</p> <p> </p>"
"text": "Although explored by the Spanish early in the 16th century, initial attempts at colonizing Costa Rica proved unsuccessful due to a combination of factors, including disease from mosquito-infested swamps, brutal heat, resistance from Indigenous populations, and pirate raids. It was not until 1563 that a permanent settlement of Cartago was established in the cooler, fertile central highlands. The area remained a colony for some two-and-a-half centuries. In 1821, Costa Rica was one of several Central American provinces that jointly declared independence from Spain. Two years later it joined the United Provinces of Central America, but this federation disintegrated in 1838, at which time Costa Rica proclaimed its sovereignty and independence. <br><br>Since the late 19th century, only two brief periods of violence have marred the country's democratic development. General Federico TINOCO Granados led a coup in 1917, but the threat of US intervention pushed him to resign in 1919. In 1948, landowner Jose FIGUERES Ferrer raised his own army and rebelled against the government. The brief civil war ended with an agreement to allow FIGUERES to remain in power for 18 months, then step down in favor of the previously elected Otilio ULATE. FIGUERES was later elected twice in his own right, in 1953 and 1970. <br><br>Costa Rica experienced destabilizing waves of refugees from Central American civil wars in the 1970s and 1980s, but peace in the region has since helped the economy rebound.  Although it still maintains a large agricultural sector, Costa Rica has expanded its economy to include strong technology and tourism industries."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -98,7 +98,7 @@
"text": "roughly half of the nation's population resides in urban areas; the capital of San Jose is the largest city and home to approximately one fifth of the population"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast; frequent flooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season and landslides; active volcanoes</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Arenal (1,670 m), which erupted in 2010, is the most active volcano in Costa Rica; a 1968 eruption destroyed the town of Tabacon; Irazu (3,432 m), situated just east of San Jose, has the potential to spew ash over the capital city as it did between 1963 and 1965; other historically active volcanoes include Miravalles, Poas, Rincon de la Vieja, and Turrialba</p>"
"text": "occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast; frequent flooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season and landslides; active volcanoes <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> Arenal (1,670 m) is the most active volcano in Costa Rica; a 1968 eruption destroyed the town of Tabacon; Irazu (3,432 m), situated just east of San Jose, has the potential to spew ash over the capital city, as it did between 1963 and 1965; other historically active volcanoes include Miravalles, Poas, Rincon de la Vieja, and Turrialba"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "four volcanoes, two of them active, rise near the capital of San Jose in the center of the country; one of the volcanoes, Irazu, erupted destructively in 1963-65"
@ -587,7 +587,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties": {
"text": "<p>Accessibility Without Exclusion or PASE<br>Broad Front (Frente Amplio) or PFA<br>Citizen Action Party or PAC<br>Costa Rican Renewal Party or PRC<br>Here Costa Rica Commands Party or ACRM<br>Liberal Progressive Party or PLP <br>Libertarian Movement Party or ML<br>National Integration Party or PIN<br>National Liberation Party or PLN<br>National Restoration Party or PRN<br>New Generation or PNG<br>New Republic Party or PNR<br>Social Christian Republican Party or PRSC<br>Social Christian Unity Party or PUSC of UNIDAD<br>Social Democratic Progress Party or PPSD</p>"
"text": "Accessibility Without Exclusion or PASE<br>Broad Front (Frente Amplio) or PFA<br>Citizen Action Party or PAC<br>Costa Rican Renewal Party or PRC<br>Here Costa Rica Commands Party or ACRM<br>Liberal Progressive Party or PLP <br>Libertarian Movement Party or ML<br>National Integration Party or PIN<br>National Liberation Party or PLN<br>National Restoration Party or PRN<br>New Generation or PNG<br>New Republic Party or PNR<br>Social Christian Republican Party or PRSC<br>Social Christian Unity Party or PUSC of UNIDAD<br>Social Democratic Progress Party or PPSD"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
@ -651,7 +651,7 @@
"National coat of arms": {
"text": "the Costa Rican coat of arms highlights the country&rsquo;s natural beauty and history; three volcanoes, each topped with a white cloud, are surrounded with water, symbolizing the seaports of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans; the rising sun in the background stands for the birth of a new nation, and the seven white stars for the country's provinces; the two merchant ships carrying Costa Rica&rsquo;s flag are a reminder of the maritime trade that shaped the country's history"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Himno Nacional de Costa Rica\" (National Anthem of Costa Rica)"
},
@ -660,8 +660,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1949; the music was originally written for a welcome ceremony in 1853 for the US and UK diplomatic missions; the lyrics were added in 1903"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1949; the music was originally written for a welcome ceremony in 1853 for the US and UK diplomatic missions; the lyrics were added in 1903"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

