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up json
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Gerald Bauer
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{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "Military regimes favoring Islamic-oriented governments have dominated national politics since independence from Anglo-Egyptian co-rule in 1956. Sudan was embroiled in two prolonged civil wars during most of the remainder of the 20th century. These conflicts were rooted in northern economic, political, and social domination of largely non-Muslim, non-Arab southern Sudanese. The first civil war ended in 1972 but another broke out in 1983. Peace talks gained momentum in 2002-04 with the signing of several accords. The final North/South Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), signed in January 2005, granted the southern rebels autonomy for six years followed by a referendum on independence for Southern Sudan. The referendum was held in January 2011 and indicated overwhelming support for independence. South Sudan became independent on 9 July 2011. Sudan and South Sudan have yet to fully implement security and economic agreements signed in September 2012 relating to the normalization of relations between the two countries. The final disposition of the contested Abyei region has also to be decided. ++ Since South Sudan's independence, conflict has broken out between the government and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North in Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile states, which has resulted in 1.2 million internally displaced persons or severely affected persons needing humanitarian assistance. A separate conflict, which broke out in the western region of Darfur in 2003, displaced nearly two million people and caused an estimated 200,000 to 400,000 deaths. Violence in Darfur in 2013 resulted in an additional estimated 6,000 civilians killed and 500,000 displaced. The UN and the African Union have jointly commanded a Darfur peacekeeping operation known as the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) since 2007. Peacekeeping troops have struggled to stabilize the situation and have increasingly become targets for attacks by armed groups. In 2013, 16 peacekeepers were killed, UNAMID's deadliest year so far. Sudan also has faced refugee influxes from neighboring countries, primarily Ethiopia, Eritrea, Chad, Central African Republic, and South Sudan. Armed conflict, poor transport infrastructure, and government denial of access have impeded the provision of humanitarian assistance to affected populations."
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"text": "Military regimes favoring Islamic-oriented governments have dominated national politics since independence from Anglo-Egyptian co-rule in 1956. Sudan was embroiled in two prolonged civil wars during most of the remainder of the 20th century. These conflicts were rooted in northern economic, political, and social domination of largely non-Muslim, non-Arab southern Sudanese. The first civil war ended in 1972 but another broke out in 1983. Peace talks gained momentum in 2002-04 with the signing of several accords. The final North/South Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), signed in January 2005, granted the southern rebels autonomy for six years followed by a referendum on independence for Southern Sudan. The referendum was held in January 2011 and indicated overwhelming support for independence. South Sudan became independent on 9 July 2011. Sudan and South Sudan have yet to fully implement security and economic agreements signed in September 2012 relating to the normalization of relations between the two countries. The final disposition of the contested Abyei region has also to be decided. ++ Since South Sudan's independence, conflict has broken out between the government and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North in Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile states, which has resulted in 1.2 million internally displaced persons or severely affected persons needing humanitarian assistance. A separate conflict, which broke out in the western region of Darfur in 2003, displaced nearly two million people and caused an estimated 200,000 to 400,000 deaths. Violence in Darfur in 2013 resulted in an additional estimated 6,000 civilians killed and 500,000 displaced. The UN and the African Union have jointly commanded a Darfur peacekeeping operation known as the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) since 2007. Peacekeeping troops have struggled to stabilize the situation and have increasingly become targets for attacks by armed groups. Sudan also has faced refugee influxes from neighboring countries, primarily Ethiopia, Eritrea, Chad, Central African Republic, and South Sudan. Armed conflict, poor transport infrastructure, and government denial of access have impeded the provision of humanitarian assistance to affected populations."
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
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"total": {
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"text": "6,819 km"
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},
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"border countries (7)": {
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"border countries": {
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"text": "Central African Republic 174 km, Chad 1,403 km, Egypt 1,276 km, Eritrea 682 km, Ethiopia 744 km, Libya 382 km, South Sudan 2,158 km"
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},
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"note": {
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@ -423,13 +423,13 @@
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},
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"Legislative branch": {
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"description": {
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"text": "bicameral National Legislature consists of the Council of States or Majlis Weleyat (50 seats; members indirectly elected - 2 each by the 25 state legislatures to serve 6-year terms) and the National Assembly or Majlis Watani (450 seats; 270 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 112 for women only directly elected by proportional representation vote, and 68 directly elected by proportional representation vote; members serve 6-year terms)"
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"text": "bicameral National Legislature consists of the Council of States or Majlis Weleyat (50 seats; members indirectly elected - 2 each by the 25 state legislatures to serve 6-year terms) and the National Assembly or Majlis Watani (426 seats; 213 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 128 for women only directly elected by proportional representation vote, and 85 directly elected by proportional representation vote; members serve 6-year terms)"
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},
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"elections": {
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"text": "last held on 13-15 April 2015 (next to be held in 2021)"
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},
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"election results": {
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"text": "National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NCP 323, other NA (preliminary)"
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"text": "National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NCP 323, DUP 25, Democratic Unionist Party 15, other 44, independent 19"
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},
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"note": {
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"text": "the mandate of the members from the south was terminated upon independence by the Republic of South Sudan effective 9 July 2011 and membership in Sudan's National Assembly was reduced to 354; it is unclear whether this total will be retained for the next election or whether the previous total of 450 will be reconstituted"
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}
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},
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"Political parties and leaders": {
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"text": "Democratic Unionist Party or DUP [Muhammad Uthman al-MIRGHANI] ++ Muslim Brotherhood or MB ++ National Congress Party or NCP [Umar Hassan al-BASHIR] ++ National Umma Party or UP [Siddiq al-MAHDI] ++ Popular Congress Party or PCP [Hassan al-TURABI] ++ Reform Now Party or RNP [Dr. Ghazi Salah ADDEEN] ++ Sudanese Communist Party (SCP) [Mohammed Moktar Al-KHATEEB] ++ Sudanese Congress Party [Ibrahim Al Shiek ABDULRAHMAN] ++ Unionist Movement Party or UMP [Nagla AL-AZHARI]"
