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central-asia/rs.json
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy, was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the following decades until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics. Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN’s term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized semi-authoritarian state in which the leadership seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals by President PUTIN, foreign policy focused on enhancing the country’s geopolitical influence - particularly in the former Soviet Union - and continued economic growth. Russia has severely disabled a Chechen rebel movement, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus."
"text": "Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy, was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the following decades until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics. Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized semi-authoritarian state in which the leadership seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals by President PUTIN, foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence - particularly in the former Soviet Union - and continued economic growth. Russia has severely disabled a Chechen rebel movement, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
"total": {
"text": "22,408 km"
},
"border countries (14)": {
"border countries": {
"text": "Azerbaijan 338 km, Belarus 1,312 km, China (southeast) 4,133 km, China (south) 46 km, Estonia 324 km, Finland 1,309 km, Georgia 894 km, Kazakhstan 7,644 km, North Korea 18 km, Latvia 332 km, Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 261 km, Mongolia 3,452 km, Norway 191 km, Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 210 km, Ukraine 1,944 km"
}
},
@ -315,7 +315,7 @@
"food or waterborne diseases": {
"text": "bacterial diarrhea"
},
"vectorborne disease": {
"vectorborne diseases": {
"text": "tickborne encephalitis"
},
"note": {
@ -473,10 +473,10 @@
"text": "State Duma - last held on 4 December 2011 (next to be held in December 2016)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "State Duma - United Russia 49.6%, CPRF 19.2%, A Just Russia 13.2%, LDPR 11.7%, other 6.3%; seats by party - United Russia 238, CPRF 92, A Just Russia 64, LDPR 56"
"text": "State Duma - United Russia 49.3%, CPRF 19.2%, A Just Russia 13.2%, LDPR 11.7%, other 6.6%; seats by party - United Russia 238, CPRF 92, A Just Russia 64, LDPR 56"
},
"note": {
"text": "the State Duma now includes 2 representatives each from the Republic of Crimea and Federal City of Sevastopol, two annexed Ukrainian regions that the United States does not recognize as part of Russia"
"text": "the State Duma now includes 2 representatives each from the Republic of Crimea and Federal City of Sevastopol, two annexed Ukrainian regions that the US does not recognize as part of Russia"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -493,7 +493,7 @@
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "A Just Russia [Sergey MIRONOV] ++ Communist Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF [Gennadiy ZYUGANOV] ++ Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR [Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY] ++ United Russia [Dmitriy MEDVEDEV]",
"note": {
"text": "78 political parties are registered with Russia's Ministry of Justice (as of January 2014), but only four parties maintain representation in Russia's national legislature"
"text": "78 political parties are registered with Russia's Ministry of Justice (as of October 2015), but only four parties maintain representation in Russia's national legislature"
}
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
@ -734,7 +734,7 @@
"text": "$385.5 billion (31 December, 2014 est.) ++ $509.6 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Debt - external": {
"text": "$683.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $728.9 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
"text": "$599 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $728.9 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
},
"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
"text": "$606 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $566.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
@ -754,28 +754,28 @@
"text": "1.037 trillion kWh (2013 est.)"
},
"Electricity - exports": {
"text": "15.7 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "18.38 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
},
"Electricity - imports": {
"text": "2.7 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
"text": "4.704 billion kWh (2013 est.)"
},
"Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
"text": "239.7 million kW (2012 est.)"
"text": "234.4 million kW (2012 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
"text": "69.2% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "68.8% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
"text": "10.6% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "10.1% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
"text": "20.2% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
"text": "0.4% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - production": {
"text": "10.05 million bbl/day (31 September 2014 est.)"
"text": "10.11 million bbl/day (2014 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - exports": {
"text": "4.625 million bbl/day (2013 est.)"
@ -784,13 +784,13 @@
"text": "17,610 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
},
"Crude oil - proved reserves": {
"text": "80 billion bbl (1 January 2014 est.)"
"text": "80 billion bbl (1 January 2015 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - production": {
"text": "4.812 million bbl/day (2010 est.)"
"text": "5.517 million bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - consumption": {
"text": "3.32 million bbl/day (2013 est.)"
"text": "3.493 million bbl/day (2013 est.)"
},
"Refined petroleum products - exports": {
"text": "2.968 million bbl/day (2013 est.)"
@ -799,16 +799,16 @@
"text": "28,040 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - production": {
"text": "668 billion cu m (2013 est.)"
"text": "578.7 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - consumption": {
"text": "413.5 billion cu m (2013 est.)"
"text": "409.2 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - exports": {
"text": "196 billion cu m (2013 est.)"
"text": "201.9 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - imports": {
"text": "8.2 billion cu m (2013 est.)"
"text": "24.2 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
},
"Natural gas - proved reserves": {
"text": "47.8 trillion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)"