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up json
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Gerald Bauer
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244 changed files with 6174 additions and 4561 deletions
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
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{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "After seven decades as a constituent republic of the USSR, Belarus attained its independence in 1991. It has retained closer political and economic ties to Russia than have any of the other former Soviet republics. Belarus and Russia signed a treaty on a two-state union on 8 December 1999 envisioning greater political and economic integration. Although Belarus agreed to a framework to carry out the accord, serious implementation has yet to take place. Since his election in July 1994 as the country's first and only directly elected president, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO has steadily consolidated his power through authoritarian means and a centralized economic system. Government restrictions on political and civil freedoms, freedom of speech and the press, peaceful assembly, and religion have remained in place. The situation was further aggravated after security services cracked down on protests challenging election results in the capital Minsk immediately following the December 2010 presidential election."
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"text": "After seven decades as a constituent republic of the USSR, Belarus attained its independence in 1991. It has retained closer political and economic ties to Russia than have any of the other former Soviet republics. Belarus and Russia signed a treaty on a two-state union on 8 December 1999 envisioning greater political and economic integration. Although Belarus agreed to a framework to carry out the accord, serious implementation has yet to take place. Since his election in July 1994 as the country's first and only directly elected president, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO has steadily consolidated his power through authoritarian means and a centralized economic system. Government restrictions on political and civil freedoms, freedom of speech and the press, peaceful assembly, and religion have remained in place. The situation was somewhat aggravated after security services cracked down on protests challenging election results in the capital Minsk following the 2010 presidential election, but little protest occurred after the 2015 election."
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
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"total": {
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"text": "3,642 km"
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},
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"border countries (5)": {
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"border countries": {
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"text": "Latvia 161 km, Lithuania 640 km, Poland 418 km, Russia 1,312 km, Ukraine 1,111 km"
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}
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},
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@ -369,7 +369,7 @@
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}
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},
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"Administrative divisions": {
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"text": "6 provinces (voblastsi, singular - voblasts') and 1 municipality* (horad); Brest, Homyel' (Gomel), Horad Minsk* (Minsk City), Hrodna (Grodno), Mahilyow (Mogilev), Minsk, Vitsyebsk (Vitebsk)",
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"text": "6 provinces (voblastsi, singular - voblasts') and 1 municipality* (horad); Brest, Homyel' (Gomel'), Horad Minsk* (Minsk City), Hrodna (Grodno), Mahilyow (Mogilev), Minsk, Vitsyebsk (Vitebsk)",
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"note": {
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"text": "administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers; Russian spelling provided for reference when different from Belarusian"
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}
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@ -389,12 +389,23 @@
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"International law organization participation": {
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"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
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},
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"Citizenship": {
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"birthright citizenship": {
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"text": "no, unless at least one parent is a citizen of Belarus"
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},
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"dual citizenship recognized": {
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"text": "no"
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},
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"residency requirement for naturalization": {
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"text": "7 years"
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}
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},
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"Suffrage": {
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"text": "18 years of age; universal"
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},
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"Executive branch": {
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"chief of state": {
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"text": "president Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20 July 1994); note - the US does not recognize the results of the 19 December 2010 elections under which the Central Election Commission of Belarus declared LUKASHENKO president"
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"text": "president Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20 July 1994)"
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},
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"head of government": {
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"text": "prime minister Andrey KABYAKOW (since 27 December 2014); first deputy prime minister Vasily MATYUSHEVSKIY (since 27 December 2014)"
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"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president"
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},
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"elections/appointments": {
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"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (no term limits); first election took place on 23 June and 10 July 1994; according to the 1994 constitution, the next election should have been held in 1999, however, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001 via a November 1996 referendum; subsequent election held on 9 September 2001; an October 2004 referendum ended presidential term limits and allowed the president to run in a third (19 March 2006) and fourth election (19 December 2010); next election to be held on 11 October 2015; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president and approved by the National Assembly"
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"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (no term limits); first election took place on 23 June and 10 July 1994; according to the 1994 constitution, the next election should have been held in 1999, however, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001 via a November 1996 referendum; subsequent election held on 9 September 2001; an October 2004 referendum ended presidential term limits and allowed the president to run in a third (19 March 2006), fourth (19 December 2010), and fifth election (11 October 2015); next election in 2020; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president and approved by the National Assembly"
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},
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"election results": {
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"text": "Aleksandr LUKASHENKO reelected president; percent of vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (independent) 79.7%, Andrey SANNIKOV (European Belarus Campaign ) 2.6%, other 17.7%; note - election marred by electoral fraud"
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"text": "Aleksandr LUKASHENKO reelected president; percent of vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (independent) 84.1%, Tatsyana KARATKEVICH (BSDPH) 4.4%, Sergey GAYDUKEVICH (LDP) 3.3%, other 8.2%; note - election marred by electoral fraud"
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}
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},
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"Legislative branch": {