7
central-america-n-caribbean/cu.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "<p>The native Amerindian population of Cuba began to decline after the arrival of Christopher COLUMBUS in 1492, as the country was developed as a Spanish colony during the next several centuries. Large numbers of African slaves were imported to work the coffee and sugar plantations, and Havana became the launching point for the annual treasure fleets bound for Spain from Mexico and Peru. Spanish rule eventually provoked an independence movement, and occasional rebellions were harshly suppressed. US intervention during the Spanish-American War in 1898 assisted the Cubans in overthrowing Spanish rule. The Treaty of Paris established Cuban independence from Spain in 1898, and after three-and-a-half years of subsequent US military rule, Cuba became an independent republic in 1902. <br><br>Cuba then experienced a string of governments mostly dominated by the military and corrupt politicians. Fidel CASTRO led a rebel army to victory in 1959; his authoritarian rule held the subsequent regime together for nearly five decades. He handed off the presidency to his younger brother Raul CASTRO in 2008. Cuba's communist revolution, with Soviet support, was exported throughout Latin America and Africa during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez, hand-picked by Raul CASTRO to succeed him, was approved as president by the National Assembly and took office in 2018. DIAZ-CANEL was appointed First Secretary of the Communist Party in 2021 after the retirement of Raul CASTRO and continues to serve as both president and first secretary.</p> <p>Cuba traditionally and consistently portrays the US embargo, in place since 1961, as the source of its socioeconomic difficulties. As a result of efforts begun in 2014 to reestablish diplomatic relations, the US and Cuba reopened embassies in their respective countries in 2015. The embargo remains in place, however, and the relationship between the US and Cuba remains tense. Illicit migration of Cuban nationals to the US via maritime and overland routes has been a longstanding challenge. In 2017, the US and Cuba signed a Joint Statement ending the so-called \"wet-foot, dry-foot\" policy, by which Cuban nationals who reached US soil were permitted to stay. Irregular Cuban maritime migration has dropped significantly since 2016, when migrant interdictions at sea topped 5,000, but land border crossings continue. </p>"
"text": "The native Amerindian population of Cuba began to decline after the arrival of Christopher COLUMBUS in 1492, as the country was developed as a Spanish colony during the next several centuries. Large numbers of African slaves were imported to work the coffee and sugar plantations, and Havana became the launching point for the annual treasure fleets bound for Spain from Mexico and Peru. Spanish rule eventually provoked an independence movement, and occasional rebellions were harshly suppressed. US intervention during the Spanish-American War in 1898 assisted the Cubans in overthrowing Spanish rule. The Treaty of Paris established Cuban independence from Spain in 1898, and after three-and-a-half years of subsequent US military rule, Cuba became an independent republic in 1902. <br><br>Cuba then experienced a string of governments mostly dominated by the military and corrupt politicians. Fidel CASTRO led a rebel army to victory in 1959; his authoritarian rule held the subsequent regime together for nearly five decades. He handed off the presidency to his younger brother Raul CASTRO in 2008. Cuba's communist revolution, with Soviet support, was exported throughout Latin America and Africa during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez, hand-picked by Raul CASTRO to succeed him, was approved as president by the National Assembly and took office in 2018. DIAZ-CANEL was appointed First Secretary of the Communist Party in 2021 after the retirement of Raul CASTRO and continues to serve as both president and first secretary. <p>Cuba traditionally and consistently portrays the US embargo, in place since 1961, as the source of its socioeconomic difficulties. As a result of efforts begun in 2014 to reestablish diplomatic relations, the US and Cuba reopened embassies in their respective countries in 2015. The embargo remains in place, however, and the relationship between the US and Cuba remains tense. Illicit migration of Cuban nationals to the US via maritime and overland routes has been a longstanding challenge. In 2017, the US and Cuba signed a Joint Statement ending the so-called \"wet-foot, dry-foot\" policy, by which Cuban nationals who reached US soil were permitted to stay. Irregular Cuban maritime migration has dropped significantly since 2016, when migrant interdictions at sea topped 5,000, but land border crossings continue. </p>"
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -664,7 +664,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, white, blue"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"La Bayamesa\" (The Bayamo Song)"
},
@ -673,8 +673,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1940; Pedro FIGUEREDO first performed it in 1868 during the Ten Years War against the Spanish; a leading figure in the uprising, FIGUEREDO was captured in 1870 and executed by a firing squad; just before being shot, he is said to have shouted, \"Morir por la Patria es vivir\" (To die for the country is to live), a line from the anthem"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1940; Pedro FIGUEREDO first performed it in 1868 during the Ten Years War against the Spanish; a leading figure in the uprising, FIGUEREDO was captured in 1870 and executed by a firing squad; just before being shot, he is said to have shouted, \"Morir por la Patria es vivir\" (To die for the country is to live), a line from the anthem"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