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"text": "Democratic Unionist Party or DUP [Jalal al-DIGAIR] ++ Democratic Unionist Party [Muhammad Uthman al-MIRGHANI] ++ Muslim Brotherhood or MB ++ National Congress Party or NCP [Umar Hassan al-BASHIR] ++ National Umma Party or UP [Siddiq al-MAHDI] ++ Popular Congress Party or PCP [Hassan al-TURABI] ++ Reform Now Party or RNP [Dr. Ghazi Salah al-DEEN] ++ Sudanese Communist Party or SCP [Mohammed Moktar Al-KHATEEB] ++ Sudanese Congress Party [Ibrahim Al-SHEIKH] ++ Unionist Movement Party or UMP [Nagla AL-AZHARI]"
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},
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"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
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"text": "Darfur rebel groups including the Justice and Equality Movement or JEM [Gibril Fidail IBRAHIM], Sudan Liberation Movement or SLM-AW [Abdel Wahid NUR,various factional leaders], Sudan Liberation or SLM-MM [Minni Arkou MINAWI] ++ National Consensus Front or NCF [Farouq ABU ISSA] ++ Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North or SPLM-N [Malik AGAR] ++ Sudan Revolutionary Front or SRF [Malik AGAR]"
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@ -471,7 +471,7 @@
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},
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"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
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"chief of mission": {
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"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Ambassador Jerry P. LANIER"
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"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Ambassador Jerry P. LANIER (since 13 May 2014)"
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},
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"embassy": {
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"text": "Sharia Ali Abdul Latif Street, Khartoum"
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},
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"Energy": {
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"Electricity - production": {
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"text": "7.193 billion kWh (2010 est.)"
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"text": "7.193 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Electricity - consumption": {
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"text": "5.665 billion kWh (2010 est.)"
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},
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"Electricity - exports": {
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"text": "0 kWh (2012 est.)"
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"text": "0 kWh (2013 est.)"
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},
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"Electricity - imports": {
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"text": "0 kWh (2012 est.)"
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"text": "0 kWh (2013 est.)"
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},
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"Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
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"text": "2.083 million kW (2010 est.)"
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"text": "2.083 million kW (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
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"text": "30.7% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)"
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"text": "30.7% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
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"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)"
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"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
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"text": "66.3% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)"
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"text": "66.3% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
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"text": "3% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)"
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"text": "3% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Crude oil - production": {
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"text": "28,830 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
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"text": "64,770 bbl/day (2014 est.)"
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},
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"Crude oil - exports": {
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"text": "97,270 bbl/day (2010 est.)"
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"text": "5,355 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Crude oil - imports": {
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"text": "0 bbl/day (2010 est.)"
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"text": "0 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Crude oil - proved reserves": {
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"text": "1.25 billion bbl (1 January 2014 est.)"
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"text": "1.25 billion bbl (1 January 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Refined petroleum products - production": {
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"text": "124,900 bbl/day (2010 est.)"
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},
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"Refined petroleum products - consumption": {
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"text": "95,450 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
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"text": "26,750 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
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},
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"Refined petroleum products - exports": {
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"text": "14,950 bbl/day (2010 est.)"
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"text": "1,496 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Refined petroleum products - imports": {
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"text": "4,349 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
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"text": "6,199 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Natural gas - production": {
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"text": "0 cu m (2011 est.)"
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"text": "0 cu m (2013 est.)"
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},
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"Natural gas - consumption": {
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"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
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"text": "0 cu m (2013 est.)"
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},
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"Natural gas - exports": {
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"text": "0 cu m (2011 est.)"
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"text": "0 cu m (2013 est.)"
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},
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"Natural gas - imports": {
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"text": "0 cu m (2011 est.)"
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"text": "0 cu m (2013 est.)"
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},
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"Natural gas - proved reserves": {
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"text": "21.24 billion cu m (1 January 2013 est.)"
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},
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"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
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"refugees (country of origin)": {
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"text": "109,196 (Eritrea); 42,334 (Chad); 5,495 (Ethiopia) (2014); 192,281 (South Sudan); 5,540 (Yemen) (2015)"
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"text": "109,196 (Eritrea); 42,334 (Chad); 5,495 (Ethiopia) (2014); 197,635 (South Sudan); 5,540 (Yemen) (2015)"
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},
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"IDPs": {
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"text": "3.1 million (civil war 1983-2005; ongoing conflict in Darfur region; government and rebel fighting along South Sudan border; inter-tribal clashes) (2015)"
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