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"text": "bicameral National Assembly or Natsionalnoye Sobraniye consists of the Council of the Republic or Sovet Respubliki (64 seats; 56 members indirectly elected by regional and Minsk city councils and 8 members appointed by the president; members serve 4-year terms) and the Chamber of Representatives or Palata Predstaviteley (110 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote with a second round if needed; members serve 4-year terms); note - the US does not recognize the legitimacy of the National Assembly"
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},
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"elections": {
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"text": "Palata Predstaviteley - last held on 23 September 2012 (next to be held September 2016); OSCE observers determined that the election was neither free nor impartial and that vote counting was problematic in a number of polling stations; pro-LUKASHENKO candidates won every seat with no opposition representation in the chamber; international observers determined that the previous election, on 28 September 2008, despite minor improvements also fell short of democratic standards, with pro-LUKASHENKO candidates winning every seat"
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"text": "Palata Predstaviteley - last held on 23 September 2012 (next to be held September 2016); OSCE observers determined that the election was neither free nor impartial and that vote counting was problematic in a number of polling stations; pro-LUKASHENKO candidates won every seat with no opposition representation in the chamber; international observers determined that the previous election, on 28 September 2008, despite minor improvements, also fell short of democratic standards, with pro-LUKASHENKO candidates winning every seat"
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},
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"election results": {
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"text": "Sovet Respubliki - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; Palata Predstaviteley - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - KPB 3, AP 1, Republican Party of Labor and Justice 1, no affiliation 105"
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"text": "Sovet Respubliki - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; Palata Predstaviteley - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - KPB 3, AP 1, Republican Party of Labor and Justice 1, no affiliation 104, vacant 1"
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}
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},
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"Judicial branch": {
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@ -662,7 +673,7 @@
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"text": "$3.483 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $4.937 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
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},
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"Debt - external": {
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"text": "$40.33 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $39.22 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
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"text": "$40.02 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $39.62 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
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},
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"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
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"text": "$10.17 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
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@ -682,58 +693,58 @@
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"text": "37.88 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
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},
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"Electricity - exports": {
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"text": "3.704 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
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"text": "2.797 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Electricity - imports": {
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"text": "6.716 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
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},
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"Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
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"text": "8.032 million kW (2011 est.)"
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"text": "7.751 million kW (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
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"text": "99.7% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
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"text": "99.7% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
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"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
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"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
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"text": "0.2% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
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"text": "0.2% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
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"text": "0.1% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
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"text": "0.1% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Crude oil - production": {
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"text": "30,710 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
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"text": "30,000 bbl/day (2014 est.)"
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},
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"Crude oil - exports": {
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"text": "0 bbl/day (2010 est.)"
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"text": "32,320 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Crude oil - imports": {
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"text": "294,800 bbl/day (2010 est.)"
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"text": "433,400 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Crude oil - proved reserves": {
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"text": "198 million bbl (1 January 2014 est.)"
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"text": "198 million bbl (1 January 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Refined petroleum products - production": {
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"text": "346,000 bbl/day (2010 est.)"
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"text": "440,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Refined petroleum products - consumption": {
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"text": "187,100 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
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"text": "171,000 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
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},
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"Refined petroleum products - exports": {
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"text": "224,200 bbl/day (2010 est.)"
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"text": "357,300 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Refined petroleum products - imports": {
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"text": "43,240 bbl/day (2010 est.)"
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"text": "90,420 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Natural gas - production": {
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"text": "213 million cu m (2012 est.)"
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"text": "210 million cu m (2013 est.)"
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},
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"Natural gas - consumption": {
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"text": "20.92 billion cu m (2012 est.)"
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"text": "22.28 billion cu m (2013 est.)"
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},
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"Natural gas - exports": {
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"text": "0 cu m (2012 est.)"
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"text": "0 cu m (2013 est.)"
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},
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"Natural gas - imports": {
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"text": "20.1 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
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