7
central-america-n-caribbean/do.json
View file

@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
"text": "population is mostly clustered along the coast, with roughly a third living in the parish of St. George, in or around the capital of Roseau; the volcanic interior is sparsely populated"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>flash floods are a constant threat; destructive hurricanes can be expected during the late summer months</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Dominica was the last island to be formed in the Caribbean some 26 million years ago, it lies in the middle of the volcanic island arc of the Lesser Antilles that extends from the island of Saba in the north to Grenada in the south; of the 16 volcanoes that make up this arc, five are located on Dominica, more than any other island in the Caribbean: Morne aux Diables (861 m), Morne Diablotins (1,430 m), Morne Trois Pitons (1,387 m), Watt Mountain (1,224 m), which last erupted in 1997, and Morne Plat Pays (940 m); the two best known volcanic features on Dominica, the Valley of Desolation and the Boiling Lake thermal areas, lie on the flanks of Watt Mountain and both are popular tourist destinations</p>"
"text": "flash floods are a constant threat; destructive hurricanes can be expected during the late summer months <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> Dominica lies in the middle of the volcanic-island arc of the Lesser Antilles that extends from the island of Saba in the north to Grenada in the south; of the 16 volcanoes that make up this arc, five are located on Dominica, more than any other island in the Caribbean: Morne aux Diables (861 m), Morne Diablotins (1,430 m), Morne Trois Pitons (1,387 m), Watt Mountain (1,224 m), which last erupted in 1997, and Morne Plat Pays (940 m); the two best-known volcanic features on Dominica, the Valley of Desolation and the Boiling Lake thermal areas, lie on the flanks of Watt Mountain, and both are popular tourist destinations"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "known as \"The Nature Island of the Caribbean\" due to its lush and varied flora and fauna, which are protected by an extensive natural park system; the most mountainous of the Lesser Antilles, its volcanic peaks are cones of lava craters and include Boiling Lake, the second-largest thermally active lake in the world"
@ -545,7 +545,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "green, yellow, black, white, red"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Isle of Beauty\""
},
@ -554,8 +554,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1967"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1967"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

10
central-america-n-caribbean/dr.json
View file

@ -544,7 +544,8 @@
}
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal and compulsory; married persons regardless of age can vote; note - members of the armed forces and national police by law cannot vote"
"text": "18 years of age; universal and compulsory; married persons can vote, regardless of age ",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> members of the armed forces and national police by law cannot vote"
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
@ -705,7 +706,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "red, white, blue"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Himno Nacional\" (National Anthem)"
},
@ -713,9 +714,8 @@
"text": "Emilio PRUD'HOMME/Jose REYES"
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1934; also known as \"Quisqueyanos valientes\" (Valiant Sons of Quisqueye); the anthem refers to the Dominican people as \"Quisqueyanos,\" which comes from the ethnic name for the island"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1934; also known as \"Quisqueyanos valientes\" (Valiant Sons of Quisqueye); the anthem refers to the Dominican people as \"Quisqueyanos,\" which comes from the ethnic name for the island"
"text": "adopted 1934; also known as \"Quisqueyanos valientes\" (Valiant Sons of Quisqueye); the anthem refers to the Dominican people as Quisqueyanos, which comes from the ethnic name for the island"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

7
central-america-n-caribbean/es.json
View file

@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
"text": "high population density country-wide, with particular concentration around the capital of San Salvador"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>known as the Land of Volcanoes; frequent and sometimes destructive earthquakes and volcanic activity; extremely susceptible to hurricanes</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> significant volcanic activity; San Salvador (1,893 m), which last erupted in 1917, has the potential to cause major harm to the country's capital, which lies just below the volcano's slopes; San Miguel (2,130 m), which last erupted in 2002, is one of the most active volcanoes in the country; other historically active volcanoes include Conchaguita, Ilopango, Izalco, and Santa Ana</p>"
"text": "known as the Land of Volcanoes; frequent and sometimes destructive earthquakes and volcanic activity; extremely susceptible to hurricanes <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> significant volcanic activity; San Salvador (1,893 m), which last erupted in 1917, has the potential to cause major harm to the country's capital, which lies just below the volcano's slopes; San Miguel (2,130 m) is one of the most active volcanoes in the country; other historically active volcanoes include Conchaguita, Ilopango, Izalco, and Santa Ana"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "smallest Central American country and only one without a coastline on the Caribbean Sea"
@ -653,7 +653,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "blue, white"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Himno Nacional de El Salvador\" (National Anthem of El Salvador)"
},
@ -662,8 +662,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "officially adopted 1953, in use since 1879; at four minutes and 20 seconds, the anthem is one of the world's longest"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> officially adopted 1953, in use since 1879; at four minutes and 20 seconds, the anthem is one of the world's longest"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

7
central-america-n-caribbean/gj.json
View file

@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
"text": "approximately one third of the population is found in the capital of St. George's; the island's population is concentrated along the coast"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>lies on edge of hurricane belt; hurricane season lasts from June to November</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Mount Saint Catherine (840 m) lies on the island of Grenada; Kick 'em Jenny, an active submarine volcano (seamount) on the Caribbean Sea floor, lies about 8 km north of the island of Grenada; these two volcanoes are at the southern end of the volcanic island arc of the Lesser Antilles that extends up to the Netherlands dependency of Saba in the north</p>"
"text": "lies on edge of hurricane belt; hurricane season lasts from June to November <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> Mount Saint Catherine (840 m) is on the island of Grenada; Kick 'em Jenny, an active submarine volcano (seamount) on the Caribbean Sea floor, lies about 8 km (5 mi) north of Grenada; these two volcanoes are at the southern end of the volcanic island arc of the Lesser Antilles that extends to the Dutch dependency of Saba in the north"
}
},
"People and Society": {
@ -605,7 +605,7 @@
"National coat of arms": {
"text": "Grenada’s coat of arms shows Grand Etang Lake, a crater lake on the volcano that formed Grenada; in the center of the shield is Christopher Columbus’s ship, the <em>Santa Maria</em>, which landed on the island in 1498; the gold cross dividing the shield, the two Madonna lilies, and the national motto signal the importance of religion; two lions symbolize past UK rule (1762-1974), as well as Grenada’s current status as a Commonwealth country; the corn stalk and banana plant represent agriculture; the armadillo and Grenada dove next to the shield are native to the island, and the roses in the bougainvillea flower garland represent Grenada’s seven communities"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"God Save the King\""
},
@ -614,8 +614,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "royal anthem, as a Commonwealth country"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1974; in addition to the national anthem, \"God Save the King\" serves as the royal anthem for the Commonwealth country (see United Kingdom)"
}
}
},
"Economy": {

10
central-america-n-caribbean/gt.json
View file

@ -102,7 +102,7 @@
"text": "the vast majority of the populace resides in the southern half of the country, particularly in the mountainous regions; more than half of the population lives in rural areas"
},
"Natural hazards": {
"text": "<p>numerous volcanoes in mountains, with occasional violent earthquakes; Caribbean coast extremely susceptible to hurricanes and other tropical storms</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> significant volcanic activity in the Sierra Madre range; Santa Maria (3,772 m) has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Pacaya (2,552 m), which erupted in May 2010 causing an ashfall on Guatemala City and prompting evacuations, is one of the country's most active volcanoes with frequent eruptions since 1965; other historically active volcanoes include Acatenango, Almolonga, Atitlan, Fuego, and Tacana; see note 2 under \"Geography - note\"</p>"
"text": "numerous volcanoes in mountains, with occasional violent earthquakes; Caribbean coast extremely susceptible to hurricanes and other tropical storms <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> significant volcanic activity in the Sierra Madre range; Santa Maria (3,772 m) has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Pacaya (2,552 m) is one of the country's most active volcanoes, with frequent eruptions since 1965; other historically active volcanoes include Acatenango, Almolonga, Atitlan, Fuego, and Tacana; see note 2 under \"Geography - note\""
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "<p><strong>note 1:</strong> despite having both eastern and western coastlines (Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean), there are no natural harbors on the west coast</p> <p><strong>note 2:</strong> Guatemala is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire</p>"
@ -534,7 +534,8 @@
}
},
"Suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal; note - active duty members of the armed forces and police by law cannot vote and are restricted to their barracks on election day"
"text": "18 years of age; universal",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> active-duty members of the armed forces and police by law cannot vote and are restricted to their barracks on election day"
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
@ -669,7 +670,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "blue, white"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"Himno Nacional de Guatemala\" (National Anthem of Guatemala)"
},
@ -678,8 +679,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1897, modified lyrics adopted 1934; Cuban poet Jose Joaquin PALMA anonymously submitted lyrics to a public contest calling for a national anthem; his authorship was not discovered until 1911"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1897, modified lyrics adopted 1934; Cuban poet Jose Joaquin PALMA anonymously submitted lyrics to a public contest calling for a national anthem; his authorship was not discovered until 1911"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {

9
central-america-n-caribbean/ha.json
View file

@ -628,7 +628,7 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Superior Council of the Judiciary or Conseil Supérieur du Pouvoir Judiciaire is a 9-member body charged with the administration and oversight of the judicial branch of government<br><br><strong>note: </strong>Haiti is a member of the Caribbean Court of Justice, the Constitutional Court (called for in the 1987 constitution but not yet established), and the High Court of Justice, for trying high government officials (currently not functional)<br><br><strong>note</strong>: Article 174 of Haiti's constitution states that judges of the Supreme Court are appointed for 10 years, whereas Article 177 states that judges of the Supreme Court are appointed for life"
},
"Political parties": {
"text": "Alternative League for Haitian Progress and Emancipation (Ligue Alternative pour le Progres et l’Emancipation Haitienne) or LAPEH<br>Christian Movement for a New Haiti or MCNH or Mochrenha<br>Christian National Movement for the Reconstruction of Haiti or UNCRH<br>Combat of Peasant Workers to Liberate Haiti (Konbit Travaye Peyizan Pou Libere Ayiti) or Kontra Pep La <br>Convention for Democratic Unity or KID<br>Cooperative Action to Rebuild Haiti or KONBA<br>December 16 Platform or Platfom 16 Desanm<br>Democratic Alliance Party or ALYANS (coalition includes KID and PPRH)<br>Democratic Centers' National Council or CONACED<br>Democratic and Popular Sector (Secteur Democratique et Populaire) or SDP<br>Democratic Unity Convention (Konvansyon Inite Demokratik) or KID<br>Dessalinian Patriotic and Popular Movement or MOPOD<br>Effort and Solidarity to Create an Alternative for the People or ESKAMP<br>Fanmi Lavalas or FL<br>Forward (En Avant)<br>Fusion of Haitian Social Democrats (Fusion Des Sociaux-Démocrates Haïtiens) or FHSD<br>G18 Policy Platform (Plateforme Politique G18)<br>Haiti in Action (Ayiti An Aksyon Haiti's Action) or AAA<br>Haitian Tet Kale Party (Parti Haitien Tet Kale) or PHTK<br>Independent Movement for National Reconciliation or MIRN<br>Lavni Organization or LAVNI<br>Lod Demokratik<br>Love Haiti (Renmen Ayiti) or RA<br>MTV Ayiti<br>National Consortium of Haitian Political Parties (Consortium National des Partis Politiques Haitiens) or CNPPH <br>National Shield Network (Reseau Bouclier National)<br>Organization of the People's Struggle (Oganizasyon Pep Kap Lite) or OPL<br>Patriotic Unity (Inite Patriyotik) or Inite<br>Platform Pitit Desalin (Politik Pitit Dessalines) or PPD<br>Political Party for Us All or Bridge (Pont) or Pou Nou Tout<br>Popular Patriotic Dessalinien Movement (Mouvement Patriotique Populaire Dessalinien) or MOPOD<br>Rally of Progressive National Democrats (Rassemblement des Democrates Nationaux Progressistes) or RDNP<br>Respe (Respect)<br>Women and Families Political Parties (Defile Pati Politik Fanm Ak Fanmi)"
"text": "Alternative League for Haitian Progress and Emancipation (Ligue Alternative pour le Progrès et l’Emancipation Haïtienne) or LAPEH<br>Christian Movement for a New Haiti or MCNH or Mochrenha<br>Christian National Movement for the Reconstruction of Haiti or UNCRH<br>Combat of Peasant Workers to Liberate Haiti (Konbit Travaye Peyizan Pou Libere Ayiti) or Kontra Pep La <br>Convention for Democratic Unity or KID<br>Cooperative Action to Rebuild Haiti or KONBA<br>December 16 Platform or Platfom 16 Desanm<br>Democratic Alliance Party or ALYANS (coalition includes KID and PPRH)<br>Democratic Centers' National Council or CONACED<br>Democratic and Popular Sector (Secteur Démocratique et Populaire) or SDP<br>Democratic Unity Convention (Konvansyon Inite Demokratik) or KID<br>Dessalinian Patriotic and Popular Movement or MOPOD<br>Effort and Solidarity to Create an Alternative for the People or ESKAMP<br>Fanmi Lavalas or FL<br>Forward (En Avant)<br>Fusion of Haitian Social Democrats (Fusion Des Sociaux-Démocrates Haïtiens) or FHSD<br>G18 Policy Platform (Plateforme Politique G18)<br>Haiti in Action (Ayiti An Aksyon Haiti's Action) or AAA<br>Haitian Tet Kale Party (Parti Haitien Tet Kale) or PHTK<br>Independent Movement for National Reconciliation or MIRN<br>Lavni Organization or LAVNI<br>Lod Demokratik<br>Love Haiti (Renmen Ayiti) or RA<br>MTV Ayiti<br>National Consortium of Haitian Political Parties (Consortium National des Partis Politiques Haitiens) or CNPPH <br>National Shield Network (Reseau Bouclier National)<br>Organization of the People's Struggle (Oganizasyon Pep Kap Lite) or OPL<br>Patriotic Unity (Inite Patriyotik) or Inite<br>Platform Pitit Desalin (Politik Pitit Dessalines) or PPD<br>Political Party for Us All or Bridge (Pont) or Pou Nou Tout<br>Popular Patriotic Dessalinien Movement (Mouvement Patriotique Populaire Dessalinien) or MOPOD<br>Rally of Progressive National Democrats (Rassemblement des Démocrates Nationaux Progressistes) or RDNP<br>Respe (Respect)<br>Women and Families Political Parties (Defile Pati Politik Fanm Ak Fanmi)"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
@ -688,7 +688,7 @@
"National color(s)": {
"text": "blue, red"
},
"National anthem": {
"National anthem(s)": {
"title": {
"text": "\"La Dessalinienne\" (The Dessalines Song)"
},
@ -697,8 +697,7 @@
},
"history": {
"text": "adopted 1904; named for Jean-Jacques DESSALINES, a leader in the Haitian Revolution and first ruler of independent Haiti"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1904; named for Jean-Jacques DESSALINES, a leader in the Haitian Revolution and first ruler of independent Haiti"
}
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {
@ -1107,7 +1106,7 @@
"Military and Security": {
"Military and security forces": {
"text": "the Haitian Armed Forces (FAdH): Army<br><br>Ministry of Justice and Public Security: Haitian National Police (Police Nationale d'Haïti or PNH) (2025)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the PNH is responsible for maintaining public security; it includes police, corrections, fire, emergency response, airport security, port security, and coast guard functions; its units include a presidential guard and a paramilitary rapid-response Motorized Intervention Unit (BIM)  <p class=\"gmail-css-axufdj\"> </p>"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the PNH is responsible for maintaining public security; it includes police, corrections, fire, emergency response, airport security, port security, and coast guard functions; its units include a presidential guard and a paramilitary rapid-response Motorized Intervention Unit (BIM)"
},
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
"text": "estimates vary; up to 2,000 trained military personnel (the force is planned to eventually have around 5,000 personnel); estimates for the National Police range from a low of 9,000 to a high of about 13,000 (2025)"

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